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Статті в журналах з теми "Governmental price regulation"
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Janssen Daalen, Jules M., Anouk den Ambtman, Mark Van Houdenhoven, and Bart J. F. van den Bemt. "Determinants of drug prices: a systematic review of comparison studies." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e046917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046917.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ObjectiveIn this systematic review on drug price comparison studies, we report on recent determinants of drug prices in a national and international context to facilitate regulation of drug prices by purchasers and policymakers worldwide. Determinants of drug prices were divided into non-modifiable and modifiable and were categorised as pertaining to a country’s income level, pharmaceutical market system and its policies and government.Primary outcomeDeterminants of drug prices or price variance.DesignWe systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for peer-reviewed articles published between 2004 and 22 July 2020 that reported an association of the primary outcome with one or more determinants. We performed a best-evidence synthesis of these associations for determinants covered in at least three studies.Results31 publications were included. Only one publication described net drug prices and 30 described retail drug prices. Five modifiable determinants were associated with lower retail prices: generic market portion, discounts, tendering policies, central (governmental) purchasing and pricing regulation schemes. The originators market portion and a system in which mark-ups are common were associated with higher retail prices. Retail prices were highest in the USA, even compared with other high-income countries. A positive association between national income level and drug retail prices could not be established among middle-income and high-income countries. Retail prices were highest in low-income countries when adjusted for purchasing power parity.ConclusionsLiterature on determinants of net drug prices is extremely sparse. Various healthcare system interventions, market-specific and governmental regulations are consistently associated with lower retail prices. Some interventions are easily implementable in developing or middle-income countries, such as tendering, central purchasing and fixed pricing regulation schemes. Net drug price comparison studies are needed to overcome the lack of price transparency and to quantify the effectiveness of policy measures on net drug prices.
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Ponomarenko, O. O., I. F. Lisna, and O. S. Lesnaya. "Assessing the Impact of Anti-Inflationary Instruments on Price Stability." Business Inform 1, no. 528 (2022): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-1-323-330.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article analyzes the peculiarities of theoretical-methodological and scientific-applied aspects of the formation of anti-inflationary policy as a component of economic stabilization in the current conditions of economic development. The results of the study show that the category of «anti-inflationary policy» most often appears in the context of the following categories: inflation, politics, governmental regulation, macroeconomic stability and macroeconomic policy. As a result of the decomposition of scientific and methodological approaches to the definition of anti-inflationary policy as an economic category, anti-inflationary policy is considered as a form of macroeconomic policy functionally aimed at regulating inflationary processes. Since achieving economic growth has economic stability at its foundation, anti-inflationary policies should be seen as an integral element of sustainable progress towards transformation, i.e. anti-inflationary policy is a stabilization measure at the macroeconomic level. A retrospective analysis of instruments for achieving price stability shows that the most common and efficient instrument for regulating the exchange rate are currency interventions. Regarding the regulation of consumer prices, it is possible to note the systematic use of currency exchange rate support instruments, a balanced change in prices for tariffs and services which is regulated by the administration
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Rintala, Annastiina, Jouni Havukainen, and Mariam Abdulkareem. "Estimating the Cost-Competitiveness of Recycling-Based Geopolymer Concretes." Recycling 6, no. 3 (July 5, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6030046.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The cement industry is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions on a global scale. Consequently, there has been an increasing interest, in both academia and business, in low-carbon concretes in which Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is partially or fully replaced with industrial side streams. However, the realization of the environmental benefits of such materials depends on how competitive they are in the construction market, where low costs are a major competitive factor. This is not straightforward, as many types of concretes exist. Raw material prices vary, and costs can be influenced by governmental regulations via carbon pricing. This study presents a case study estimating the cost prices of four different geopolymer concretes with different material compositions and carbon footprints, considering the raw material price variability and the potential impact of carbon emissions regulation (carbon price). The case study demonstrates how material mix cost comparisons can be made openly and systematically. The results imply that carbon pricing, at the rates currently applied, does not significantly change the cost price difference between traditional and geopolymer concretes. Instead, cost-competitiveness of low carbon concretes depends heavily on the material mix type and the availability of critical side streams.
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McCue, Michael J., James E. Pawlukiewicz, and Steve R. Eastaugh. "Effects of Price Regulation on Stock Returns of Publicly Traded Companies in the Healthcare Industry." Health Services Management Research 6, no. 3 (August 1993): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148489300600306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the 1980s, governmental changes were enacted to suppress the rising costs of healthcare. The primary forms of legislation were the implementation of the Prospective Payment System (PPS), the passage of Deficit Reduction Act and the proposal to shift capital costs to a prospective payment system. The main emphasis of the study is to examine the price reaction of hospital management companies for the above governmental changes. Using an intervention analysis, the findings show that the market reacted negatively at the passage of PPS and the future proposal to implement capital costs on a prospective basis for hospital management companies. In addition, hospital management companies level of risk increased for all the key event dates.
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Chistyakova, Galina, Anastasia Rolgayzer, Evgeniya Bondareva, and Inessa Schlee. "International Practice of Environmental Challenges Regulation." E3S Web of Conferences 105 (2019): 02024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910502024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern society needs to establish a balance between social and economic development and environment conservation. This target can be met through the integrated use of legislative, economic and administrative measures developed and implemented by various international, national and regional organizations. Environmental management can achieve the maximum efficiency only through the joint use of three environmental policy instruments: direct regulating, market-based instruments, and voluntary programs. Direct regulating is inherently directive in terms of establishing emission standards / discharge limits, industry product and process specifications, and transparency reporting requirements. The implementation of market-based instruments depends on the day-to-day use of private sector financial calculations. Economic methods include price-based instruments and property-based instruments. Voluntary programs, actively encouraged by governments, offer intangible rewards such as public recognition. The vast legislative framework and activities of governmental and public organizations encourage mining and processing enterprises to strictly conform to environmental rules and regulations. While multiple market-based instruments of environmental management and voluntary programs provides businesses with greater autonomy in choosing ways, means and terms of restructuring their environmental policies to meet pressing environmental challenges.
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Kochova, Emilija, Janis Vella Szijj, and Lilian M. Azzopardi. "Price of medicines in a small market country: a comparative approach." Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research 12, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jphsr/rmab004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Objectives Affordability and availability of medicinal products depend on governmental policies, healthcare budgets and pricing. Pharmaceutical price regulation can improve the accessibility and affordability of essential medicinal products. In Europe, medicinal product prices are assigned individually by each country. The study aimed to compare prices of medicinal products indicated for cardiovascular (n = 18) and respiratory disease (n = 9) available for retail in community pharmacies in five European countries. Methods Unit dose medicinal product prices in North Macedonia, Malta, Slovenia, Greece and the UK were compared. Key findings Malta had the highest unit dose prices for the majority (n = 11) of medicinal products used for cardiovascular disease and the majority (n = 8) of the medicinal products indicated for respiratory disease. Conclusion Variation in prices of commonly dispensed medicinal products exists. Having a more thorough knowledge about the prices of medicines in different countries can contribute to making policies that will ultimately make medicines more affordable and accessible to patients.
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Tarabusi, Claudio Casadio, and Graham Vickery. "Globalization in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Part II." International Journal of Health Services 28, no. 2 (April 1998): 281–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/b6vr-nnd7-46bl-py5g.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is the second of a two-part report on the pharmaceutical industry. Part II begins with a discussion of foreign direct investment and inter-firm networks, which covers international mergers, acquisitions, and minority participation; market shares of foreign-controlled firms; international collaboration agreements (with a special note on agreements in biotechnology); and licensing agreements. The final section of the report covers governmental policies on health and safety regulation, price regulation, industry and technology, trade, foreign investment, protection of intellectual property, and competition.
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Li, Peng, Guo, and Tan. "Pricing Strategy of Construction and Demolition Waste Considering Retailer Fairness Concerns under a Governmental Regulation Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 14, 2019): 3896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203896.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In order to investigate the issues of the recycling and remanufacturing of construction and demolition waste (C&D waste), this paper develops a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) consisting of a manufacturer, a retailer, and a recycler, considering both the retailer’s fairness concern psychology and governmental regulations. Four mathematical models are developed for the calculations, and the models are solved through game theory. In both the decentralized and centralized scenarios, the members’ strategies are discussed and the optimal values of decision variables are determined. A numerical study is carried out for sensitivity analyses to verify the accuracy of the theoretical conclusions. The results reveal that retailer fairness concerns lead to a decrease in the wholesale price of building materials and negatively affect manufacturers’ profits. Additionally, governmental regulations can effectively increase the recycling amount and improve the utilization rate of C&D waste, and promote a virtuous cycle of the recycling and remanufacturing of C&D waste.
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Dahlan, Dewi. "KEBIJAKAN TRANSPORTASI PEMERINTAH KOTA PADANG DALAM MENGATASI KEMACETAN LALU LINTAS DI KAWASAN BUNDARAN AIR MANCUR PASAR RAYA PADANG." Alfuad: Jurnal Sosial Keagamaan 3, no. 1 (September 9, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/jsk.v3i1.1464.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Density of traffic is increasing very quickly in Indonesia ending of the time and that’s problem making serious of traffic Jam. One of city experience that is Padang. One of the area experience that traffic is Bundaran air Mancur, Pasar Raya Padang. This research destination is to know and to description Padang Governmental to overcoming traffic Jam in Bundaran Air Mancur, Pasar Raya Padang. Location of this thesis is Bundaran Air Mancur, Pasar Raya Padang, using qualitative and descriptive method, and purposive sampling to choice the informan. This thesis using 8 method books, 19 theory books, 5 of journal and 8 websites. If we hooked the problem with aspect of transportation like Le Grand, Julian and Ray Robinson said in their book they said that four aspects of transportation to look city of transportation is availability, quality, accessibility, and price then Padang Governmental already take out some policy but that policy not yet to support aspect of transportation. From the result of this research can we make conclution that legitimate policy take out of Padang Governmental in just in sector price. Other aspect like availability, accessibility and quality not yet to be serious attention by taker of policy of transportation. Padang Governmental give autonomy for Communication Department to put in order operational transportation problems in Padang City included in Bundaran Air Mancur be based on Padang Mayor Regulation Number 31 years 2008, where Communication Department posess one of task to manage and traffic engineer. By based on that Communication Department have knit some special policy without Mayor and Indonesian Legislation Assembly agreement. Policy take out by Communication Depatment to solve traffic Jam in Bundaran Air Mancur is canalisation system.
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Sieg, Gernot, and Irem Batool. "Pakistan, Politics and Political Business Cycles." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i2pp.153-166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper studies whether in Pakistan the dynamic behaviour of unemployment, inflation, budget deficit and real GDP growth is systematically affected by the timing of elections. We cover the period from 1973-2009. Our results can be summarised as follows: (1) Unemployment tends to be lower in pre-election periods and tends to increase immediately after elections, perhaps as a result of politically motivated employment schemes. (2) Inflation tends to be lower in pre-election periods, perhaps as a result of pre-electoral price regulation. (3) We find increase in the governmental budget deficit, financed by heavy government borrowings from the central bank and banking sector during election year. (4) Real GDP growth and real governmental investment growth declines during pre and post election terms possibly as a result of inefficient resource allocation. JEL Classification: D72, D78, H50, H61, E51 Keywords: Opportunistic Political Business Cycle, Fiscal Policy, Macroeconomics, Elections, Pakistan
Дисертації з теми "Governmental price regulation"
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Посохов, Игорь Михайлович. "Государственное регулирование цен на продукцию социального значения". Thesis, Харьковский национальный университет им. В. Н. Каразина, 2009. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/30670.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Диссертация на соискание научной степени кандидата экономических наук по специальности 08.00.03 – экономика и управление национальным хозяйством – Харьковский национальный университет имени В. Н. Каразина, Харьков, 2009.
В диссертации автором обоснованы теоретические, методические и практические вопросы совершенствования управления ценообразованием как направление развития социально-экономической стратегии формирования в Украине новой модели экономического развития. Разработки автора основаны на собственном исследовании государственного регулирования цен на социально значимую продукцию и анализе работы системы органов ценообразования. Исследуются сущность, цели, особенности и механизмы государственного регулирования цен. Теоретически обоснована необходимость влияния государства на ценовую политику на современном этапе развития экономики, теоретически направления и предложены научно-методические подходы к совершенствованию государственной ценовой политики. Получили дальнейшее развитие научно-теоретическое обоснование государственного регулирования цен на современном этапе развития Украины, классификация целей и методов государственного регулирования цен, исследование эффективности государственного регулирования цен на рынке социально значимых продовольственных товаров на примере рынка хлеба и подсолнечного масла, перспективы развития системы ценообразования в условиях вступления Украины в ВТО. В процессе исследования выполнена классификация целей и методов государственного регулирования цен. Классификация методов государственного регулирования цен, в соответствии принципам управления по дополнительному набору признаков, отражает использование методов государственного регулирования цен в Украине. Выделены характерные особенности государственного регулирования цен, современной социальной политики и предложены направления их оптимизации. Предлагаются рекомендации по совершенствованию социально значимого перечня товаров и услуг, согласно которому осуществляется регулирование цен в Украине. Предлагаются рекомендации по совершенствованию нормативной базы в области ценообразования, рекомендации по совершенствованию работы Государственной инспекции по контролю за ценами и системы ценообразования, предложены составляющие механизма управления тендерными закупками, как косвенного механизма государственного регулирования цен на социально значимые товары.The Dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of economic sciences on a speciality 08.00.13 - Economics and Governance of a National Economy, Kharkiv National Karazina University, Kharkiv, 2009. The goal of this dissertation is to research the theoretical, methodical and practical questions of improvement of pricing management as development concept of "social and economic strategy of formation of the new economic development model in Ukraine". The dissertation offers recommendations on improvement of normative base in the field of pricing, recommendations on improvement of work of governmental price management inspection and the pricing system. Also the mechanism of tender purchases management, as the indirect mechanism of governmental price regulation for socially significant production is offered.
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Посохов, Ігор Михайлович. "Державне регулювання цін на продукцію соціального значення". Thesis, Харківський національний університет ім. В. Н. Каразіна, 2009. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/27923.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.03 - економіка та управління національним господарством. Харківський національний університет імені В. Н. Каразіна, Харків, 2009.
У дисертації досліджуються теоретичні, методичні та практичні питання вдосконалення управління ціноутворенням як напрямок розвитку "Соціально-економічної стратегії формування в Україні нової моделі економічного розвитку". Пропонуються рекомендації з вдосконалення нормативної бази в області ціноутворення, рекомендації з вдосконалення роботи Державної інспекції контролю за цінами і системи ціноутворення, запропонований механізм управління тендерними закупівлями, як непрямий механізм державного регулювання цін на соціально значущі товари. Обґрунтовано існуючі джерела фінансування сучасної системи державного регулювання цін і запропоновані нові. Розроблено науково-методичні рекомендації подальшого розвитку системи ціноутворення та вдосконалення моніторингу цін Державної інспекції з контролю за цінами. Пропонується поширити моніторинг цін на приватних підприємців, в зв'язку з тим, що вони займають значну частину ринку соціально значущої продукції.The Dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of economic sciences on a speciality 08.00.13 - Economics and Governance of a National Economy, Kharkiv National Karazina University, Kharkiv, 2009. The goal of this dissertation is to research the theoretical, methodical and practical questions of improvement of pricing management as development concept of "social and economic strategy of formation of the new economic development model in Ukraine". The dissertation offers recommendations on improvement of normative base in the field of pricing, recommendations on improvement of work of governmental price management inspection and the pricing system. Also the mechanism of tender purchases management, as the indirect mechanism of governmental price regulation for socially significant production is offered.
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趙汝謙 and Yu-him Chiu. "Price in the "birdcage": an analysis of the price reform in the People's Republic of China since 1978." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31210235.
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Vandegrift, Shia-Lu Chu. "Impact of government regulation on the dairy industry in the United States." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03122009-040601/.
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Sedgeley, Michael David. "An analysis of government industry relations in the British pharmaceutical price regulation scheme." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406854.
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Sedgley, Michael David. "An analysis of the government-industry relationship in the British pharmaceutical price regulation scheme." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2300/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis examines the government-industry relationship in the regulation of pharmaceutical prices in the UK, through the pharmaceutical price regulation scheme (PPRS). It takes a broadly institutionalist approach to explaining and understanding the design and persistence of this idiosyncratic form of pharmaceutical cost control. Broad factors such as the global nature of the pharmaceutical industry and its industrial importance in the British economy, as well as the conception of the British state's role, the place of parliament in framing regulation and the organisation of the executive all play a part in underpinning the PPRS as a co-operative policy community between government and industry for the control of medicine costs to the NHS. Key to the dynamics of this sector of policy is the interplay between the industrial policy and health policy concerns of government, in a unique relationship in which government is both the primary sponsor and customer of the industry. The thesis develops a theoretical framework and five working hypotheses for the study of three cases of policy development in the PPRS during the 1990s. The empirical research is undertaken through interviews with key players across industry, government and parliament, as well as the analysis of government and industry documents and legislation.
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Laplane, Marcelo. "Regulação do setor eletrico brasileiro : uma analise do "custo regulatorio"." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285416.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientador: Edgard Antonio PereiraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T06:22:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Laplane_Marcelo_D.pdf: 1088131 bytes, checksum: 6b8eb4bbde7af969af761b57d5b2debc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: Na presente dissertação o setor elétrico é utilizado como mote para discutir e caracterizar o conceito de ¿custo regulatório¿. Ademais, realiza-se aqui uma tentativa de medi-lo através da avaliação da comparação entre a rentabilidade das distribuidoras de energia elétrica e o custo de oportunidade de seus investimentos. Para contextualizar o problema é feita uma descrição das características da indústria elétrica, dos mecanismos de regulação de monopólios e de seus limites. Os resultados encontrados mostram que o conceito convencional de ¿custo regulatório¿ deve ser relativizado e que um mercado bem regulado pode funcionar melhor do que um desregulado
Abstract: Not informed.
Doutorado
Mestre em Ciências Econômicas
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Filip, Jan. "Diplomová práce Vliv 1. světové války na odborovou činnost v USA." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199288.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In my master thesis I focus on the effect of World War 1 on labour unions power in the United States of America. The goal is to answer these questions: What factors influenced position of labour unions at the beginning of the 20th century? How did the position of labour unions change during World War I? World War I was already a second experience with war economy in the history of the USA (remember American Civil War). For the first time, though, labour unions played important role in the American economy. I have decided to analyze the effect of World War I on position of labour unions because I consider it an important one. In Chapter one I will analyze the influence of war inflation on real wages of employees and on the ratio between wages of union workers and non-union workers. Chapter two is dedicated to labour conditions (social programs, safety, unemployment benefits) and to their modifications which took place because of World War I. Chapter three is about labour legislation development (regulation of hours and wages, yellow dog contracts, anti-trust and immigration legislation) and its adjustments during the war years. In the Conclusion I sum up all the evidence and evaluate the influence of the World War I on the labour unions and their members.
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Лопаткіна, І. В. "Державне регулювання економіки в умовах ринкової саморегуляції: теоретичний аспект". Thesis, Бял ГРАД-БГ, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/61812.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
На часі не стоїть питання державного втручання в економіку. Жодна країна
світу не має тотально ліберальних ринкових відносин. Але до сьогодні не
вирішеними залишаються питання ролі, можливостей, відповідальності, сили
впливу, адекватності та ефективності державної політики та співвідношення
ринкової саморегуляції і держаного регулювання економіки.
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Morgan, Kirsty Kate. "The legalisation and regulation of online gambling in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6092.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Governmental price regulation"
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Tong, Xianguo. The reform of China's pricing system. Genève: Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales, 1987.
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Bowen, P. A. The current practice of pre-tender price planning and price control in South Africa: An empirical study. Cape Town: Dept. of Construction Economics and Management, University of Cape Town, 1994.
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Zhongguo jia ge gai ge yan jiu. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 2013.
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Pricing policy and price controls in developing countries. London: F. Pinter (Publishers), 1986.
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Shenzhen Shi (China). Wu jia ju, ed. Shenzhen jia ge guan li. Beijing: Zhongguo cai zheng jing ji chu ban she, 1986.
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Flaws and ceilings: Price controls and the damage they cause. London: iea, Institute of Economic Affairs, 2015.
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Moscow, Russia) Kruglyĭ stol "Zakonodatelʹnoe obespechenie gosudarstvennego regulirovanii︠a︡ t︠s︡enoobrazovanii︠a︡ na tovary i. uslugi" (2009. Regulirovanie t︠s︡en--obi︠a︡zannostʹ gosudarstva. Moskva: Redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ gazety "Pravda", 2009.
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Eriksson, Gun. Peasant response to price incentives in Tanzania: A theoretical and empirical investigation. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1993.
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Materialy kruhloho stolu "Zakonodavchi zasady upravlinni︠a︡ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoi︠u︡ t︠s︡inovoi︠u︡ politykoi︠u︡": 6 hrudni︠a︡ 2007 roku. Kyïv: Parlamentsʹke vyd-vo, 2008.
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L, Kitchen Richard, and Weiss John 1948-, eds. Policy design and price reform in developing countries: Guidelines with special reference to industry. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Governmental price regulation"
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Neitzel, Michael, Susanne Juranek, and Janina Kleist. "Keeping prices down with government support and regulation." In Affordable Housing Governance and Finance, 259–75. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315112350-14.
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Lobato, Ramon, and Alexa Scarlata. "Regulating Discoverability in Subscription Video-on-Demand Services." In Palgrave Global Media Policy and Business, 209–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95220-4_11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn recent years, the growing popularity of services such as Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, and Disney+ has raised complex challenges for media policy. Established policy approaches in a range of areas including audio-visual licensing, classification, censorship, and local production support are now being disrupted as governments grapple with the “Netflix effect” and its implications for national markets and institutions. Meanwhile, consumption practices are also changing as the algorithmically curated interfaces of SVOD services invite audiences to discover content in new ways. In particular, the use of personalised recommendation and other algorithmic filtering techniques has prompted discussion of how SVODs manage the visibility of different kinds of content—and whether these discovery environments require a policy response. This chapter explores how discoverability has emerged as a topic of debate, specifically in relation to SVOD services, and how this is connected to other precedents in audio-visual law and policy such as prominence regulation. We reflect on the many tensions inherent in this area of policy—which exists at the interface of media and platform regulation—and consider some of the normative questions raised when governments intervene in audiences’ content choices.
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Kuhlmann, Sabine, Isabella Proeller, Dieter Schimanke, and Jan Ziekow. "German Public Administration: Background and Key Issues." In Public Administration in Germany, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8_1.
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AbstractThe international community of public administration and administrative sciences shows a great interest in the basic features of the German administrative system. The German public administration with its formative decentralisation (called: administrative federalism) is regarded as a prime example of multilevel governance and strong local self-government. Furthermore, over the past decades, the traditional profile of the German administrative system has significantly been reshaped and remoulded through reforms, processes of modernisation and the transformation process in East Germany. Studies on the German administrative system should focus especially on key institutional features of public administration; changing relationships between public administration, society and the private sector; administrative reforms at different levels of the federal system; and new challenges and modernisation approaches, such as digitalisation, open government and better regulation. The publication is following this structure in four parts with 22 chapters.
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Hildebrand, Sean. "Consumer and Producer Theory." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 26–37. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4177-6.ch003.
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This chapter takes an in-depth look at consumer and producer economic theories. Both theories play a central role in decision making by individuals, businesses, and the government. To help understand how these theories function, the chapter provides an overview of the economic “laws” of supply and demand. The chapter continues with an exploration of government intervention in the marketplace, including the subjects of market failure, regulation, incentives, price controls, taxation, governmental hiring, and the purchase of private sector goods by public sector entities. To conclude, the chapter links government actions to consumer and producer economic theories in its daily operations as a means to enhance efficiency, effectiveness, and equitable service delivery.
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Osokina, Elena. "Prices." In Stalin's Quest for Gold, 149–57. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501758515.003.0014.
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This chapter highlights the prices in Torgsin. The government created Torgsin not to save the starving but to aid industrialization. Prices had to provide an accumulation of savings for industrial development. To maximize profits, the government exploited the mass famine by requiring a significant increase in Torgsin's sale prices. This way, both the consumer's hungry demand and the government's dictates directed the pricing policy. The price changes in Torgsin went through several phases. The beginning period of 1931–1932 was marked by relative freedom. Formally, Torgsin had to present its price lists to Narkomvneshtorg for approval, but this order was not observed. The creation of two additional bureaucratic offices, the Price Bureau and the Price Council, made price regulation less prone to adjustment. However, decisions on Torgsin's prices still remained within Narkomvneshtorg's jurisdiction with Torgsin's active involvement.
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Martin, Liebi, Markham Jerry W, Brown-Hruska Sharon, De Carvalho Robalo Pedro, Meakin Hannah, and Tan Peter. "4 Trading Regulations." In Regulation of Commodities Trading. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198799962.003.0004.
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This chapter focuses on trading regulations. Derivative trading in financial instruments on organized exchanges consists largely of the following instruments: futures, options, options on futures, and swaps. Those transactions are differentiated from ‘cash’ transactions and ‘forward’ contracts. Forward and cash contracts are traded in over-the-counter (OTC) markets, which are generally subject to the day-to-day oversight of a government financial services regulator. Nevertheless, OTC cash and forward transactions may not entirely be free of governmental restrictions. For example, in the US, the anti-manipulation prohibitions in the Commodity Exchange of 1936 (CEA) may be applied to trading in cash and forward contracts where they are effected in order to create artificial prices. Particular OTC derivative transactions involving retail customers in foreign currency are also subject to regulation by US authorities, including the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and banking regulators. The purpose of those regulations is to protect unsophisticated retail customers from fraudulent business conduct and dealer failures. Meanwhile, the trading in OTC derivatives in the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA) is regulated under the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) as amended by EMIR Refit.
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Sparks, Edith. "Government and Women’s Business Ownership." In Boss Lady. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469633022.003.0003.
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Lewis, Beech and Rudkin all took advantage of government opportunities and actively resisted its intrusions, and this was essential to their success. Close examination of the World War II and Korean War eras—key episodes in the expansion of the federal government as regulator and customer—shows that for these businesswomen building a relationship with government was both necessary and important. Military contracts and Reconstruction Finance Corporation loans kept Lewis and Beech in business while Excess Profits Tax posed a real threat that both women fought and wartime rationing as well as regulations by the Office of Price Administration fundamentally shaped Rudkin’s business strategy and success. Prevailing scholarly interpretations have argued that women’s businesses were too small to attract federal attention but the experience of these entrepreneurs reveals that for women who operated businesses big enough to cater to a national market, government programs were fundamental to their success and federal regulation threatened significant losses in profit. By the mid-twentieth century, in fact, developing a relationship with the federal government was hardly a choice; a strategic one could determine a business’ future.
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Saint-Paul, Gilles. "Markets in a Paternalistic World." In The Tyranny of Utility. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691128177.003.0012.
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This chapter explores how post-utilitarianism attempts to regulate individual actions and interactions with others affect the more impersonal and large-scale interactions that take place in markets. Paternalistic governments can intervene in markets by imposing price restrictions on transactions. Such restrictions “work” because prices are a statistical signal that may be used by the government to infer the likelihood that a mistake has been made as well as the size of that mistake. By regulating prices, the government is thus screening transactions in such a way that those that go through are, on average, less plagued by mistakes. Such interventions again run counter to the liberal view that people should be responsible for their own choices, but they are welfare-improving from a utilitarian viewpoint.
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"The Size of the Government and Regulated Enterprise Sector in the United States11The following tables are based on the U.S. Department of Commerce's monthly survey of current business. Whereas the definition of a government enterprise is straightforward, the delimitation of the regulated sector is much more complicated. There are no comprehensive data sources which give separate information for US regulated and non-regulated industries. Hence we have selected figures for US sectors where the most intensive regulation takes place. However, it should be kept in mind that recent deregulation activities make any delimitation based on these data a little superficial." In Pricing and Price Regulation, 404–6. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-88478-7.50045-4.
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Wong, Yue Chim Richard. "The High Cost of Regulating Development." In Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0025.
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Housing prices have risen in the United States and Hong Kong mostly because of the high regulation costs of development. In each of the developed countries, a very large array of complex regulations has made development difficult and effectively prevented housing supply from responding to demand. The problem is not market competition, but government regulations that prevent markets from functioning properly. The rising ratio of capital to income is almost entirely due to the rise of housing. What begins initially as inequality in housing wealth gets transmitted into the next generation and is transformed into other forms of inequality, in particular inequality in opportunities, with other distributional consequences.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Governmental price regulation"
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Smaqaey, Ayoub, Dara Ridha, and Fatma Aydin. "Analyzing the Effects of Establishing Communication Towers on Real Estate Sale Prices in Residential Areas Case Study of Sulaimaniyah City Center." In 3rd International Conference on Administrative & Financial Sciences. Cihan University - Erbil, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/afs2020/paper.213.
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The research aims to analyze and the statement the impact of establishing communication towers on the sale of residential real estate prices in the Sulaimaniyah city center. The goal of government regulation should be including regulations and environmental safety laws to protect citizens from the harmful and adverse effects of secreted by a human through the additions and changes of the environment. One aspect of the protection of the citizen is to be protected from adverse health effects resulting from communication towers. People have the right to choose the nature of the physical environment, as others should not impose it. The problem of communication towers considered as one of the main problems that have imposed on the people in Sulaimaniyah city center, which began to take a severe economic, social and health dimensions, affects the decision-making process in the real estate market. Moreover, consequently, this research analyzes the impact of the establishment of communication towers on the sale prices of residential property in Sulaimaniyah city center, the results of the research have confirmed a clear and adverse effect the communication towers on residential real estate prices in Sulaimaniyah city center. Besides the proof of this an excess of supply of real estate close to communication towers areas and the lack of demand for real estate in areas close to communication towers. Finally, the research commanded a range of important recommendations, such as necessity control the communication towers at the level of governments and companies, either at the companies’ level by choosing towers with low environmental impacts. Moreover, either at the government level to determine the location and conditions of the establishment of the communication towers, through legislation and laws of environmental protection and impose fees and raise awareness.
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Wang, Jieyu, and Haicheng Xu. "Research on regulations for the price level of highway toll." In 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebeg.2011.5882193.
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Lin, Lixian, Yuling Zhang, and Liang Ge. "Taxi pricing analysis under government price regulation —A Case study of Shenzhen taxi market." In 2011 International Conference on Transportation and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering (TMEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmee.2011.6199500.
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Japarova, Damira. "Legalization of Paid Services - The Source of Increasing Salaries of Medical Workers." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01389.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main reason for the existence of informal payments in health care in Kyrgyzstan is low wages. On preferential treatment of patients is used 94% of funds allocated by the state. The financing of medical services largely transferred to the citizens themselves. Replacement free assistance paid services, in the absence of government regulation, acts as a natural addition to the market price, it is impossible to cancel or destroy. Promote the quality of work does not go beyond payroll. Kyrgyzstan should be legalized paid medical services. The source of the additional accrual of wages may become fund clinics, hospitals generated by paid services.
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Yılmazcan, Dilek, and Cansu Dağ. "Financial Regulations in the Field of Energy Policies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c10.02036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Goals set by governments in energy field can be various. However, financial regulations can also vary depending on geopolitical location, sources, economical structure and other prioritized policies of the countries. Modern energy policies basically prioritize energy safety, efficiency, diversity and their environment-friendly features. In this study, financial regulations in the field of energy at world will be analyzed and the impact of financial regulations will be ascertained.
Energy end-user price is calculated by taking taxes, CO2 emission pricing and subsidies into account. CO2 emission pricing resulting from emission top level and trade or carbon taxes affects investment decisions in energy industry by changing the costs of other competitive sources. In addition to this, major types of energy subsidies are fossil source subsidies and renewable energy subsidies. Financial policy tools in EU can be listed as energy taxation, EU emission trade system and incentives for renewable energy. Legal regulations affecting energy field in Turkey can be examined in three categories; energy taxation, tax expenditures and support mechanisms. Tax expenditures and support mechanisms covering tax exemption, exception, reduction and similar practices in energy field are provided to both producers and consumers.
As a result, activating energy policies depends on decisions of many industries and individuals especially in transportation, industry and residence. These regulations mentioned in this study will be the most important tool in guiding rational preferences of the agents on generation, distribution, consumption and savings, if they are planned according to energy policies.
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Taşar, M. Okan. "The Public Policy in Agricultural Product Markets and Effectiveness of Regulations." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c09.02009.
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Parallel to the developments in the global economy, perhaps the most problematic market structure within the liberalization process in the transition economies and in the Turkish economy is highlighted as agricultural product markets. The effects of agricultural product prices on other macroeconomic indicators and the fundamental economic problems such as inflation, income distribution, poverty and unemployment constitute a fundamental dynamic. At this point, public policies and regulations of market processes need to be analyzed in terms of the effects they will cause.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effects of interventions and regulations on agricultural products markets on market economy and macroeconomic indicators. However, it will be possible to establish the most appropriate agricultural policies possible for the macroeconomic performance of the Turkish economy. In the first section; the impacts and consequences of regulations will be determined by establishing the relationship between agricultural product markets and government interventions. The second part is to analyze these effects and results with the help of data and indicators belonging to the Turkish economy and to analyze the different effects caused by the applied agricultural regulations. The last part is; the discussion of rational agricultural intervention policies and regulations with the least possible negative impact.
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Danmadami, Amina, Ibiye Iyalla, Gbenga Oluyemi, and Jesse Andrawus. "Challenges of Developing Marginal Fields in the Current Climate of Oil and Gas Industry." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207207-ms.
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Abstract Marginal field development has gained relevance in oil producing countries because of the huge potential economic benefits it offers. The Federal Government of Nigeria commenced a Marginal Fields program in 2001 as part of her policy to improve the nation’s strategic oil and gas reserves and promote indigenous participation in the upstream sector. Twenty years after the award of marginal fields to indigenous companies to develop, 50% have developed and in production, 13% have made some progress with their acquisition while 37% remain undeveloped. The poor performance of the marginal field operators is due to certain challenges which have impeded their progress. A review of challenges of developing marginal fields in the current industry climate was conducted on marginal fields in Nigeria to identify keys issues. These were identified as: funding, technical, and public policy. Considering the complex, competitive and dynamic environment in which these oil and gas companies operate, with competition from renewables, pressure to reduce carbon footprint, low oil price and investors expectation of a good return, companies must maintain tight financial plan, minimize emissions from their operations and focus on efficiency through innovation. The study identifies the need for a decision-making approach that takes into consideration multi criteria such as cost, regulation, quality, technology, security, stakeholders, safety and environment, as important criteria based on which to evaluate the selection of appropriate development option for marginal fields.
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Binti Abd Rahman, Shazwina, M. Nurzawani Bin A Bakar, and Ariff Irfan Bin Zainai. "Collaborations Involving Malaysia Upstream Regulator to Enhance Decommissioning." In SPE Symposium: Decommissioning and Abandonment. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208468-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper aims to share the collaboration efforts of Malaysia's governing body for Upstream oil & gas industry with various stakeholders to enhance decommissioning in Malaysia. By virtue of Section of the Petroleum Development Act 1974, Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) ("PETRONAS") is vested with the entire ownership in, and the exclusive rights, powers, liberties and privileges of exploring, exploiting, winning and obtaining petroleum lying onshore or offshore of Malaysia. MPM manages the decommissioning liabilities for all Upstream petroleum facilities in Malaysia, specifically to strategize, regulate, promote, and drive decommissioning execution that is safe, cost-effective and brings the best benefit to the environment. Due to the shift in the industry with uncertainties in the long-term crude oil prices, depleting reserves, and operating cost challenges, it has made this non-revenue generating activity unavoidable. Thus, it is crucial to drive down decommissioning costs while protecting the environment. To achieve this objective, one of the focused initiatives pursued by MPM is through collaborations with relevant stakeholders such as industry players, upstream operators, government bodies, and academia. Such collaborations were found to be the fastest way to develop innovative solutions whereby the collaborators work together to achieve a common goal. Collaborations were done through, among others, constant and systematic engagements, workshops, brainstorming sessions, etc. A notable example would be in 2017, MPM successfully entered into a Memorandum of Understanding ("MOUs") with the Department of Fisheries ("DOF"), Ministry of Agriculture and Fishery Industry on rigs-to-reef. In 2020, MPM had successfully conducted a series of virtual workshops to capture decommissioning enhancement areas and lessons learnt with Operators and decommissioning contractors based on real-life experiences and past projects in Malaysia. A total of 115 enhancements areas were captured for consideration. Beyond these two items, MPM had successfully collaborated with many other stakeholders related to decommissioning and will continue to explore more collaborations in the future to support decommissioning in Malaysia. Details of these collaborations will be shared as part of this presentation. There were great experiences and important lessons that PETRONAS had learnt from these collaborations. PETRONAS believes that the culture of sharing experiences and lessons learnt will be the epitome for Operators and Contractors to work safely, stimulate creativity and strive towards decommissioning cost compression for every decommissioning project.
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Lim, S., and Z. Hu. "Practical solutions for LNG Fuelled Ships." In International Conference on Marine Engineering and Technology Oman. London: IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/icmet.oman.2019.004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Liquified natural gas (LNG) as a fuel source for shipping is a ready-made solution for the maritime industry. LNG is a clean fuel that meets the current environmental regulations set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to lower the sulfur content of marine fuel from 3.5% to 0.5% by January 2020. LNG is also competitive in terms of price and the increasing availability of fueling terminals. This technological readiness promotes the adoption of LNG powered ships, and the demand for such ships is increasing and is projected to increase in the future. LNG fuelled ships (LFS) comply with the tightened emission regulations, and major industry players have predicted that more than 10% of the world fleet will be using gas as a fuel by 2035. The rapid increase in the design and use of LFS has to be carefully monitored to ensure a successful transition. The design of ship and containment systems for LFS is usually carried out using risk-based design processes. Monitoring and advisory solutions are critical to ensure that changes take place in a safe manner. The experience and lessons learned from designing a suitable database framework and data analytics for traditional ship design are presented, and the knowledge transfer and applications for LFS are discussed. Additional critical parameters that are specific to LFS are discussed, and procedures required to ensure quality data collection to provide necessary solutions for the future fleet are presented. The importance of monitoring quality and quantity of the bunkering process with traditional fuel is outlined along with strategies to adopt and promote infrastructure readiness for the increase in LFS use. Data management and big data analysis for decision making is becoming increasingly apparent in many industries, including the shipping industry. Therefore, the inclusion of the systematic design of data acquisition and analytics systems for newly designed LFS is needed. This will accelerate data-driven knowledge generation and design improvements, promote safe and efficient ship operations, and provide a solid foundation for automation. The synergistic blending of solutions from fuel suppliers, engine makers, containment providers, sensor makers, logistics and government will be needed to ensure the global growth and sustainability of LNG fuelled shipping.
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Barbosa, Fábio C. "Brazilian Freight Rail Concessions Overview: Current Outcomes and Perspectives." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1237.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The formerly public owned Brazilian Freight Rail System was under pressure in the middle nineties, mainly due to the revenue insufficiency, resulting from the government rate control policy and the inherent lack of investments, as well as the increasing funding requirements from the public budget. In this context, the system has been denationalized in the mid nineties, following a corridor format, with 11 regionalized concessions, with 30 year term contracts, running under a price-cap rate regime. The denationalization model has set contractual production and safety targets, which ultimately have indirectly set the required investments to comply with the contractual targets. The post denationalization scenario has allowed the rehabilitation of the former freight rail installed capacity, as a result of private investments on both rail network and rolling stock. The acknowledged freight rail system installed capacity recovery, followed by a profit guided management, have fostered the improvement of freight rail system’s performance, which ultimately have been translated into system’s production and safety enhancements. Albeit the huge advances observed during the first half of contract terms, there were some hurdles to be addressed, mainly the low interoperability/interchange rates, as well as the lack of greenfield investments, required for the necessary expansion of the Brazilian rail network. In this context, the regulatory authority has issued, in 2011, a rail regulatory package reform, focused on: i) interoperability improvement; ii) a widespread service coverage along the rail network (stretches production targets) and iii) a compilation of rail stakeholders (shippers and carriers) rights and obligations. The so called 2011 rail regulatory package has brought more transparency and equilibrium among shippers and carriers relationship, but has not addressed the lack of greenfield required rail investments, necessary to expand the freight rail share on Brazilian transport matrix. In this context, the Brazilian Government has proposed in 2012 the Freight Rail System Unbundling (Open Access Model), in which infrastructure managers would be in charge of providing rail capacity (with the guarantee of the demand risk covered by the Brazilian government) and granted rail operators allowed to operate on the network under a fee payment. However, the unbundled freight rail proposal has not evolved, mainly due to the lack of funding required to guarantee rail infrastructure managers return on investments, resulted from a strong fiscal crisis. Currently, the Brazilian Rail Regulatoy Authority is working on a proposal to extend the current (bundled) freight rail contracts, conditioned to contractual adjustments, focused on the imposition of mandatory investments for capacity improvement and interoperability enhancement. This work is supposed to present an overview of Brazilian Freight Rail System’s performance evolution since the denationalization process, followed by an assessment of the 2011 Rail Regulatory Reform, the 2012 Rail Unbunbled initiative attempt and the perspectives associated with the current freight rail bundled contract term extension proposal.
Звіти організацій з теми "Governmental price regulation"
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Collington, Rosie, and William Lazonick. Pricing for Medicine Innovation: A Regulatory Approach to Support Drug Development and Patient Access. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp176.
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The United States represents the world’s largest market for pharmaceutical drugs. It is also the only advanced economy in the world that does not regulate drug prices. There is no upper threshold for the prices of medicines in the United States. List prices are instead set by manufacturers in negotiation with supply-chain intermediaries, though some federal programs have degrees of discretion in price determinations. In practice, this deregulated system means that drug prices in the United States are generally far higher than in other advanced economies, adversely affecting patient accessibility and system affordability. In this paper, we draw on the “theory of innovative enterprise” to develop a framework that provides both a critique of the existing pricing system in the United States and a foundation for developing a new model of pricing regulation to support safety and effectiveness through drug development as well as accessibility and affordability in the distribution of approved medicines to patients. We introduce a regulatory approach we term “Pricing for Medicine Innovation” (PMI), which departs dramatically from the market-equilibrium assumptions of conventional (neoclassical) economics. The PMI approach recognizes the centrality of collective investments by government agencies and business firms in the productive capabilities that underpin the drug development process. PMI specifies the conditions under which, at the firm level, drug pricing can support both sustained investment in these capabilities and improved patient access. PMI can advance both of these objectives simultaneously by regulating not just the level of corporate profit but also its allocation to reinvestment in the drug development process. PMI suggests that although price caps are likely to improve drug affordability, there remain two potential issues with this pricing approach. Firstly, in an innovation system where a company’s sales revenue is the source of its finance for further drug development, price caps may deprive a firm of the means to invest in innovation. Secondly, even with adequate profits available for investment in innovation, a firm that is run to maximize shareholder value will tend to use those profits to fund distributions to shareholders rather than for investment in drug innovation. We argue that, if implemented properly, PMI could both improve the affordability of medicines and enhance the innovative performance of pharmaceutical companies.
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Yusgiantoro, Filda Citra, Massita Ayu Cindy, and Diwangkara Bagus Nugraha. Evaluating the New Regulated Gas Pricing Policy for Industrial Customers in Indonesia. Purnomo Yusgiantoro Center, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33116/br.001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of the GoI to regulate an affordable natural gas price through MEMR Regulation No. 8/2020 undoubtedly benefit the industrial sector. However, the regulation should be carefully implemented and monitored to prevent revenue loss in the natural gas business entities and avoid underperforming gas users/industries. The study finds three main issues in implementing the new regulated natural gas price. First, the compensation limit for the upstream natural gas entities is problematic for KKKS, whose annual loss is higher than the annual government take. Second, a detailed incentive mechanism for natural gas transmission and distribution companies is unavailable. And third, the evaluation scheme on the industry’s performance remains unclear.
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Avis, William. Responsible E-Waste Value Chains in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices, increased affordability and consumer appetite for new products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on e-waste value chains. The report should be read I conjunction with an earlier report on e-waste management. E-waste is any electrical or electronic equipment, including all components, subassemblies and consumables, which are part of the equipment at the time the equipment becomes waste. When e-waste is collected and treated formally, it normally includes the following steps: Collection, Sorting and disassembly, Size reduction, Separation. The following five pillars of a sustainable e-waste management system have been identified: • Business and finance • Policy and regulation • Technology and skills • Monitoring and control • Marketing and awareness As such, to support the development of a responsible e-waste value chain, the following elements must be addressed. • Understanding how e-waste is currently managed • There is no one-size-fits all solution to building a robust e-waste management system based on extended producer responsibility. • An e-waste system built without a participatory approach is likely to be hampered by a series of issues. • An overarching policy is necessary • The choices made for the sector should be founded on two crucial elements – data from on the ground, and inputs from stakeholders. • Enforcement is incumbent on the government mandate The push towards a circular economy has provided stakeholders across the value chain with an impetus to initiate systemic improvements and invest in infrastructure and awareness raising.
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Lazonick, William, and Matt Hopkins. Why the CHIPS Are Down: Stock Buybacks and Subsidies in the U.S. Semiconductor Industry. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp165.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) is promoting the Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors (CHIPS) for America Act, introduced in Congress in June 2020. An SIA press release describes the bill as “bipartisan legislation that would invest tens of billions of dollars in semiconductor manufacturing incentives and research initiatives over the next 5-10 years to strengthen and sustain American leadership in chip technology, which is essential to our country’s economy and national security.” On June 8, 2021, the Senate approved $52 billion for the CHIPS for America Act, dedicated to supporting the U.S. semiconductor industry over the next decade. As of this writing, the Act awaits approval in the House of Representatives. This paper highlights a curious paradox: Most of the SIA corporate members now lobbying for the CHIPS for America Act have squandered past support that the U.S. semiconductor industry has received from the U.S. government for decades by using their corporate cash to do buybacks to boost their own companies’ stock prices. Among the SIA corporate signatories of the letter to President Biden, the five largest stock repurchasers—Intel, IBM, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, and Broadcom—did a combined $249 billion in buybacks over the decade 2011-2020, equal to 71 percent of their profits and almost five times the subsidies over the next decade for which the SIA is lobbying. In addition, among the members of the Semiconductors in America Coalition (SIAC), formed specifically in May 2021 to lobby Congress for the passage of the CHIPS for America Act, are Apple, Microsoft, Cisco, and Google. These firms spent a combined $633 billion on buybacks during 2011-2020. That is about 12 times the government subsidies provided under the CHIPS for America Act to support semiconductor fabrication in the United States in the upcoming decade. If the Congress wants to achieve the legislation’s stated purpose of promoting major new investments in semiconductors, it needs to deal with this paradox. It could, for example, require the SIA and SIAC to extract pledges from its member corporations that they will cease doing stock buybacks as open-market repurchases over the next ten years. Such regulation could be a first step in rescinding Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-18, which has since 1982 been a major cause of extreme income inequality and loss of global industrial competitiveness in the United States.
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Salavisa, Isabel, Mark Soares, and Sofia Bizarro. A Critical Assessment of Organic Agriculture in Portugal: A reflection on the agro-food system transition. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2021.05.
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Over the last few decades, the organic agriculture sector has experienced sustained growth. Globally, as well as in the European Union and Portugal, organic production accounts for just under 10% of total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) (FiBL, 2019; Eurostat, 2019; DGADR, 2019; INE, 2019; GPP, 2019). This growth has been seen in terms of production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports and exports. This article attempts to build on the multi-level perspective (MLP) of the socio-technical (ST) transitions theory by employing a whole systems analysis (Geels, 2018) of organic agriculture in Portugal, which defends an integrated vision of the systems, where multiple interactions occur within and among the niche, the regime and the landscape levels. This approach has been employed in order to develop a critical analysis of the current state of the Portuguese organic agriculture sector, stressing the multiplicity of elements that are contributing to the agro-food system´s transformation into a more sustainable one. In fact, the agro-food system is related with climate change but also has connections with other domains such as public health, water management, land use and biodiversity. Therefore, it is affected by shifts in these areas. This analysis considers developments in increasing domestic organic production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports, exports, market innovations, and the sector´s reconfiguration. The organic sector´s increase has been attributed to European regulation, institutionalization, standardization, farmer certification, external (government) subsidy support programs, incremental market improvements (visibility and product access), the emergence of new retailers, the rise of supporting consumers and a shift away from conventional agriculture (Truninger, 2010; DGADR, 2019; Pe´er et al, 2019). However, together with positive incentives, this sector also faces numerous barriers that are hindering a faster transformation. Difficulties for the sector to date have included: product placement; a disconnect between production, distribution and marketing systems; high transport costs; competition from imports; European subsidies focused on extensive crops (pastures, olive groves, and arable crops), entailing a substantial growth in the area of pasture to the detriment of other crops; the fact that the products that are in demand (fresh vegetables and fruit) are being neglected by Portuguese producers; expensive certification procedures; lack of adequate support and market expertise for national producers; the hybrid configuration of the sector; and price. Organic agriculture as a niche-innovation is still not greatly contributing to overall agricultural production. The low supply of organic products, despite its ever-increasing demand, suggests that a transition to increased organic production requires a deeper and faster food system reconfiguration, where an array of distinct policies are mobilized and a diversity of actions take place at different levels (Geels, 2018; Pe´er et al, 2019). This paper will attempt to contribute an overall critical assessment of the organic sector´s features and evolution and will identify some of the main obstacles to be overcome, in order to boost the sustainability transition of the agro-food system in Portugal.
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Avis, William. Drivers, Barriers and Opportunities of E-waste Management in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.016.
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Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices and consumer appetite for better products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on e-waste management in Africa. This report provides an overview of constitutes e-waste, the environmental and health impacts of e-waste, of the barriers to effective e-waste management, the opportunities associated with effective e-waste management and of the limited literature available that estimate future volumes of e-waste. Africa generated a total of 2.9 million Mt of e-waste, or 2.5 kg per capita, the lowest regional rate in the world. Africa’s e-waste is the product of Local and imported Sources of Used Electronic and Electrical Equipment (UEEE). Challenges in e-waste management in Africa are exacerbated by a lack of awareness, environmental legislation and limited financial resources. Proper disposal of e-waste requires training and investment in recycling and management technology as improper processing can have severe environmental and health effects. In Africa, thirteen countries have been identified as having a national e-waste legislation/policy.. The main barriers to effective e-waste management include: Insufficient legislative frameworks and government agencies’ lack of capacity to enforce regulations, Infrastructure, Operating standards and transparency, illegal imports, Security, Data gaps, Trust, Informality and Costs. Aspirations associated with energy transition and net zero are laudable, products associated with these goals can become major contributors to the e-waste challenge. The necessary wind turbines, solar panels, electric car batteries, and other "green" technologies require vast amounts of resources. Further to this, at the end of their lifetime, they can pose environmental hazards. An example of e-waste associated with energy transitions can be gleaned from the solar power sector. Different types of solar power cells need to undergo different treatments (mechanical, thermal, chemical) depending on type to recover the valuable metals contained. Similar issues apply to waste associated with other energy transition technologies. Although e-waste contains toxic and hazardous metals such as barium and mercury among others, it also contains non-ferrous metals such as copper, aluminium and precious metals such as gold and copper, which if recycled could have a value exceeding 55 billion euros. There thus exists an opportunity to convert existing e-waste challenges into an economic opportunity.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.
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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.