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Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "High-pressure Techniques"

Rehm, Thomas R. "High Pressure Measurement Techniques." Nuclear Technology 73, no. 1 (April 1986): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nt86-a16214.

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Wakatsuki, Masao. "Very High Pressure Techniques." Journal of the Society of Mechanical Engineers 95, no. 887 (1992): 868–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemag.95.887_868.

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Almoselhy, Rania I. M. "High-Speed and High-Pressure Homogenization Techniques for Optimization of Food Processing, Quality, and Safety." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 7, no. 4 (October 4, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000243.

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The current review presents the advantages and health benefits of the fast growing homogenization techniques for improving food processing using the high-speed homogenization (HSH) and the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) to overcome the main problems encountering food manufacturers, merchandizers and end consumers which are the short shelf-life or nonconformity of food products. HSH and HPH are considered as an efficient alternative tool to thermal processes that cause many undesirable effects such as nonenzymatic browning (NEB), off-flavor or degradation of bioactive components. HPH treatment contributes to microbial load reduction and enzyme inactivation with increase of functionality in terms of health effect by increasing bioavailability by favoring the release of bioactive compounds, modified structures of biopolymers with improvement of novel interactions within particles networking. Homogenizers vary according to the purpose needed to achieve. Laboratory Homogenizers provide research and development (R&D) scientists with more experimentation options and capabilities for emulsions, dispersions, cell rupture, and liposomes with the capability of innovations, improve existing products, and more efficient manufacturing. While the Pilot and Industrial Homogenizers offer unique flexibility to meet every customer’s particular requirements in reproducing the same product quality as developed in the laboratory with increasingly higher levels of plant integration with complete automation, controls and data acquisition. Many laboratory and industrial applications were cited here to highlight the significance of this powerful technology.

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Miletich, R., D. R. Allan, and W. F. Kuhs. "High-Pressure Single-Crystal Techniques." Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 445–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2000.41.14.

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Chen, Bin. "Exploring nanomechanics with high-pressure techniques." Matter and Radiation at Extremes 5, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 068104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0032600.

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Ramaseshan, S., G. Parthasarathy, and E. S. R. Gopal. "High pressure techniques at low temperatures." Pramana 28, no. 5 (May 1987): 435–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03026683.

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HEMLEY, R. J., P. M. BELL, and H. K. MAO. "Laser Techniques in High-Pressure Geophysics." Science 237, no. 4815 (August 7, 1987): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.237.4815.605.

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Adams, DavidM. "Experimental techniques in high-pressure research." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular Spectroscopy 44, no. 11 (January 1988): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0584-8539(88)80102-8.

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Mueller, Hans J. "High-Pressure Deformation Techniques in Experimental Geophysics." Materials Science Forum 772 (November 2013): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.772.45.

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Deformation processes have extrordinary importance for Geosciences. Mountainbuilding, i.e. orogenesis, slab subduction, continent-continent collision and penetration of the Earth’s mantle transition zone are examples of such processes. There is also a strong correlation between mineral content, phase transitions and structural properties of natural rocks. Ductile rock deformation is a typical property for Earth’s mantle conditions. Nevertheless most of experimental rock deformation was conducted under crustal conditions in the past. So, it was a revolutionary event when the first Deformation-DIA was introduced about a decade ago. Today this technique is indispensable not only for rock deformation under unextrapolated Earth’s mantle conditions but also for attenuation measurements in the seismic frequency range and attaining of lower mantle conditions in Large Volume Presses. In principle all these techniques require the installation of the high pressure device at a 3rd generation light source.

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Girard, E., R. Kahn, M. Mezouar, A. C. Dhaussy, T. Lin, J. E. Johnson, and R. Fourme. "When macromolecular crystallography meets high pressure techniques..." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 61, a1 (August 23, 2005): c47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s010876730509803x.

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Дисертації з теми "High-pressure Techniques"

Allan, David Robert. "Crystal-structure studies and techniques at high pressure." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17021.

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This thesis is concerned with the application of high-pressure diffraction techniques - involving both x-rays and neutrons, single crystal and powder samples - to the study of crystal-structures at high pressure and to the development of such techniques for the determination of crystal-structures with greater accuracy and more reliability. The current state-of-the-art high-pressure diffraction techniques are reviewed and applied to the study of a number of interesting materials. The crystal structure of KTiOPO₄(KTP) has been determined as a function of pressure as its phase transition at 5.5 GPa is approached, using single-crystal x-ray diffraction techniques. The principal changes with pressure are in the co-ordination environments of the potassium atoms and in the linking angles of the TiO₆-PO₄ structural framework. In general the distortions of the TiO₆ octahedra, which have been linked to the second harmonic generating properties of KTP, are retained although there are some small changes in the Ti-O bond lengths. The structure of the high-pressure phase of KTP has also been determined, using single-crystal x-ray diffraction, and it appears that, although the phase transition is strongly first-order and involves a 4.2% reduction of the unit-cell volume, the Pna2₁ space-group symmetry of the low-pressure phase is retained. The main structural changes at the phase transition involve tilting of the PO₄ tetrahedra relative to the TiO₆ octahedra, while both units remain relatively unchanged in size and shape. In particular, the TiO₆ octahedra remain highly distorted and retain their anomalously short Ti-OT bonds. The potassium atoms are also observed to undergo relatively large movements of about 0.5 AA along the polar c-axis at the transition. The crystal structure of KH₂PO₄ (KDP) has been determined at 2.9 GPa, a pressure just below that of its high-pressure ambient-temperature phase transition, using single-crystal neutron diffraction. It appears that the oxygen-oxygen distance, 2R, undergoes a uniform compression to 2.9 GPa which is moderated by the rotation of the essentially rigid PO₄ tetrahedra around their =4-axes.

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Ridley, Christopher James Taylor. "Development of high pressure and cryogenic techniques, and their application to neutron diffraction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28890.

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Neutron diffraction is an extremely powerful technique in condensed matter research; it can be used to measure crystallographic structures, including some of those undeterminable using X-rays. It is also perhaps the most powerful technique for determining magnetic structures, and for probing the strength of magnetic interactions, revealing information beyond that extractable from a magnetometer. High pressure is used by many condensed matter researchers as an additional thermodynamic variable, or tool to perturb otherwise stable systems, and has been used with neutron diffraction for many years. When coupled with low temperatures, this has led to the discovery of an enormous range of non-ambient phases of matter, with a range of exotic properties, some of which are discussed in this thesis. Pressure has a very strong effect on the magnetic properties of a material, with many of the most unusual magnetic phases existing only at extremely low temperatures, or pressures which can only be reached on very small samples. The main topic for this thesis is the study, development, and implementation of new techniques to combine low temperatures, high pressures, and neutron diffraction measurements from micro sized samples. A new pressure cell has been designed, tested, and commissioned with neutron beam time on the WISH diffractometer at the ISIS neutron facility. The cell is compact, with a total mass of approximately 5 kg, and is capable of generating large loads in excess of 4.5 tonnes force. Depending on the sample size used with the cell, the opposed anvil system is capable of generating a range of different pressures beyond what is widely available for low temperature neutron diffraction measurements. To save wasted experimental time in cooling and warming the device, the cell is capable of varying the applied load continuously down to 5 K, whilst the sample pressure can also be measured in-situ using a compact spectrometer system. Obtaining refineable neutron diffraction data from the small samples (< 1mm3) possible in an opposed anvil pressure cell is challenging due to extremely low ratios of signal-to-background when compared with large volume pressure cells. Finite element analysis (FEA) was performed to minimise the mass of the cell, whilst also minimising the amount of supporting material in the beam. Despite this, the signal from the sample is typically very weak; to overcome this, a novel 3D printed device has been designed and tested to collimate extremely small samples, removing much of the background signal from the surrounding material. It has enabled neutron data to be collected from samples an order of magnitude smaller than previously measurable in the cell. To maximise the pressures achievable in the pressure cell, for a given sample volume, an extended FEA study was performed to understand the evolutions of stresses in the cell, and understand the limitations of using sapphire as an anvil material. To complement this work, a compact piston cylinder cell has also been designed for a combination of different measurements. One of the key challenges in high pressure research is in knowing, or ensuring, that the conditions the sample is under are approximately the same for a variety of different measurements. Since different instruments, and techniques, may not allow for the same apparatus to be used between them, this is not always possible. A compact clamped piston cylinder cell has been designed, suitable for in-situ electrical measurements, with additional potential for simultaneous neutron diffraction measurements. The device is demonstrated through an ultrasonic characterisation of the compound UGe2. In addition to the information obtainable from neutron diffraction, much can be learnt from studying the transport properties of a material. This information can be used alongside neutron data to provide a full understanding of how a material behaves. One technique of interest measures how the electrical properties of a material changes under applied magnetic field. This is difficult to achieve under pressure due to the often anisotropic construction of the pressure cell affecting the magnetic field on the sample in different orientations, and the challenge in getting wires to the sample under pressure. This thesis presents the design, and preliminary testing, of an ultra compact high symmetry piston cylinder cell designed to be taken to sub-Kelvin temperatures and rotationally oriented in applied magnetic field. The spherical construction of the cell means that the field on the sample position is, to a very close approximation, identical in all orientations. Finally, this thesis presents a study of the binary alloy Pd3Fe under pressure. Pd3Fe was recently reported to undergo a large-volume collapse under high pressure at room temperature, resulting in near zero thermal expansion]. There are several competing theories on the mechanism behind this process. To investigate further, a series of single crystal Pd3Fe samples were grown, cut, prepared, and extensively analysed. The results of this study suggest that the cause for the large volume collapse may not be magnetic in nature, as previously expected.

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Kepa, Michal Wawrzyniec. "Probing the phase diagram of the ferromagnetic superconductor UGe2 using high pressure ultrasonic techniques." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15955.

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The main goal of the project was to develop new experimental techniques to further investigate the phase diagram of the ferromagnetic superconductor UGe2 at high pressures. Of particular interest is the metamagnetic transition (FM1-FM2) which is thought to play the key role in the unconventional superconductivity in UGe2. The project attempted to detect experimentally the critical ferromagnetic fluctuations associated with the FM1-FM2 transition. The development of the experimental equipment constitutes a substantial part of the project and includes: (1) a 2-axis Rotation Stage for High Pressures, (2) an Ultrasonic Sapphire Anvil Cell and (3) a High Pressure Pulse Echo Setup. (1) allows transport measurement on single crystal samples with simultaneous two-axis rotation at temperatures down to 2 K, magnetic fields up to 9T and pressures up to 5GPa to be made. (2) employs Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy on a sample in the anvil type cell with an optical access at cryogenic temperatures. (3) uses the Pulse Echo Technique inside a cylinder type cell allowing for ultrasonic measurements on samples with a well-defined orientation. The design, technical challenges and tests results are presented and discussed. The existing techniques, used in the project, included Inelastic Neutron Scattering. A single crystal of UGe2 was studied at 12 kbar with a large volume two-layered piston-cylinder cell. No critical fluctuations were detected at Tx associated with the FM1-FM2 transition. Instead, a small inelastic signal below this transition temperature was observed at the threshold of the instrument sensitivity. The fluctuations at TC associated with the paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic transition (PM-FM) were detected and the energy scale of these fluctuations was found to have decreased, as compared to the ambient pressure case, in proportion to the resistivity - a result supporting recent theory. The elastic constant c11 of a single crystal of UGe2 was measured as a function of temperature using (3) at ambient pressure as well as pressures up to 11 kbar. The elastic constant exhibits clear features associated with the two transitions, PM-FM and FM1-FM2. The temperature dependence of the elastic constant at ambient pressure was modelled with two main contributions (Schottky-like and Wiess-like) to the magnetic heat capacity coming from the two energy scales, Tx and TC, as well as two corresponding Gruneisen parameters, Ωx and ΩC. The values of Gruneisen parameters obtained from the data fitting were in good agreement with the values determined from the slope of the phase transition lines on the phase diagram. The temperature dependence of the elastic constant at high pressures was modelled according to the two-component system with coupled moments. The behaviour of the fitting parameters (including the Ωx and ΩT ) was consistent with the phase diagram of UGe2 and captured important features of c11 temperature evolution. The way forward would be to continue the measurements of c11 at higher pressures but also to repeat the measurements at different ultrasonic frequencies in order to obtain the temperature dependence of the ultrasonic attenuation which will provide more insight on the FM1-FM2 transition.

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Leonard, Simon. "Solid-state structural chemistry at high pressure using X-ray synchrotron radiation diffraction techniques." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33783.

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Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation has been used to probe the room temperature, high pressure phase diagrams of several inorganic compounds. A review of the publications for high pressure X-ray diffraction at synchrotron sources is given. The techniques, theory, apparatus and errors of high pressure X-ray diffraction are discussed. A spectroscopic system used to enable pressure calibration is refined and its merits discussed. The calibration of this instrument against an NaC1 standard is presented. CuGeO3 undergoes two phase transitions at 73 kbar and 110 kbar respectively. The effect of pressure on the Jahn-Teller distortion around copper is discussed. The first high pressure polymorph of hafnia (beginning at 26 kbar) is shown to be iso-structural with that of zirconia. A mechanism for the transition is offered. The effect of pressure on the series of iso-structural vanadates MVO3 (M = K, Rb, Cs, NH4) reveals phase transitions in KVO3 and RbVO3 at 27 and 40 kbar respectively. Models for the transitions are offered. Intuitive expectations of an increase in compressibilities with an increase in cation size are not realised. NH4VO3 transforms to an amorphous phase at 47 kbar. A full structural model for (COD)PtNPhS(O)2NPh is offered with an R- factor of 2.54%. A discussion of ring-puckering in this and similar systems is given. An improved structural model for powdered hafnia is offered. High resolution synchrotron techniques are used in combination with Rietveld refinement methods. A discussion of the structure is given.

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Edwards, Clare M. "Applications of high-pressure spectroscopic and powder x-ray diffraction techniques to inorganic materials." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0005/NQ44419.pdf.

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Edwards, Clare M. "Application of high-pressure spectroscopic and powder X-ray diffraction techniques to inorganic materials." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37544.

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The vibrational spectra (IR, Raman) of (eta6-C 6H5CO2CH3)Cr(CO)3, (eta 6-C6H5CO2CH3)Cr(CO) 2(CS), [Pt(NH3)4][PtCl4] (MGS), [Pt(ND 3)4] [PtCl4] (MGS-D), [Pt(NH 3)4][PtBr4] (MGS-Br), ReH7(dppe) (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) and CpCo(C64H4) (Cp = cyclopentadiene) have been studied under pressures up to ∼45 kbar. The magnitude and direction of the pressure-induced shift of the Raman-active nu(CO) and nu(CS) vibrational modes of (eta6-C6H 5CO2CH3)Cr(CO)3 and (eta6 -C6H5CO2CH3)Cr(CO) 2(CS) indicate an increase in the amount of pi-backbonding to the CO and CS ligands, under pressure, the increase being greater to the CO ligand than to the CS ligand. Wavenumber vs. pressure plots revealed a phase transition in both the tricarbonyl and thiocarbonyl complexes between 10--15 kbar. For CpCo(C64H4), discontinuities in the wavenumber vs. pressure plots at 10 kbar indicate a phase transition at this pressure, most likely involving rotation of the Cp ring. Insertion of the Co atom into the cage does not occur under compression; a shift to higher wavenumbers was observed for all the Raman and IR vibrational modes of CpCo(C64H4) and the parent fulleride, C 64H4. Phenyl ring rotation is thought to occur in ReH 7(dppe) under compression. Three pressure regions, from ambient pressure to ∼16 kbar, between 16 and 29 kbar and above 29 kbar, were identified from the wavenumber vs. pressure plots. A broad, weak feature in the ER spectrum appears from 5 kbar, increasing in intensity with increasing pressure. This peak has been assigned to the nu(HH) mode of a coordinated dihydrogen ligand, Re(eta2-H2). Ring rotation may assist the pressure-induced dihydride-dihydrogen interconversion. The pressure-tuning IR study of MGS and its derivatives probed the intermolecular interactions, in particular the interactions of the NH3 groups and investigated the hypothesis that hydrogen bonding of the type N- H&cdots;Cl exists in MGS. Splitting of the IR bands at ambient pressure, and

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Che, Idris Azam. "Characterization of high speed inlets using global measurement techniques." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/characterization-of-high-speed-inlets-using-global-measurement-techniques(ca8b687b-aff0-4b50-892f-897a962e22ba).html.

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After the end of the NASA space shuttle programme, there has been resurgence of interest in developing a single stage-to-orbit spacecraft. The key technology to realize this dream is the airbreathing scramjet engine. The scramjet concept has been around for decades, but much work is still needed in order to eliminate the remaining obstacles to develop a practical working prototype of the engine. Many such obstacles are related to the inlet which functions as the main compression unit for the engine. Typically, a high speed inlet is designed to function properly in a single flight condition. Such an inlet would experience adverse flow conditions related to various shock-shock interactions, viscous effects, shock-boundary layer interactions, and many other flow phenomena at off-design conditions. The traditional mechanism to mitigate the adverse flow conditions is by varying the inlet geometry at off-design conditions. There are still gaps in understanding the behaviour of inlets at off-design conditions and the effectiveness of variable geometry as inlet flow control. This is partly due to complex flow diagnostics setup, which limits the type, quantity and quality of information that can be extracted from the inlet flow. The first objective of this thesis was to develop a global inlet measurement system that can provide an abundance of information on inlet flow. The pressure sensitive paint method was employed together with other methods to provide comprehensive understanding on inlet flow characteristics. Calculation of Mach number at the isolator exit using the isolator sidewall pressure map was successfully demonstrated. The measurement of Mach number at the isolator exit has allowed for performance of the inlet to be calculated without the need for intrusive flow diagnostics tools used by previous researchers. The global measurement system was then employed to investigate the characteristics of the scramjet inlet operating at various off-design conditions. Complex shock structures were observed at the inlet cowl entrance as the angle-of-attack was increased. The relationship of flow quality and inlet performance was examined and discussed. General improvements on the inlet performance were obtained if the size of separation on the compression ramp was reduced. The inlet was also observed to perform poorly when compression shocks impinged on the inner cowl surface. Cowl deflections were demonstrated to be effective in controlling the internal flow of the inlet and improving its performance. An exploratory study on the role of micro-vortex generators to control boundary layer separation on scramjet inlets has been included as well. Strategies for optimizing an inlet at off-design conditions were analysed, and it was found that any variable geometry combination must maintain high throat-to-freestream Mach number ratio in order to preserve high inlet performance.

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Ferguson, Derek. "The development of air-cooling techniques for fast response pressure transducers in high temperature environments." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387639.

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Facy, Olivier. "Optimisation des techniques de chimiothérapie intracavitaire." Thesis, Dijon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DIJOMU07/document.

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Introduction. L’efficacité de la chimiothérapie intracavitaire dépend de la pénétration du produit au sein du péritoine (CHIP) ou de la plèvre. L’hyperthermie et l’hyperpression peuvent augmenter cette pénétration. Ce travail étudie leur effet intrapéritonéal, puis établit la méthode optimale pour les délivrer. L’étude de la faisabilité et de la tolérance d’une hyperpression intrapleurale est essentielle pour transposer ces bénéfices à la cavité thoracique. Méthodes. Quatre groupes de porcs ont reçu une CHIP ouverte avec de l’oxaliplatine à une concentration constante (150 mg/l) pendant 30 minutes en normothermie ou hyperthermie (42-43°C) ; et en pression atmosphérique ou hyperpression (25 cmH2O). Deux groupes ont reçu une procédure fermée en hyperthermie et hyperpression ou forte hyperpression (40 cmH2O). L’absorption systémique et tissulaire d’oxaliplatine a été étudiée. La tolérance d’une perfusion pleurale a été étudiée chez 21 porcs avec ou sans résection associée, avec ou sans chimiothérapie (cisplatine + gemcitabine), à divers niveaux de pression de 15 à 25 cmH2O. Résultats. L’hyperthermie augmente les concentrations de platine dans les surfaces viscérales (p=0.0014), alors que l’hyperpression l’augmente dans les surfaces viscérales et pariétales (respectivement p= 0.0058 et p= 0.0044). L’association des deux facteurs permet d’obtenir les concentrations les plus importantes dans le péritoine viscéral (p= 0.00001) et pariétal (p= 0.0003). Les concentrations obtenues lors des procédures fermées sont inférieures à celles obtenues en ouvert, même lorsque la pression atteint 40 cmH2O. Une chimiothérapie intrapleurale à 20 cmH2O sans résection associée est le niveau maximal toléré durant 60 minutes. Conclusion. Au cours d’une CHIP, l’hyperthermie augmente la pénétration d’oxaliplatine dans le péritoine viscéral, alors que l’hyperpression est efficace dans le péritoine viscéral et pariétal. Leur association est synergique et la procédure ouverte semble la meilleure pour la délivrer. Une chimiothérapie intrapleurale est faisable à 20 cmH2O dans ce modèle
Introduction. In order to achieve a good effect, chemotherapy drugs need to penetrate into the peritoneal (HIPEC) or pleural tissue. Hyperthermia and high-pressure may enhance this penetration. The aim of this study was to evaluate their peritoneal effect and to establish the best technique to it. A feasibility study of an intrapleural high-pressure was an essential step to export these effects to the thoracic space. Methods. Four groups of pigs underwent an open HIPEC with a constant concentration (150 mg/l) of oxaliplatin during 30 minutes either in normothermia, or in hyperthermia (42-43°C); and either with atmospheric pressure or with high-pressure (25 cmH2O). Two more groups underwent a closed procedure with hyperthermia and either high-pressure or very high-pressure (40 cmH2O). The systemic and tissue absorption of oxaliplatin were studied. The haemodynamic and respiratory tolerance of a pleural infusion was also tested in 21 pigs with and without associated resection; with and without chemotherapy infusion (cisplatin + gemcitabin) and at various levels of pressure (from 15 to 25 cmH2O). Results. Hyperthermia enhances the concentrations of platinum in visceral surfaces (p=0.0014), whereas high-pressure enhances it both in visceral and in parietal surfaces (p= 0.0058 and p= 0.0044, respectively). Their association obtains the highest concentrations both in the visceral (p= 0.00001) and the parietal peritoneum (p= 0.0003). The concentrations obtained during closed procedure are lower than those achieved with the open technique, even with 40 cmH2O of pressure. A 60-minutes intrapleural chemotherapy perfusion with 20 cmH2O of pressure without any lung resection was the maximal tolerated level. Conclusion. During HIPEC, hyperthermia improves the penetration of oxaliplatin in the visceral peritoneum, whereas high-pressure is effective in both peritoneal surfaces. Their association is synergic and the open technique seems to be the best one to deliver it. An intrapleural chemotherapy with a 20 cmH2O pressure is feasible in this model

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Kirollos, Benjamin William Mounir. "Aerothermal optimisation of novel cooling schemes for high pressure components using combined theoretical, numerical and experimental techniques." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:72168abd-48f7-49c6-a6ef-3d4a9f6cc6e9.

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The continuing maturation of metal laser-sintering technology has presented the opportunity to de-risk the engine design process by experimentally down-selecting high pressure nozzle guide vane (HPNGV) cooling designs using laboratory tests of laser-sintered - instead of cast - parts to assess thermal performance. Such tests are very promising as a reliable predictor of the thermal-paint-engine-test, which is used during certification to validate cooling system designs. In this thesis, conventionally cast and laser-sintered parts are compared in back-to-back experimental tests at engine-representative conditions over a range of coolant mass flow rates. Tests were performed in the University of Oxford Annular Sector Heat Transfer Facility. The aerothermal performance of the cast and laser-sintered parts is shown to be very similar, demonstrating the utility of laser-sintered parts for preliminary engine thermal assessments. It can be shown that in most situations counter-current heat exchanger arrangements outperform co-current arrangements. This concept, though familiar in the heat exchanger community, has not yet been applied to hot-section gas turbine cooling. In this thesis, the performance benefit of novel reverse-pass cooling systems - that is, systems in which the internal coolant flows substantially in the opposite direction to the mainstream flow - is demonstrated numerically and experimentally in film-cooled HPNGVs. It is shown numerically that reverse-pass cooling systems always act to flatten lateral wall temperature variation and to reduce peak metal temperature by maximising internal convective cooling at the point of minimum film cooling effectiveness. Reverse-pass cooling systems therefore require less coolant than other internal flow arrangements to maintain acceptable metal temperatures. The benefits of reverse-pass cooling can be fully realised in systems with long, undisturbed surface length, such as the suction-side (SS) of a HPNGV, afterburner liners, HPNGV platforms, and combustor liners. Three engine-scale HPNGVs with SS reverse-pass cooling systems were subsequently designed using bespoke numerical conjugate heat transfer and aerodynamic models to satisfy engine-realistic aerothermal and manufacturing constraints. The reverse-pass HPNGVs were metal laser-sintered and tested in back-to-back experiments with conventionally cooled HPNGVs in the Annular Sector Heat Transfer Facility. The reverse-pass HPNGVs are shown to reduce peak engine metal temperature by 30 K and reduce mean SS engine metal temperature by 60 K compared to conventionally cooled HPNGVs with the same cooling mass flow. A physically-based infra-red thermography procedure was implemented which takes into account the transmittance of the external optics, the surface emissivity of the object, the black-body temperature-radiometric characteristics of the camera, and the time-varying surrounding radiance. Failure to account for surrounding radiance is shown to result in an absolute error in overall cooling effectiveness of 0.05. A new experimental facility - the Coolant Capacity Rig - was developed in order to measure row-by-row, compartmental and total coolant capacity of HPNGVs to a precision of 0.03%, over a large range of pressure ratios and mass flows using a differential mass flow measurement technique, bypass system, and calibrated mass flow orifice. A novel method for estimating internal loss coefficients from the coolant capacity measurements has been devised which, uniquely, does not require internal pressure measurement.

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Книги з теми "High-pressure Techniques"

1937-, Ulmer Gene Carleton, and Barnes Hubert Lloyd, eds. Hydrothermal experimental techniques. New York: Wiley, 1987.

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Sherman, W. F. Experimental techniques in high-pressure research. Chichester [West Sussex]: Wiley, 1987.

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Techniques in high pressure neutron scattering. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

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Hardball: High-pressure selling techniques that work. New York: Morrow, 1990.

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Chen, J. Advances in High-Pressure Techniques for Geophysical Applications. Burlington: Elsevier, 2005.

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B, Holzapfel Wilfried, and Isaacs Neil S. 1934-, eds. High pressure techniques in chemistry and physics: A practical approach. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 1997.

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Tsiklis, Daniil S. Handbook of Techniques in High-Pressure Research and Engineering. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8360-4.

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Tsiklis, Daniil S. Handbook of Techniques in High-Pressure Research and Engineering. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995.

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Jones, G. R. High pressure arcs in industrial devices: Diagnostic and monitoring techniques. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

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A, Fallon, Booth R. F. G, Bell L. D, Burdon R. H, and Knippenberg P. H. van, eds. Laboratory techniques in biochemistry and molecular biology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.

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Fryer, Donald M., and John F. Harvey. "Analysis Techniques." In High Pressure Vessels, 210–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5989-4_7.

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Soignard, E., and P. F. McMillan. "An Introduction to Diamond Anvil Cells and Loading Techniques." In High-Pressure Crystallography, 81–100. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2102-2_6.

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Mezouar, Mohamed. "Synchrotron High-Pressure High-Temperature Techniques." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics, 23–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9258-8_3.

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Miletich, Ronald, David R. Allan, and Werner F. Kulis. "14. High-Pressure Single-Crystal Techniques." In High-Temperature and High Pressure Crystal Chemistry, edited by Robert M. Hazen and Robert T. Downs, 445–520. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501508707-018.

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Balny, Claude, and Reinhard Lange. "Optical Spectroscopic Techniques in High Pressure Bioscience." In High Pressure Molecular Science, 405–22. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4669-2_21.

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Dunstan, D. J. "Experimental Techniques in the Diamond Anvil Cell." In High Pressure Molecular Science, 87–101. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4669-2_5.

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Barker, L. M., M. Shahinpoor, and L. C. Chhabildas. "Experimental and Diagnostic Techniques." In High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids, 43–73. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0911-9_3.

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Pampillón Arce, María Ángela. "Fabrication Techniques." In Growth of High Permittivity Dielectrics by High Pressure Sputtering from Metallic Targets, 21–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66607-5_2.

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Pampillón Arce, María Ángela. "Characterization Techniques." In Growth of High Permittivity Dielectrics by High Pressure Sputtering from Metallic Targets, 41–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66607-5_3.

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Meshcheryakov, Yurii. "Experimental Techniques for Shock Loading." In Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena, 95–101. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4530-3_8.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "High-pressure Techniques"

McMahon, M. I., R. J. Nelmes, N. G. Wright, and D. R. Allan. "Crystal-structure studies of II-VI semiconductors using angle-dispersive diffraction techniques with an image-plate detector." In High-pressure science and technology—1993. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46413.

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McMahon, M. I., R. J. Nelmes, N. G. Wright, and D. R. Allan. "Crystal-structure studies of III-V and group IV semiconductors using angle-dispersive diffraction techniques with an image-plate detector." In High-pressure science and technology—1993. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46412.

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Milligan, Jeffrey P., Daniel T. Peters, and Jason K. Van Velsor. "Advanced NDE Techniques and Their Deployment on High Pressure Equipment." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78834.

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Many advances in Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) have occurred in recent years. Some of these are becoming common in typical industry applications and are slowly migrating their way into niche industries, such as high-pressure applications. These advanced NDE techniques include the use of Linear Phased Array (LPA) ultrasonic examination for volumetric examination and Eddy Current Array (ECA) technology for surface examination. Advancements in ultrasonic Guided Wave Testing (GWT) also show promise for the examination of long tubes, such as in tubular low density polyethylene (LDPE) reactors. Effective deployment and delivery of these advanced techniques is critical to the collection and analysis of the inspection data. Common challenges found in high-pressure equipment include access issues such as small diameter deep bores, large and thick section components, weld overlays and examination of thick section welds, complex geometries, and small crack sizes required for detection due to materials and design. Applying these modern techniques in new designs and updating of in-service inspection plans for this high-pressure equipment can lead to a more accurate assessment of the equipment’s fitness for continued service, reduced maintenance costs, proper asset management of key capital equipment, and reduced turn-around time.

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Hassan, Amjed, Mohamed Mahmoud, and Abdulazeez Abdulraheem. "Prediction of Dew Point Pressure for High-Pressure Gas Reservoirs Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211064-ms.

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Abstract Dew point pressure is a curial parameter in characterizing gas reservoirs. Several methods can be used to determine the dew point pressure, including laboratory measurements and empirical models. However, laboratory determinations are expensive and time-consuming, especially for studying high-pressure tight reservoirs where more caution and procedures will be required. While empirical correlations do not accurately reflect the complexity of fluid behavior, and limited models were developed for high-pressure reservoirs. The goal of this work is to develop a reliable tool for predicting the dew point pressure for tight and high-pressure gas reservoirs. This work was carried out using five main phases; data collection, quality control, model construction, development of new correlation, and model validation. The data used in this work were obtained based on 250 laboratory measurements. All data were evaluated and the noises and outliers were removed. Different types of artificial intelligence methods were examined to come up with the best determination model. Artificial neural network (ANN) technique, support vector machine (SVM) approach, and adaptive fuzzy logic (AFL) systems were investigated. The hydrocarbon compositions and the molecular weights were used as inputs to estimate the dew point pressure. Different types of error indices were employed to measure the prediction performance of the developed equation. Average percentage error and correlation coefficient values were determined for the different models. The developed model predicts the dew point pressure with a percentage error of 4.85% and an R2-value of 0.94. The ANN model developed in this study has 4 neurons and one hidden layer. An empirical equation was proposed based on the best ANN program to provide a direct estimation of the dew point pressure. The extracted equation can provide an average error of 5.74% and an R2-value of 0.93. Overall, the proposed model can reduce the cost and time required for determining the dew point pressure and help to improve reservoir management by providing fast and reliable estimations.

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Papavinasam, S., and R. W. Revie. "High-Temperature, High-Pressure Rotating Electrode System." In 1998 2nd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1998-2041.

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Corrosion in high pressure vessels, such as pipelines, furnaces, and steam generators, is influenced by composition (material and atmosphere), pressure, temperature and flow. To simulate the corrosion conditions in high pressure vessels, a simple system is necessary to control the parameters and measure instantaneous corrosion rates. This paper describes a simple, compact, and relatively inexpensive high-temperature, high-pressure rotating electrode (HTHPRE) system that can be used to control simultaneously pressure, temperature, and flow, and to measure instantaneous corrosion rates using electrochemical techniques. It can be used with corrosive gases, such as H2S and CO2.

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Zhang, Yu, Ailian Zhou, and Chao Luo. "Measure of condition monitoring for thick-wall pipeline with high dynamic pressure." In International Conference on Sensors and Control Techniques (ICSC2000), edited by Desheng Jiang and Anbo Wang. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.385512.

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Muralidhara, Sandesh Nayak, and Rathnamala Rao. "Design and simulation of high pressure piezohydraulic pump with active valves." In 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceeot.2016.7754956.

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Bitter, Martin, Stephan Stotz, and Reinhard Niehuis. "On High-Resolution Pressure Amplitude and Phase Measurements Comparing Fast-Response Pressure Transducers and Unsteady Pressure-Sensitive Paint." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-16194.

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Abstract This paper presents the simultaneous application of fast-response pressure transducers and unsteady pressure-sensitive paint (unsteady PSP) for the precise determination of pressure amplitudes and phases up to 3,000 Hz. These experiments have been carried out on a low-pressure turbine blade cascade under engine-relevant conditions (Re, Ma, Tu) in the High-Speed Cascade Wind Tunnel. Periodic blade/vane interactions were simulated at the inlet to the cascade using a wake generator operating at a constant perturbation frequency of 500 Hz. The main goal of this paper is the detailed comparison of amplitude and phase distributions between both flow sensing techniques at least up to the second harmonic of the wake generator’s fundamental perturbation frequency (i.e. 1,000 Hz). Therefore, a careful assessment of the key drivers for relative deviations between measurement results as well as a detailed discussion of the data processing is presented for both measurement techniques. This discussion outlines the mandatory steps which were essential to achieve the quality as presented down to pressure amplitudes of several pascal even under challenging experimental conditions. Apart from the remarkable consistency of the results, this paper reveals the potential of (unsteady) PSP as a future key flow sensing technique in turbomachinery research, especially for cascade testing. The results demonstrate that PSP was able to successfully sense pressure dynamics with very low fluctuation amplitudes down to 8 Pa.

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Stefanovic, Predrag Lj, Simeon N. Oka, Pavle B. Pavlovic, J. Jovanovic, and Miodrag Darko Matovic. "Stagnation Pressure Measurement in High Temperature Jet Flow Using Flying Pitot-Probe." In Advanced Course in Measurement Techniques in Heat and MassTransfer. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ichmt.1985.advcoursemeastechheatmasstransf.240.

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Chae, Jaehee. "Performing Under Pressure – Design Guidance for High-Pressure, High Cycle Piping System." In ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-84824.

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Abstract Plant owners are responsible for specifying piping fluid service categories and determining the applicability of ASME B31.3 Chapter IX for high-pressure piping. However, the code only defines the design for high-pressure fluid service piping, and many designers and engineers are not fully aware of the best design practices for low-stress and high-cycle applications. Using innovative industry approaches and harmonic response analysis, dynamic stress levels of piping are calculated, and finite element analysis (FEA) used to calculate stress from the cycle range. This includes piping system design pressure at 10,200 psig with expectations of more than 1,000,000 stress cycles in a single day. A thermal flexibility analysis of the piping system along with a fatigue analysis for the entire piping components within the system is performed in accordance with ASME BPV code Section VIII Division 3. The fatigue stress ranges of a properly designed vibrating piping system are typically well below the ASME BPV code limit. High-pressure, unlisted piping fitting components such as reducers, tees, elbows and flanges, are also analyzed using the FEA and ASME BPV code design procedures. This paper discusses the design process and deviations from the base code for piping design requirements as well as special techniques to consider for high-pressure and high-cycle piping.

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Lee, Wall, and Worsley. PR-398-113719-R01 Technologies for Monitoring Erosion Corrosion and Direct Inspection of Subsea Assets. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010570.

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This Final Report prepared by ESR Technology Ltd., provides the results of a study on subsea pipeline erosion and corrosion monitoring. The report is therefore split into two parts. The first part deals with monitoring erosion and corrosion, subsea; and the second part is on direct inspection techniques to monitor wall thickness loss. Generally, Subsea equipment is significantly more difficult to inspect than topside or land-based equipment and the study recognizes that many challenges and technology gaps remain. Sand, produced from oil and gas wells, can cause erosion and erosion/corrosion of subsea production systems and presents a number of threats to the safe reliable and economic operation of a facility. Sand control systems (e.g. sand screens) are used to prevent or limit sand production and therefore prevent erosion. In some developments, however, downhole sand control is not feasible and sand production may occur leading to erosion of the flowlines, pipes and equipment. Since erosion is strongly linked to flow velocity at bend points, erosion damage is principally a concern of equipment downstream of the wellhead (where the operating pressure is low) rather than being associated with damage to the well tubing (where operating pressure is relatively high but the flow path is predominantly straight). The goal of this research project is to screen current and potential techniques that provide a direct measure of loss of pipe wall thickness, rather than indirect measurement (e.g. erosion and corrosion probes, acoustic sand and electric field corrosion monitors). Such techniques should also be capable of being embarked on AUV, snake like robots, mini ROV etc.

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Moores, Lee C., P. U. Ashvin, I. Fernando, and Garret W. George. Synthesis of 2-Methoxypropyl Benzene for Epitope Imprinting. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44883.

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are occurring with increasing frequency and severity across the globe in part due to climate change and anthropogenic pollution (Bullerjahn et al. 2016). HABs produce several classes of toxins; however, microcystins (MCs) are the most commonly studied (Lone et al. 2015) and can be potent toxins with LD50s in the range of 50 μg/kg (Puddick et al. 2014). Sample analysis in laboratories, typically by high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) or by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs) (USEPA 2015). These analytical techniques are highly sensitive and selective for the given toxins; however, the time it takes to collect, transfer, prepare, and analyze a sample before the data can be reported is significant; often, multiple days is the most expeditious.

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Jin, Rongying, Lingyi Xing, and Roshan Nepal. Growth of New High-Quality and Large-Size Single Crystals via High Pressure Floating-Zone Technique. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1701713.

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Lamppa, Derek C., Thomas A. Haill, C. Scott Alexander, and James Russell Asay. Magnetically applied pressure-shear : a new technique for direct strength measurement at high pressure (final report for LDRD project 117856). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1005055.

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Brunner, Huschenbett, and Beshouri. PR-336-06206-R01 Engine Control for Legacy Engines - Cylinder and Cycle Level Control. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010041.

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The reduction or even elimination of cylinder to cylinder combustion variation and cycle-to-cycle combustion instability may result in further nitrous oxides (NOx) reductions at the same engine average air/fuel ratio (and hence turbocharger operating point) or allow operation at a leaner air/fuel ratio before the onset of instability. Reductions in imbalance and instability can also reduce carbon pollutant emissions, reduce break specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and improve engine operability. Achieving these goals requires a better understanding of the sources and impacts of that imbalance and instability and then the development techniques to reduce if not eliminate both. This effort focuses on combustion instability of legacy large bore pipeline reciprocating engines operating at very high air/fuel ratios to meet higher emission standards. The report provides a detailed cycle-to-cycle analysis of acquired pressure and ion current data of four test engines in-cluding Clark T-series family and Cooper Bessemer GMV/W engines. The possibility of upcom-ing misfire or poor combustion prediction is investigated and discussed. The document further investigates advanced cylinder balancing strategies as well as the benefits of improved pre-combustion chamber performance.

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Decroux, Agnes, Kassem Kalo, and Keith Swinden. PR-393-205100-R01 IRIS X-Ray CT Qualification for Flexible Pipe Inspection (Phase 1). Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012068.

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There are several techniques available to inspect single wall carbon steel pipelines including; Magnetic flux leakage (MFL), ultrasonic testing (UT), Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT), Phased Array, guide wave testing (GWT), etc. However, for more complex structures such as flexible pipelines the technology available to inspect them is far more limited. PRCI commissioned a program (SPIM 2-1) under the Subsea TC (2017-2020) to evaluate all known and suspected technologies that could be used to provide a detailed subsea inspection of a flexible riser. PRCI produced four samples of flexible pipe containing pre-manufactured cracks and corrosion defects which were located in; the outer armour layer, inner armour layer, pressure vault and carcass. The samples were used for blind testing of all identified inspection technologies. On conclusion of the SPIM 2-1 program, HR-XCT was identified as the technology showing the most promise and a follow-on program (SPIM 2-2) was commissioned to further explore the capabilities. This report will show the way in which high resolution image clarity and image manipulation was extracted from the HR-XCT system when used on the PRCI flexible pipe samples. The XCT results from SPIM 2-2 will be presented to show the initial setup of the experiment and 2D and 3D high resolution sectioned images from the testing. These images clearly identify and characterize 100% of the pre-manufactured defects introduced into the samples in all layers.

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Lagus, P. L., and R. A. Grot. PR-221-9215-R01 Manufacture Pre-Production Gas Flow Measurement System. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011966.

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Measurement of the throughput of a natural gas compressor can be undertaken using a constant flow tracer dilution technique. In this technique, a constant flow of tracer is introduced into the piping upstream of the compressor while samples of diluted tracer are measured downstream of the compressor. The samples are analyzed using a specially configured analyzer. Knowledge of the injection rate and injection concentration coupled with the downstream measurement of tracer concentration allows the throughput through the compressor to be calculated. Under this contract, three systems were fabricated and were to be provided to operating pipeline companies for use and evaluation. Each system consisted of an SF6 analyzer, a high-pressure SF6 tracer injection module, and a gas sampling and analyzer support module. The design was modified based on the findings from the field evaluation and a final inspection.

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Taylor. L51755 Development and Testing of an Advanced Technology Vibration Transmission. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010124.

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Fiber optic sensors have been under development in industrial and government laboratories around the world for over a decade. The commercial market for fiber sensors for measuring parameters such as temperature, displacement, and liquid level is now estimated to exceed $100 M/year. Aside from the commercial interest, the U. S. Department of Defense has vigorously pursued the development of fiber gyroscopes and hydrophones. In spite of the high level of research and development activity, however, until recently fiber sensors had not been successfully applied in high-temperature engine environments. The goal of this effort is to develop and test high-temperature fiber optic sensors and show that they are suitable for monitoring vibration and other instabilities in gas turbine engines. The underlying technology developed during the course of PRCI projects PR- 219-9120 and PR-219-9225 during 1991-94 serves as the foundation for PR-240-9416. Transducers with the fiber optic Fabry-Perot interferometer (FFPI) configuration have been adapted for use in the turbomachinery environment.To ensure the survival of the FFPI sensors at high temperatures, two techniques for coating the fibers with metal have been developed: electroplating and vacuum deposition. Coated sensors have subsequently been embedded in aluminum and brass alloys. Experiments on a small Sargent Welch turbine engine have shown the high sensitivity of embedded FFPI strain sensors to vibration in rolling bearings. Data have been collected in both the time and frequency domain. A new accelerometer design in which a metal-coated fiber containing the FFPI element is soldered directly to a diaphragm in a stainless steel housing shows response similar to a piezoelectric accelerometer in shaker table tests. The high sensitivity of the FFPI accelerometer has been demonstrated in field tests in a Solar Centaur turbine engine, and the design has survived temperatures greater than 500�C in a test oven. A magnetometer with a physical configuration similar to that of the accelerometer has been used to measure the distance from the sensor head to a rotating shaft made of ferromagnetic material. This device, which functions as a proximity probe, has been used to monitor shaft rotation rate (keyphasor application) and as a shaft thrust position sensor. These results indicate the potential for performing critical measurements in turbine engines with FFPI sensors. They can measure acceleration, distance (proximity), strain (as it relates to bearing defect diagnosis), and gas pressure, and can operate at higher temperatures than conventional transducers.

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Kingston, A. W., O. H. Ardakani, and R A Stern. Tracing the subsurface sulfur cycle using isotopic and elemental fingerprinting: from the micro to the macro scale. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329789.

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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic and corrosive gas that commonly occurs in deeply buried sedimentary systems. Understanding its distribution is paramount to creating safe and effective models of H2S occurrence aiding in the identification of high-risk areas. Characterizing subsurface sulfur sources and H2S formation pathways would enhance these models leading to more accurate predictions of potential high H2S regions. However, gaps remain in our understanding of the dominant formation processes and migration pathways of key ingredients for H2S production in the Lower Triassic Montney Formation of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). Essential to this is assessing the reactants necessary for H2S production, potential pathways for fluid migration, diagenetic history, and changes in redox conditions through time. The Montney Formation has undergone several phases of diagenesis related to post-depositional alteration and multiple cycles of tectonic burial and uplift. Early chemical alteration includes dolomitization and, in some cases, microbial reduction of porewater sulfate to sulfide that occurred prior to significant burial (Davies et al., 1997; Vaisblat et al., 2021; Liseroudi et al., 2020, 2021). The most recent tectonic-related burial during the Laramide Orogeny resulted in burial depths in excess of 3-5 km (Ness, 2001; Ducros et al., 2017) leading to significant thermal and barometric alteration. Associated with this orogenic activity was the reactivation of underlying faults (O'Connell et al., 1990) and development of fractures especially near the deformation front. These fractures provide conduits for fluid migration into the Montney that combined with heat and pressure resulting in hydrocarbon generation, migration, and development of overpressure, notably in the western margin of the basin. In addition, high temperatures resulted in thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) leading to the formation of H2S and subsequently pyrite. We present an interpretation of the Montney subsurface sulfur cycle through the use of petrography, micro- and macro-scale geochemical analysis (isotopic and elemental) to illustrate the complexity of this system. This work relies heavily on previous studies within and outside our research group and incorporates new analytical techniques to expand the toolbox. We aim to guide future research directions and activities by addressing issues related to sampling and data quality issues, analytical approaches, and highlight knowledge gaps.

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Lagus, P. L., and B. S. Flanagan. PR-197-723-R01 Compressor Flow Measurements. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011964.

Повний текст джерела

Анотація:

The objective of the proposed research was to demonstrate the viability and utility of a constant flow tracer dilution technique for inferring the flowrate through a high-pressure natural gas centrifugal compressor. Testing was performed by injecting a known flowrate of tracer gas, sulfur hexafluoride(SF6), into a natural gas stream immediately upstream of an operating centrifugal compressor. Measurements of the diluted tracer gas concentration downstream of the compressor were made by means of electron capture gas chromatography. Knowledge of the injection concentration and injection flowrate coupled with the downstream diluted concentration and compressor operating characteristics allowed the inference of the actual flow through the compressor. Tracer inferred flowrates were then compared to flowrates measured by a custody transfer station downstream of the compressor station.

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