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Статті в журналах з теми "Grants-in-aid, law and legislation"
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Veselovskyi, Bohdan. "EVOLUTION OF LEGAL REGULATION OF SERVICES OF GENERAL ECONOMIC INTEREST IN UKRAINE." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 46, no. 3 (November 12, 2021): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/4625.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the article is to show in the historical development the formation of the institute of services of general economic interest (SGEI) in the Ukrainian legal tradition under the influence of European integration strategic actions. One of such actions is the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with the law of the European Union. SGEI, in the context of another "legal novelty" for Ukraine as state aid as part of competition law, have changed the existing approaches to the distribution of already known subsidies and grants. A set of new rules forced the state authorities to adhere to clear rules, failure to comply with which is fraught with real sanctions. In the course of the study, it was revealed that the institute of SGEI has already found its reflection and practice in the Ukrainian legal system. But at the same time, all norms of legislation on services of general economic interest do not correspond to the practice of the EU, and legislative changes are necessary to launch reforms in this area.
2
Amin, Choerul. "Implementation of Legal Aid for the Poor as a Form of Practicing Pancasila Values." Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ijicle.v3i2.46172.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Provision of Legal Aid is one of the ways the state can achieve access to law and justice for poor people in accordance with what has been mandated by the constitution. The principle of equality before the law in the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) and Article 27 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution tries to be realized by the state with this legal assistance so that the poor will experience justice in law enforcement in Indonesia. Justice is the right of all Indonesian people. Justice can be obtained by all people, this is contained in the Pancasila Values ​​especially in the 5th (five) precepts which read "Social Justice for All of Indonesia". For the poor who experience legal problems in the form of injustice, they can request legal assistance from legal aid institutions that are regulated in legislation. The purpose of providing legal aid is to guarantee and fulfill the right for Legal Aid Recipients to gain access to justice, to realize the constitutional rights of all citizens in accordance with the principle of equality in law, to ensure the certainty that the implementation of Legal Aid is carried out equally across the territory of the Republic of Indonesia, and to create an effective, efficient and accountable court. The community's right to get free legal assistance (pro-bono) is regulated in Law No. 16 of 2011 concerning Legal Aid. This law regulates the communities receiving legal assistance, grants, and funding as well as legal aid mechanisms.
3
Siegfried, Nikolaus. "LEGISLATION AND LEGITIMATION IN OMAN: THE BASIC LAW." Islamic Law and Society 7, no. 3 (2000): 359–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851900507689.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractWhen Sultan Qabus issued Decree 101 on November 6, 1996, Oman was the last Arab country to implement a constitutional document. However, the political impact of this document is controversial: Whereas some consider the Basic Law a step towards democratization, others see merely a continuation of traditional policies. In this article I investigate the innovative potential of the Basic Law. Against the background of Omani and regional history and European and Islamic constitutional thought, I review the Decree with regard to authority and legitimation. I suggest that the law is mainly symbolic in character. It exploits tribal and Islamic concepts to create a historically unfounded notion of a homogeneous state. The civil liberties it grants do not extend to the public sphere. I conclude that Oman's Basic Law does nothing more than to freeze the status quo, according to which the Sultan remains the only recognized authority in the state.
4
Barlow, Anna. "Administrative Law and Human Rights Standards in Legal Aid: An Overview with Examples from Finland and England & Wales." European Public Law 23, Issue 1 (February 1, 2017): 165–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2017009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The majority of writing on legal aid is from a socio-legal or political perspective and little attention has been paid to legal aid as a branch of administrative law. This is an important failing as the legal aid requirements imposed by international human rights law do not only relate to the scope of legal aid, but also establish parameters for the administration of legal aid schemes. These requirements may be met directly within the specific legislation governing legal aid, but in some instances rely on the application of general domestic administrative law principles. Employing a comparative approach, this article explores some of the connections between administrative law, international human rights law and the provision of legal aid, using the jurisdictions of Finland and England & Wales as examples. Good protection of the relevant international human rights standards is provided in Finland through a robust administrative law system which contains a clear set of basic principles and is directly applicable to the making of decisions on legal aid. In England & Wales administrative law principles are not as helpful; however the manner in which administrative law acts upon discretionary decision-making in that jurisdiction means that strengthening administrative law principles might not have much impact on legal aid administration. In such a situation subject-specific legal aid legislation must be relied upon to meet human rights standards.
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Kurepina, Olena. "Legal regime stimulating economic activities: Convergence of Ukrainian legislation with EU law based on SDGs." Revista Amazonia Investiga 12, no. 70 (October 30, 2023): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2023.70.10.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the research is to substantiate ways to improve Ukrainian legislation, defining the features of the functioning of individual elements of SLREA, which will facilitate the achievement of SDGs. The study is based on a review of scientific literature dedicated to specific elements of SLREA (public procurement and state aid), Ukrainian legislation, and specific EU legal acts regarding the application of certain stimulating measures to achieve SDGs. It is argued that, compared to the institution of public procurement, the institution of state aid exhibits a significantly lower degree of actualization and integration into the legal framework supporting SDGs. It is substantiated that the modernization of Ukrainian legislation in the field of state aid should occur based on the model of legal regulation of the state aid system in the EU on the principles of SDGs. The development of SLREA in the context of adapting Ukrainian legislation to EU law should involve the integration of SDGs into the legal toolkit of such a regime.
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Alemanno, Alberto. "A Meeting of Minds on Impact Assessment." European Public Law 17, Issue 3 (September 1, 2011): 485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2011034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article aims at exploring the interactions that may arise from the European institutions' increasing reliance on ex ante evaluation mechanisms of proposed legislation, such as impact assessment (IA), and ex post judicial review of adopted legislation. IA, the privileged ex ante evaluation tool adopted by the European Union (EU) to identify the expected effects of new legislation, by offering a legality check of each Commission proposal well before its adoption, may serve - as illustrated by the recent judgments in Vodaphone and Afton Chemical - not only as an aid to the legislator but also as an aid to the parties and an aid to court within the ex post review of adopted legislation. After systematizing the different encounters that might occur between IA and judicial review, this article anticipates, by relying on a few examples, a meeting of minds between the EU legislature and the judiciary on IA.
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Derkach, E. M. "Legal issues on carriage of humanitarian aid cargo under martial law." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (July 2, 2022): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.01.15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the legal framework on humanitarian aid transportation, as well as identifies vectors for improving the relevant legislation. It is emphasized that under martial law the possibilities of national economy is significantly limited, the logistics chains within the country are broken, that led to significant changes in approaches in organizing and implementing transport activities; reorientation of the transport market from commercial services to transportation of humanitarian aid cargo; priority road transportion of goods due to restrictions on other modes of transport. It is emphasized that current challenges need to be taken into account at the legislation level.
A comparative analysis of the general and simplified procedures for importing humanitarian aid cargoes to the territory of Ukraine has been provided. It is noted that under martial law the transportation of humanitarian goods has been gradually simplified according to legislation. The stages of developing the Ukrainian legislation concerning the import of humanitarian aid cargoes are covered.
The article focuses on the peculiarities of transportation of humanitarian aid by rail (JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia») under the martial law. It is concluded that the transportation of humanitarian goods as a type of economic (foreign economic) activity is characterized by certain features: 1) special (simplified under martial law) procedure for customs clearance and customs control; 2) special subjects: a) direct participants: donors, recipients, acquirers, transport organizations (carriers); b) indirect participants (authorized public authorities, etc.); 3) specific object of transportation (humanitarian goods). The peculiarities in carriage of humanitarian goods under martial law are highlighted. The article substantiates the need to reflect the features of formating and implementing the contracts on carriage of humanitarian goods in special transport legislation of Ukraine, in particular the Rules of Carriage of Goods.
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Bailey, Diggory. "INTERPRETING PARLIAMENTARY INACTION." Cambridge Law Journal 79, no. 2 (May 15, 2020): 245–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197320000276.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis article considers the interpretive significance of legislative inaction. Section I considers the nature of arguments based on legislative inaction. Section II explores the practical, conceptual and constitutional problems with trying to rely on legislative inaction as an interpretive aid. Section III concludes that attempts to draw inferences from legislative inaction alone are deeply flawed, but that inferences might legitimately be drawn from inaction if it forms part of the context against which the legislation is enacted. Even then, however, there are practical difficulties in determining what inferences to draw.
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Suratno, Sadhu Bagas. "Pembentukan Peraturan Kebijakan Berdasarkan Asas-Asas Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik." e-Journal Lentera Hukum 4, no. 3 (December 10, 2017): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ejlh.v4i3.5499.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The creation of policy is one of the prerogatives of a free and uninhibited (freies ermessen, or free discretion) government administrations. Although freies ermessen grants free authority to the government, within the framework of national the law said the government should still observe legislation and the Principles of Good Governance. However, at the implementation level, there are still many policies that which are difficult to put into effect due to ambiguous interpretation and conflicts of interest, thus resulting in legal uncertainty. Based on this, there needs to be an affirmation of the position taken by the Indonesian government regarding the contradictory relationship between written law and implementation, so as to ensure the appropriate application of the principles of freies ermessen.
Keywords: Policy Rules, Freies Ermessen, Legislatin, Good Governance Principles
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Ladsamyxay, Bounmy. "The Right to Access a Lawyer in Laotian Criminal Law." Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 16, no. 1-2 (October 6, 2015): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718158-01601004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article aims to analyze the defendants’ right to access a lawyer in criminal law, as defined in international legal standards, and determine the extent to which the legislation of Lao pdr complies. This study finds that Lao law is consistent with international law as regards the defendant’s right to gain access to a lawyer, for instance, as enshrined in the National Constitution, Criminal Law, Civil Law and the Law on Lawyers. However, this article will argue that defendants are not aware of their rights due to poor economic resources and the lack of information on the availability of legal aid services and how to access such services. On the other hand, defendants are unable to implement their rights effectively due to the limited and incompetent protection offered by lawyers. Additionally, legal practitioners and local authorities are not familiar with and accepting of the relevant legislation.
Дисертації з теми "Grants-in-aid, law and legislation"
1
Van, de Haar Helen Augusta. "A framework for biometrics for social grants in South Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA) Annual Report of 2011/2012 it is stated that there were more than 15 million social grants paid out to needy beneficiaries of which 10 927 731 were Child Support Grants. A major challenge that is continually being addressed is the management and administration of these grants. In particular, the focus is on service delivery and zero tolerance to fraud and corruption. SASSA has made various attempts to address these issues, such as the rollout of biometric smart cards in 2012. This research endeavour attempts to discover whether a framework can be designed where necessary factors are taken into consideration to provide for an efficient social grant application and delivery process that uses biometrics. The framework aims to suggest improvements in the use of biometrics for the social grants. Seeing that biometrics in this case is used as a technology to improve a system involving humans, this study followed a Design Science approach and made use of a case study to collect the data required for the study. Literature studies reviewed the fields of social grants and biometrics. The challenges and lessons learnt from current implementations of social grants and biometrics within the South African context and further abroad were also relevant for the study. The framework that resulted from the above was evaluated for validity and applicability after which a modified framework is presented. The research concludes with specific implementation guidelines as well as areas for future research.
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Franks, Melvin Eugene. "The effects of consolidation of federal funding programs on schools participating in Chapter 2 of ECIA in Mississippi: an investigative study." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54784.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The focus of the study was to observe changes brought about by the implementation of Chapter 2 of the Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981 in local jurisdictions of government when the disposition of federal funds were under local control. The study investigated the extent to which the six expressed intentions of Chapter 2, ECIA legislation were realized in 154 local education agencies in the state of Mississippi two years after implementation. Specifically, the six legislative concerns were to:
* Reduce the amount of paperwork without reducing the quality of programs,
* Equalize the distribution of federal funds without reducing the benefits to specific target populations,
* Increase local discretion without diminishing prior program commitments to the original national priorities,
* Increase the role of private education without raising the constitutional issue,
* Reduce reporting and evaluation requirements without a commensurate loss of accountability, and
* Reduce the constraints on SEAs in the planning of federally funded projects and programs without a loss of perceived quality in those programs.
Data sources collected for analysis included: a mail survey, interviews with state and local school personnel, and supportive documents from both the state education agency and local school districts. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics.
From the study it was concluded that, while the goals of Chapter 2, ECIA legislation were admirable, they were replete with unintended consequences. Further, while many of the legislative objectives were met at the national level several of the objectives had differing effects in a state like Mississippi which exerted little SEA influence.Ph. D.
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Lewis, Dorothy. "Federal public policy and bilingual education." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1088.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is divided into four chapters. Chapter one presents an introduction and overview of the nature of the problem, its significance and implication for public policy, and a presentation of the research design and methodology. Chapter two reviews the historical and legal background of bilingual education policy. Chapter three presents a literature review of bilingual education policy making, and examines the impacts and effects of federal aid in practice. Chapter four provides a summary of survey findings and recommendations for reform of the funding criteria for Title VII ESEA bilingual education grants.
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Matabane, Gloria Semakaleng. "The impact of municipal infrastructure grant on basic service delivery : a case of Elias Motsoaledi Local Municipality in Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1920.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2017.Municipalities support social and economic development through infrastructure investment and help to alleviate poverty by providing free basic services to the poor households. The primary funding mechanisms to support municipal service delivery to the poor is the MIG allocated to the municipalities in the form of conditional grant. The MIG programme was specifically established to assist the poor to gain access to infrastructure and can only be used for infrastructure towards basic services. This study investigates the impact of Municipal Infrastructure Grant (MIG) on basic service delivery in Elias Motsoaledi Local Municipality which is in Limpopo Province. The findings and recommendations are mainly and only applicable to this specific municipality although there may be areas of possible extrapolation. This study employed primarily a qualitative research as a methodological approach to address the specific research questions. The interview schedule and semi-structured questionnaire were used together with the examination of existing documents. A total of 28 municipal officials and community representatives were involved in this study. Data was analysis using qualitative content analysis method and descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that: Firstly, the finding highlights that the municipality makes all efforts to comply with the requirements of MIG. (a) The spending trend of the municipality shows effective utilization of MIG. However, records show that the municipality has a tendency of spending after three months (October) after commencement of the financial year (It should be noted that the municipal financial year starts from July to June of the next calendar year). The result also reveals that at the project level there might be some over spending tendencies. (b) It is also evident that the municipality has the capacity and the mechanisms to manage MIG implementation; nonetheless, there is a sign that there is inadequate capacity of technical administrative skills and project management skills which are essential for MIG administration. (c) Mechanisms to monitor MIG implementation are indicated by site visits, site meetings and monthly service provider meetings. (d) The municipality demonstrates iv accountability in terms of the administration of MIG by submission of monthly reports, annual reports; implementation plans; cash-flow budget to the national office through provincial office; and by submitting financial statements to Treasury. (e) There is an average understanding of knowledge of MIG and of decisions about projects budgets by community representatives. Secondly, although the finding reveals that the municipality is rendering basic services to its residents using the MIG, some officials indicated that there is a backlog in roads infrastructure and that the municipality needs more funding to address the backlog. The community representatives were recorded saying that the communities are not satisfied with the services rendered by the municipality. It was also evident that the municipality is struggling to address the backlog because of the mushrooming of new settlements and the limited MIG funds. Finally, the finding shows that MIG programme has contributed to improving basic service delivery in Elias Motsoaledi Local Municipality. Respondents from municipal office specified that MIG is the main source of funding for delivery of basic service to its communities. The community representatives revealed that they have benefited from different types of projects delivered by the municipality in their wards such as: water, sanitation, electricity, high mast lights, roads and storm water, community halls, crèches, sports facilities, parks, low level bridges and schools. It was also stated by community representatives that the infrastructural projects implemented are not properly maintained. In addition, the finding shows that most respondents are still not well-informed about MIG. That is the reason that they have inadequate information about the projects at local level. Keywords: Infrastructure; Grant; Service; Impact; Municipality
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Lane, Christopher K. "Measuring the equity of educational funding in New Jersey under the quality education act /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1993. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/11543048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1993.Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Craig Richards. Dissertation Committee: Jonathan Hughes. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-118).
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Ogle, Geraldine S. "Historical review of financial equity in Missouri 1993 foundation formula and amendments /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4660.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on December 12, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Holm, Darryn. "Funding higher education and training in South Africa: a comparative study of tax incentive measures, in conjunction with a dedicated tax." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/59445.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Higher education and training in South Africa in the post-Apartheid era has never been more volatile than it is currently, some two decades into democracy. Despite the many advances and achievements of higher education, the student protests of 2015 and 2016 have given expression to underlying fault-lines, including increasing student expectations and frustrations with regard to access and funding. This research was undertaken to document the underlying historical issues and models pertaining to funding within the higher education and training sector as well as the existing higher education and training taxation policies and incentives enacted in South Africa and selected international jurisdictions. This was done with a view to providing a framework for higher education and training tax policy formation in South Africa to assist in meeting its higher education and training “access and affordability” targets as set out in the National Plan on Higher Education and the Higher Education White Paper, while at the same time not hindering economic growth. A doctrinal research methodology was adopted in this study as it mainly analysed and interpreted legislation and policy documents and therefore the approach was qualitative in nature. An extensive literature survey was done in order to document the various internationally selected legislated higher education and training tax policies and incentives. The literature indicated that there are widespread funding perspectives and initiates, and that international tax policies enacted with the aim of ensuring that higher education and training is more accessible and affordable to the public, is stable and effective in certain jurisdictions. It is submitted that while a higher education dedicated tax may not be sufficiently effective in South Africa, a combination of broad-based tax incentives will help to promote the change to a more affordable and stable higher education funding system, whilst not preventing growth through sustainable development.
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Henry, John Mark. "Senate Bill 351's Effect on School Finance Equity in Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1992. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278555/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of Senate Bill 351 on public school finance equity in Texas and to provide information to those concerned with the financing of schools in this state. Data provided by the Texas Education Agency were used to determine differences in expenditures per student and local tax rates before and after the implementation of Senate Bill 351.
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Loubser, Petrus Abel. "The future and sustainability of private medical care in South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21186.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study provides an overview of the medical aid industry in South Africa and highlights the impact of the formation of the Council for Medical Schemes through the implementation of the Medical Schemes Act of 1998. The regulatory framework that governs the medical aids in South Africa is analysed. In this study. different medical aid funds are compared in terms of administration costs, required solvency levels and membership numbers relative to the acceptable industry averages. The main cost drivers of medical aid funds that could also threaten the future of private medical care are identified, as these services may not be affordable to most South Africans in the future. The new vision of government in terms of healthcare is outlined, and the regulations that will be implemented to transform the healthcare sector into a Social Health Insurance system, and ultimately into a National Health Insurance system. are analysed. The proposed mechanisms, such as the Risk Equalisation Fund, the Government Employees Medical Scheme and lowincome medical schemes, are discussed, highlighting all their advantages as well as the associated risks for the sustainability of private medical care. The proposed new legislation and the potential negative financial impact on the private medical industry are analysed with detailed reference to the Medical Schemes Act of 1998 and the Medicines and Related Substance Control and Amendment Act of 1997. The implications of fundamental changes proposed in private health insurance, such as community risk rating versus the traditional individual risk rating, are discussed. The negative impact of prescribed minimum benefits (which include HIV/Aids) on the financial sustainability of the medical aid industry is highlighted. The impact of HIV/Aids on the sustainability of the medical aid industry is discussed and some conclusions and recommendations are made regarding the financial sustainability of the medical aid industry and hence the future of private medical care in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie is 'n oorsig van die mediesefondsbedryf in Suid·Afrika, en beklemtoon die impak van die totstandkoming van die Raad van Mediese Skemas deur die impJementering van die Wet op Mediese Skemas van 1998. Hierdie regulatoriese raamwerk, wat mediese fondse in SuidAfrika tans reguleer, word in die studie ondersoek. In hierdie studie word van die grootste mediese fondse in tenne van administratiewe koste, voorgeskrewe fondsreserwes en lidmaatskapgetalle relatief tot die aanvaarde bedryfsnonne met rnekaar vergelyk. Die belangrikste koste-items vir mediese fondse wat die voortbestaan van privaat gesondheidsorg kao bedreig, word ontleed cmdat hierdie dienste in die toekoms vir die rneeste Suid-Afrikaners onbekostigbaar kan word. Die regering se nuwe visie vir gesondheidsorg word uiteengesit. asook die regulasies wat germplementeer sal word om die gesondheidsektor na 'n sosiale gesondheidsversekeringstelsel en uiteindelik na tn nasionale gesondheidstelsel te transfonneer. Die voorgestelde meganismes, seos die Risiko-egalisasiefonds, GEMS en laeinkomste-mediesefondse word bespreek, met al die relevante voor- en nadele, tesame met die geassosieerde risiko's vir die voortbestaan van privaat mediese dienste. Die voorgestelde wetgewing en die gevolglike negatiewe finansiele impak op die privaat gesondheidsbedryf, met spesifieke verwysing na die Wet op Mediese Skemas van 1998 asook die Wet op die Beheer van Medisyne en Verwante Middels van 1997, word ondersoek. Die implikasies van fundamentele veranderinge wat in terme van gesondheidsversekering voorgestel word, soos gemeenskapsrisikogradering teenoor individuelerisikogradering, word bespreek. Voorgeskrewe minimum voordele (wat MIV insluit) wat nou ingevolge wetgewing ten volle deur fondse betaal moet word, se potensiele negatiewe impak op die finansiele lewensvatbaarheid van mediese fondse word beklemtoon. Die potensiele negatiewe impak van die MIV-epidemie op die lewensvatbaarheid van die mediesefondsbedryf word bespreek en gevolg deur aanbevelings om die fmansiele lewensvatbaarheid en toekoms van die privaat gesondheidsbedryf in Suid-Afrika te verseker.
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Mtshakaza, Lungile Eric. "An assessment of the role of the procurement committee in the management of school funds with reference to selected schools in Libode District." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014583.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The South African Schools Act (Act 84 of 1996) stipulates that the State must fund all the public schools from the public revenue on an equitable basis. Each school should elect a School Governing Body (SGB) whose primary function is to manage school finances. The principal of the school, who is also a member of the SGB, is the accounting officer. The SGB has to elect the finance committee which should run the school’s finances and, in turn elects the procurement committee - a sub-committee of the finance committee. In terms of the South African Schools Act, (Act 84 of 1998, as amended) there are two categories of public schools which may be created in South Africa. One category is based on Section 20 of the South Africa Schools Act with stipulated functions applicable to all public schools, while the other category is based on Section 21 of the Act which includes added stipulated functions above those applicable to all public schools. The study investigated the factors affecting the performance of procurement committees in schools. Among others, the study found that more formal training on financial management was necessary in schools in order to empower the procurement committees. Inadequate support with regard to the availability of supporting documentation and logistics was also raised as a matter of concern.
Книги з теми "Grants-in-aid, law and legislation"
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(Firm), Management Concepts. Federal assistance law. Vienna, Va: Management Concepts, 2001.
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Dembling, Paul G. Essentials of grant law practice. Philadelphia, Pa: American Law Institute, American Bar Association Committee on Continuing Professional Education, 1991.
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3
Derecho de las subvenciones y ayudas públicas. Cizur Menor, Navarra: Aranzadi, 2011.
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4
Kim, Chŏng-hun. Kukko pojo saŏp p'yŏngka chedo ŭi palchŏn pangan e taehan yŏn'gu. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Han'guk Chose Yŏn'guwŏn, 2012.
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5
Clavagnier, Brigitte. Subventions et associations. Paris: Editions Juris-service, 1993.
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6
Shunsuke, Kagawa, and Japan, eds. Hojokin tō tekiseikahō kōgi. Tōkyō: Ōkura Zaimu Kyōkai, 2005.
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Grant Reform and New Transparency Act of 2011: Report together with minority views (to accompany H.R. 3433) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2012.
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(Federation), Russia. O blagotvoritelʹnosti, grantakh i stipendii͡a︡kh. Moskva: Bukvit͡s︡a, 1998.
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Radatz, Clark. A legislative history of shared revenue in Wisconsin. Madison, Wis. (201 North, State Capitol, Madison 53702): State of Wisconsin, Legislative Reference Bureau, 1985.
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(India), Karnataka. Grant-in-aid code to primary schools, primary teachers training institutions, secondary schools, secondary teachers college of education, collegiate education, commerce of education, Bar Associations Rules, 1983: With case laws and upto date amendments. Bangalore: Lawyers' Law Book, 1990.
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Villar Ezcurra, Marta, and Jerónimo Maillo González-Orús. "Environmental Governance Through Tax Law in the European Union." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 173–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-24888-7_14.
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AbstractThe contribution considers critical issues in European environmental governance, focusing on the role of legal principles, fundamentals and competences, and also a review of sectoral legislation in the field of taxation related to EU climate, environment and energy policies. The role of tax harmonisation to favour the ecological transition, the ‘Fit for 55’ legislative package and the reform of the EU’s own resources are some of the topics specifically addressed. For the ambitious strategy of the European green deal to be truly successful, governance must be strengthened, especially in the areas of environment, energy and taxation, because it is necessary to mobilise investments and plan infrastructures and interconnections. The intersection between fiscal and competition policy (above all State Aid Law) can also play a very important role in fostering the right green investments, both from Member States and private actors.
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Mujica Filippi, Juan Diego, and Claudia Ochoa Pérez. "Benefit Corporations in the Peruvian Legal Ecosystem." In The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, 729–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_35.
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AbstractIn 2020, Peru became the third country in Latin America to adopt the benefit corporation model into its legal system, following its neighbors, Colombia and Ecuador, in proposing a legal model to identify purpose-driven companies. The Peruvian “sociedad de beneficio e interés colectivo” or a BIC company has not only been influenced by the U.S. Model Benefit Corporation Legislation but also by its legal exports, such as the Italian società benefit, the Colombian BIC law, and the Argentinean BIC draft bill. The Peruvian benefit corporation legal ecosystem consists of several newly approved legal documents, such as the law itself, its regulation, and the related reporting guidelines. The law allows the corporate models regulated by the Corporate Act to include three main features: (i) a specific social and environmental purpose in the bylaws; (ii) higher duties and protection for managers and directors; and (iii) transparency and reporting requirements. Additionally, the law grants supervisory power to the Peruvian Competition Authority and oversight of the legal ecosystem to the Peruvian Ministry of Industry. The regulations and reporting guidelines detail these three main features, particularly regarding the companies’ purpose and the transparency and reporting requirements. Only a year after the introduction of the BIC legal ecosystem in Peru, there is an on-going public-private effort to implement the law widely for corporations to actively contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Hemels, Sigrid. "Social Enterprises and Tax: Living Apart Together?" In The International Handbook of Social Enterprise Law, 77–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14216-1_5.
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AbstractThis chapter examines the complex relationship between social enterprises and taxation. The focus is not on a specific country, although various examples are mentioned. As specific tax measures for social enterprises are a form of tax incentives, the chapter discusses this public finance concept. In addition, an important legal constraint on introducing such incentives for social enterprises in the European Union (EU) is discussed: the prohibition of state aid. From an analysis of the taxation of profits of social enterprises, it turns out that only a few countries have implemented tax incentives to further social enterprise models. Some social enterprises may meet the charity definition and thus benefit from tax incentives for charities. The drawback might be that it may require social enterprises to use next best legal forms. The chapter also discusses the relevant tax aspects for funders of social enterprises. Tax rules can especially be detrimental to the funding of high-risk social enterprises. Social enterprises also encounter value-added tax (VAT) issues. The VAT that applies in the EU has been copied (with variations) by many non-EU Member States. For that reason, this chapter focusses on the EU VAT legislation as included in the VAT. Problems emerging from the impossibility to deduct input VAT can best be solved outside the VAT framework.
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Wehlander, Caroline. "EU Legislation on Public Procurement and State Aid: What Is the Pressure on Member States to Enforce SGEI Principles in the Field of Social Services?" In Services of General Economic Interest as a Constitutional Concept of EU Law, 223–71. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-117-3_7.
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Фурса, Світлана Ярославівна, та Євген Іванович Фурса. "Глава 1. Реформа цивільного судочинства в Україні та необхідність її проведення". У Серія «Процесуальні науки», 13–63. Київ, Україна: Видавництво "Алерта", 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59835/978-617-566-770-5-1-1.
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Іn the scientific work, the authors made the first warning that during the recodification of civil legislation, it is first necessary to create a new version of the Civil Code of Ukraine (hereinafter – the Civil Code) and only after that start work on the project of the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine (hereinafter – the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine). However, work on the improvement of the Central Committee can be carried out in parallel and coordinated with the work on the improvement of the Central Committee, but this is extremely difficult to ensure. The authors believe that when starting work on a new edition of the CPC, one should first form its new structure with the systematization of relevant material, since the provisions of the current CPC are not laid out consistently.The judicial system of Ukraine should work within the limits of the law, but the state should find measures of influence on offenders and the demonstration of the will of the authorities is needed not for a short demonstration period, but on a permanent basis.Access to justice in civil proceedings in Ukraine should be discussed through the prism of whether a person with a minimum wage can protect his rights in court. Obviously not, because he cannot pay the large court fee. And this provision does not meet the requirements of Articles 3 and 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine, nor international standards, in particular, Articles 6 and 13 of the European Convention on the Protection of Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, since low-income citizens are, in fact, deprived of the right to access to justice and protection of their rights. Therefore, it is necessary to revise not only the norms of the Code of Civil Procedure, but also the laws of Ukraine «On court fees» and «On free legal aid».The right to appeal to the court for protection should not depend on the level of the plaintiff’s financial condition, if Ukraine is a rule of law state, but should be guaranteed to every person who needs it.Оne of the main issues of the new CPC project should be coordination and interaction of certain types of civil court proceedings, in particular, such as injunctive and claim, therefore the authors proposed ways to solve these issues.The authors paid a lot of attention to the analysis of minor disputes, the criteria for classifying certain categories of cases as minor. The impossibility of classifying labor disputes as minor is substantiated with reference to the Constitution of Ukraine. A reasoned opinion was expressed regarding the impracticality of paying the same court fee, which is paid in both «significant» and minor cases, taking into account the order of their consideration. It is proposed to improve the civil justice system taking into account Recommendation No. R (95) 5 of 02.07.1995 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe.list of shortcomings of the current legislation on civil procedure is given. When applied by the court, they should be considered as an abuse of law by the court. If the CPC does not record the court’s duty to respond to every argument of the party, then all other norms are a camouflage for the legally guaranteed arbitrariness of the judicial branch of government, no matter what proceeding we are talking about. If a person is limited in the right to be heard, then what judicial procedure can we talk about...Certain debatable issues are pointed out, which are subject to discussion and resolution when creating a new version of the CPC. The authors believe that the given arguments and arguments should be submitted for public discussion in order for the new version of the Code of Civil Procedure to be better, not worse, than the current regulatory act.But when implementing the idea of updating and recodifying the Central Committee, making changes to the Central Committee will become objectively inevitable, and not only to the Central Committee. The same applies to Ukraine’s accession to the EU, as it will be necessary to bring the CPC into compliance with the recommendations existing in the European community. no But you cannot make random amendments to the adopted draft law, and the introduction of fragmentary amendments quite often leads to an imbalance of the regulatory act as a whole.
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Polito, Fiorenzo. "I molti volti degli anni Ottanta nella cooperazione allo sviluppo. Nuovi paradigmi, riforme e ascesa delle Ong." In L’Italia repubblicana e gli aiuti internazionali, 179–200. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0389-0.09.
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The 1980s marked a pivotal moment for development cooperation, both globally and in Italy. This chapter provides an analysis of the intertwined economic, political and social issues that shaped development assistance during this period. It examines shifts in international paradigms and Italian legislative interventions that reflected evolving interpretations of international solidarity. The period witnessed a surge in political and public interest in cooperation, particularly evident in the adoption of three laws and an increase in the volume of public aid. The chapter also examines how non-governmental organisations (NGOs) navigated this transformative decade and emerged as prominent actors.The analysis in this chapter offers insights into the trends of the 1980s and their lasting impact on the sector.
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Viktor, Kreuschitz, and Nehl Hanns Peter. "Part III Rules for the Compatibility of State Aid, 4 Transport Aid." In State Aid Law of the European Union. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-ocl/9780198727460.003.0016.
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This chapter focuses on transport aid. Transport has, in many regards, always had a special place in EU law. In this diverse sector, the Union's powers are constrained and wide-ranging at the same time. On the one hand, the freedom to provide services only applies to transport if the Union legislators have adopted secondary legislation on market opening. On the other hand, the Court has emphasized on several occasions that the Treaty chapter on transport, Title VI, confers wide-ranging competences on the Union, enabling it to develop a common transport policy. Within this, the Union's powers with regards to State aid have steadily been growing in significance. The transport sector is not only ‘special’ when it comes to its place within EU law and State aid law in general, but also with regards to its place in services of general economic interest.
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Wilson, Steve, Helen Rutherford, Tony Storey, Natalie Wortley, and Birju Kotecha. "3. Legislation and the law-making process." In English Legal System, 70–114. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198853800.003.0003.
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The UK Parliament makes legislation in the form of primary legislation called Acts of Parliament and grants powers to other bodies to make legislation on Parliament’s behalf, in the form of secondary legislation or delegated legislation. Parliament is composed of three bodies, the Queen in Parliament, the House of Commons, and the House of Lords. A draft piece of legislation, a bill, to become an Act of Parliament must be passed by the House of Commons and the House of Lords and then receive the royal assent. If the House of Commons and House of Lords cannot agree on legislation this is dealt with under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949. Secondary or delegated legislation is necessary for a number of reasons but is subject to controls both parliamentary and in the courts.
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Wilson, Steve, Helen Rutherford, Tony Storey, and Natalie Wortley. "3. Legislation and the law-making process." In English Legal System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198808152.003.0003.
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The UK Parliament makes legislation in the form of primary legislation called Acts of Parliament and grants powers to other bodies to make legislation on Parliament’s behalf, in the form of secondary legislation or delegated legislation. Parliament is composed of three bodies, the Queen in Parliament, the House of Commons, and the House of Lords. A draft piece of legislation, a bill, to become an Act of Parliament must be passed by the House of Commons and the House of Lords and then receive the royal assent. If the House of Commons and House of Lords cannot agree on legislation this is dealt with under the Parliament Act 1911 and 1949. Secondary or delegated legislation is necessary for a number of reasons but is subject to controls both parliamentary and in the courts.
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Cohn, Margit. "Legislation-Generated Fuzziness." In A Theory of the Executive Branch, 198–222. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821984.003.0008.
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Under classic accounts, a single, overarching and all-inclusive legislative mandate or organic statute grants executive agencies the authority to act in a specified field of action, and delineates the contours of their action by setting limits and conditions. However, as any practitioner can attest, the legislative mandate, when it exists, is never the sole source of executive authority, and is always supported by other legal rules. There will usually be other legal rules that have no direct link to the legislative mandate, when it exists: other statutes, executive orders, and other unilateral measures, and, in a Federal system, state law, when and as far as it pertains to any aspect of a Federal arrangement. The chapter analyses two patterns of patchwork legislation, piling-up and dispersion. Using examples from the UK and the US in the fields of emergency and air pollution law, the chapter claims that the existence of multiple rules fuzzies-up the law. Varying in intensity and form, patchwork law commonly features in these four examples of domestic authorizations to act under, and beyond, formal law.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Grants-in-aid, law and legislation"
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Podolianchuk, Olena, Alla Ozeran, and Liubov Myskiv. "Charitable activities of economic entities during the period of martial law in Ukraine: essence and regulatory and accounting aspects." In 24th International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2023”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2023.57.047.
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The full-scale invasion of Russia on the territory of Ukraine caused a significant need for additional resources, which began to come from foreign countries, international partners, and from the Ukrainians themselves. The purpose of the study is to develop a method of accounting for charity donations to the Armed Forces of Ukraine and to substantiate recommendations regarding their accounting display by business entities. The task of the article is to reveal of the content and research of the normative and legal framework for the regulation of charity activities, characteristics of the current system of accounting for charity expenses, with the aim of identifying problematic issues in the conditions of martial law. The forms of charity (volunteer, humanitarian, philanthropic) are characterized and the types (charitable donation, charitable grants, public collection of charitable donations, charitable servitudes and charitable endowments) and methods of charity activity are substantiated. The characteristic features of charitable assistance are substantiated: voluntariness, selflessness, purposeful activity. The need to regulate certain provisions and clarify the terminological apparatus in the field of charitable activities at the level of current legislation is substantiated. It is proposed to clarify the legislative definition of the content of the category "charitable activity (charity)" and introduce additions to the legislative documents of the terms "charitable assistance", "humanitarian activity", "patron", "patronage assistance". The revenues of the consolidated state budget of Ukraine in the period from 2014, from the beginning of the occupation of certain territories of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, until now have been analysed. Problematic aspects of the accounting of charitable assistance provided by business entities for the needs of the army are identified and the relevance of solving this methodological issue is substantiated. The obligation to document charitable donations for the benefit of the army with standard forms of documents and the Act of acceptance and transfer of humanitarian (charitable) aid is substantiated, which will confirm the fact of providing charitable aid, ensure the legitimacy of the operations carried out and reduce abuses in this area. The main accounting stages of the provision of charitable assistance are highlighted. The practical value of the study lies in the development of proposals regarding the accounting system for charitable donations to the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which will contribute to reducing the risks of erosion of the tax base by business entities, as well as increasing the level of information provision for stakeholders at various levels of management.
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Jauković, Momir, and Tijana Badnjar. "Crime Victims and the Right to Free Legal Aid – International Standards and the Current State of Play in Montenegro." In The Position of Victims in the Republic of Serbia. Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.47152/palic2024.3.
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Montenegro introduced free legal aid into its legislation in 2011, with the adoption of the Law on Free Legal Aid. This paper examines the international sources of law related to the right to free legal aid for victims of crimes, with a focus on domestic violence, as well as the compliance of national law with them. Also, the work examines the problems in the application of the Law, finding that the normative framework is solid, mostly harmonized with international sources, but that it is insufficiently used in practice, and that it requires promotion, expansion of the scope of users, specialization of the lawyers, and possible cooperation with non-governmental organizations.
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Utkin, Dmitrii Sergeevich, and Vladimir Valerevich Litvin. "On the issue of providing free legal advice to employers who have concluded an employment contract with minors." In All-Russian Scientific Conference. Publishing house Sreda, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31483/r-106742.
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This article considers the issue of supplementing Article 20 of Federal Law No. 324-FZ of November 21, 2011 "On Free Legal Aid in the Russian Federation" with a clause regulating the provision of free legal aid to employers entering into labor relations with persons under the age of 18. The analysis of the current Russian legislation in the field of labor is carried out on the basis of consideration of the legal provisions of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation of 30.12.2001 N 197-FZ, the specifics of labor relations between the employer and minors in the Russian state. Based on this, the influence of the multiplicity of benefits for this category of employees is emphasized, as well as their connection with the appearance of more responsibilities for employers, on reducing the desire of employers to enter into labor relations with minors, and the reasons for the need for these innovations are identified. A variant of changing Russian legislation in the field of providing free lega
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Miserciu, Iulian. "Audit of European Structural and Investment Funds, a Component of the Management and Control System." In G.I.D.T.P. 2019 - Globalization, Innovation and Development, Trends and Prospects 2019. LUMEN Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gidtp2022/10.
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The European Commission (EC) has established through European regulations that at each Member State an independent body, generically called the Audit Authority (AA), who will ensure the external public audit function for each operational program financed by the European grants. Each Member State was free to set up its audit authority, subject to the above-mentioned conditions. The Romanian Audit Authority was set up at the level of the Romanian Court of Accounts, being established by national law as a body without juridical personality, operationally independent from the rest of the public audit activity. This audit body performs the external audit function for all operational programs financed by the European grants. The present article aims to present the Romanian Audit Authority, its institutional and organizational capacity to fulfil the legal requirements of the European legislation and the extent to which its results can provide a reasonable assurance to the European Commission that the management and control system (MCS) functions in way to prevent, detect and correct deficiencies and financial sanctions. One of the challenges of the audit is whether its recommendations can prevent malfunctions in the MCS, and in the event of irregularities, the managing authority (MA) and the certifying authority (CA) can correct them in time before the European Commission is declared expenditure. It will also present the procedure established by the legal framework on how audit recommendations are implemented by the other entities within the management and control system. Although it is part of the Court of Auditors, the Audit Authority has its own working procedures, which must reflect the requirements of European regulations and guidelines, and the results of its verifications are communicated to the European Institutions. The manner in which the EC uses the audit reports will also be the subject of this article.
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Grâu-Panțureac, Maria. "Individual entrepreneur - a subject of an active research in terms of affairs of the Republic of Moldova." In International Scientific Conference “30 Years of Economic Reforms in the Republic of Moldova: Economic Progress via Innovation and Competitiveness”. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/9789975155649.39.
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Individuals can engage in entrepreneurship through small businesses that are easy to manage and do not involve major investments. Subjects of entrepreneurial activity which are people, either individually or in various organizational and legal forms, who are engaged in entrepreneurial activity, i.e. have acquired, through registration or otherwise established by law, the status of entrepreneurs. The legislation grants natural persons the right to engage in entrepreneurship through the following legal forms of organization: a) individual entrepreneur; b) household; c) holder of a patent. In this Article, we will refer to the individual entrepreneur as well as the individual who can do business. The purpose of this research is to carry out a multifaceted analysis of the subject under investigation, i.e. the individual entrepreneur as well as the natural person entitled to start a business and to carry out the entrepreneurial activity in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Moldova. Research methods. The basic method used to find the sources needed for the study, as well as for the interpretation and systematization of the latest concepts and ideas was the bibliographic method. At the same time, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, generalization were used in the research, which created objective, true visions about the principles of legal responsibility and its functional structure. At the same time, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, generalization etc. used in the research created objective, true visions about the principles of legal responsibility and its functional structure. Research results. Following the research of the proposed objectives we have managed to analyze the individual entrepreneur in several aspects: definition of the norm, formation and registration, scoring of distinctive features, advantages and disadvantages, as well as ways of shutdown.
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Kamchatova, E. Y., and M. P. Tokareva. "Analysis of the development of agricultural production in the Russian Federation against the background of international sanctions and economic instability." In II All-Russian (national) scientific conference with international participation "Russian Science, Innovation, Education". Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/rosnio-ii.2023.8.55-62.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the problem of agricultural production development in the Russian Federation against the background of international sanctions and economic instability. The author revealed that the last five years in agriculture in Russia are characterized by a low degree of innovation activity and a small increase in indicators. Agribusiness in Russia still depends on the import of agricultural technologies, OT-technologies and agricultural crops. According to the author, in the near future, the main directions of agricultural development should be: improvement of the legislative framework to control economic processes in agriculture; development of agricultural production infrastructure, including clusters, technology parks, business incubators, transport and logistics complexes and the creation of special economic zones; expansion of financing of state programs for the development of agriculture, including preferential loans, grants, subsidies and leasing programs.
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Khorshidifard, Sara. "Slowly but Surely: Chronicle of Springfield’s First Community Fridge." In 111th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.111.55.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Not all tools or normative practices at the hands of architects and designers may align with the call for architectural commoning. Yet, design thinking and skill contributions to building more sustainable, resilient, and equitable communities are conceivable on all levels and scales. One such approach aligns with what is theoretically known as the “mutual aid.” Activist and law professor Dean Spade in his 2022 book Mutual Aid: Building Solidarity During This Crisis (and the Next) defines the concept as the survival work done in conjunction with social movements. Mutual aid is a framework for demanding transformative change, for radically redistributing care and wellbeing, and to ultimately “heal ourselves and the world.”1 Through a mutual aid outlook, even though with small design acts, architectural contributions to regenerative and redistributive commons- based economies are foreseeable, by putting design to work and the heart where the needs are. Mutual aid in action is the story behind the journey of Springfield’s first Community Fridge. It all began with an electronic message circulated during a peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021, sharing voices of two city residents who had raised the need for neighborhood fridges due to rising food costs and local food insecurities. The Community Fridge movement has started globally as a grassroots effort to combat food insecurity and food waste. When installed in accessible locations, they are proven to act as vital and identifiable resources for community members to pick up free fresh food and for patrons to donate excess food. Springfield’s Community Fridge project born with the spark from residents Chelsy Cole and Mal Bailey grew in partnership with local Citizen Architect Kate Stockton and myself. The initiative has since gained momentum in the months and year following, and attained resourceful new partnerships such as Drury AIAS Freedom by Design, the West Central Neighborhood Alliance and Urban Roots Farm business as hosts, Better Block SGF through its WeCreate 2022 design competition focus, and the Discovery Center of Springfield to be offering fresh produce donations from its aeroponics vertical gardens. The first neighborhood hosting the first fridge today has high need for food resources where neighbors will definitely benefit from the project. According to City data, 16.9% of county households are food insecure, an issue highly prevalent in West Central that is amongst poorest neighborhoods. Most recent data indicated 80% of residents as renters, 41.8% individuals and 30.8% families below poverty rates, with 14% unemployment rates and a median income as low as $19,731. Thanks to the collective efforts, unscripted impetus of the mutual aid groups and individuals involved, and funding through donations and grants, the fridge will be on its way in the built stage set for competition by the end of 2022.
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Mazur-Kumrić, Nives. "POST-COVID-19 RECOVERY AND RESILIENCEBUILDING IN THE OUTERMOST REGIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION: TOWARDS A NEW EUROPEAN STRATEGY." In The recovery of the EU and strengthening the ability to respond to new challenges – legal and economic aspects. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/22443.
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The socio-economic environment of the outermost regions of the European Union was severely affected by the COVID-19 crisis. Due to their geographical and historical specificities, the outermost regions were significantly lagging behind the rest of the European Union in terms of economic indicators even in the pre-pandemic period. Expectedly, COVID-19-induced shocks additionally potentiated their development gap. The purpose of this paper is to summarise the multiple impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Réunion, Martinique, Mayotte, and Saint Martin (France), the Azores and Madeira (Portugal), and the Canary Islands (Spain), and the related legislative responses of the European Union aiming at eliminating adverse effects of the crisis and building more resilient societies. The factual assessment is carried out primarily through the prism of the European Commission’s 2021 Study on the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Outermost Regions, which underlines the health, economic and social repercussions of the crisis as well as a recommended set of recovery and resilience-building measures in the outermost regions. The legal analysis focuses on the ongoing codification of the rules and measures regulating the governance of the outermost regions as integral parts of the European Union. Pursuant to Article 349 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), the European Union shall adopt specific measures for laying down the conditions for the development of the outermost regions, such as those in the area of fiscal policy, European Structural and Investment Funds, State-aid, agriculture and fisheries policies, and others. In that regard, the paper looks into the recently adopted regulations facilitating the use of EU funds and particular benefits (e.g. tax exemptions) in the outermost regions. Special emphasis is put on the currently tabled initiatives for an updated regulatory framework enabling the outermost regions to improve and strengthen their overall socio-economic position. That mainly refers to the forthcoming European strategy for the outermost regions, to be adopted in 2022. The respective strategy shall lay the foundations for a new strategic approach of the European Union to shaping a sustainable and resilient future for the outermost regions apt to face the challenges of the 21st century, notably those related to green, digital, and demographic transition.
Звіти організацій з теми "Grants-in-aid, law and legislation"
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Alonso, María, Eduardo Gutiérrez, Eduardo Moral-Benito, Diana Posada, and Patrocinio Tello-Casas. Un repaso de las diversas iniciativas desplegadas a nivel nacional e internacional para hacer frente a los riesgos de exclusión financiera. Madrid: Banco de España, March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/29772.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Las dificultades en el acceso a los servicios bancarios por parte de determinados grupos de población, especialmente aquellos residentes en zonas rurales y/o de edad avanzada, suponen una fuente de vulnerabilidad ante el riesgo de exclusión financiera de dichos colectivos. Este trabajo ofrece un resumen de las actuaciones desplegadas al objeto de mitigar dichos riesgos en los diferentes países europeos, con especial énfasis en el caso español. Si bien estas iniciativas son de naturaleza diversa y dependen de factores idiosincráticos de cada país, una revisión sistemática de las mismas permite extraer las siguientes conclusiones principales desde una perspectiva comparada. Desde el ámbito de la iniciativa privada, cabe destacar el despliegue en varios países europeos de redes de puntos de acceso al efectivo compartidas por diferentes entidades bancarias, si bien su implantación es, por el momento, relativamente menor en el caso español. Respecto a las iniciativas de colaboración público-privada, tanto en España como en el resto de países europeos, destaca la utilización de los acuerdos entre las entidades bancarias y las empresas de correos, que cuentan con una gran capilaridad en su red de oficinas. Desde el ámbito público, las actuaciones más comúnmente utilizadas se refieren a ayudas para instalar cajeros automáticos en zonas rurales. Por su parte, la regulación de los niveles mínimos de provisión de puntos de acceso al efectivo mediante la acción legislativa solo está vigente en el caso de Suecia, donde el uso de efectivo es tan minoritario que su potencial desaparición supone una amenaza sobre la viabilidad de la infraestructura de efectivo. Difficulties in accessing banking services by certain population groups, in particular those living in rural areas and/or the elderly, are a source of potential vulnerability with regard to the risk of financial exclusion of these cohorts. This paper summarises the actions deployed, by public and private institutions, in order to mitigate these risks in European countries, with special emphasis on Spain. Although these initiatives are diverse in nature and depend on idiosyncratic factors in each country, a systematic review allows the following conclusions to be drawn from a comparative perspective. First, it is worth noting the deployment in several European countries of networks of cash access points shared by different banks, although their implementation is, for the time being, relatively lower in Spain. Second, regarding public-private collaboration initiatives, both in Spain and in other European countries, the use of agreements between banks and post offices, which have well-distributed networks of offices, stands out. Third, the most common public sector initiatives consist of aid for the instalment of ATMs in rural areas. However, legislation regulating minimum provision of cash access points is only in force in Sweden, where the use of cash is so low that its potential disappearance poses a threat to the viability of cash infrastructure.
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Khan, Mahreen. Public Financial Management and Transitioning out of Aid. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.145.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This rapid review found an absence of literature focused specifically on measuring the impact of PFM and governance systems in countries that have transitioned from aid, by moving up the income ladder. However, there are a few academic publications and a limited number of studies by multilateral, such as the World Bank, that examine the role of PFM and governance systems in countries that are transitioning or have moved away from aid. However, the importance of public financial management (PFM) and governance systems in development is well established and seen as a pre-requisite for economic growth. To effectively transition from aid, most low-income countries (LICs) need to upgrade their PFM and governance systems to meet the different scale, resources, accountability mechanisms, and capacity-building requirements of a middle-income country (MIC). The absence of the above empirical evidence may be due to the complexity of measuring the impact of PFM reforms as the results are non-linear, difficult to isolate from other policies to establish causality, and manifest in a longer time frame. However, through comparative country studies, the consequences of deficient PFM and governance have been well documented. So impaired budgetary planning, implementation, and reporting, limited fiscal transparency, weak accountability mechanisms, resource leakage, and inefficient service delivery are well recognised as detrimental to economic growth and development. The literature on transitioning countries focuses predominantly on the impact of aid withdrawal on the social sector, where comparative qualitative data is easier to obtain and the effects are usually more immediate, visible, and may even extend to global health outcomes, such as in AIDS prevention programmes. Thus, tracking the progress of donor-assisted social sector programmes is relatively easier than for PFM and governance reforms. The literature is more abundant on the overall lessons of transitions from aid both for country governments and donors. The key lessons underscore the importance of PFM and governance systems and mechanisms to a successful transition up the income ladder: Planning for transition should be strategic, detailed and specifically geared to mitigate against risks, explicitly assessing the best mix of finance options to mitigate the impact of aid reduction/withdrawal on national budgets. The plan must be led by a working group or ministry and have timelines and milestones; Where PFM and governance is weak transition preparation should include strengthening PFM especially economic and fiscal legislation, administration, and implementation; Stakeholders such as donor partners (DPs) and NGOs should participate in the planning process with clear, open, and ongoing communication channels; Political and economic assessments in the planning and mid-term phases as well as long-term monitoring and evaluation should be instituted; Build financial, technical, and management capacity throughout the plan implementation This helpdesk report draws on academic, policy, and grey sources from the previous seven years rather than the usual K4D five-year window, to account for the two-year disruption of COVID-19. As cross-country studies on PFM and governance are scarce, a few older studies are also referenced to ensure a comprehensive response to the query. The report focuses on low-income countries transitioning from aid due to a change in status to lower-middle-income countries.
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Jia, Lili, and Steve Evans. Prevent food allergy alerts: an incentive-based approach. Food Standards Agency, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.flm647.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The majority of UK food recalls are due to allergen mislabelling, misleading allergen claims and/or the unintentional presence of allergens – representing a significant food safety risk and cost to industry. Labelling legislation must be followed to ensure food is safe and what it says it is, and this requires good allergen management and accurate allergen information communication down the supply chain. Distilling this information accurately, to inform labelling and/or communication of allergen information, can be particularly challenging for small to medium food businesses due to the low adoption of advanced labelling technology. In November 2018, a joint FSA/EIT (European Institute of Innovation & Technology) workshop discussed potential solutions to tackling the increase in food allergen mislabelling incidents. It was concluded that the situation could be improved by developing accessible and affordable tools for food businesses, to aid in the automation of food data collection, validation and management. As a result, the FSA are funding this initial development project that aims to develop an online system targeted at small and medium-sized food businesses, to help reduce the number of product recalls due to allergen mislabelling. The tool is also predicted to support more reliable knowledge transfer and incident tracking when things do go wrong.
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Lewis, Dustin, Radhika Kapoor, and Naz Modirzadeh. Advancing Humanitarian Commitments in Connection with Countering Terrorism: Exploring a Foundational Reframing concerning the Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/uzav2714.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The imperative to provide humanitarian and medical services on an urgent basis in armed conflicts is anchored in moral tenets, shared values, and international rules. States spend tens of billions of dollars each year to help implement humanitarian programs in conflicts across the world. Yet, in practice, counterterrorism objectives increasingly prevail over humanitarian concerns, often resulting in devastating effects for civilian populations in need of aid and protection in war. Not least, confusion and misapprehensions about the power and authority of States relative to the United Nations Security Council to set policy preferences and configure legal obligations contribute significantly to this trajectory. In this guide for States, we present a framework to reconfigure relations between these core commitments by assessing the counterterrorism architecture through the lens of impartial humanitarianism. We aim in particular to provide an evidence base and analytical frame for States to better grasp key legal and policy issues related to upholding respect for principled humanitarian action in connection with carrying out the Security Council’s counterterrorism decisions. We do so because the lack of knowledge regarding interpretation and implementation of counterterrorism resolutions matters for the coherence, integrity, and comprehensiveness of humanitarian policymaking and protection of the humanitarian imperative. In addition to analyzing foundational concerns and evaluating discernible behaviors and attitudes, we identify avenues that States may take to help achieve pro-humanitarian objectives. We also endeavor to help disseminate indications of, and catalyze, States’ legally relevant positions and practices on these issues. In section 1, we introduce the guide’s impetus, objectives, target audience, and structure. We also describe the methods that we relied on and articulate definitions for key terms. In section 2, we introduce key legal actors, sources of law, and the notion of international legal responsibility, as well as the relations between international and national law. Notably, Security Council resolutions require incorporation into national law in order to become effective and enforceable by internal administrative and judicial authorities. In section 3, we explain international legal rules relevant to advancing the humanitarian imperative and upholding respect for principled humanitarian action, and we sketch the corresponding roles of humanitarian policies, programs, and donor practices. International humanitarian law (IHL) seeks to ensure — for people who are not, or are no longer, actively participating in hostilities and whose needs are unmet — certain essential supplies, as well as medical care and attention for the wounded and sick. States have also developed and implemented a range of humanitarian policy frameworks to administer principled humanitarian action effectively. Further, States may rely on a number of channels to hold other international actors to account for safeguarding the humanitarian imperative. In section 4, we set out key theoretical and doctrinal elements related to accepting and carrying out the Security Council’s decisions. Decisions of the Security Council may contain (binding) obligations, (non-binding) recommendations, or a combination of the two. UN members are obliged to carry out the Council’s decisions. Member States retain considerable interpretive latitude to implement counterterrorism resolutions. With respect to advancing the humanitarian imperative, we argue that IHL should represent a legal floor for interpreting the Security Council’s decisions and recommendations. In section 5, we describe relevant conduct of the Security Council and States. Under the Resolution 1267 (1999), Resolution 1989 (2011), and Resolution 2253 (2015) line of resolutions, the Security Council has established targeted sanctions as counterterrorism measures. Under the Resolution 1373 (2001) line of resolutions, the Security Council has adopted quasi-“legislative” requirements for how States must counter terrorism in their national systems. Implementation of these sets of resolutions may adversely affect principled humanitarian action in several ways. Meanwhile, for its part, the Security Council has sought to restrict the margin of appreciation of States to determine how to implement these decisions. Yet international law does not demand that these resolutions be interpreted and implemented at the national level by elevating security rationales over policy preferences for principled humanitarian action. Indeed, not least where other fields of international law, such as IHL, may be implicated, States retain significant discretion to interpret and implement these counterterrorism decisions in a manner that advances the humanitarian imperative. States have espoused a range of views on the intersections between safeguarding principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. Some voice robust support for such action in relation to counterterrorism contexts. A handful call for a “balancing” of the concerns. And some frame respect for the humanitarian imperative in terms of not contradicting counterterrorism objectives. In terms of measures, we identify five categories of potentially relevant national counterterrorism approaches: measures to prevent and suppress support to the people and entities involved in terrorist acts; actions to implement targeted sanctions; measures to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorism; measures to prohibit or restrict terrorism-related travel; and measures that criminalize or impede medical care. Further, through a number of “control dials” that we detect, States calibrate the functional relations between respect for principled humanitarian action and countering terrorism. The bulk of the identified counterterrorism measures and related “control dials” suggests that, to date, States have by and large not prioritized advancing respect for the humanitarian imperative at the national level. Finally, in section 6, we conclude by enumerating core questions that a State may answer to help formulate and instantiate its values, policy commitments, and legal positions to secure respect for principled humanitarian action in relation to counterterrorism contexts.
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2STNBGN Perspectives on Access to Justice: The zine. JusticeTrans, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/crr/23i22r-ze.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We have seen many positive changes to the law in Canada in the decade or so to better address the needs of Two Spirit, trans, non-binary, and gender non-conforming (2STNBGN) people – such as the inclusion of gender identity and/or expression in human rights legislation and the ability to change one’s name and gender marker on government documents without needing to have gender affirming surgery. We’ve also seen an increase in far-right extremism across Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom, leading to a notable increase in anti-trans hate. Our own experiences and the findings of research studies show that 2STNBGN people still experience a lot of violence and injustice. It is important to understand the needs of 2STNBGN communities across Canada in order to better promote 2STNBGN liberation and justice and aid in the fight against anti-trans hate.