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Статті в журналах з теми "German financial system"
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Hackethal, Andreas, Reinhard H. Schmidt, and Marcel Tyrell. "The transformation of the German financial system." Revue d'économie politique 116, no. 4 (2006): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/redp.164.0431.
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Deeg, Richard. "Industry and Finance in Germany since Unification." German Politics and Society 28, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2010.280208.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since German unification there have been dramatic and highly visible changes in the German financial system and relations between banks and firms in Germany. The traditional Hausbank system has weakened, as securities markets have become more important for both borrowers and savers. The demands of financial investors on how German firms manage themselves have—for better or worse—become increasingly influential in this time. In this article, I advance the thesis that bank-industry relations in Germany became increasingly differentiated, with one set of firms moving into an institutional environment readily characterized as market-based finance. Meanwhile, most German firms remain in a bank-based environment that, while not quite the same as the Hausbank model that prevailed at the time of unification, is still easily recognized as such. These changes in the financial system have had numerous consequences for the German economy, including increased pressure on firms to make greater profits and increased pressure on labor to limit wage gains and make concessions in the interest of corporate competitiveness.
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Hrbek, Rudolf. "The Reform of German Federalism: Part I." European Constitutional Law Review 3, no. 2 (June 2007): 225–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019607002258.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Constitutional reform in Germany – Modernization of the German federal system is only a first step – Why reforming German Federalism was necessary – Steps and factors in the constitutional reform process – Substance – Issues and agenda for future reform on financial relations.
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Berger, Matthew. "German Corporate Convergence to a Market Based System." International Community Law Review 9, no. 2 (2007): 209–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187197407x210283.
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AbstractGermany has implemented several legal reforms in an attempt to attract international investment. Commentators proclaimed that a transition from a bank-based system of corporate governance to a market-based system was required in order for Germany to attract international investors. Debates still transpire regarding the success of the legal reforms implemented in an effort to make this change. This analysis explains Germany's previous corporate governance system and the new laws implemented to transform it to a market-based system. Empirical data is recited concerning the changes in foreign direct investment, German household investment decisions, and the German financial markets. The paper concludes that an analysis of this data reveals an increase of foreign investment in Germany and a substantial movement towards a market-based system throughout the duration of the legal reform.
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Herrmann, Heinz. "The German financial system and European monetary union." Journal of Asian Economics 12, no. 1 (2001): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1049-0078(01)00071-9.
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CHKHAN, M. V. "APPLICATION IN RUSSIA OF THE EXPERIENCE OF GERMANY AS AN OECD MEMBER COUNTRY IN THE FIELD OF FINANCIAL MARKET REGULATION." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1, no. 2 (2021): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.02.01.019.
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The article deals with the issue of the efficiency of financial market regulation by the example of Germany as a member-state of the OECD. In the beginning it is explained how the financial market regulation system in Germany works. Then it is pointed out risks as well as modern challenges and chances of the German model. Summing up it is estimated whether it is reasonable to regulate Russian financial market on German pattern taking into account national specifics of the countries considered. Respective analysis in Germany Russia format is extrapolated to European Union-Eurasian Economic Union area with the conclusion about the possibility to apply some EU regulation mechanisms in the EEU region.
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Pasichnyk, Yurij. "INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE MODEL OF MANAGEMENT IN THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM: EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE-GERMANY." Science and Studies of Accounting and Finance: Problems and Perspectives 10, no. 1 (November 25, 2016): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/ssaf.2016.13.
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The article analyses the features of the extensive and intensive model of management in a financial system on the example of Ukraine and Germany. The characteristics, priorities and measures implemented by these countries for the period 2010-2015 revealed that starting from 2011 neither extensive nor intensive model exists in a pure form, as all the existing models have features of both with one dominating. It was found out that the measures implemented in Ukraine and Germany for the period 2010-2015 were the most effective and the possibilities of their implementation for each country were disclosed. It was clarified that the most urgent problems for reforms in Ukraine are the problems of corruption, shadow economy and the transition to a new way of governing the financial system, which will focus on a result and take into account possible effects of decisions based on the relationships between branches. It is also advisable to develop an alternative package. It has been proved that it is expedient for Germany to learn from Ukraine’s experience of reducing the budget deficit and increasing the flexibility in the German financial system and its credibility and perception of innovations in finance and financial services. The expediency of development of joint Ukrainian-German projects for testing the innovations in the financial system in different situations and accelerating of a successful selection to enhance the financial stability has also been proved.
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Golitsyn, Yu P., and A. S. Sokolov. "German Bank of Soviet Russia (Activity of the German-Volga Bank of Agricultural Credit in the 1920s)." Modern History of Russia 11, no. 3 (2021): 638–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.305.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The transition of Soviet Russia from “war communism” to a new economic policy required the restoration of commodity-money exchange, the financial and tax system, credit and other market institutions. The need for rapid recovery and development of all branches of the national economy predetermined a certain departure from the “communist” views on banking and in the early 1920s. in the country, along with the State Bank, special banks appeared. These banks, being under the control of the relevant economic commissariats, ensured the implementation of the necessary financial and credit policy in this branch of the national economy. The article examines the activity of the German-Volga Agricultural Credit Bank in the ASSR of the Volga Germans during the period of the new economic policy. Special attention is paid to the bank’s issuance of a bond loan intended for placement, primarily on the foreign market. The bank bonds were supposed to be placed in Germany and among the German diasporas of the United States and Latin America. The article analyzes the activities of Nemvolbank in attracting foreign currency funds. The source base was the documents stored in the Russian State Archive of Economics in the funds of the Ministry of Finance of the USSR and the Ministry of Foreign Trade of the USSR: correspondence between the leadership of the ASSR of the Volga Germans about the issue of the loan and the terms of its placement, Regulations on the issue of bonds, etc. The role of the bank in the development of Soviet- German financial and economic relations within the framework of the diplomatic rapprochement of the two countries is traced. Shown activity Newalliance for the return of German colonists, immigrants back in the Volga region. It is concluded that the German-Volga Bank conducted quite active foreign trade activities.
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Rühmkorf, Andreas, Felix Spindler, and Navajyoti Samanta. "Evolution of German corporate governance (1995-2014): an empirical analysis." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 19, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 1042–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cg-07-2018-0251.
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Purpose This paper aims to address the evolution of corporate governance in Germany with a particular regard to whether there can be observed a gradual convergence to a shareholder primacy corporate governance system. Design/methodology/approach To investigate a potential shift of the German corporate governance system to an Anglo-American tiled corporate governance system, the authors have empirically assessed on a polynomial base 52 separate company and corporate governance variables for 20 years (1995-2014). Findings This research suggests that a gradual convergence has taken place prior to the global financial crisis. However, the results suggest that the convergence process experienced a slowdown in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, which may be linked to the stability of the German corporate governance system during the global financial crisis and the political environment during this time. Originality/value This paper contributes to the research by not only analysing the development of the German corporate governance system but also identifying new reasons for this development and explaining why a new convergence process may be observed in the future again.
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Pirro, Robert. "Tragedy, Surrogation and the Significance of African-American Culture in Postunification Germany: An Interpretation of 'Schultze Gets the Blues'." German Politics and Society 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 69–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2008.260304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the aftermath of unification, the loss of job security and other forms of social support under East Germany's comprehensive (if increasingly inefficient and corrupt) system of welfare state paternalism, coupled with a newfound dependence on West German financial largesse, not only disoriented former East Germans, but also led to pressures on them to repress their past experiences of solidarity and distinctiveness. Schultze Gets the Blues, the critically acclaimed box office hit from director Michael Schorr, relates the story of a retired mineworker and accordionist for a town band in the economic backwaters of eastern Germany who undergoes a lifechanging conversion to the Cajun folk music of Zydeco. Drawing from Joseph Roach's notion of surrogation and Cornel West's articulation of an African-American tragic sensibility, this article casts Schultze in the role of a postunification mediating figure reconciling East German solidarity and localism with West German individualism and multiculturalism.
Дисертації з теми "German financial system"
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Sauter, Katharina [Verfasser]. "On the Persistence of Relationship Banking within a Bank-Based Financial System : Post-Crisis Evidence from German SMEs / Katharina Sauter." Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202695280/34.
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Šmídová, Radana. "Specifika německého pojetí finanční analýzy a možnosti jejich implementace do české metodiky." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2004. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76764.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The theme of my dissertation is the specifics of German conception of financial analysis and possibilities of their implementing into Czech methodology. In Czech literature which deals with financial analysis we can encounter references to German sources very rarely. With regard to this I have chosen to explore German literature, to get inspired by German authors and to look for ideas which may help to contribute to common method of financial analysis in the Czech Republic. The assignment of my dissertation comes out from the hypothesis that methods of financial analysis used by German-writing authors incorporate elements that can be implemented in our practice. This dissertation therefore has the goal to develop the study of financial analysis specifics that are typical for German authors with the objective to suggest ideas to improve common methods of Czech external financial analysis. Based on the wide recherché I introduced in the dissertation a spectrum of methodological elements recorded at influential German-writing authors and in the end I suggested those elements that should be incorporated into our methodology. I suggested financial ratio system for analyzing short-term financial solvency that shows prospective ability of company to cover short-term non-interest debts, short-term interest debts and interest. The empirical study presented the advantages of financial ratio system of liquidity ratios based on ideas to be incorporated into methodology of financial analysis inspired by German literature. I managed to specify 16 ideas how to built up (in the Czech Republic) on specific methodology elements that are suggested by German authors. The suggestions of replenishment of common Czech methodology approaches mainly represent a benefit in more significant focusing of external financial analysis on prediction of financial situation in short term period.
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Reid, R. D. G. "An examination of financial intermediation and the development of financial systems : France and Germany." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372101.
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Herten, Stephan. "Essays on financial systems with special attention to the UK and Germany." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435264.
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Petrík, Vojtěch. "Finanční systém Německa v období dluhové krize." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193412.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This master thesis deals with the impact of the debt crisis on the financial system in Germany. The aim is to prepare an analysis of the impact of the debt crisis on the stability of German financial system, assess individual consequences in the comparison with other world economies and give a prediction of possible future developments in the banking and capital market in Germany. The first chapter defines the financial system in general and describes the theory of the individual components within the financial system. The second chapter focuses on a specific definition of the financial system in Germany and analyzes in detail the various financial markets from a historical perspective. In the third chapter there is an analysis of the development of debt and banking crisis in Germany. The last chapter deals with clearing payment system TARGET2, describes the impacts of the debt crisis, evaluate current state of the German financial system and predicts the future development as well.
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Brand, Dirk Johannes. "Distribution of financial resources and constitutional obligations in decentralised systems a comparison between Germany and South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1167.
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Thesis (LLD (Public Law))—University of Stellenbosch,In this dissertation a comparative study is made of the constitutional accommodation of the distribution of financial resources and constitutional obligations to the various spheres of government in Germany and South Africa. Both countries have decentralised or multi-level systems of government and can be classified, in terms of current studies on federalism, as integrated or cooperative federal systems. An overview of the historical developments, the political contexts, the fundamental principles and the constitutional frameworks for government in Germany and South Africa is provided as a basis for the in-depth analysis regarding the financial intergovernmental relations in these countries. This study has shown that economic theory is important in the design of decentralised systems of government and that political and socio-economic considerations, for example, the need for rebuilding Germany after World War II and the need to eliminate severe poverty in South Africa after 1994, often play a dominant role in the design and implementation of decentralised constitutional systems. The economic theory applicable to decentralised systems of government suggests a balanced approach to the distribution of financial resources and constitutional obligations with a view to obtaining the most efficient and equitable solution. In both countries the particular constitutional allocation of obligations and financial resources created a fiscal gap that required some form of revenue sharing or financial equalisation. The German financial equalisation system has been developed over fifty years and is quite complex. It attempts to balance the constitutional aim of reasonable equalisation of the financial disparity of the Länder with the financial autonomy of the Länder as required by the Basic Law. The huge financial and economic demands from the eastern Länder after unification in 1990 placed an additional burden on the available funds and on the financial equalisation system. Germany currently faces reform of its financial equalisation system and possibly also bigger constitutional reform. The South African constitutional system is only a decade old and the financial equalisation system that is less complex than the German system, is functioning reasonably well but needs time to develop to its full potential. The system may however require some adjustment in order to enhance accountability, efficiency and equity. A lack of sufficient skills and administrative capacity at municipal government level and in some provinces hampers service delivery and good governance and places additional pressure on the financial equalisation system. The Bundesverfassungsgericht and the Constitutional Court play important roles in Germany and South Africa in upholding the principle of constitutional supremacy, and make a valuable contribution to the better understanding of the constitutional systems and the further development thereof. This study has shown that clear principles in constitutional texts, for example, such as those contained in the Basic Law, guide the development of applicable financial legislation and add value to the provisions on financial equalisation and how they are implemented. These principles in the Basic Law are justiciable and give the Bundesverfassungsgericht an important tool to adjudicate the financial equalisation legislation. The study of the constitutional accommodation of the distribution of financial resources and constitutional obligations in Germany and South Africa is not an abstract academic exercise and should be seen in the particular political and socio-economic contexts within which the respective constitutions function. The need to give effect to the realisation of socio-economic rights, for example, the right of access to health services, places additional demands on the financial equalisation system. The South African society experienced a major transformation from the apartheid system to a democratic constitutional order that in itself has had a significant influence on financial intergovernmental relations. This dissertation focuses on a distinct part of constitutional law that can be described as financial constitutional law. This comparative analysis of the two countries has provided some lessons for the further development of South Africa’s young democracy, in particular the financial intergovernmental relations system.
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Mouatt, Simon Antony. "The dissolution of the financial state : an examination of the political economy of contemporary money with case studies of the United Kindom and German financial systems since WW2." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2016. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/3804/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this thesis, I argue that the financial authorities in the United Kingdom and Germany have experienced a waning in their ability to influence the quantity and allocation of (domestic) credit money, and its domestic and international value i.e. purchasing power, since WW2. This ability is called financial power. It is then argued that post-Keynesian (PK) endogenous money theory (EMT) can be combined with Marxian analysis in order to give insight into the changing financial power relationships between state, finance sector and real economy from 1945 to 2007. In particular, the ability to influence the provision of credit is identified as a primary (but not exclusive) source of social power for those that wield it. Inspired by the work of Susan Strange1, the thesis defends the position that this financial power is derived from the ability to influence the quantity of money issued (and its allocation) and its purchasing power, which are determined by the state and market in varying proportions depending on context (Strange 1988).2 Since virtually all of modern money exists in the form of credit-money held as bank deposits, it is further posited that the focus on the political economy of the banking system is appropriate. It is argued that the state in capitalist economies exercised certain capabilities to influence credit during the Bretton Woods period (1944-1973) but that, as the thesis title suggests, was subsequently eroded. The thesis establishes empirical support for this proposition, and then provides an explanation of the phenomenon using Marx’s political economy combined with the EMT. If the state has lost financial capability, this reduces its capacity to regulate the economy and increases any democratic deficit. The growth of financial markets in recent decades (so-called financialisation) has led many such as Palley to suggest that finance sector decision-makers increasingly determine economic outcomes (Palley 2007). It is also common to explain these monetary developments with reference to the actual nature and processes of financialisation itself. Inspired by the seminal work of Andrew Kliman, it is argued that this approach provides insufficient explanation of the root causes of financialisation (1999)3. In contrast, the thesis argues that systemic drivers of capitalism rooted in production, probably best 1 The late Susan Strange was Professor of International Political Economy at Warwick University. Her theories of financial power are espoused in her States and Markets text (Strange 1988). 2 The control of existing money is also a source of financial (social) power but is not the subject of the enquiry. 3 Andrew Kliman is Emeritus Professor of Economics at Pace University, New York City, United States. understood by Marx, provide plausible explanation of the causes of financialisation and the erosion of state financial capability. The thesis first introduces the key concepts and argument and then provides a review of monetary history, monetary theory (including the EMT), Marx’s political economy and an exploration of the role of the state. The objective was to arrive at a robust modern theory of money that could be synthesised with Marx. The study of financial power then examines two research questions, within the context of case studies (from WW2 to 2007) of the United Kingdom (UK) and German financial systems (Federal Republic of West Germany [FRWG] before 1990). The first explores whether or not the capabilities of the UK and German states to determine the level of domestic credit (i.e. offshore currency is ignored), inflation (thus domestic purchasing power) and exchange rate value (international purchasing power) has been diminished. The second question considers the systemic development with respect to the changing roles and interaction between the state, private banks and non-financial businesses in the context of the growth of financial markets. The question asks whether underlying production factors, in particular Marx’s law of value, provide a plausible explanation of the erosion of state financial capability. It is concluded that this is a valid conclusion supported by theory and evidence. The interpretation of Marx that is employed is called the Temporal Single System Interpretation (TSSI) of Marx, which illustrates Marx’s law of value across periods and identifies a tendency for profit rates to fall. In particular, the method used by Kliman in his study of US corporate profitability from the 1930s is used in the German and UK case studies (Kliman 2010). The results indicate that profitability has fallen across the period, especially if Marx’s method of adjusting for inflation is adopted. The thesis then claims that the tendency for the profit rate (measured in abstract labour terms) to fall was a key underlying (albeit indirect) driver of the systemic propensity towards financialisation phenomena. I claim in the thesis that the responses of market financial agents (supported by the state) to the falling profitability have also been responsible for the erosion of state capability to influence the level of credit and the purchasing power of money, since a key feature of the financialisation era manifests a stronger role for market actors at the expense of the UK/German state. Fundamentally, these conclusions support the Marxian-inspired notion of the state as an entity that primarily exists to represent the interests of capital and capital accumulation.
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Козинець, О. О. "Фінансові системи Німеччини й України: порівняльно-правовий аналіз". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/46085.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Досконала фінансова система держави – одна з головних умов забезпечення високого
рівня життя кожного громадянина. Першоосновою стабільної фінансової системи є
ефективне функціонування економіки країни. Створення такого злагодженого і
раціонального механізму – справа досить складна, оскільки фінансова система – це складна фінансова конструкція, яка вимагає оптимального балансу в ній інтересів як фінансової політики держави, так і економіки. Практика розвинутих країн світу доводить, що становлення їх фінансових систем відбувалося протягом 50-100 років.
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Opičková, Mirka. "Analýza efektivnosti státní podpory exportu českých firem do Německa." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76720.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This diploma thesis deals with the non-financial part of the export promotion system of the Czech Republic and is focused on a description of activities of the CzechTrade agency and the Economic and Commercial sections of the Embassies of the Czech Republic. In conclusion, the evaluation and comparison of results based on own research is carried out, followed by proposals for a better effectiveness of the state export promotion system.
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Bazhutov, Dmitry [Verfasser]. "The Economic Role of Investor Relations in Different Legal and Financial Systems: Empirical Evidence from Germany and the UK / Dmitry Bazhutov." Wuppertal : Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1161115668/34.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "German financial system"
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Detzer, Daniel, Nina Dodig, Trevor Evans, Eckhard Hein, Hansjörg Herr, and Franz Josef Prante. The German Financial System and the Financial and Economic Crisis. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56799-0.
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Allen, Franklin. A welfare comparison of the German and US financial systems. London: London School of Economics, Financial Markets Group, 1994.
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Vitor, Gaspar, Hartmann Philipp, Sleijpen Olaf, and European Central Bank, eds. The transformation of the European financial system: Second ECB Central Banking Conference, October 2002, Frankfurt, Germany. Frankfurt: European Central Bank, 2003.
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Toporowski, Jan. European destiny and macro-economic responsibility, financial systems in Germany and the U.K.: A balance sheet approach. London: South Bank University European Institute, 1997.
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Wich, Holger. Internes Kontrollsystem und Management-Informationssystem: Analyse der Systembedeutung für Unternehmensleitung und Abschlussprüfer. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 2008.
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Henner, Gimpel, ed. Negotiation, auctions, and market engineering: International seminar Dagstuhl Castle, Germany, November 12-17, 2006, revised selected papers. Berlin: Springer, 2008.
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Kowalik, Paweł. Pionowa i pozioma nierównowaga finansowa: Oraz system jej wyrównywania w państwie federalnym na przykładzie Niemiec i Stanów Zjednoczonych = Vertical and horizontal financial imbalance, and the system of its equalization in a federal state on the example of Germany and the United States. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 2013.
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Maier, Michael Thomas. Der Management-Approach: Herausforderungen für Controller und Abschlussprüfer im Kontext der IFRS-Finanzberichterstattung. Frankfurt am Main: Lang, 2009.
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Krahnen, Jan, and Reinhard Schmidt. German Financial System. Oxford University Press, 2004.
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Krahnen, Jan P., and Reinhard H. Schmidt. German Financial System. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2004.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "German financial system"
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Detzer, Daniel, Nina Dodig, Trevor Evans, Eckhard Hein, Hansjörg Herr, and Franz Josef Prante. "Regulation of the German Financial System." In Financial and Monetary Policy Studies, 91–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56799-0_6.
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Detzer, Daniel, Nina Dodig, Trevor Evans, Eckhard Hein, Hansjörg Herr, and Franz Josef Prante. "The Historical Development of the German Financial System." In Financial and Monetary Policy Studies, 17–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56799-0_2.
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Detzer, Daniel, Nina Dodig, Trevor Evans, Eckhard Hein, Hansjörg Herr, and Franz Josef Prante. "The Institutional Structure of the German Financial System." In Financial and Monetary Policy Studies, 55–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56799-0_4.
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Caesar, Rolf. "German monetary policy and the European Monetary System." In International Monetary and Financial Integration — The European Dimension, 103–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3651-5_9.
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Löhnert, Bettina. "The Structure of the German Banking System and its Ethical Implications." In The Ethical Dimension of Financial Institutions and Markets, 249–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79723-1_13.
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Onitsuka, Y. "International Monetary-Financial System and Economic Cooperation in Pacific Basin Countries." In Pacific Cooperation from the Japanese and the German Viewpoint, 71–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75069-4_6.
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Proeller, Isabella, and John Siegel. "Public Management Reforms in Germany: New Steering Model and Financial Management Reforms." In Public Administration in Germany, 393–410. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8_22.
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AbstractThis chapter describes the most prominent public management reform trajectories in German public administration over the past decades since unification. In the 1990s, the New Steering Model emerged as a German variant of the NPM. Since the mid-2000s, local governments in Germany have been subjected to a mandatory reform of their budgeting and accounting system known as the New Municipal Financial Management reforms. Both reforms have led to a substantial change in terms of internal decentralisation, customer orientation, transparency in resource use and the financial situation of administrative bodies. But the emerging reform patterns and their impacts have not replaced the dominance of a strong legalist culture with hierarchical, centralised control. However, in the course of the reforms, a citizen-customer perspective, more participation of citizens and limited application of new management instruments have been accommodated within the persisting bureaucratic system.
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Hotori, Eiji, Mikael Wendschlag, and Thibaud Giddey. "Germany: Financial Crises and Formalization of Banking Supervision." In Formalization of Banking Supervision, 77–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6783-1_5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn Germany, the banking supervision formalized as a consequence of the severe banking crises of the early 1930s, just as in many other countries on the European continent. The formalization process was initiated with the decisions to temporarily take over some of the large commercial banks that faced default in the banking crisis in 1931. Due to the extended loans and direct ownership stakes, the government established a board to look after its interests. The “temporary” measures were made permanent by the Nazi-government as one of several institutional and organizational means to have banks accommodate the economic policies of the regime. All three elements of banking supervision formalization (regulation, a supervisor, and supervision) were in place by the mid-1930s. However, given the very high level of control over the banks at the time, it is misleading to date the emergence of formal banking supervision to this time. During the occupation years, the banking supervision (in West-Germany) was organized at the state-level, similar to the US system. We date the full formalization after the Second World War when the German central government's control over the banking sector ended.
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Fröhlich, Hans-Peter. "German economic and monetary union: impact on private and public capital flow." In Fiscal Policy, Taxation and the Financial System in an Increasingly Integrated Europe, 291–305. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2628-1_16.
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Schuster, Leo. "Trends in German Banking." In The Recent Evolution of Financial Systems, 131–40. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14192-0_7.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "German financial system"
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Yaman, Kemal. "A Critical Review of Private Pension System in Turkey Considering the German System." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00872.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Private pension system includes various measures met to continue existing living standards without any restrictions in old age, i.e. after the end of employment. High life expectancy, low birth rate, and institutional deficiencies in societies are major drivers for private pension. To understand seriousness of the topic mostly state pension claims are considered as being insufficient in old age. That’s why, necessity of private pension products results. In the first part, theoretical approaches to the explanation of savings behavior of people are described. In the second part of the study, the situation concerning precautions taken in Turkey is examined. In the following part, the retirement arrangements in Germany are depicted for comparison. The financial situation of elderly people in both countries is analyzed. Financial sector is the key beneficiary of developments in both countries. Governmental regulations concerning retirement system play crucial role to achieve high level of prosperity in the national economy of many developed countries. It is also seen in the study that industrialized nations are characterized by considerable private pension funds. Finally; some conclusions are drawn from the analyses performed in the study. .
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Abokersh, Mohamed Hany, Manel Vallès, Luisa F. Cabeza, and Dieter Boer. "A Multicriteria Approach to Evaluate Solar Assisted District Heating in the German Market." In ASME 2020 14th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2020-1668.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Following the ambitious EU plan in cutting the greenhouse emission and replacing conventional heat sources through the presence of renewable energy share inside efficient district heating fields, seasonal storage coupled with district heating plants can have a viable contribution to this goal. However, the performance uncertainty combined with the inadequate assessment regarding the financial potential and the greenhouse emission reduction associated with the deployment of those innovate district heating systems represents a great challenge for sufficiently apply it. Our work tends to explore the prospects for wide-scale deployment of the seasonal storage in the residential sector in the German market. The proposed methodology framework correspondingly based on a multi-objective approach which is applied to optimize the cost against an aggregated environmental metric throughout the life cycle of the proposed system in comparison to their relative conventional heating systems. In this context, the proposed methodology framework is applied to Berlin as a representative for the central European climate zone with consideration for the seasonal and short-term storage systems and their relatively load profiles. The environmental improvement associated with the solar district heating system (SDHS) coupled with seasonal storage in the central European climate zone is heavily weighed enough in decision making for proposing SDHS as a sustainable solution replacing the conventional heat sources. Furthermore, the proposed methodology framework successes in eliminating the yearly system variation. Thus, the yearly solar fraction never goes down below than 97.8% in the investigated climate zone. Overall this study can assist in approving the feasibility of the SDHS with the goal of establishing a more sustainable energy infrastructure in Germany.
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Koralewska, Ralf. "Conversion Technologies: The Challenges for the MARTIN Reverse-Acting Grate System." In 15th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec15-001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thermal treatment of waste differs significantly from the combustion of regular fuels due to the fluctuating and unpredictable composition of the fuel. It is therefore necessary to develop processes with safe process engineering technology that guarantee the treatment of waste in accordance with ecological and economic constraints in addition to complying with international legal requirements. Various important factors have to be considered: not only the reduction of the volume and mass of waste and the destruction and separation of pollutants, but also the efficient energy production (electricity and district heating) and the guaranteed treatment of all waste. In order to comply with strict Japanese regulatory policies, particularly with regard to residue quality and overall output of organic substances, grate technology was modified by means of downstream melting processes that are intensive in terms of maintenance, energy and resulting costs. While vitrification of bottom ash and fly ash does improve quality and provide additional recycling possibilities, it has not proven sustainable. Conversion technologies using separated high-temperature processes make integrated production of granulated slag possible. Large market shares in Japan were gained as a result. However, practical experience in largescale plants has shown serious drawbacks with regard to availability, profitability and process safety. The use of alternative waste conversion technologies failed on the German market due to massive technical problems and considerable financial losses for all those involved.
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Cieślik, Ewa. "THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN ECONOMIES IN THE ERA OF INDUSTRY 4.0 AND CHINESE DIGITAL SILK ROAD." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2022.0018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the recent decades, the changes in the paradigm of international trade have been observed. As the result of decreasing of trade barriers as well as the reduction in trade costs allowed companies to divide their production into stages and to locate it in different countries according to their competitive advantage. Eventually, the production process has become more fragmented, both geographically and vertically. It means that intermediate products are shipped across boarders many times and every exporting economy provides some value added according to its competitive advantage. As a result, global value chains have become one of the most important feature of international trade. Following (Gereffi & Fernandez-Stark, 2011), in this study global value chains are defined as “the full range of activities that firms and workers do to bring a product from its conception to its end use”. Humphrey and Schmitz (2002) pointed out four types of upgrading in global value chains: product, process, functional and chain. Product and process upgrading involve companies retaining their positions in global value chains by enhancing productivity gains through adopting new product processes or “new configurations of product mix”. Thus, functional upgrading involves a slicing up the global value chains into new activity which generates higher value added, e.g. own brand manufacturing. In turn, chain upgrading involves a going up to new activity, which needs higher skills and capital and value added. Milberg and Winkler (2013) offered similar classifications of upgrading. Production fragmentation has caused a rapid increase in trade in intermediate goods as often companies offshore an intermediate stage of production process. Offshoring production has been typical to manufacturing (Timmer, et al., 2012), however, services have been often overlooked, but play a major role, especially in supporting global value chains (Kommerskollegium 2013). In turn, Digital Silk Road, announced in 2015, has become a significant part of Chinese Belt and Road Initiative strategy. China has implemented this strategy as a part of its long-term technological plan, under which China provides support to its exporters, including many well-known technology companies and builds a network of cooperation with selected countries in the field of technology, including ICT infrastructure, services, 5G networks, e-commerce, etc. China's rapid technological changes must not go unnoticed by trading partners, including analysed European countries, which, to maintain international competitiveness, are increasing the technological advancement and enhancing market protection against Chinese technology. Until recently, the value added from China to European countries was concentrated mainly on medium technology industries and value added from Europe to China focused more on advanced goods and services. Nowadays, there is a redirection of Chinese value added to high-tech activities (including service activities), which reflects China's ambition to build an economy that leads to innovation and industry 4.0. The transition of the CEE states’ economic and political systems initiated in the early 1990s, earned them the EU membership in 2004. The accession to the EU’s structures meant that these countries achieved the free-market economy status and they should be treated as the full member of the global business networks. Moreover, the decline in trade costs (transport and transaction), greater openness of their market and the removal of trade barriers have all helped the CEE states to join global value chains. Hence, the CEE economies are going to be more heavily involved in global production linkages. Many empirical studies have presented the close and dynamic integration of these countries with the EU market (especially the EU-15) and in a more limited scope with the whole global economy as well (Behar and Freund 2011). Generally, democratisation, the strengthening of political and economic relations (particularly with the EU), and the modernisation of many sectors (including financial sector, more advanced industries), were common elements of the CEE countries long-term development policies. One of their priorities was the redirection of foreign trade towards the EU and joining the global production linkages where China has become the core producer. Recently, the role of the economy in global value chains is more determined by the advancement of value added that it offers. Companies move toward services and innovations in the business model (Nenenen & Storbacka, 2010) and introduce industry 4.0 (Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, 2016). A symptom of these novelty is a concept of servicification of manufacturing (Neely et al. 2011) and cross-sectoral connections, which have reconstructed traditional global value chains (Naude et al. 2019) and, together with Industry 4.0, is expected to change the landscape of global manufacturing. As a result of facilitation of manufacturing, economies placed in the downstream market can improve their role in global value chains. In Europe, this can be an opportunity for most Central and Eastern European countries. Analyzing changes in CEE’s role in technological global value chains, we should take into account its two most important value-added suppliers: China and Germany, as well as their most important value-added buyer - Germany. These three economies established a sort of value added flows triangle. The regional supply chains built by Germany in the CEE allowed it to maintain a comparative advantage in sectors important for the economy, while helping the CEE countries join global value chains, positively influencing economic growth, but also reducing them to entities operating in less advanced stages of production (Jacoby, 2010; Fortwengel, 2011). Today, Germany also cooperates strongly with China (as a result of Digital Silk Road), and the CEE economies (especially the Visegrad Group) are increasingly dependent on Chinese value added, still linked to German value added. The most visible connections can be found in automotive and electronics. Hence, the question is: how strong are these links in servicification of manufacturing and whether there are visible trends in value-added flows in between this triangle in the era of industry 4.0 and Chinese Digital Silk Road. The research question seems to be relevant, thus in the subject literature, little is known about the mentioned relations (Roland Berger, 2021). The research method based on the analysis of data from the OECD Trade in Value Added databases, containing the world input-output tables for the period 2005–2018. The system of balance equations in the input-output model for one economy has been adopted to a multi-economy model. The model is described in more detail in (Koopman et al. 2013 or Hummels et al, 2001) and is based on the decomposition of gross exports. The method includes not only estimates of total value added in global value chains, but also calculations at both the mezoeconomic level and cross-sectoral flows of value added (including servicification of manufacturing). The results of analysis showed that most relations between economies continued to deepen the imbalance in flows of value added. The CEE economies are making their manufacturing increasingly dependent on advanced services (both from Germany and China). On the other hand, the share of CEE services to Chinese and German manufacturing is decreasing or remains steady. However, some trends could be observed in the last years, especially between Germany and China. German manufacturing is starting to rely more on Chinese value added (information and communication technologies services and the subgroup computer programming, consultancy and information services activities in manufacturing, information and communication technologies services' value added in transport equipment), although previously Germany provided more of these services to China. In telecommunications in manufacturing between CEE and Germany, the trend has turned against CEE. However, there was no direct compensation between pairs of economies, but the decrease in German value-added flows to China resulted in a much larger increase in value-added from China in German manufacturing. If the presented changes in flows were to reflect the effectiveness of Chinese industry 4.0 and Digital Silk Road. These strategies serve their purposes and increases not only the advancement of Chinese value-added exports, but also makes important economies dependent on this added value. On the contrary, the industry 4.0 strategy in CEE has not improved its position in the triad. Germany has still a strong position as a provider of value added, but its dependence on foreign value added is high, which derives from the links with CEE.
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Sosa, Sebastián, Priscila Rivera, Cristhian Aldana, Yesenia Saavedra, Luis Trelles, and Gustavo Mendoza. "Credit classification using regulation techniques on the Credit German database." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2022) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100994.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of microfinance, as well as microcredit, has generated greater competition among financial institutions to attract customers in this business segment. For this reason, the development of credit scoring models is highly required by these financial institutions. In this sense, to ensure that no overfitting is generated in the use of prediction techniques and in case of difficulty with collinearity, it will not be possible to obtain reliable estimates and predictions through common statistical techniques such as least squares; for this reason, it is significant and necessary to apply regularized regression methods such as Ridge, Lasso and Elastic Net. The present research determined the optimal credit scoring model for the Credit German database using the Ridge, Lasso, and Elastic Net regulation techniques. This dataset was initially analyzed with the Logit model, finding that this model has an accuracy of 37.2%; on the other hand, the Lasso model presented an accuracy of 76.7%, the Ridge model of 75.6%, and the Elastic Net model of 69.2%. Finally, the Lasso model evidenced the best prediction of the credit rating of Credit German future clients, with an accuracy in the training data of 82.9% and for the test data of 76.7%, being superior to the proposed models.
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Castellano, Nicola, Carsten Felden, and Robert Pinsker. "Shadow IT Behavior of Financial Executives in Germany and Italy as an Antecedent to Internal Data Security Breaches." In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2022.765.
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Zivkovic, Sasa, and Leslie Lok. "Ladakh Dental Clinic: The Local-Imported Modulars Negotiating Contradictory Material Practices in Remote Cities." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.25.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper outlines the design and construction of the Ladakh Dental Clinic project as a case study for hybrid local imported material building practices. Referencing local vernacular types as well as comparable rapid assembly systems deployed in India and beyond for other development projects, the paper discusses opportunities and shortcomings of such building strategies. In admirably positivistic modernist spirit, modular construction is often praised as the harbinger or exporter of progress and, at times, architectural advancement. Regularly choking on its own ambitions, successful modular construction largely remains an architectural fantasy as it often struggles to overcome its totalitarian spatial tendencies and inherent inflexibility. Compared to local techniques and perhaps contradictory to its intent, modular construction has a tendency to operate top-down instead of bottom-up. The Ladakh Dental Clinic project can be characterized as a result of its contradictory constraints and multi-client requirements. Necessitating both local construction and imported modular systems due to financial limitations, sponsorship opportunities, future expandability, and a tight schedule, the clinic emerges as a strange hybrid oscillating between local (de-facto imported) Indian cast-in-place concrete construction and (imported) German prefabrication.
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Weitzel, T. "Process Governance and Optimization for IT Reliant Business Processes: An Empirical Analysis of Financial Processes in Germany’s Fortune 1,000 Non-Banks." In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hicss.2006.392.
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Singh, A., F. Wolff, N. Chokani, and R. S. Abhari. "Optimizing Synergy of Utility-Scale Wind and Pumped-Hydro Storage." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94552.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increased penetration of wind-generated electricity exposes wind farm operators to market risks of a balanced supply in the transmission grid. In order to reduce the risks and to gain financial advantage for wind farm operators, the use of pumped hydro storage to adjust the delivery schedule of energy is proposed. An approach that systematically and rapidly addresses the economic, infrastructural, geographic and meteorological factors relevant to wind power plants and pumped hydro storage over large areas is required. An integrated Geographic Information System-based tool is developed to identify, on the scale of a country, wind power plants and pumped hydro storage facilities. Further, a decision algorithm that has inputs of the forecasted and actual wind energy productions, and the day-ahead and intraday electricity market prices is also developed to optimise the use of pumped hydro storage. This approach is demonstrated for Germany, with the target of increasing electricity production from renewable energy sources. A countrywide portfolio of wind power plants that meets the increased electricity production target, and existing and potential pumped hydro storage facilities are identified. By optimizing the use of pumped hydro storage, it is shown that wind farm operators can achieve a 2–4% gain on the Internal Rate of Return on investments. The improved financial performance with the use of pumped hydro storage increases the attractiveness for investments in the wind power sector and mitigates the adverse effects of the variability in the dispatch of wind-generated electricity.
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Solaz, Jose, Juan Giménez, Amparo López, and Raquel Marzo. "USER-CHI: Enhancing electromobility by improving user experience of EV drivers." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-mcf-063.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
"USER-CHI is a H2020 research and innovation project, aimed at unlocking the massive potential of electromobility in Europe. This will be achieved by integrating different innovative charging technologies with a holistic perspective, putting the user at the centre and empowering it, and exploiting the synergies between electromobility and the process of greening and smartification of the grid. This process is taking place for achieving the energy transition in Europe, that together with the integration of novel technological tools, business models and regulatory measures, will transform the current scenario. This transformation will generate a financially attractive ecosystem, which improves the user experience of EV drivers. The integrated smart solutions, novel business models and new regulatory framework conditions will be demonstrated and validated in 5 urban areas all along the European territory: Barcelona metropolitan area (Spain), Rome (Italy), Berlin (Germany), Budapest (Hungary), and Turku (Finland). In addition, these 5 sites act as connecting nodes of the key Mediterranean and Scandinavian-Mediterranean TEN-T corridors, which will also be part of demonstration actions. During the project’s first year, The Instituto de Biomecánica (IBV) is leading the generation of the technical specifications for defining new charging infrastructures. This process will be addressed following the user experience principles, achieving a deep knowledge of EV drivers' charging preferences and patterns in order to increase their acceptance. EV supply equipment specifications will be generated both, for slow charging and ultrafast charging applications, proposing a framework for the definition and implementation of USER-CHI solutions, ensuring that they are well-aligned with users’ needs and expectations. This paper will focus on the presentation of the results generated along qualitive user research. These results point out that the EVs acceptance and the technology maturity are closely related to the charging infrastructure broaden, mainly in inter-urban areas. Real time information, usage regulation of charging points and the improvement of charging system’s using experience (time cost reduction and plug standardisation), also arise as key factors."
Звіти організацій з теми "German financial system"
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Soloviev, Vladimir, Oleksandr Serdiuk, Serhiy Semerikov, and Arnold Kiv. Recurrence plot-based analysis of financial-economic crashes. [б. в.], October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4121.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article considers the possibility of analyzing the dynamics of changes in the characteristics of time series obtained on the basis of recurrence plots. The possibility of using the studied indicators to determine the presence of critical phenomena in economic systems is considered. Based on the analysis of economic time series of different nature, the suitability of the studied characteristics for the identification of critical phenomena is assessed. The description of recurrence diagrams and characteristics of time series that can be obtained on their basis is given. An analysis of seven characteristics of time series, including the coefficient of self-similarity, the coefficient of predictability, entropy, laminarity, is carried out. For the entropy characteristic, several options for its calculation are considered, each of which allows the one to get its own information about the state of the economic system. The possibility of using the studied characteristics as precursors of critical phenomena in economic systems is analyzed. We have demonstrated that the entropy analysis of financial time series in phase space reveals the characteristic recurrent properties of complex systems. The recurrence entropy methodology has several advantages compared to the traditional recurrence entropy defined in the literature, namely, the correct evaluation of the chaoticity level of the signal, the weak dependence on parameters. The characteristics were studied on the basis of daily values of the Dow Jones index for the period from 1990 to 2019 and daily values of oil prices for the period from 1987 to 2019. The behavior of recurrence entropy during critical phenomena in the stock markets of the USA, Germany and France was studied separately. As a result of the study, it was determined that delay time measure, determinism and laminarity can be used as indicators of critical phenomena. It turned out that recurrence entropy, unlike other entropy indicators of complexity, is an indicator and an early precursor of crisis phenomena. The ways of further research are outlined.
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.
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Aiginger, Karl, Andreas Reinstaller, Michael Böheim, Rahel Falk, Michael Peneder, Susanne Sieber, Jürgen Janger, et al. Evaluation of Government Funding in RTDI from a Systems Perspective in Austria. Synthesis Report. WIFO, Austria, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2009.504.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the spring of 2008, WIFO, KMU Forschung Austria, Prognos AG in Germany and convelop were jointly commissioned by the Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Economy, Family and Youth to perform a systems evaluation of the country's research promotion and funding activities. Based on their findings, six recommendations were developed for a change in Austrian RTDI policy as outlined below: 1. to move from a narrow to a broader approach in RTDI policy (links to education policy, consideration of the framework for innovation such as competition, international perspectives and mobility); 2. to move from an imitation to a frontrunner strategy (striving for excellence and market leadership in niche and high-quality segments, increasing market shares in advanced sectors and technology fields, and operating in segments of relevance for society); 3. to move from a fragmented approach to public intervention to a more coordinated and consistent approach(explicit economic goals, internal and external challenges and reasoning for public intervention); 4. to move from a multiplicity of narrowly defined funding programmes to a flexible, dynamic policy that uses a broader definition of its tasks and priorities (key technology and research segments as priority-action fields, adequate financing of clusters and centres of excellence); 5. to move from an unclear to a precisely defined allocation of responsibilities between ministries and other players in the field (high-ranking steering group at government level, monitoring by a Science, Research and Innovation Council); 6. to move from red-tape-bound to a modern management of public intervention (institutional separation between ministries formulating policies and agencies executing them, e.g., by "progressive autonomy").
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Rahmé, Marianne, and Alex Walsh. Corruption Challenges and Responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Institute of Development Studies, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.093.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) consistently scores in the lowest rungs of global indexes on corruption, integrity and wider governance standards. Indeed, corruption of different sorts pervades public and corporate life, with strong ramifications for human development. Although the DRC is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of natural resources, its people are among the globe’s poorest.Corruption in the extractive industries (minerals and oil) is particularly problematic in terms of scale and its centrality to a political economy that maintains elites and preserves the highly inequitable outcomes for the majority. The politico-economic elites of the DRC, such as former President Joseph Kabila, are reportedly significant perpetrators but multinationals seeking valuable minerals or offering financial services are also allegedly deeply involved. Corruption is therefore a problem with national and international roots.Despite national and international initiatives, levels of corruption have proven very stubborn for at least the last 20 years, for various reasons. It is a structural and not just a legal issue. It is deeply entrenched in the country’s political economy and is driven both by domestic clientelism and the fact that multinationals buy into corrupt deals. This rapid review therefore seeks to find out the Corruption challenges and responses in the Democratic Republic of Congo.Grand level corruption shades down into the meso-level, where for instance, mineral laden trucks are systematically under-weighted with the collusion of state officials. With severe shortfalls in public funding, certain public services, such as education, are supported by informal payments. Other instances of petty corruption facilitate daily access to goods and services. At this level, there are arguments against counting such practices as forms of corruption and instead as necessary survival practices.To address the challenge of corruption, the DRC is equipped with a legal system that is of mixed strengths and an institutional arsenal that has made limited progress. International programming in integrity and anti-corruption represents a significant proportion of support to the DRC but much less than humanitarian and governance sectors. The leading international partners in this regard are the EU, US, UNDP, UK, African Development Bank, Germany and Sweden. These partners conduct integrity programming in general governance issues, as well as in the mineral and forest sectors.The sources used in this rapid review are gender blind and converge on a very negative picture The literature ranges from the academic and practitioner to the journalistic and investigative, and taken as a whole, is of good quality, drawing on different types of evidence including perceptions and qualitative in-country research. The sources are mostly in English with two in French.