Готові списки джерел за темами / Great Basin region (North America)

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Great Basin region (North America)"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 27 липня 2024
Оновлено: 28 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Great Basin region (North America)"

1

Carroll, Jon W. "Reinterpreting Springwells Ceramics in the Great Lakes Region of North America." Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 44, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26741660.

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Abstract The original ceramics typology developed for Younge/Western Basin Tradition Springwells phase (ca. AD 1160–1420) assemblages included three variants known as Macomb Linear, Macomb Interrupted Linear, and Springwells Net Impressed ceramics. This discussion considers how subregional variation in Springwells decorative styles reflects participation in a larger regional social network.
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Zhao, C., X. Liu, and L. R. Leung. "The impact of Great Basin Desert dust on the summer monsoon system over southwestern North America." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 12 (December 2, 2011): 31735–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-31735-2011.

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Abstract. The radiative forcing of dust emitted from the Great Basin Desert (GBD) and its impact on monsoon circulation and precipitation over the North America monsoon (NAM) region are simulated using a coupled meteorology and aerosol/chemistry model (WRF-Chem) for 15 yr (1995–2009). During the monsoon season, dust has a cooling effect (−0.90 W m−2) at the surface, a warming effect (0.40 W m−2) in the atmosphere, and a negative top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) forcing (−0.50 W m−2) over the GBD region on 24-h average. Most of the dust emitted from the GBD concentrates below 800 hPa and stacks over the western slope of the Rocky Mountains and Mexican Plateau. The absorption of shortwave radiation by dust heats the lower atmosphere by up to 0.5 K day−1 over the western slope of the Mountains. Model sensitivity simulations with and without dust for 15 summers (June-July-August) show that dust heating of the lower atmosphere over the GBD region remotely strengthens the low-level southerly moisture fluxes on both sides of the Sierra Madre Occidental. It also results in an eastward migration of NAM-driven moisture convergence over the western slope of the Mountains. These monsoonal circulation changes lead to a statistically significant increase of precipitation by up to ~40% over the eastern slope of the Mountains (Arizona-New Mexico-Texas regions). This study highlights the interaction between dust and the NAM system and motivates further investigation of possible dust feedback on monsoon precipitation under climate change and the mega-drought conditions projected for the future.
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Fergen, Joshua T., and Ryan D. Bergstrom. "Social Vulnerability across the Great Lakes Basin: A County-Level Comparative and Spatial Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 7274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137274.

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Social vulnerability refers to how social positions affect the ability to access resources during a disaster or disturbance, but there is limited empirical examination of its spatial patterns in the Great Lakes Basin (GLB) region of North America. In this study, we map four themes of social vulnerability for the GLB by using the Center for Disease Control’s Social Vulnerability Index (CDC SVI) for every county in the basin and compare mean scores for each sub-basin to assess inter-basin differences. Additionally, we map LISA results to identify clusters of high and low social vulnerability along with the outliers across the region. Results show the spatial patterns depend on the social vulnerability theme selected, with some overlapping clusters of high vulnerability existing in Northern and Central Michigan, and clusters of low vulnerability in Eastern Wisconsin along with outliers across the basins. Differences in these patterns also indicate the existence of an urban–rural dimension to the variance in social vulnerabilities measured in this study. Understanding regional patterns of social vulnerability help identify the most vulnerable people, and this paper presents a framework for policymakers and researchers to address the unique social vulnerabilities across heterogeneous regions.
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4

Larson, D. J. "REVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN AGABUS LEACH (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE): LUTOSUS-, OBSOLETUS-, AND FUSCIPENNIS-GROUPS." Canadian Entomologist 126, no. 1 (February 1994): 135–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent126135-1.

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AbstractSpecies of Agabus of the lutosus-, obsoletus-, and fuscipennis-groups, as defined by Larson (1989), are revised. Members of the lutosus- and obsoletus-groups are restricted to the Cordilleran and Great Plains regions of temperate western North America. Within this region, the species of each group are largely parapatric. Three species are assigned to the lutosus-group: A. lutosus LeConte along the Pacific Coast; A. griseipennis LeConte in the Great Basin, Rocky Mountain, and Great Plains regions; and A. rumppi Leech in the southern deserts. Agabus lutosus and A. griseipennis hybridize in the Pacific Northwest; A. lutosus mimus Leech is synonymized with A. lutosus. The obsoletus-group contains five species: A. obsoletus LeConte, A. morosus LeConte, and A. ancillus Fall along the Pacific Coast and the Sierra Nevada Mountains; A. hoppingi Leech in the Sierra Nevada Mountains; and A. obliteratus LeConte, containing two subspecies, A. o. obliteratus and A. o. nectris Leech, new status, with a wide range including the Great Plains and Cordillera but not reaching the Pacific Coast. The four species of the fuscipennis-group, A. ajax Fall, A. coxalis Sharp, A. fuscipennis (Paykull), and A. infuscatus Aubé, are boreal and all except A. ajax are Holarctic. Agabus coxalis is restricted to northwestern North America, the other three species are transcontinental.For each species the following information is provided: synonymy, description, and illustrations of taxonomically important characters; notes on relationships, variation, distribution, and ecology; and a map of North American collection localities. Group diagnoses and keys to the species of each group are presented. A correction to the key to species groups of North American Agabus (Larson 1989) is made with the addition of a couplet to include the obsoletus-group. Lectotypes are designated for A. discolor LeConte and A. obliteratus LeConte.
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Oster, Jessica, Sophie Warken, Natasha Sekhon, Monica Arienzo, and Matthew Lachniet. "Speleothem Paleoclimatology for the Caribbean, Central America, and North America." Quaternary 2, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat2010005.

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Speleothem oxygen isotope records from the Caribbean, Central, and North America reveal climatic controls that include orbital variation, deglacial forcing related to ocean circulation and ice sheet retreat, and the influence of local and remote sea surface temperature variations. Here, we review these records and the global climate teleconnections they suggest following the recent publication of the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL) database. We find that low-latitude records generally reflect changes in precipitation, whereas higher latitude records are sensitive to temperature and moisture source variability. Tropical records suggest precipitation variability is forced by orbital precession and North Atlantic Ocean circulation driven changes in atmospheric convection on long timescales, and tropical sea surface temperature variations on short timescales. On millennial timescales, precipitation seasonality in southwestern North America is related to North Atlantic climate variability. Great Basin speleothem records are closely linked with changes in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. Although speleothems have revealed these critical global climate teleconnections, the paucity of continuous records precludes our ability to investigate climate drivers from the whole of Central and North America for the Pleistocene through modern. This underscores the need to improve spatial and temporal coverage of speleothem records across this climatically variable region.
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Andreae, Meinrat O., and Tracey W. Andreae. "Archaeometric studies on rock art at four sites in the northeastern Great Basin of North America." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): e0263189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263189.

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Rock art originated some 46,000 years ago and can provide unique insights into the minds of our human ancestors. However, dating of these ancient images, especially of petroglyphs, remains a challenge. In this study, we explore the potential of deriving age estimates from measurements of the areal densities of manganese (DMn) and iron (DFe) in the rock varnish on petroglyphs, based on the concept that the amount of varnish that has regrown on a petroglyph since its creation, relative to the surrounding intact varnish, is a measure of its age. We measured DMn and DFe by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) on dated Late Pleistocene and Holocene rock surfaces, from which we derived accumulation rates of Mn and Fe in the rock varnish. The observed rates were comparable to our previous findings on basalt surfaces in North America. We derived age estimates for the rock art at four sites in the northern Great Basin region of North America based on DMn measurements on the petroglyphs and intact varnish. They suggest that rock art creation in this region began around the Pleistocene/Holocene transition and continued into the Historic Period, encompassing a wide range of styles and motifs. Evidence of reworking of the rock art at various times by Indigenous people speaks of the continued agency of these images through the millennia. Our results are in good agreement with chronologies based on archeological and other archaeometric techniques. While our method remains subject to significant uncertainty with regard to the absolute ages of individual images, it provides the unique opportunity to obtain age estimates for large ensembles of images without the need for destructive sampling.
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7

Whitley, David S. "Shamanism and Rock Art in Far Western North America." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 2, no. 1 (April 1992): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774300000494.

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Ethnographic data on the production of rock art in far western North America - the historic hunter-gatherer cultures of California and the Great Basin - are reviewed and analyzed to identify widespread patterns in the origin and, in certain cases, symbolism of the late prehistoric/historical parietal art of this region. These data, collected in the first few decades of this century by a variety of ethnographers, suggest only two origins for the art: production by shamans; and production by initiates in ritual cults. In both instances, the artists were apparently depicting the culturally-conditioned visions or hallucinations they experienced during altered states of consciousness. The symbolism of two sites, Tulare-19 and Ventura-195, is considered in more detail to demonstrate how beliefs about the supernatural world, and the shaman's relationship to this realm, were graphically portrayed.
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Badgley, Catherine, and John A. Finarelli. "Diversity dynamics of mammals in relation to tectonic and climatic history: comparison of three Neogene records from North America." Paleobiology 39, no. 3 (2013): 373–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12024.

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In modern ecosystems, regions of topographic heterogeneity, when compared with nearby topographically homogeneous regions, support high species densities of mammals and other groups. This biogeographic pattern could be explained by either greater diversification rates or greater accommodation of species in topographically complex regions. In this context, we assess the hypothesis that changes in landscape history have stimulated diversification in mammals. Landscape history includes tectonic and climatic processes that influence topographic complexity at regional scales. We evaluated the influence of changes in topographic complexity and climate on origination and extinction rates of rodents, the most diverse clade of mammals.We compared the Neogene records of rodent diversity for three regions in North America. The Columbia Basin of the Pacific Northwest (Region 1) and the northern Rocky Mountains (Region 2) were tectonically active over much of the Cenozoic and are characterized by high topographic complexity today. The northern Great Plains (Region 3) have been tectonically quiescent, with low relief, throughout the Cenozoic. These three regions have distinctive geologic histories and substantial fossil records. All three regions showed significant changes in diversification and faunal composition over the Neogene. In the montane regions, originations and extinctions peaked at the onset and close, respectively, of the Miocene Climatic Optimum (17–14 Ma), with significant changes in faunal composition accompanying these episodes of diversification. In the Great Plains, rodents showed considerable turnover but infrequent diversification. Peak Neogene diversity in the Great Plains occurred during cooling after the Miocene Climatic Optimum. These histories suggest that climatic changes interacting with increasing topographic complexity intensify macroevolutionary processes. In addition, close tracking of diversity and fossil productivity with the stratigraphic record suggests either large-scale sampling biases or the mutual response of diversity and depositional processes to changes in landscape history.
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CHATFIELD-TAYLOR, WILL, and JEFFREY A. COLE. "A new species of Okanagana from the Walker Lane region of Nevada and California (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadidae)." Zootaxa 4868, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 515–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4868.4.3.

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Okanagana boweni sp. n. is described from the western margin of the Great Basin of North America. The new species is diagnosed from allopatric O. simulata Davis and sympatric O. utahensis Davis using morphological, bioacoustical, and molecular characters. The distribution of this new species coincides with the Walker Lane region that lies along the border of California and Nevada, USA. Based on geography, bioacoustics, morphology, and molecular phylogenetics, we hypothesize that O. boweni sp. n. is the allopatric sister species of O. simulata.
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10

Cook, Frederick A., Kevin W. Hall, and C. Elissa Lynn. "The edge of northwestern North America at ∼1.8 Ga." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 983–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-039.

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The ∼1.80 Ga edge of the northwestern North American craton is buried beneath Phanerozoic and Proterozoic rocks of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin and the adjacent Cordillera. It is visible in more than eight deep seismic reflection profiles that have images of west-facing crustal-scale monoclines with up to 15–20 km of vertical relief, and it produces regional isostatic gravity anomalies that can be followed for more than 1500 km along strike. The deep reflection profiles include two major transects of Lithoprobe (southern Canadian Cordillera transect and Slave – Northern Cordillera Lithospheric Evolution (SNORCLE) transect) and industry profiles that are strategically located to provide depth and geometry constraints on the monoclines. The isostatic anomalies mark the density transition from Paleoproterozoic and older crystalline rocks of the Canadian Shield to less dense supracrustal rocks of westward-thickening late Paleo proterozoic and younger strata. These gravity anomaly patterns thus provide areal geometry of crustal structure variations along strike away from the depth control provided by the seismic data. Although many of the monoclines follow the Fort Simpson geophysical trend along the Cordilleran deformation front, isostatic anomalies near Great Bear Lake delineate a northeast-striking region of low values that may coincide with a failed rift arm or the southern margin of a large basin. The monoclines are interpreted as a series of en echelon structures that probably formed as a result of lithospheric extension at about 1.80–1.70 Ga following terminal accretion of the Paleoproterozoic Wopmay Orogen.
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Дисертації з теми "Great Basin region (North America)"

1

Walters, Daryl Georjeanne. "Geospatial analysis of ecological associations and successions in Middle Devonian bioherms of the Great Lakes region." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1467270442.

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Blackhawk, Ned. "Violence over the land : colonial encounters in the American Great Basin /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10405.

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Garofolo, Patricia L. "Motivations and life satisfaction of participants in institutes for learning in retirement programs : Great Lakes Region." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/955088.

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The purpose of this descriptive exploratory study was to investigate and report patterns of participation and motivational orientations of Institutes for Learning in Retirement (ILR)participants enrolled in ILR programs in the Great Lakes region. In addition, the study sought to identify relevant demographic characteristics for this segment of the population and the effects of ILR upon participation and participants' perceived life satisfaction.The Great Lakes region ILR participant profile was most likely to be female, between the ages of 66 and 70, married and living with spouse. She shared a relatively high economic status and extensive formal educational experience and was affiliated with her ILP program 1 to 2 years.Motives for ILR participation were examined using the Educational Participation Scale (EPS) A-Form (Boshier, 1991). Two influential motives for participation emerged. The first was "Cognitive Interest", the joy of learning for the sake of learning. "Social Contact," having an opportunity to meet new people and make friends, was the second major reason for participation.The perceived life satisfaction or subjective well being of ILR participants was explored using the Life Satisfaction Index A-Form (LSIA) (Neugarten, et al, 1961). Overall respondents revealed a perceived positive life satisfaction. Positive indications of well being include hopeful outlooks for the future, social interactions and sense of accomplishment.Results of this study indicate that the pursuit of intellectually stimulating adult educational programs offered within- a socially stimulating environment appeal to lifelong learners enrolled in Institutes for Learning in Retirement programs. This study supports the conclusion of previous investigators that intellectual stimulation is a strong underlying motivation for participation. The second major finding with regard to reasons for participation in ILR programs was the importance of "social contact."
Department of Educational Leadership
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4

Fierst, John Timothy. "The struggle to defend Indian authority in the Ohio Valley-Great Lakes region, 1763-1794." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57540.pdf.

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5

Martin, Scott William James. "Earmarked : maize, materiality and agricultural frontiers in the Lower Great Lakes region of North America." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614176.

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Smith, Beth P. "Prehistoric crescentic tools from the Great Basin and California a spatial and temporal analysis /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1456402.

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Minckley, Thomas A. "Holocene environmental history of the northwestern Great Basin and the analysis of modern pollen analogues in western North America /." view abstract or download file of text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3113019.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2003.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 294-310). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.
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Barnes, Robin Benson. "Prehistoric caches in an intermittent wetlands environment : an analysis of the Nicolarsen Cave collection, Washoe County, Nevada /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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O'Grady, Kevin Lawrence. "Facing natural hazards : uncertain and intertemporal elements of choosing shore protection along the Great Lakes /." Diss., This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-165904/.

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Hill, Mark A. "The benefit of the gift exchange and social interaction in the Late Archaic western Great Lakes /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2009/m_hill_042309.pdf.

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Книги з теми "Great Basin region (North America)"

1

Hoppin, Polly J. Reducing reliance on pesticides in Great Lakes Basin agriculture. Washington, D.C: World Wildlife Fund, 1997.

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2

Ecosystem, Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting the Great Lakes Basin. First progress report under the 1994 Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem. [Ontario: s.n., 1995.

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Canada, Canada Environment. Third report of progress under the Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem, 1997-1999. Ottawa, Ont: Environment Canada, 2000.

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4

Cox, Beverly. Spirit of the Harvest: North American Indian Cooking. New York, NY: Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1991.

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5

McDaniel, Melissa. Great Basin Indians. Chicago, Ill: Heinemann Library, 2012.

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6

Kurta, Allen. Mammals of the Great Lakes region. Toronto: Fitzhenry & Whiteside, 1995.

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1903-, Burt William Henry, ed. Mammals of the Great Lakes region. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995.

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8

Doherty, Craig A. Great Basin Indians. New York: Chelsea House, 2007.

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9

Great Basin Indians: An encyclopedic history. Reno, Nevada: University of Nevada Press, 2013.

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10

Hurst, Thomas David, ed. A Great Basin Shoshonean source book. New York: Garland Pub., 1986.

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Частини книг з теми "Great Basin region (North America)"

1

Sutton, Mark Q. "Native Peoples of the Great Basin." In An Introduction to Native North America, 154–81. 7th ed. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032672762-7.

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Hughes, Richard E. "Mosaic Patterning in Prehistoric California—Great Basin Exchange." In Prehistoric Exchange Systems in North America, 363–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6231-0_12.

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Sayre, Nathan F. "A History of North American Rangelands." In Rangeland Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, 49–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34037-6_3.

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AbstractNorth America’s diverse grassland, savanna, steppe and desert ecosystems evolved in the absence of domesticated livestock. The arrival of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses after 1492 transformed many ecosystems while enabling European soldiers, missionaries and settlers to conquer the continent. The decimation of indigenous populations by warfare, disease and economic dependency further transformed rangelands by removing Native management practices, especially the use of fire. The history of rangelands since then has been one of recursive efforts to commodify and territorialize rangeland resources—including wildlife, grass, soil fertility and the land itself—for market production and exchange. Many former rangelands have been lost altogether, by conversion to forest cover (due to fire suppression) or to agricultural uses (especially in the Great Plains), and invasive exotic plant species have radically altered large areas of rangelands in California, the Great Basin, and other regions. Nonetheless, North American rangelands remain both vast and invaluable for wildlife. The Western Range system of public land grazing leases, which emerged from the devastating overgrazing of the late nineteenth century, succeeded in stabilizing range conditions and linking land use and management across large landscapes of mixed ownerships. With accelerating urbanization, the rise of environmentalism, and structural shifts in the livestock industry since World War II, however, the Western Range has begun to unravel, exposing rangelands to development and fragmentation. Climatic variability in the form of droughts, floods and extreme fire conditions, more so than aridity per se, has frustrated efforts to extract value from rangelands from the outset, and climate change promises to amplify these phenomena going forward.
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de Kerckhove, Derrick T., and Cindy Chu. "Freshwater ecosystems in North America with reference to the Great Lakes Basin." In Climate change and infectious fish diseases, 1–18. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243277.0001.

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Fisher, Daniel C. "Paleobiology and Extinction of Proboscideans in the Great Lakes Region of North America." In American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene, 55–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_4.

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Corcuera, Pablo, María Luisa Jiménez, and Marco Antonio Desales-Lara. "The Spiders of the Churince Region, Cuatro Ciénegas Basin: A Comparison with Other Desert Areas of North America." In Animal Diversity and Biogeography of the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin, 61–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11262-2_5.

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Warner, Barry G. "Palaeoecology of floating bogs and landscape change in the Great Lakes drainage basin of North America." In Climate Change and Human Impact on the Landscape, 237–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2292-4_24.

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Warner, Barry G. "Palaeoecology of floating bogs and landscape change in the Great Lakes drainage basin of North America." In Climate Change and Human Impact on the Landscape, 237–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9176-3_20.

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Morgan, Alan V. "Fossil Coleoptera assemblages in the Great Lakes region of North America: Past changes and future prospects." In Past and Future Rapid Environmental Changes, 129–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60599-4_10.

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10

Fulton, Albert E., and Catherine H. Yansa. "Onset of the Paleoanthropocene in the Lower Great Lakes Region of North America: An Archaeological and Paleoecological Synthesis." In The Anthropocene, 146–58. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003208211-17.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Great Basin region (North America)"

1

Mallarino, G., A. É. Csoma, K. Milota, A. Sóron, and Á. Szabó. "Pore Imaging of Late Miocene Calcareous Marl from the Pannonian Basin (Tótkomlós Member, Endrőd Formation) and Comparison with North America Productive Calcareous Marls." In 2019 AAPG Europe Region Regional Conference: Paratethys Petroleum Systems Between Central Europe and the Caspian Region. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/51664mallarino2020.

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2

Mohammed, Hesham H. H., and Waleed Mekky. "Implications of Revised Seismic Spectra for Eastern North America on Response of Nonstructural Components and Piping." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78625.

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The seismic response and qualification of nuclear power plant related building structures and non-structural components are affected by the sub-systems’ dynamic properties as well as the external excitation level and characteristics; to which these subsystems are subjected in a seismic event. Recently a great interest in the seismic characteristics of Eastern North America has resulted in the revision of the methodology used to develop response spectra for Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) sites including Eastern Canada. Currently site specific Uniform Hazard Spectra (UHS) are developed based on updated data that is specific to the continental East North America region and modified ground motion prediction equations. The revised UHS exhibit higher amplification in the high frequency range as compared to standard spectral shapes traditionally used in CSA/CAN3 289.3 for 1981. This paper presents the numerical results and observations for an investigation aimed at identifying the effect of these revised UHS spectral shape on the response on non structural components including piping typically requiring seismic qualification in NPPs.
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3

Smith, Carter, Cole Edwards, and Brianna Hibner. "USING PAIRED CARBON AND SULFUR ISOTOPES FROM CARBONATE ROCKS TO CONSTRAIN THE TIMING OF ANOXIA DURING THE LATE DEVONIAN IN THE GREAT BASIN REGION, USA: IMPLICATIONS FOR CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATIONS." In Joint 56th Annual North-Central/ 71st Annual Southeastern Section Meeting - 2022. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022nc-375068.

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Nakarado, Christian. "The Seventh Stopping Place: Climate Migration and the Future of the Great Lakes." In 112th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.112.108.

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In the coming decades, the Great Lakes region is projected to become one of the most desirable places to live in North America. While the devastating ecological effects of climate change will make arid, tropical, and coastal zones uninhabitable, the cities by the lakes are considered by some to be climate havens—areas which are expected to remain relatively comfortable. They are far enough north to maintain tolerable summer temperatures, are surrounded by the resources of abundant boreal forests, and will be insulated from the worst effects of drought by a five-lake reserve that contains 20% of the world’s surface fresh water. The arrival of climate migrants will carry significant pressure to accommodate more people, as well as a renewed possibility of land dispossession and displacement for the many indigenous communities that call the area home. If the Great Lakes can expect many millions of new arrivals in this century, what kind of urban development will this bring? Are there other waysto imagine the region’s future beyond the extractive infrastructure and carbon-intensive architecture that are typically thought to be prerequisites for urbanization?This paper proposes that the lighter methods of construction practiced by native people in the area for millennia are ideal alternatives. For centuries prior to colonization and industrialization, the lands around the lakes were already home to a thriving Anishinaabe culture, which continues to build in ways better suited to the environment than conventional modernism. By following the models of ephemeral dwelling and impermanent urbanism that characterized indigenous practices of land use here for thousands of years, a more ecologically responsible and ethical model for development in the region might be possible.
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Themelis, Nickolas J. "Current Status of Global WTE." In 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7061.

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This paper is based on data compiled in the course of developing, for InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB), a WTE Guidebook for managers and policymakers in the Latin America and Caribbean region. As part of this work, a list was compiled of nearly all plants in the world that thermally treat nearly 200 million tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) and produce electricity and heat. An estimated 200 WTE facilities were built, during the first decade of the 21st century, mostly in Europe and Asia. The great majority of these plants use the grate combustion of as-received MSW and produce electricity. The dominance of the grate combustion technology is apparently due to simplicity of operation, high plant availability (>90%), and facility for training personnel at existing plants. Novel gasification processes have been implemented mostly in Japan but a compilation of all Japanese WTE facilities showed that 84% of Japan’s MSW is treated in grate combustion plants. Several small-scale WTE plants (<5 tons/hour) are operating in Europe and Japan and are based both on grate combustion and in implementing WTE projects. This paper is based on the sections of the WTE Guidebook that discuss the current use of WTE technology around the world. Since the beginning of history, humans have generated solid wastes and disposed them in makeshift waste dumps or set them on fire. After the industrial revolution, near the end of the 18th century, the amount of goods used and then discarded by people increased so much that it was necessary for cities to provide landfills and incinerators for disposing wastes. The management of urban, or municipal, solid wastes (MSW) became problematic since the middle of the 20th century when the consumption of goods, and the corresponding generation of MSW, increased by an order of magnitude. In response, the most advanced countries developed various means and technologies for dealing with solid wastes. These range from reducing wastes by designing products and packaging, to gasification technologies. Lists of several European plants are presented that co-combust medical wastes (average of 1.8% of the total feedstock) and wastewater plant residue (average of 2% of the feedstock).
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Jiang, Tingxue, Haitao Wang, Hu Liu, Hua Duan, and Shuangming Li. "The Integrated & Dynamic Geo-Engineering Fracturing Technology for Deep Shale Gas Play in Southeast Sichuan Basin, China." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0514.

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ABSTRACT There is a large amount of deep shale gas in Sichuan basin, China. However, its complex geological environment leads to inadaptability of fracturing techniques used in middle-deep shale gas play or in North America deep shale gas play. A novel integrated & dynamic geo-engineering fracturing technology is put forward in the paper. In the method, the horizontal wellbore fracability index is evaluated by considering the storage capacity, gas content and fluxility firstly. The characteristics of the fractures initiation and propagation, the proppant dynamic transportation in fractures are analyzed based on geologic characteristics. Then parameters optimization of fracturing treatment is carried out based on geological model to maximize EUR. Several key formation parameters such as horizontal stress difference, rock mechanics parameters, et., can be recovered in real time from the fracturing data and treatment pressure curve. A new post-frac evaluation method is established to evaluate multistage complex fracture network. A modified slick water is developed to coordinate the implementation of integrated & dynamic geoengineering fracturing technology. By adopting above technologies, several deep shale gas wells achieved the yield breakthroughs, a 30% to 50% higher than ever before in comparable adjacent wells. Introduction The deep shale gas resources with TVD （true vertical depth）3500-4500m is rich in China (Wei Z.,2015;Nie HK et al.,2020;Xinhua MA et al.,2020). According to researches (Chenglin Z et al., Baoping LU et al.; Yang L et al.,2020), the deep shale gas resources (TVD&gt;3500m) is accounted for more than 65% of the total shale gas resources. As in the Sichuan basin, the deep shale gas resources is as high as 4612×108m3 (Zhiliang HE et al.,2020;Cao X et al.,2020). Therefore, successful development of the deep shale gas has a great significance to promote the effective use of unconventional gas in China.
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Ruleman, Cal, Adam M. Hudson, Marc W. Caffee, and Keith A. Brugger. "THE MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE UNCONFORMITY AND MIS 12-11 (~478-385 KA): GLACIOFLUVIAL PROCESSES OVERRIDE LATE MIOCENE-MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE (~6 MA-500 KA) TECTONO-MAGMATIC CAPTURE AND DEEP-CANYON INCISION, WESTERN GREAT PLAINS-SOUTHERN ROCKY MOUNTAINS-COLORADO PLATEAU REGION, NORTH AMERICA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-339129.

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8

Jones, Steve, Junichi Sugiura, and D. Wayne Johnson. "Rotary Steerable Drilling Dynamics and Associated BHA Changes to Improve Overall BHA Performance and Reliability." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/212467-ms.

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Abstract During the advanced development phase of a push-the-bit rotary steerable system (RSS), downhole drilling dynamics were captured utilizing high-frequency embedded drilling dynamics sensors distributed throughout the bottom-hole assembly (BHA). The RSS development testing was conducted in a challenging pocket of the Delaware Basin in the Permian Region of North America. This specific Delaware area has proven difficult to drill with conventional steerable motors due to rapid shoulder wear on the bit and sliding difficulties (Sugiura et al. 2022). The initial RSS BHAs were designed based on the directional objectives of the well. As the runs and wells progressed, the multiple embedded drilling dynamics sensor data, BHA/bit component wear and reliability, and drilling performance were all analyzed. From these learnings, systematic BHA changes were implemented and measured. This process continued until the drilling pace, reliability and repeatability were at an acceptable level for the project. This paper details the drilling dynamics, drilling parameters, BHA configurations, formations, and logic for BHA/drilling parameter changes in the 12 ¼-in. intermediate section.
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Barhaug, Jessica, Jacqueline Bussey, Ben Schaeffer, Julie Shemeta, Matthew Lawrence, John Tran, and Price Stark. "Testing XLE For Cost Savings in the DJ Basin: A Fiber Optic Case Study." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209155-ms.

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Abstract Historically, Great Western Petroleum has been an operator focused on efficiency without much focus on altering completion designs. Based on the successes of Extreme Limited Entry (XLE) in other basins, a science project was constructed to test different XLE in the first zipper group of a two-zipper group pad. The goal was to find a design that would yield the same production, but with less cost. Increasing stage length provides a significant cost saving and with XLE, production should be maintained. Based on the results from zipper one, the best design could then be implemented on the same pad in the second zipper group. This allows for a direct comparison of hydraulic fracturing designs, minimizing geologic impact. This study was comprised of a number of different datasets with the primary focus being on Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) using wellbore fiber optic cable. DAS is a rapidly evolving technology with numerous advances in both function and cost over the last few years, especially in fiber optic cable deployment. An opportunity was seen to not just gather data, but to test the data quality of the latest deployment methods, specifically a pump-down dissolvable, single-use fiber optic cable. This is a cost effective and minimal footprint option for data collection. This project included three acquisition methods for the DAS: 1) a permanent fiber optic line cemented on the outside of the casing, 2) a wireline retrievable fiber optic line, and 3) a pump-down dissolvable single-use fiber, all deployed in three unique wellbores. The permanent fiber optic well was used to compare the uniformity index of different completion designs. The designs were altered based on the results from the previous stage until an optimal design was reached. This DAS acquisition also provided offset strain and microseismic in the first and second zipper groups. The wireline retrievable fiber optic cable and single-use fiber optic cable deployments provided offset strain and microseismic for the wells in the first zipper group. High level observations resulting from this project include: The data quality associated with the dissolvable single-use fiber looked comparable in data quality to the other fiber optic deployment methods. The Uniformity Index was high for most designs, even with stages as long as 450 ft and cluster spacing as tight as 7 ft. 350’ stages with 14 clusters at 1 spf was chosen for the second zipper group wells This provided significant cost savings, along with high stage uniformity Results from the offset strain and microseismic analysis from tighter and more clusters per stage showed less interference than what was seen with our legacy design stages RTA shows that compared to a pad with similar well spacing, the production is better with the new hydraulic fracture design Having a case study with various fiber optic deployments is rare. At the time of this deployment, this was the first pump down dissolvable single-use fiber optic line in North America. This paper will show the efficacy of this fiber optic deployment compared to its peers. It also will look at conventional and XLE designs and the well-to-well interference differences. Finally, being able to compare production results to an offset pad with the same well spacing provides a unique opportunity to validate the effect of a new hydraulic fracture design.
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Liu, Yang, Qi Tang, Hao Wu, and Tianshou Ma. "Research Status and Prospect of Casing Deformation Mechanism and Control Methods in Shale Gas Wells in Sichuan Basin." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0237.

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ABSTRACT Casing deformation is a common problem of shale gas development in Sichuan Basin, which makes it difficult to run fracturing strings. It has become a bottleneck of restricting the development of shale gas resources. Through the investigation and the reference of many related documents, the main progress in the studies of casing deformation failure is summarized. The results show that many factors have influence on casing deformation, including the shear slip of fault or fracture evoked by hydraulic fracturing; the stress concentration in the vicinity of borehole caused by asymmetric fracturing; shale swelling caused by liquid phase invasion; annulus pressure build-up induced by the coupling effect of temperature and pressure, etc. Even so, the mechanical mechanism of casing deformation is still dominated by strain control and displacement control. Finally, the technical measures solving the problem of casing deformation are reviewed and discussed, raising casing rigidity, improving the displacement absorption capacity of cement sheath, optimizing fracturing parameters, adopting "temporary plugging fractures and multi cluster perforation" process, expansion tube technology and double layer casing technology, etc. It is hoped that this review can provide basic reference for further research and improvement of casing deformation control methods in shale gas well. INTRODUCTION Sichuan Basin is the earliest and the most successful area for shale gas exploration in China. Its exploitable shale gas reserves account for 30% of the whole country, and it contribute more than half of the total shale gas production. Sichuan Basin has become and will continue to be the main battleground for shale gas exploration and development in China (Zhang et al., 2021). However, compared with shale plays in North America region, the shale gas reservoir in Sichuan Basin has very different petrophysical and mechanical properties, and its geological complexity is much higher than that of the former. Meanwhile, the shale gas reservoir in the Sichuan Basin is buried more deeply at 2500∼6500m, and the in-situ stress anisotropy is much more significant than that in North American region (He et al., 2022). These differences present many challenges to the effective development of shale gas in Sichuan Basin. Fortunately, the breakthroughs in horizontal drilling and multistage fracturing technology provide the possibility to address this question (Liu et al., 2017), but it also introduces several new problems. Casing deformation is one of the bottleneck problems in the shale gas industry. The reason is that the pressure and temperature of the casing change dramatically during the multistage fracturing process, which will result in a complex and extreme mechanical environment of the horizontal casing. According to statistics, the casing deformation rate of shale gas wells in some areas of Sichuan Basin is nearly 30% (Chen et al., 2021). Casing deformation in horizontal shale gas wells has many negative impacts on shale gas production, such as making it difficult to run bridge plugs and mill shoes or even unable to reach the intended depth, which increases non-productive time and significantly increases the cost of resource extraction. More seriously, if the deformation of the production casing becomes too severe, the fractured section will be abandoned, and the capacity of the shale gas well will be significantly reduced. Field measurement data shows that the production of wells with casing deformation is 27.3% lower than that of wells without casing deformation (Huang et al., 2020). As a result, the large number and frequency of casing deformation has become a major bottleneck restricting the development of shale gas in the Sichuan Basin, China. The problem of casing deformation has attracted extensive attention from many scholars, and a lot of research has been conducted. Scholars have put forward various hypotheses and theories on the mechanical mechanism of casing deformation, and have used various schemes and ideas to prevent and control casing deformation. Nevertheless, the casing deformation phenomenon has not been completely solved so far. For this purpose, this paper briefly reviewed the progress of studies on this aspect to provide the interesting information for casing deformation prevention and control.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Great Basin region (North America)"

1

Hayward, N., and S. Paradis. Geophysical reassessment of the role of ancient lineaments on the development of the western margin of Laurentia and its sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits, Yukon and Northwest Territories. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330038.

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The role of crustal lineaments in the development of the western margin of Laurentia, Selwyn basin and associated sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits (clastic-dominated, Mississippi-Valley-type) in Yukon and NWT, are reassessed through a new 3-D inversion strategy applied to new compilations of gravity and magnetic data. Regionally continuous, broadly NE-trending crustal lineaments including the Liard line, Fort Norman structure, and Leith Ridge fault, were interpreted as having had long-standing influence on craton, margin, and sedimentary basin development. However, multiple tectonic overprints including terrane accretion, thrust faulting, and plutonism obscure the region's history. The Liard line, related to a transfer fault that bounds the Macdonald Platform promontory, is refined from the integration of the new geophysical models with published geological data. The geophysical models support the continuity of the Fort Norman structure below the Selwyn basin, but the presence of Leith Ridge fault is not supported in this area. The ENE-trending Mackenzie River lineament, traced from the Misty Creek Embayment to Great Bear Lake, is interpreted to mark the southern edge of a cratonic promontory. The North American craton is bounded by a NW-trending lineament interpreted as a crustal manifestation of lithospheric thinning of the Laurentian margin, as echoed by a change in the depth of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. The structure is straddled by Mississippi Valley-type Zn-Pb occurrences, following their palinspastic restoration, and also defines the eastern limit of mid-Late Cretaceous granitic intrusions. Another NW-trending lineament, interpreted to be associated with a shallowing of lower crustal rocks, is coincident with clastic-dominated Zn-Pb occurrences.
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2

Dafoe, L. T., K. J. DesRoches, and G. L. Williams. A structural and stratigraphic framework for the western Davis Strait region. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321831.

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Western Davis Strait lies within the Labrador-Baffin Seaway rift system, which began forming in the Early Cretaceous as Greenland separated from North America. At chron C27n (Danian), regional seafloor spreading began, as well as significant magmatism. The opening direction changed from southeast-northwest to more north-south in the Thanetian-Ypresian between chrons C25n and C24n, resulting in significant strike-slip motion through the Davis Strait region until seafloor spreading ended at chron C13, near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. This tectonism has influenced the stratigraphy preserved in basins within western Davis Strait, including confirmed Cretaceous successions in the Lady Franklin Basin and Cumberland Sound; however, regional overprinting of Paleocene-Eocene volcanic rocks obscures pre-rift basement and possible older strata over much of the region. Three industry wells and several seabed samples of bedrock help constrain the stratigraphic distribution of Cretaceous and Cenozoic strata based on the lithostratigraphy of the well sampled Labrador margin.
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3

Dafoe, L. T., G. L. Williams, K. Dickie, U. Gregersen, P. C. Knutz, G. Dam, G. K. Pedersen, H. Nøhr-Hansen, J. W. Haggart, and K. J. DesRoches. Overview of the stratigraphy, paleoclimate, and paleoceanography of the Labrador-Baffin Seaway. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321853.

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The tectonic evolution of the Labrador-Baffin Seaway began with Early Cretaceous extension between Greenland and North America, resulting in the development of basins infilled with nonmarine and shallow-marine clastic strata. The Late Cretaceous was a time of continued rifting and local subsidence, with deposition of widespread deeper water marine mud and localized sand deposits. Seafloor spreading began in the south in the Latest Cretaceous and propagated throughout the seaway by the Early Paleocene. Regional seafloor spreading coincided with the onset of significant volcanism in the Davis Strait to central West Greenland region, as well as a regional regression. A change in the spreading direction around the Paleocene- Eocene boundary, was accompanied by strike-slip motion in the Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, deformation and basin inversion, and development of regional unconformities. After seafloor spreading ceased in the late Eocene, the seaway was filled by upper Paleogene to Recent sediments, with clinoform progradation building the modern-day shelves.
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4

Walmsley, Terrie, and Thomas Hertel. China's Accession to the WTO: Timing is Everything. GTAP Working Paper, October 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp13.

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Since China’s application in 1987 to resume its status in the Generalized Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)/World Trade Organization (WTO) there has been a great deal of debate over the timing of China’s accession. Although most of the issues relating to the timing of China’s trade liberalization have been resolved, the abolition of restrictions on Chinese textiles and clothing may still be subject to delay if the United States and Europe choose to implement the safeguards contained in the their bilateral accession agreements with China as well as in the original Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC). In this paper, the effects of alternative target dates for the elimination of restrictions on textiles quotas are examined. Since this issue revolves fundamentally around the question of timing, it is most appropriately addressed in a dynamic model. In this study we use the Dynamic GTAP model. This is applied to a 19-region by 22-commodity aggregation of the GTAP database, supplemented with foreign income data. The paper finds that timing is indeed an important determinant of the profile of structural adjustment required in China and the rest of the world. In light of their interest in delayed implementation the ATC, it is interesting to note that our results suggest slower elimination of these quotas is detrimental to national welfare in North America and Europe.
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Nogueira, Uziel. The Integration Movement in the Caribbean at Crossroads: Towards a New Approach of Integration. Inter-American Development Bank, April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011619.

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The Institute for the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean (INTAL) has inaugurated a Working Papers Series with the publication of a study by Uziel Nogueira, the Institute's Economist. Entitled "The Integration Movement in the Caribbean at the Crossroads: Towards a New Approach to Integration", the study opens with an overview of the movement towards integration among the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean. It continues with an analysis of the integration process during this decade, with particular reference to the Association of Caribbean States (ACS), the North American Free Trade Agreement (FTAA), the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) and the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). The third section examines economic reforms and trade liberalization in the countries of the region, stressing the function of the common external tariff, the commercial reform program and the role of the exchange rate in the trade regime. The Working Paper concludes that the integration process overseen by CARICOM has reached its limits, notwithstanding the attempt to widen the process with the creation of the ACS.
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Pavlovic, Noel, Barbara Plampin, Gayle Tonkovich, and David Hamilla. Special flora and vegetation of Indiana Dunes National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302417.

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The Indiana Dunes (comprised of 15 geographic units (see Figure 1) which include Indiana Dunes National Park, Dunes State Park, and adjacent Shirley Heinze Land Trust properties) are remarkable in the Midwest and Great Lakes region for the vascular plant diversity, with an astounding 1,212 native plant species in an area of approximately 16,000 acres! This high plant diversity is the result of the interactions among postglacial migrations, the variety of soil substrates, moisture conditions, topography, successional gradients, ?re regimes, proximity to Lake Michigan, and light levels. This richness is all the more signi?cant given the past human alterations of the landscape resulting from logging; conversion to agriculture; construction of transportation corridors, industrial sites, and residential communities; ?re suppression; land abandonment; and exotic species invasions. Despite these impacts, multiple natural areas supporting native vegetation persist. Thus, each of the 15 units of the Indiana Dunes presents up to eight subunits varying in human disturbance and consequently in ?oristic richness. Of the most signi?cant units of the park in terms of number of native species, Cowles Dunes and the Dunes State Park stand out from all the other units, with 786 and 686 native species, respectively. The next highest ranked units for numbers of native species include Keiser (630), Furnessville (574), Miller Woods (551), and Hoosier Prairie (542). The unit with lowest plant richness is Heron Rookery (220), with increasing richness in progression from Calumet Prairie (320), Hobart Prairie Grove (368), to Pinhook Bog (380). Signi?cant natural areas, retaining native vegetation composition and structure, include Cowles Bog (Cowles Dunes Unit), Howes Prairie (Cowles Dunes), Dunes Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Dunes Prairie Nature Preserve (Dunes State Park), Pinhook Bog, Furnessville Woods (Furnessville), Miller Woods, Inland Marsh, and Mnoke Prairie (Bailly). Wilhelm (1990) recorded a total of 1,131 native plant species for the ?ora of the Indiana Dunes. This was similar to the 1,132 species recorded by the National Park Service (2014) for the Indiana Dunes. Based on the nomenclature of Swink and Wilhelm (1994), Indiana Dunes National Park has 1,206 native plant species. If we include native varieties and hybrids, the total increases to 1,244 taxa. Based on the nomenclature used for this report?the Flora of North America (FNA 2022), and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS 2022)?Indiana Dunes National Park houses 1,206 native vascular plant species. As of this writing (2020), the Indiana Dunes is home to 37% of the species of conservation concern in Indiana (241 out of 624 Indiana-listed species): state extirpated = 10 species, state endangered = 75, and state threatened = 100. Thus, 4% of the state-listed species in the Indiana Dunes are extirpated, 31% endangered, and 41% threatened. Watch list and rare categories have been eliminated. Twenty-nine species once documented from the Indiana Dunes may be extirpated because they have not been seen since 2001. Eleven have not been seen since 1930 and 15 since 1978. If we exclude these species, then there would be a total of 1,183 species native to the Indiana Dunes. Many of these are cryptic in their life history or diminutive, and thus are di?cult to ?nd. Looking at the growth form of native plants, <1% (nine species) are clubmosses, 3% (37) are ferns, 8% (297) are grasses and sedges, 56% (682) are forbs or herbs, 1% (16) are herbaceous vines, <1% (7) are subshrubs (woody plants of herbaceous stature), 5% (60) are shrubs, 1% (11) are lianas (woody vines), and 8% (93) are trees. Of the 332 exotic species (species introduced from outside North America), 65% (219 species) are forbs such as garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), 15% (50 species) are graminoids such as phragmites (Phragmites australis ssp. australis), 2% (seven species) are vines such as ?eld bindweed (Convulvulus arvensis), <1% (two species) are subshrubs such as Japanese pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis), 8% (28 species) are shrubs such as Asian bush honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), 1% (three species) are lianas such as oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculatus), and 8% (23 species) are trees such as tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissimus). Of the 85 adventive species, native species that have invaded from elsewhere in North America, 14% (11 species) are graminoids such as broom sedge (Andropogon virginicus), 57% (48 species) are forbs such as fall phlox (Phlox paniculata), 5% (six species) are shrubs such as Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), 3% (two species) are subshrubs such as holly leaved barberry (Berberis repens), 1% (one species) is a liana (trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), 3% two species) are herbaceous vines such as tall morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea), and 17% (15 species) are trees such as American holly (Ilex opaca). A total of 436 species were found to be ?special? based on political rankings (federal and state-listed threatened and endangered species), species with charismatic ?owers, and those that are locally rare.
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Evidence of late Quaternary wet/dry climate episodes derived from paleoclimatic proxy data recovered from the paleoenvironmental record of the Great Basin of western North America: Paleobotanical studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/631154.

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