Готові списки джерел за темами / Holes of small sizes

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Holes of small sizes"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Holes of small sizes"

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CHERNOV, N., R. MARKARIAN, and S. TROUBETZKOY. "Conditionally invariant measures for Anosov maps with small holes." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 18, no. 5 (October 1998): 1049–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143385798117492.

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We study Anosov diffeomorphisms on surfaces in which some small ‘holes’ are cut. The points that are mapped into those holes disappear and never return. We assume that the holes are arbitrary open domains with piecewise smooth boundary, and their sizes are small enough. The set of points whose trajectories never enter holes under the past iterations of the map is a Cantor-like union of unstable fibers. We establish the existence and uniqueness of a conditionally invariant measure on this set, whose conditional distributions on unstable fibers are smooth. This generalizes previous works by Pianigiani, Yorke, and others.
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2

Singh, W. Sharatchandra, and C. K. Mukhopadhyay. "Detection of localised flaws in small-diameter carbon steel tubes using multi-NDE techniques." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 62, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2020.62.11.649.

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This paper proposes multi-NDE techniques for enhanced and reliable detection of localised defects or flaws in small-diameter (19.05 mm outer diameter (OD) and 2.77 mm wall thickness (WT)) low-carbon steel tubes. Multi-NDE techniques comprising magnetic flux leakage (MFL), remote field eddy current (RFEC) and the ultrasonic internal rotary inspection system (IRIS) are used to investigate the detectability and spatial resolution for the detection of localised flaws of different types and sizes, which simulate flaws generally formed in carbon steel tubes. The studies reveal that the MFL and IRIS techniques detect 0.55 mm-deep holes and notches while the RFEC technique detects 1.11 mm-deep holes and 0.55 mm-deep notches. The IRIS technique is capable of resolving axial and circumferential holes (1 mm diameter and 1.39 mm depth) of 2 mm hole-to-hole separation, while the MFL technique can resolve axial holes of 2 mm hole-to-hole separation but not circumferential holes. The RFEC technique can detect axial holes as a single hole but is unable to detect circumferential holes, resulting in no spatial resolution for the axial and circumferential holes. Compared to the MFL and RFEC signals, IRIS readily discerns the spatial extent of the flaws with the possibility of sizing from the images. The study also reveals that the resolution capability of the IRIS technique is influenced by the speed of the turbine rotation inside the tube.
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3

Sun, W. J., Q. Q. Shi, S. Y. Fu, Z. Y. Pu, M. W. Dunlop, A. P. Walsh, Q. G. Zong, et al. "Cluster and TC-1 observation of magnetic holes in the plasma sheet." Annales Geophysicae 30, no. 3 (March 26, 2012): 583–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-30-583-2012.

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Abstract. Magnetic holes with relatively small scale sizes, detected by Cluster and TC-1 in the magnetotail plasma sheet, are studied in this paper. It is found that these magnetic holes are spatial structures and they are not magnetic depressions generated by the flapping movement of the magnetotail current sheet. Most of the magnetic holes (93%) were observed during intervals with Bz larger than Bx, i.e. they are more likely to occur in a dipolarized magnetic field topology. Our results also suggest that the occurrence of these magnetic holes might have a close relationship with the dipolarization process. The magnetic holes typically have a scale size comparable to the local proton Larmor radius and are accompanied by an electron energy flux enhancement at a 90° pitch angle, which is quite different from the previously observed isotropic electron distributions inside magnetic holes in the plasma sheet. It is also shown that most of the magnetic holes occur in marginally mirror-stable environments. Whether the plasma sheet magnetic holes are generated by the mirror instability related to ions or not, however, is unknown. Comparison of ratios, scale sizes and propagation direction of magnetic holes detected by Cluster and TC-1, suggests that magnetic holes observed in the vicinity of the TC-1 orbit (~7–12 RE) are likely to be further developed than those observed by Cluster (~7–18 RE).
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4

Hoáng, Viêt Há. "Homogenization of singularly perturbed Dirichlet problems in perforated domains." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 130, no. 1 (February 2000): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210500000032.

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We study the singularly perturbed problem —εαΔuε + uε = f (α > 0) with the Dirichlet boundary condition in a perforated domain, in which the holes are distributed periodically with period 2ε throughout a fixed domain Ω. The asymptotic behaviour of uε when ε → 0, together with corrector results and error estimates in L2(Ω), are deduced for all sizes of holes. The behaviour of uε in is obtained for the cases where the size of holes is of order ε or is of a sufficiently smaller order. When the holes' size is of a sufficiently small order, as expected, uε has similar behaviour to that in the case of a non-varying domain.
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Bonnivard, Matthieu, Anne-Laure Dalibard, and David Gérard-Varet. "Computation of the effective slip of rough hydrophobic surfaces via homogenization." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 24, no. 11 (August 6, 2014): 2259–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202514500201.

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We present a quantitative analysis of the effect of rough hydrophobic surfaces on viscous Newtonian flows. We use a model introduced by Ybert and coauthors in [Achieving large with superhydrophobic surfaces: Scaling laws for generic geometries, Phys. Fluids 19 (2007) 123601], in which the rough surface is replaced by a flat plane with alternating small areas of slip and no-slip. We investigate the averaged slip generated at the boundary, depending on the ratio between these areas. This problem reduces to the homogenization of a nonlocal system, involving the Dirichlet to Neumann map of the Stokes operator, in a domain with small holes. Pondering on the works of Allaire [Homogenization of the Navier–Stokes equations in open sets perforated with tiny holes. I. Abstract framework, a volume distribution of holes, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 113 (1990) 209–259; Homogenization of the Navier–Stokes equations in open sets perforated with tiny holes. II. Noncritical sizes of the holes for a volume distribution and a surface distribution of holes, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 113 (1990) 261–298]. We compute accurate scaling laws of the averaged slip for various types of roughness (riblets, patches). Numerical computations complete and confirm the analysis.
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6

Marr, Charles W. "A Planting Template for Plug Flats." HortTechnology 1, no. 1 (October 1991): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.1.1.120.

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Seedlings are established in small growing containers to reduce cost of greenhouse space, while improving crop uniformity. These seedlings often are referred to as plugs. Vacuum seeders are used by larger growers to seed many flats per season (Bakos, 1983); however, individual growers, producing plants for their own use, may not be able to justify expensive seeding equipment. Several moderately priced vacuum seeders are available (Bartok, 1988). They consist of a metal tray with small drilled holes to hold the seed in place when a vacuum is applied to the tray from an external source. However, several problems with them exist. Seeds must be free of extraneous materials that might clog the small holes. A slight jarring of the plate, especially when the plate is turned upside down over the seed flat, may cause seeds to dislodge, resulting in unplanted cells in each flat. Also, different sizes of seeds and flats require completely different seeding plates and plate holders. A small grower may choose to seed flats by hand by placing seeds individually in each cell. This is feasible only for large-sized seeds or with pelleted seed. A simple, inexpensive, non-vacuum alternative design is presented and evaluated.
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7

Sommers, Pacifica, Dorota L. Porazinska, John L. Darcy, Eli M. S. Gendron, Lara Vimercati, Adam J. Solon, and Steven K. Schmidt. "Microbial Species–Area Relationships in Antarctic Cryoconite Holes Depend on Productivity." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111747.

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The island species–area relationship (ISAR) is a positive association between the number of species and the area of an isolated, island-like habitat. ISARs are ubiquitous across domains of life, yet the processes generating ISARs remain poorly understood, particularly for microbes. Larger and more productive islands are hypothesized to have more species because they support larger populations of each species and thus reduce the probability of stochastic extinctions in small population sizes. Here, we disentangled the effects of “island” size and productivity on the ISAR of Antarctic cryoconite holes. We compared the species richness of bacteria and microbial eukaryotes on two glaciers that differ in their productivity across varying hole sizes. We found that cryoconite holes on the more productive Canada Glacier gained more species with increasing hole area than holes on the less productive Taylor Glacier. Within each glacier, neither productivity nor community evenness explained additional variation in the ISAR. Our results are, therefore, consistent with productivity shaping microbial ISARs at broad scales. More comparisons of microbial ISARs across environments with limited confounding factors, such as cryoconite holes, and experimental manipulations within these systems will further contribute to our understanding of the processes shaping microbial biogeography.
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Fukagawa, Hitoshi, Toshiki Hirogaki, Keisuke Shimizu, and Kousuke Nishikawa. "Investigation of Decision Criteria for Abrasive Conditions in Multi-Small-Hole Drilling of CFRP by Blast Process." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.119.

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Анотація:
Composite materials, such as CFRP, are hard-to-cut materials but useful for their specific strength. Usually creating small holes in them is done using drill tools, but tool abrasion occurs early, reducing quality, raising processing costs. Comparing drilling with other processing methods, it was revealed in a previous report that it was possible to effectively create large quantities of small holes using blasting [1]. However, such blast processing involves unknown mechanisms. In the present report, we investigated the material-removing mechanisms of blasting from the viewpoint of erosion abrasion, and looked into the most suitable method by changing hole sizes and processing conditions. The results revealed, relationships between abrasive particle size and hole accuracy or hole processing efficiency as well as the optimum abrasive combinations according to hole diameter.
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9

Niemz, Peter, Claus-Thomas Bues, and Steffen Herrmann. "Die Eignung von Schallgeschwindigkeit und Bohrwiderstand zur Beurteilung von simulierten Defekten in Fichtenholz | Use of sound velocity and drilling resistance to evaluate simulated defects in Norway spruce." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 153, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2002.0201.

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The influence of stem thickness and artificially made defects (drill holes and cracks of different sizes) was tested in spruce for sound velocity using two different instruments;an Impulshammer with 300 Hz and a BP 5 with 50 kHz). Comparative drilling resistance was measured with a Resistograph 1410, and we were able to identify very small defects.
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10

Cheng, Yu-qi, Wen-long Li, Cheng Jiang, Gang Wang, Wei Xu, and Qing-yu Peng. "A novel cooling hole inspection method for turbine blade using 3D reconstruction of stereo vision." Measurement Science and Technology 33, no. 1 (November 29, 2021): 015018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac39d0.

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Abstract Cooling holes (number 100 ∼ 200, diameter 0.3 ∼ 1.2 mm) are important heat dissipation structures of a turbine blade in aero-engine. Due to the small sizes and similar contours of cooling holes, it is difficult to extract and match their features by traditional stereo reconstruction methods. This paper proposes a novel cooling hole inspection method for turbine blades utilizing 3D reconstruction technique of stereo vision, which combines the stereo vision principle with the invariance of cross-ratio. The feature points of contours are extracted and matched by calculating two intersection points of circular contours and a line through the center points of adjacent cooling holes. Additionally, the 3D points corresponding to the feature points are reconstructed, by which, the diameters of cooling holes can be calculated successfully. Moreover, measurement experiments verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method. The experimental results show that the average errors of the standard circle ruler and tiny hole sample are within 0.05 mm, which satisfies the inspection requirement of cooling holes.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Holes of small sizes"

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Буковський, Олег Миколайович. "Підвищення ефективності обробки отворів малих розмірів в умовах автоматизованого виробництва". Master's thesis, Київ, 2018. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/25648.

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Магістерська атестаційна робота на тему: «Підвищення ефективності обробки отворів малих розмірів в умовах автоматизованого виробництва» складається із 109 аркушів. До неї входять: 18 рисунків, 31 таблиця, 3 додатки. В роботі використано 52 бібліографічні найменування. Завданням даної роботи є розробка системи підвищення ефективності обробки отворів малих розмірів в умовах автоматизованого виробництва. Проаналізовано існуючі методи підвищення ефективності обробки отворів малих розмірів в умовах автоматизованого виробництва, розглянуто методи їх формоутворення, здійснено теоретичне дослідження особливостей процесу різання при свердлінні отворів, встановлено вплив швидкості різання, властивостей оброблюваного матеріалу, діаметра свердла, подачі та температури різання на ефективність обробки отворів малих розмірів. В результаті досліджень вирішено розробити автоматизовану систему підвищення ефективності обробки отворів малих розмірів, яка базується на вимірюванні сил різання та крутного моменту процесу свердління. Для її реалізації створено математичну модель, принципову схему роботи, побудовано алгоритм її роботи та створено необхідне програмне забезпечення. Здійснено дослідження підвищення ефективності обробки отворів малих розмірів з допомогою повного факторного експерименту. Результати даної роботи можуть бути використані державними підприємствами задля підвищення ефективності обробки отворів малих розмірів в умовах автоматизованого виробництва шляхом контролю процесу різання.
Master's attestation work on the topic: "Improving the efficiency of processing apertures of small sizes in the conditions of automated production" consists of 109 sheets. It includes 18 pictures, 30 tables, 3 attachments. 52 bibliographic titles were used in the work. The task of this work is to develop a system for improving the processing efficiency of small-sized apertures in the conditions of automated production. The existing methods of increasing the efficiency of processing small-sized apertures in the conditions of automated production are analyzed, the methods of their forming are considered, the theoretical study of the features of the cutting process during drilling of apertures has been carried out, the influence of cutting speed, properties of the treated material, the diameter of the drill, the filing and the temperature of cutting on the efficiency of processing the apertures of small sizes. As a result of the research, it was decided to develop an automated system for improving the efficiency of small-sized aperture processing, which is based on measuring the cutting forces and torque of the drilling process. For its realization a mathematical model, a basic scheme of work was created, an algorithm of its work was created and the necessary software was created. The research of increase of efficiency of processing of apertures of small sizes with the help of a full factor experiment has been carried out. The results of this work can be used by state-owned enterprises to improve the efficiency of processing small-sized apertures in the conditions of automated production by controlling the cutting process.
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2

Frömke, Cornelia. "Relevance-shifted tests for high dimensional data with small sample sizes." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=981484425.

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Van, Delinder Kurt William. "Higher statistical uncertainty with small pixel sizes gives higher gamma pass rates." Thesis, Wayne State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10193739.

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Monte Carlo (MC) based dose calculation methods trade-off accuracy at the expense of computational time, which is, correlated to the user input values of statistical uncertainty and pixel spacing (1). It was first hinted by low et. al. that noise generated within either the calculated or measured plan distributions can affect the result of the plan verification by method of ‘Gamma Index Analysis’(GI) (2). The purpose of this research experiment is to investigate a possible correlation between added noise from increasing MC statistical uncertainty and increasing the odds of a plan passing the GI verification criteria. For this research experiment, we calculated 10 head and neck radiation therapy treatment plans using the MC dose calculation method within Monaco TPS. We varied the statistical uncertainty values from 5%, 3%, 1% and 0.25% and varied the voxel size values from 3mm, 2mm and 1mm. The treatment plans were then administered on an Elekta Versa linear accelerator and measured using Mapcheck dose measurement device. Each plan was evaluated for clinical pass/fail using the GI Analysis with criteria 3%/3mm and 2%/2mm. For 1 mm voxel size, 3%/3mm GI, there was an increase in average gamma pass rates from 98.91% calculated at 0.5% statistical uncertainty to 99.61% calculated at 5% statistical uncertainty. For 1 mm voxel size, 2%/2mm GI, there was an increase in average gamma pass rates from 97.02% calculated at 0.5% statistical uncertainty to 98.80% calculated at 5% statistical uncertainty. At 2 mm and 3 mm voxel sizes, there was not a clear demonstrable increase in average gamma pass rates. The experimental results conclude that the user must be careful when selecting a statistical uncertainty prior to performing a MC dose calculation. The input of a high statistical uncertainty does not lead to more points failing the GI, but paradoxically, can increase the chances that the evaluated radiation therapy plan will pass the acceptance evaluation.

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4

Wood, Scott William. "Differential item functioning procedures for polytomous items when examinee sample sizes are small." Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1110.

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As part of test score validity, differential item functioning (DIF) is a quantitative characteristic used to evaluate potential item bias. In applications where a small number of examinees take a test, statistical power of DIF detection methods may be affected. Researchers have proposed modifications to DIF detection methods to account for small focal group examinee sizes for the case when items are dichotomously scored. These methods, however, have not been applied to polytomously scored items. Simulated polytomous item response strings were used to study the Type I error rates and statistical power of three popular DIF detection methods (Mantel test/Cox's β, Liu-Agresti statistic, HW3) and three modifications proposed for contingency tables (empirical Bayesian, randomization, log-linear smoothing). The simulation considered two small sample size conditions, the case with 40 reference group and 40 focal group examinees and the case with 400 reference group and 40 focal group examinees. In order to compare statistical power rates, it was necessary to calculate the Type I error rates for the DIF detection methods and their modifications. Under most simulation conditions, the unmodified, randomization-based, and log-linear smoothing-based Mantel and Liu-Agresti tests yielded Type I error rates around 5%. The HW3 statistic was found to yield higher Type I error rates than expected for the 40 reference group examinees case, rendering power calculations for these cases meaningless. Results from the simulation suggested that the unmodified Mantel and Liu-Agresti tests yielded the highest statistical power rates for the pervasive-constant and pervasive-convergent patterns of DIF, as compared to other DIF method alternatives. Power rates improved by several percentage points if log-linear smoothing methods were applied to the contingency tables prior to using the Mantel or Liu-Agresti tests. Power rates did not improve if Bayesian methods or randomization tests were applied to the contingency tables prior to using the Mantel or Liu-Agresti tests. ANOVA tests showed that statistical power was higher when 400 reference examinees were used versus 40 reference examinees, when impact was present among examinees versus when impact was not present, and when the studied item was excluded from the anchor test versus when the studied item was included in the anchor test. Statistical power rates were generally too low to merit practical use of these methods in isolation, at least under the conditions of this study.
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5

Chirara, Karim. "Laboratory tests of corrugated plastic drainage tubing with small holes in different soils." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64035.

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6

Adamiv, V. T., P. Yu Demchenko, R. M. Dutka, R. V. Gamernyk, Yu O. Kulyk, and I. M. Teslyuk. "Determination of Sizes of Ag Nanoparticles in Glass Li2B4O7:Ag,Gd." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/42610.

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Annealing in air and vacuum were obtained glass samples Li2B4O7:Ag,Gd with Ag NPs. Three methods: the half-width strip plasmon resonance, X-ray diffraction and Small-angle X-ray scattering, in these samples by size NPs Ag. Revealed that the size of NPs Ag, defined by half-widths plasmon resonance band much smaller than obtained by other methods. It is concluded that the methods of X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering give results closer to reality than the method plasmon resonance.
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Brewer, Carl G. "A comparative study of iterative and noniterative factor analytic techniques in small to moderate sample sizes /." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65540.

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8

Heikkilä, V. (Valtteri). "A study on dynamic memory allocation mechanisms for small block sizes in real-time embedded systems." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2013. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201302081026.

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Embedded real-time and battery-powered systems are increasing in numbers, and their software complexity is growing. This creates a demand for more efficient dynamic memory allocation in real-time embedded systems. Small improvements in dynamic memory allocation can greatly reduce system overall memory usage, fragmentation and energy consumption. Most of today’s general-purpose allocators are unsuitable for real-time embedded systems since they are not designed for real-time constraints. This thesis contains a study on the suitability of dynamic memory allocation mechanisms for small block allocation in real-time embedded systems. We first perform a literature survey on dynamic memory allocation mechanisms and then analyze general-purpose allocators. From this we arrive to a set of allocation mechanisms for additional experimental study. We then conduct simulations on the selected mechanisms by using both real and synthetic traces to measure the mechanism fragmentation and WCET. We then evaluate the mechanisms and their tradeoffs and present an analysis on their suitability for small block allocation in real-time embedded systems. This thesis additionally introduces Bitframe allocator, a new bitmapped fits allocator. The introduced allocator demonstrates that bitmapped fits can be used effectively for dynamic memory allocation. We are however unsure if bitmapped fits can offer better efficiency than other mechanisms. Our results confirm that TLSF is one of the best allocators for real-time systems in terms of performance and fragmentation. Our results also confirm that reaps has low fragmentation and very low WCET when small blocks are allocated. Our results also show that simple segregated storage and region mechanism should not be used in real-time systems due to high worst-case fragmentation.
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Pacini, Clare. "Inferring condition specific regulatory networks with small sample sizes : a case study in Bacillus subtilis and infection of Mus musculus by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269711.

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Modelling interactions between genes and their regulators is fundamental to understanding how, for example a disease progresses, or the impact of inserting a synthetic circuit into a cell. We use an existing method to infer regulatory networks under multiple conditions: the Joint Graphical Lasso (JGL), a shrinkage based Gaussian graphical model. We apply this method to two data sets: one, a publicly available set of microarray experiments perturbing the gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis under multiple experimental conditions; the second, a set of RNA-seq samples of Mouse (Mus musculus) embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) infected with different strains of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. In both cases we infer a subset of the regulatory networks using relatively small sample sizes. For the Bacillus subtilis analysis we focused on the use of these regulatory networks in synthetic biology and found examples of transcriptional units active only under a subset of conditions, this information can be useful when designing circuits to have condition dependent behaviour. We developed methods for large network decomposition that made use of the condition information and showed a greater specificity of identifying single transcriptional units from the larger network using our method. Through annotating these results with known information we were able to identify novel connections and found supporting evidence for a selection of these from publicly available experimental results. Biological data collection is typically expensive and due to the relatively small sample sizes of our MEF data set we developed a novel empirical Bayes method for reducing the false discovery rate when estimating block diagonal covariance matrices. Using these methods we were able to infer regulatory networks for the host infected with either the ME49 or RH strain of the parasite. This enabled the identification of known and novel regulatory mechanisms. The Toxoplasma gondii parasite has shown to subvert host function using similar mechanisms as cancers and through our analysis we were able to identify genes, networks and ontologies associated with cancer, including connections that have not previously been associated with T. gondii infection. Finally a Shiny application was developed as an online resource giving access to the Bacillus subtilis inferred networks with interactive methods for exploring the networks including expansion of sub networks and large network decomposition.
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10

Yates, Megan. "The physiological importance of small leaf sizes in the mediterranean type ecosystem vegetation of the Cape floristic region." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26302.

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Numerous "Fynbos" species of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) have particularly fine, narrow leaves. The rates of transpiration and heat loss are partially dependent on boundary layer conductance, which is determined by leaf shape and size, surface modifications and wind speed. We expected fine-leaved species with higher boundary layer conductance to transpire faster than broad-leaved species at low temperatures whereas at higher temperatures we expected transpiration to be limited by stomata! conductance. In contrast, the rate of heat loss may be constrained by thick boundary layers in larger leaves at high temperatures. Leaf gas exchange characteristics at various temperatures were correlated with boundary layer thickness, leaf area and specific leaf area for 14 Proteaceae species using phylogenetically independent contrast species. When the temperatures of individual leaves were altered, while ambient temperature was kept at l 8°C, water loss decreased significantly at both 12°C and 30°C with increased leaf size and thus boundary layer thickness. At 30°C, small leaves with thin boundary layers resulted in leaf temperatures below ambient, while larger leaves with thicker boundary layers had leaf temperatures closer to ambient. However, at 30°C the variation in leaf temperature between the smallest and largest leaves was only 3.4°C. Such a small variation in leaf temperature is unlikely to alter temperature-dependent physiological processes. We conclude that the small boundary layer associated with small leaves enables fine-leaved species to transpire at faster rates when water is plentiful. This may be a particularly important strategy for plants that take up most of their nutrients in the wet winter months from nutrient-poor highly leached soils of the CFR region. We suggest that fine leaves are an adaptation for nutrient uptake during winter, although they may also have the benefit of improved coupling of leaf to ambient temperature during the summer drought period.
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Книги з теми "Holes of small sizes"

1

Swerdlow, David. Small holes in the universe. Cincinnati, OH: WordTech Editions, 2003.

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Grace, Patricia. Small holes in the silence: Short stories. Auckland, N.Z: Penguin Books, 2006.

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Tuwhare, Hone. Small holes in the silence: Collected works. Auckland, N.Z: Random House New Zealand, 2011.

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4

Meitzner, Laura S. Amaranth to zai holes: Ideas for growing food under difficult conditions. North Fort Myers, Fla: ECHO, 1996.

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5

Tang, K. Linda. The effect of small calibration sample sizes on TOEFL IRT-based equating. Princeton, N.J: Educational Testing Service, 1993.

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6

Maylor, Harvey. The application of quality assurance to advanced manufacturing systems for small batch sizes. Uxbridge: BrunelUniversity, 1991.

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7

Porter, Robert D. How to make a super sensitive micro drill press to drill very small holes. [United States?: s.n.], 2007.

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Porter, Robert D. How to make a super sensitive micro drill press to drill very small holes. [United States?: s.n.], 2007.

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9

Champlain, Andre F. De. Assessing the dimensionality of simulated LSAT item response matrices with small sample sizes and short test lengths. Newtown, PA: Law School Admission Council, 1999.

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10

Small homes: The right size. Shelter Publications, 2017.

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Частини книг з теми "Holes of small sizes"

1

Demers, Mark F. "Dispersing Billiards with Small Holes." In Ergodic Theory, Open Dynamics, and Coherent Structures, 137–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0419-8_8.

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Wilcox, Rand R. "Hypothesis Testing and Small Sample Sizes." In Fundamentals of Modern Statistical Methods, 67–91. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3522-2_5.

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Wilcox, Rand R. "Hypothesis Testing and Small Sample Sizes." In Fundamentals of Modern Statistical Methods, 63–85. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5525-8_5.

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4

Cioranescu, Doina, Alain Damlamian, and Georges Griso. "Homogenization in domains with “small holes”." In Series in Contemporary Mathematics, 297–353. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3032-2_10.

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Cioranescu, Doina, Alain Damlamian, and Georges Griso. "Unfolding operators: the case of “small holes”." In Series in Contemporary Mathematics, 285–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3032-2_9.

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6

Bai, Y. J., Lian Hong Zhang, and C. G. Ren. "Experimental Investigation on Honing of Small Holes." In Advances in Abrasive Technology IX, 303–8. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-416-2.303.

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Clemente, Filipe Manuel. "Acute Effects of Different Sizes of the Field." In Small-Sided and Conditioned Games in Soccer Training, 91–103. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0880-1_5.

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8

Płodzień, Marcin, Jarosław Tymczyszyn, Witold Habrat, and Piotr Kręcichwost. "Analysis of EDM Drilling of Small Diameter Holes." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 186–200. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49910-5_17.

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9

Mooijaart, Ab, and Kees van Montfort. "Statistical Power in PATH Models for Small Sample Sizes." In Mathematical Modelling: Theory and Applications, 1–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-1958-6_1.

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10

Garrigos, R., P. Cheyssac, and R. Kofman. "Melting for lead particles of very small sizes; influence of surface phenomena." In Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, 497–500. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74913-1_114.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Holes of small sizes"

1

Stimpson, Curtis K., Jacob C. Snyder, Karen A. Thole, and Dominic Mongillo. "Effectiveness Measurements of Additively Manufactured Film Cooling Holes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64903.

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As additive manufacturing (AM) technologies utilizing metal powders continue to mature, the usage of AM parts in gas turbine engines will increase. Current metal AM technologies produce parts with substantial surface roughness that can only be removed from external surfaces and internal surfaces that are accessible for smoothing. Difficulties arise in making smooth the surfaces of small internal channels, which means the augmentation of pressure loss and heat transfer due to roughness must be accounted for in the design. As gas turbine manufacturers have only recently adopted metal AM technologies, much remains to be examined before the full impacts of applying AM to turbine parts are understood. Although discrete film cooling holes have been extensively studied for decades, this objective of this study was to understand how the roughness of film cooling holes made using AM can affect the overall cooling effectiveness. Coupons made from a high temperature nickel alloy with engine-scale film holes were tested in a rig designed to simulate engine relevant conditions. Two different hole sizes and two different build directions were examined at various blowing ratios. Results showed that the effectiveness is dependent on the build direction and the relative size of the hole. It was also discovered that commercially available AM processes could not reliably produce small holes with predictable behavior.
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2

Andrews, G. E., and F. Bazdidi-Tehrani. "Small Diameter Film Cooling Hole Heat Transfer: The Influence of the Number of Holes." In ASME 1989 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/89-gt-7.

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The overall surface averaged heat transfer was determined for air passing through arras of small diameter holes drilled at 90 through thin metal walls. The influence of the number of holes and hence of the pitch to diameter ratio, X/D, was investigated over the range 4.7 to 21 for a fixed hole size of 1.4 mm and hole L/D of 4.5. A transient cooling technique was used to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient for the cooling due to the air passage through the wall. It was shown that the dominant heat transfer was that on the hole approach surface area due to flow acceleration into the hole. The hole approach surface area was used in the heat transfer correlation. The results of the authors were combined with previous results for the variation of X/D at constant X to give a heat transfer correlation, independent of L/D.
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3

Lewandowski, T., S. Jebauer, J. Czerwinska, and P. Doerffer. "Non-Continuum Effects in Micro-Channel Turbulent Gas Flow." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62123.

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Motivation of this work has its origin in the boundary layer control for aeronautics and turbomachinery. For that purpose boundary layer can be modified by perforated plates with holes (small channels) of specific sizes. The questions which rise in such configuration are related to the existence of optimal size of the holes (channels) and how micro-scale effects influence behavior of the global flow. This paper concentrates on the issue of the micro-scale channel effects. It is shown, that mass flow rate is influenced by slip effects and also by global behavior of the flow. Hence, these two phenomena are balanced and the micro-channel configuration is in most cases less efficient for boundary layer control than adequate macrochannel setup. Therefore it is proved that for specific condition an optimal hole (channel) size configuration exists. The numerical investigation presented here has shown various interesting micro-scale effects for laminar and turbulent micro-channel flow, which can improve understanding of gas flow behavior in micro-channels.
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4

Khvatov, Ivan A., Alexander N. Kharitonov, and Alexey Yu Sokolov. "FERRETS MAY LEARN AWARENESS IF THEIR OWN BODY LIMITS." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact105.

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"The study of the ability of self-awareness (self-awareness, the ability to perceive one's own body and mental properties separately from objects of the external world) in animals contributes to the study of the specifics of human consciousness. One of the aspects of self-awareness is body-awareness, which is expressed in the ability of an animal to take into account the physical parameters of its body when regulating behavior. We studied the ability of ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to be aware of the limits of their own bodies. To solve the experimental problem, the animals had to choose holes suitable in size for penetration in the partition that divided the sections of the experimental setup. The shapes and sizes of the holes varied. We have used both small area holes that are suitable for penetration and large areas that are not suitable for penetration. It was found that all 6 animals participating in the experiment were able to choose a hole suitable for penetration from the first trial, despite the fact that it was smaller than the unsuitable one in area. In 18 test trials, ferrets made 105 successful penetrations and 3 unsuccessful attempts. This distribution differs from the uniform one (?2 = 97.25; df = 2; p <0.01). None of the individuals showed a significant reduction or increase in unsuccessful attempts to penetrate the holes This data may indicate that ferrets have knowledge of the boundaries of their bodies and the ability to compare them with the parameters of the penetration hole."
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5

Zhu, Rui, Gongnan Xie, and Terrence W. Simon. "Injection Angle Influence of Secondary Holes on the Enhancement of Film Cooling Effectiveness With Horn-Shaped or Cylindrical Primary Holes." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70734.

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Secondary holes to a main film cooling hole are used to improve film cooling performance by creating anti-kidney vortices. The effects of injection angle of the secondary holes on both film cooling effectiveness and surrounding thermal and flow fields are investigated in this numerical study. Two kinds of primary hole shapes are adopted. One is a cylindrical hole, the other is a horn-shaped hole which is designed from a cylindrical hole by expanding the hole in the transverse direction to double the hole size at the exit. Two smaller cylindrical holes, the secondary holes, are located symmetrically about the centerline and downstream of the primary hole. Three compound injection angles (α = 30°, 45° and 60°, β = 30°) of the secondary holes are analyzed while the injection angle of the primary hole is kept at 45°. Cases with various blowing ratios are computed. It is shown from the simulation that cooling effectiveness of secondary holes with a horn-shaped primary hole is better than that with a cylindrical primary hole, especially at high blowing ratios. With a cylindrical primary hole, increasing inclination angle of the secondary holes provides better cooling effectiveness because the anti-kidney vortices created by shallow secondary holes cannot counteract the kidney vortex pairs adequately, enhancing mixing of main flow and coolant. For secondary holes with a horn-shaped primary hole, large secondary hole inclination angles provide better cooling performance at low blowing ratios; but, at high blowing ratios, secondary holes with small inclination angles are more effective, as the film coverage becomes wider in the downstream area.
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6

Han, Wei, and Ryszard J. Pryputniewicz. "Modeling and Characterization of Laser Drilling of Small Holes on Metal Sheets." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61619.

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Laser drilling is increasingly being used in fabrication of small components in various materials with applications in aerospace, automotive, electronics and medical industries, and it offers a unique combination of benefits for the contemporary manufacturing industry as a rapid, precise, clean, flexible, and efficient process. Laser drilling involves a stationary laser beam which uses its high power density to melt or vaporize material from the workpiece, and the process is governed by an energy balance between the irradiating energy from the laser beam, the conduction heat into the workpiece, the energy losses to the environment, and the energy required for phase change in the workpiece. There are three major mechanisms of removal of material from the beam interaction zone and consequent propagation of the melt front into the metal bulk. They are (1) melt ejection due to interaction between the melt and an assisting gas, (2) melt ejection by the vaporization-induced recoil force, and (3) melt evaporation. The results of laser drilling processes, such as the profile of the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the geometry of the holes, strongly depend on settings of the laser parameters such as peak power, pulse length, pulse repetition rate, number of pulses, focal condition, etc. In addition, the processing results are strongly influenced by geometrical and material properties of the workpiece. This paper presents theoretical and experimental studies of laser drilling of micrometer size holes on metal sheets using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. A model of the temperature distribution and the motion of the melting front for laser drilling is presented and compared with experimental data. Effects of laser parameters on the resultant geometry of the hole are investigated and summarized, and an optimum procedure for laser drilling of small holes on metal sheets is outlined.
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7

Briones, Alejandro M., Nathan Thomas, and Brent A. Rankin. "Effects of Combustor Enclosure Flow Path on Combustor Design." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-14127.

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Abstract A design optimization procedure was implemented to resize the holes of a combustor liner for practical applications. A combustor geometry evaluated without an enclosure was to be reformulated within an enclosure. The objective functions of the combustor with enclosure involved targeting the flow splits of the combustor without enclosure. Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) design of experiments (DOE) was utilized to obtain at least a pure quadratic response surface (RS). These were computed using Genetic Aggregate (GA). These RS were, in turn, evaluated by a multiple objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) optimizer. The focus of this study was a small-scale cavity-stabilized combustor. Steady, compressible three-dimensional simulations are performed using a multi-phase Realizable k-ε Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach. Combustion-turbulence interaction is modeled with flamelet progress variable (FPV) and β-presumed probability density function (PDF). There are eleven input and output parameters corresponding to the combustor hole sizes and associated mass flow rates. The RS obtained with GA were principally of the Kriging kind (with constant and linear trends and damped sinusoid and Gaussian kernels). A combustor hole mass flow rate was mainly determined by its hole size but was also influenced by the other holes. The combustor flow split non-linearity shows that increasing a hole size increases its mass flow rate, but simultaneously decreases another hole flow rate. This was also verified by sensitivity analysis. Due to this non-linearity, matching flow splits between geometry without and with enclosure is challenging and may not be possible for some situations. Thus, it is concluded that optimization of the combustor geometry without the enclosure is not the best route. Rather, it would be better for the geometry to be optimized with the enclosure included in order to account for flow separation and non-linear influence of the combustor holes on the flow field.
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Ali, A. F., and G. E. Andrews. "Conical Grid Plate Flame Stabilizers: Number and Size of Jet Shear Layers." In ASME 1987 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/87-gt-258.

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The influence of the number and size of the jet shear layers, at a constant total hole area, was investigated in a propane fuelled conical grid plate flame stabiliser. The combustion inefficiency, NOx and flame stability were determined for shear layer designs with 90, 8 and 4 holes. The total shear layer volume increased as the number of holes was reduced and combustion within these larger shear layers was responsible for the superior flame stability and combustion efficiency, but higher NOx emissions. Large shear layers and hence a small number of holes were necessary to achieve an adequate performance at a 400K inlet temperature, but at 600K the 90 hole system had the best combination of low NOx and combustion inefficiency. However, the 8 hole system had a performance close to the 90 hole system at 600K and better than it at 400K and was concluded to be the preferable design.
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Fric, Thomas F., Robert P. Campbell, and Mark G. Rettig. "Quantitative Visualization of Full-Coverage Discrete-Hole Film Cooling." In ASME 1997 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-gt-328.

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Water tunnel experiments were carried out to study full-coverage discrete-hole film cooling for geometries applicable to gas turbine combustor liners. The cooling holes were spaced at a pitch to diameter ratio of 6.5 and had an injection angle of 20° to the cooled surface. The mainstream flow direction was in line with the cooling holes. Blowing ratios from 0.5 to 5.7 were studied, which is a range typical of combustor liners. A unique multiple plane PLIF (planar laser-induced fluorescence) technique was used to measure time-averaged film cooling concentration at various heights above the surface to be cooled. Three-dimensional data sets were generated to quantitatively visualize cooling-jet film coverage, structure, and interaction. Film coverage as close as 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) from the surface was measured, thereby yielding data that approach adiabatic film effectiveness. Two sets of film cooling experiments were conducted. One set used a model with a relatively small array of 2.54 mm (0.100 in.) holes, meant to be a large-scale model of hole sizes encountered in combustor liners. The second set used a large array of 0.51 mm (0.020 in.) nominal diameter laser-drilled holes, manufactured in the same manner as combustor liner cooling holes. The results show that near-wall film coverage is minimum for blowing ratios from 1.7 to 3.3. At blowing ratios less than 1.7 and greater than 3.3, the film coverage was improved. Jet structure and interaction was also observed. In particular, jet separation behavior and coalescence were visualized, and both were generally a function of blowing ratio.
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Xu, Yu, and Kuao-John Young. "Fracture Assessments of High Pressure Vessel Components Having Longitudinal Holes." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65258.

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Small size longitudinal holes are common in components of high pressure vessels. In fracture mechanics evaluation, longitudinal holes have not drawn as much attention as cross-bores. However, longitudinal holes become critical at certain locations for such assessments because of high stress concentration and short distance to vessel component wall. The high stress concentration can be attributed to three parts: global hoop stress that is magnified by the existence of the hole, local stresses due to pressure in the hole, and crack face pressure. In high pressure vessel design, axisymmetric models are used extensively in stress analyses, and their results are subsequently employed to identify critical locations for fracture mechanics evaluation. However, axisymmetric models ignore longitudinal holes and therefore cannot be used to identify the critical location inside the holes. This paper is intended to highlight the importance of including longitudinal holes in fracture mechanics evaluation, and to present a quick and effective way of evaluating high stress concentration at a longitudinal hole using the combined analytical solutions and axisymmetric stress analysis results, identifying critical locations and conducting fracture mechanics evaluation.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Holes of small sizes"

1

Nagar, Arvind. Small Crack Growth at Pin Loaded Holes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada419084.

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2

Coles, Henry, Yong Qin, and Phillip Price. Comparing Server Energy Use and Efficiency Using Small Sample Sizes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1163229.

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3

Toney, Michael F. Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Measurements of Magnetic Cluster Sizes in Magnetic Recording Disks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/813257.

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4

Micic, O. I., A. E. Ostafin, T. Rajh, J. J. Sabelko, M. C. Thurnauer, D. M. Tiede, and Y. Zhang. Conversion of holes into reducing species on surface modified small-particle TiO{sub 2}. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/46634.

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5

Stern, Jonathan M. B., and Benjamin Piper. Resetting Targets: Examining Large Effect Sizes and Disappointing Benchmark Progress. RTI Press, April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.op.0060.1904.

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This paper uses recent evidence from international early grade reading programs to provide guidance about how best to create appropriate targets and more effectively identify improved program outcomes. Recent results show that World Bank and US Agency for International Development–funded large-scale international education interventions in low- and middle–income countries tend to produce larger impacts than do interventions in the United States, as measured by effect sizes. However, these effect sizes rarely translate into large gains in mean oral reading fluency scores and are associated with only small increases in the proportion of students meeting country-level reading benchmarks. The limited impact of these low- and middle–income countries’ reading programs on the proportion of students meeting reading benchmarks is in large part caused by right-skewed distributions of student reading scores. In other words, modest impacts on the proportion of students meeting benchmarks are caused by low mean scores and large proportions of nonreaders at baseline. It is essential to take these factors into consideration when setting program targets for reading fluency and comprehension. We recommend that program designers in lower-performing countries use baseline assessment data to develop benchmarks based on multiple performance categories that allow for more ambitious targets focused on reducing nonreaders and increasing beginning readers, with more modest targets aimed at improving oral reading fluency scores and increasing the percentage of proficient readers.
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6

Yaro, Joseph, Ibrahim Wahab, Gloria Afful-Mensah, and Michael Ben Awenam. The Rise of Medium-Scale Farms in the Northern Savannah of Ghana: Farmland Invasion or an Inclusive Commercialised Agricultural Revolution? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.029.

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Agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is undergoing rapid transformation involving major changes in farmland ownership and farm scales from small to medium farms, with the widespread use of mechanisation and agro-inputs. Generally, households are increasing their farm sizes while others are dropping out of agriculture as the non-farm economy grows in both rural and urban areas. This study examined the changes in farmland sizes in two districts in the north of Ghana where agricultural extensification is still possible. Specifically, the study addressed the questions of the historical agrarian context; the magnitude and character of farm structure changes; the emerging spatial manifestation of farms; and the use of factors of production among the emerging socially differentiated farmers.
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7

Kim, Cheonkoo, Jungsoo Park, Donghyun Park, and Shu Tian. Heterogeneous Effect of Uncertainty on Corporate Investment: Evidence from Listed Firms in the Republic of Korea. Asian Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps220044-2.

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It finds that financial uncertainty has a significant negative effect on corporate investment and the effects are mixed across firms of different sizes. Small firms and large firms are more exposed to the negative uncertainty effects than medium-sized firms. Financial constraints and investment irreversibility amplify the negative effects of uncertainty. Small and medium-sized firms are more financially constrained and large firms’ investments are more irreversible in nature. The authors suggest that policies target the development of capital markets and bond markets for small and medium-sized firms and focus on competitiveness, not protection.
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8

Miles, Gaines E., Yael Edan, F. Tom Turpin, Avshalom Grinstein, Thomas N. Jordan, Amots Hetzroni, Stephen C. Weller, Marvin M. Schreiber, and Okan K. Ersoy. Expert Sensor for Site Specification Application of Agricultural Chemicals. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570567.bard.

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In this work multispectral reflectance images are used in conjunction with a neural network classifier for the purpose of detecting and classifying weeds under real field conditions. Multispectral reflectance images which contained different combinations of weeds and crops were taken under actual field conditions. This multispectral reflectance information was used to develop algorithms that could segment the plants from the background as well as classify them into weeds or crops. In order to segment the plants from the background the multispectrial reflectance of plants and background were studied and a relationship was derived. It was found that using a ratio of two wavelenght reflectance images (750nm and 670nm) it was possible to segment the plants from the background. Once ths was accomplished it was then possible to classify the segmented images into weed or crop by use of the neural network. The neural network developed for this work is a modification of the standard learning vector quantization algorithm. This neural network was modified by replacing the time-varying adaptation gain with a constant adaptation gain and a binary reinforcement function. This improved accuracy and training time as well as introducing several new properties such as hill climbing and momentum addition. The network was trained and tested with different wavelength combinations in order to find the best results. Finally, the results of the classifier were evaluated using a pixel based method and a block based method. In the pixel based method every single pixel is evaluated to test whether it was classified correctly or not and the best weed classification results were 81% and its associated crop classification accuracy is 57%. In the block based classification method, the image was divided into blocks and each block was evaluated to determine whether they contained weeds or not. Different block sizes and thesholds were tested. The best results for this method were 97% for a block size of 8 inches and a pixel threshold of 60. A simulation model was developed to 1) quantify the effectiveness of a site-specific sprayer, 2) evaluate influence of diffeent design parameters on efficiency of the site-specific sprayer. In each iteration of this model, infected areas (weed patches) in the field were randomly generated and the amount of required herbicides for spraying these areas were calculated. The effectiveness of the sprayer was estimated for different stain sizes, nozzle types (conic and flat), nozzle sizes and stain detection levels of the identification system. Simulation results indicated that the flat nozzle is much more effective as compared to the conic nozzle and its relative efficiency is greater for small nozzle sizes. By using a site-specific sprayer, the average ratio between the spraying areas and the stain areas is about 1.1 to 1.8 which can save up to 92% of herbicides, especially when the proportion of the stain areas is small.
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9

Clausen, Jay, Samuel Beal, Thomas Georgian, Kevin Gardner, Thomas Douglas, and Ashley Mossell. Effects of milling on the metals analysis of soil samples containing metallic residues. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41241.

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Metallic residues are distributed heterogeneously onto small-arms range soils from projectile fragmentation upon impact with a target or berm backstop. Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) can address the spatially heterogeneous contamination of surface soils on small-arms ranges, but representative kilogram-sized ISM subsamples are affected by the range of metallic residue particle sizes in the sample. This study compares the precision and concentrations of metals in a small-arms range soil sample processed by a puck mill, ring and puck mill, ball mill, and mortar and pestle prior to analysis. The ball mill, puck mill, and puck and ring mill produced acceptable relative standard deviations of less than 15% for the anthropogenic metals of interest (Lead (Pb), Antimony (Sb), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn)), with the ball mill exhibiting the greatest precision for Pb, Cu, and Zn. Precision by mortar and pestle, without milling, was considerably higher (40% to >100%) for anthropogenic metals. Media anthropogenic metal concentrations varied by more than 40% between milling methods, with the greatest concentrations produced by the puck mill, followed by the puck and ring mill and then the ball mill. Metal concentrations were also dependent on milling time, with concentrations stabilizing for the puck mill by 300 s but still increasing for the ball mill over 20 h. Differences in metal concentrations were not directly related to the surface area of the milled sample. Overall, the tested milling methods were successful in producing reproducible data for soils containing metallic residues. However, the effects of milling type and time on concentrations require consideration in environmental investigations.
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Sun, Yang, Jing Zhao, PanWen Zhao, Hui Zhang, JianGuo Zhong, PingLei Pan, GenDi Wang, ZhongQuan Yi, and LILI Xie. Social cognition in children and adolescents with epilepsy: a meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0011.

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Review question / Objective: To our knowledge, no meta-analysis has summarized social cognitive performance in children and adolescents with epilepsy as independent groups. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to examine differences between children and adolescents with epilepsy and HCs in terms of ToM and FER performance. Condition being studied: Epilepsy is characterized by chronic, unprovoked and recurrent seizures, is the most frequent neurological disease in childhood and usually occurs in early development. Worldwide, it is estimated that approximately 50 million people suffer from the pain of epileptic seizures, with more than half of the cases beginning in childhood and adolescence. So a comprehensive understanding of children and adolescence with epilepsy has become the focus of widespread attention. Recently, a number of studies have assessed ToM or facial emotion recognition deficits in children and adolescents with epilepsy, but the conclusions are inconsistent. These inconsistent findings might be related to the small sample sizes in most studies. Additionally, the methods used to evaluate ToM or facial emotion recognition performance were varied across studies. A meta-analysis can increase statistical power, estimate the severity of these deficits, and help resolve conflicting findings.
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