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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Genetically modified crops (GM)"

1

Jones, Jonathan D. G. "Why genetically modified crops?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 369, no. 1942 (May 13, 2011): 1807–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0345.

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Анотація:
This paper is intended to convey the message of the talk I gave at the Theo Murphy meeting at the Kavli Centre in July 2010. It, like the talk, is polemical, and conveys the exasperation felt by a practitioner of genetically modified (GM) plant science at its widespread misrepresentation. I argue that sustainable intensification of agriculture, using GM as well as other technologies, reduces its environmental impact by reducing pesticide applications and conserving soil carbon by enabling low till methods. Current technologies (primarily insect resistance and herbicide tolerance) have been beneficial. Moreover, the near-term pipeline of new GM methods and traits to enhance our diet, increase crop yields and reduce losses to disease is substantial. It would be perverse to spurn this approach at a time when we need every tool in the toolbox to ensure adequate food production in the short, medium and long term.
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2

Boskovic, Jelena, Vasilije Isajev, Zeljana Prijic, Veselinka Zecevic, Zdravko Hojka, and Gordana Dozet. "Assessing ecological risks and benefits of genetically modified crops." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 55, no. 1 (2010): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1001089b.

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Анотація:
Genetically modified (GM) crops and biotechnology are providing new opportunities for increasing crop productivity and tackling agriculture problems, such as diseases, pests and weeds, abiotic stress and nutritional limitations of staple food crops. As GM crops are being adopted in various locations with different ecosystems, a scientifically based understanding of the environmental effects of cultivations of GM crops would assist decision makers worldwide in ensuring environmental safety and sustainability. In this paper are discussed some of the most important problems related to the GM crops into the environment such as: plant protection, hybridisation, ecological effects of HRCs, gene flow, biodiversity, stress, ecological risks (ERA), effects on the soil ecosystem etc.
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3

Almeida, Carla, and Luisa Massarani. "Farmers prevailing perception profiles regarding GM crops: A classification proposal." Public Understanding of Science 27, no. 8 (April 4, 2018): 952–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662518766281.

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Анотація:
Genetically modified organisms have been at the centre of a major public controversy, involving different interests and actors. While much attention has been devoted to consumer views on genetically modified food, there have been few attempts to understand the perceptions of genetically modified technology among farmers. By investigating perceptions of genetically modified organisms among Brazilian farmers, we intend to contribute towards filling this gap and thereby add the views of this stakeholder group to the genetically modified debate. A comparative analysis of our data and data from other studies indicate there is a complex variety of views on genetically modified organisms among farmers. Despite this diversity, we found variations in such views occur within limited parameters, concerned principally with expectations or concrete experiences regarding the advantages of genetically modified crops, perceptions of risks associated with them, and ethical questions they raise. We then propose a classification of prevailing profiles to represent the spectrum of perceptions of genetically modified organisms among farmers.
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4

Knight, John G., Damien W. Mather, and David K. Holdsworth. "Genetically modified crops and country image of food exporting countries." British Food Journal 107, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00070700510615035.

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PurposeMany countries have held back from planting genetically modified (GM) food crops due to perceived negative reaction in export and domestic markets. Three lines of research have tested the reality of this fear.Design/methodology/approachIn‐depth interviews were conducted in European countries with key companies and organisations in the European food sector. Supermarket intercepts were used to ascertain purchasing intent for products from countries that do or do not produce GM crops. A purchasing experiment was conducted, where cherries labelled as GM, organic or conventional were on sale in a roadside stall.FindingsFood distribution channel members expressed concern about possibility of contamination or mix‐up between GM and non‐GM food. However, presence of GM crops in a country does not cause negative perception of food in general from that country. Approximately 30 per cent of consumers in the purchasing experiment proved willing to purchase GM cherries when there was a defined consumer benefit – either lower price or spray‐free.Practical implicationsCountries that have not yet planted GM food crops need to be cautious about possible negative impacts on channel member perceptions of non‐GM versions of the same crop from the same country. However, planting GM crops does not appear likely to damage the overall reputation of a food‐supplying country. GM applications in non‐food areas seem unlikely to damage perceptions of country image in relation to supply of food products from that country.Originality/valueProvides useful information for those planning to plant GM food crops.
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5

Dunwell, Jim M. "Genetically modified (GM) crops: European and transatlantic divisions." Molecular Plant Pathology 15, no. 2 (January 6, 2014): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12087.

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Su, Stefani, Idil Daloglu Ezhuthachan, and Punita Ponda. "Genetically modified foods and food allergy." Journal of Food Allergy 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/jfa.2020.2.200012.

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Анотація:
Genetic modification of foods is one of the many ways of processing that can enhance foods to increase desirable qualities, such as herbicide tolerance, bacteria and insect resistance, improved nutritional value, and delayed ripening. However, a theoretical potential to increase the allergenicity of food proteins has been the subject of concern from critics. To prevent adverse effects from genetically modified (GM) crops, national and international organizations tightly regulate their production and recommend rigorous safety testing. Some safety tests were developed to assess potential allergenicity by studying the product’s similarity to known allergenic proteins, its resistance to pepsin digestion, and its binding to immunoglobulin E (IgE) from sera of patients with known relevant allergies. To date, these safety assessments have only identified rare GM foods with the potential to lead to immunologic reactions. These foods were stopped from being marketed commercially, and the products on the market now have passed required safety assessments. The rise in the prevalence of food allergy preceded the commercialization of GM foods and has also occurred in countries with limited access to GM crops, which highlights a lack of causative association between the two. Several studies provided further reassurance with no evidence of higher potency in specific IgE binding to GM foods. There are no studies that demonstrate adverse reactions due to GM food consumption, and GM foods may have the beneficial potential to silence major allergenic proteins. Therefore, physicians and other health-care professionals should counsel patients that the scientific data do not support an increased risk of allergic responses to GM foods.
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7

Akram, Muhammad Zeeshan, Sema Yaman, Hassan Jalal, Sibel Canoğulları Doğan, Sana Shahid, and Basit Shaukat Ali. "Effects of Feeding Genetically Modified Crops to Domestic Animals: A Review." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, sp1 (December 10, 2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7isp1.110-118.2773.

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Анотація:
Genetically modified (GM) crops are being planted at large scale worldwide. In most of the countries, GM crops are processed into livestock feed. The land is used for cultivation of GM plants has been increased in recent years; in 2012 GM plants were grown on over 170 million hectares in 28 countries by 17.3 million farmers and extended to 185.1 million hectors in 2016 worldwide. GM plants have been used as feed for animals and the number of studies has proved their safety for animal and public health. This paper reviews the possible effects of GM crops on livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals by reviewing different type of studies, in which parameters such as performance, reproductive and health assessment were investigated. The most of peer-reviewed papers evaluating the effects of feeding animals with transgenic crops were based on GM plants with improved agronomic traits i.e. herbicide-tolerant plants and pets-tolerant plants; however, in some cases GM plants with boosted nutritional properties assessed. In most experiments, either Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) maize, Roundup Ready (RR) soybean or both fed to animals. Measurable differences in various parameters were mostly observed in Bt maize and soybean fed separately or simultaneously to animals. In this review, scientific studies showing the effects of the use of GM products in the nutrition of domestic animals on performance, health and reproductive parameters are investigated.
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De Steur, Hans, Ellen J. Van Loo, Jasmien Maes, Godelieve Gheysen, and Wim Verbeke. "Farmers’ Willingness to Adopt Late Blight-Resistant Genetically Modified Potatoes." Agronomy 9, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060280.

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Анотація:
The commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops remains highly contested in the European Union (EU). While research has mainly focused on public and consumer opinions, few studies have investigated farmers’ reactions towards such crops. This study aims to determine farmers’ willingness to adopt a late blight-resistant (LBR) GM potato cultivar (Bintje) in Flanders, Belgium (n = 384). The findings demonstrate that more than half (54.7%) of the farmers have the intention to adopt this GM potato if it becomes available. Farmers’ willingness to adopt is mainly influenced by ethical concerns about Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) (negative) and perceived economic benefits of LBR GM potatoes (positive). Knowledge about GM technology decreases the likelihood of being indifferent, as compared to being willing to adopt or being opposed. As such, efforts to improve knowledge alone would not be considered an effective strategy to improve adoption rates among farmers. Socio-economic concerns about GMOs, environmental benefit perceptions of LBR GM potatoes, and socio-demographic and farm variables were not significant as potential determinants of farmers’ likelihood to adopt this GM potato. Our findings lend support to a potentially favorable climate to introduce this GM potato in Flanders, Belgium, an EU region where opt-out measures to restrict cultivation of approved GM crops were not taken.
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DALE, P. J. "The environmental impact of genetically modified (GM) crops: a review." Journal of Agricultural Science 138, no. 3 (May 2002): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859602001971.

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Анотація:
Evaluating environmental impact is more complex than statistical analysis; it requires value judgements about which kinds of environmental impacts are acceptable and which are not. The new EU Directive on the release and commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops (2001-18-EC) includes a requirement for an assessment of indirect effects on the environment of farming practices associated with the introduction of a GM crop. There is also a requirement for post-commercialization monitoring to address impacts of scale and time. Both of these additions to the regulations present challenges in deciding how environmental impacts should be measured, and in judging their acceptability. Impacts can also be socio-economic. These frequently require scientific tools to help to resolve them. The demands by some food sectors for zero GM content in crop produce is likely to prove difficult or impossible to verify by analytical procedures. It will probably be necessary to agree on levels of tolerance of the presence of GM material in “non-GM” crop produce. It is important that the future use of biotechnology in agriculture is considered in the context of a broader discussion about our vision for agriculture and the environment over the coming decades.
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10

Kamthan, Ayushi, Abira Chaudhuri, Mohan Kamthan, and Asis Datta. "Genetically modified (GM) crops: milestones and new advances in crop improvement." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 129, no. 9 (July 5, 2016): 1639–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-016-2747-6.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Genetically modified crops (GM)"

1

Hall, Clare R. "Genetically modified food and crops : perceptions of risks." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4719.

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Анотація:
The debate around genetically modified food and crops has proved to be complex and far-reaching, involving diverse stakeholder groups and many issues. Although the extent of global uptake of GM crops has been substantial (23 countries and 114.65 million hectares by 2007), it is significant that four countries are responsible for 86% of all GM plantings, and that a number of key food markets (for example the EU and Japan) remain largely "GM-free‟. This suggests that there is reluctance on the part of many countries to embrace GM technology. There are likely many reasons for this, but one significant issue is that of the perception of the risks associated with the technology. There is a distinction between risk that exists in the world and that can be measured (objective risk) and risk that is perceived by an individual to exist and that is constructed by them based on their values and preferences. When technical measurement of actual risks is not possible, peoples‟ own perceptions of risks become important. This thesis aims to investigate the topic of risk perceptions associated with GM food and crops. Different stakeholder groups have been targeted, and a range of methodologies from a variety of disciplines have been employed to investigate what factors can be shown to influence risk perception. A range of factors were identified from existing literature, as having potential impact on risk perceptions. A number of these were investigated, some of which were found to have some influence on levels of risk perception. Results demonstrate that factors influencing peoples‟ perceptions of risk relating to GM food and crops, include the uncertainty associated with the technology, and trust in regulators, policy makers and others with control over the future development of the technology. Other factors found to be important to levels of risk perception held by different stakeholder groups, were a range of socio-demographic and cultural variables, the relationship between perceived risks and benefits, the equity of impacts, and the influence of third parties. There are a number of implications for the development of the GM debate arising from the findings. First, as there are socio-demographic and cultural factors linked to the perceptions of risk associated with GM technologies in food and agriculture, it is important to recognise that different people will react differently to the technology. Specifically, results from this thesis show that it may be that men, those who are more highly educated, those with a less ecocentric worldview, and those living in urban areas, are likely to respond more favourably to targeted promotional campaigns. As regards the farming community, results show that the first farming adopters are likely to be those who are both owners and tenants, not in an urban fringe location, potato growers, and not barley growers. Second, this thesis provides evidence that third parties are particularly important to farmers, thus it is crucial to recognise that there is potentially a long chain of action and reaction amongst many different stakeholders and actors impacting on farmers' levels of risk perception, and hence willingness to adopt the technology. Third, results from this research demonstrate that the linked issues of the relationship between risks and benefits, and the equity of (positive and negative) impacts, require that all stakeholders are content that they will receive a share of the benefits (if any) to be derived from the technology, and that neither they nor any other group of stakeholders are unduly impacted by the risks or negative impacts (if any) of the technology. Important here is the recognition that perceptions are as important as actual impacts. Fourth, the issue of trust has been shown by the results obtained by this research to be extremely important to peoples' perceptions of risk. It can be concluded that trust is of wider social and political importance that relates to the need to ensure greater democratisation of decision-making in order to re-establish trust in authorities. In the case of GM food this may require a rethinking of the EU legislation relating to the technology. This also relates to point below about the delivery of messages and education. Information sources must be trusted by those at whom the messages are aimed. More importantly though, if people are to trust decision making processes, there needs to be stakeholder involvement at an early stage of decision making, that allows some impact on decisions taken. In the case of the GM debate it may indeed be too late as decisions about the technology, its applications, the regulatory processes and its inclusion within the food chain are well established. Perhaps the best that can be hoped for is that lessons will be learnt and applied to future technology developments of relevance to the food chain, such as, nano-technology. Finally, this thesis has shown that uncertainty is central to peoples' perceptions of risk. This could be addressed through a combination of additional research into what is uncertain to people, the impacts and implications of the technology, more effective dissemination of existing knowledge, and impartially delivered messages and education strategies from trusted sources that address the concerns that people have about the technology. Importantly however there must be an acknowledgement that uncertainty is not restricted to "knowledge deficit‟ but encompasses the scientific uncertainties inherent within the technology, and is framed by the social and cultural values of those whose views are considered. This thesis uniquely targeted diverse groups and employed a combination of different methods from a variety of disciplines. By doing this the study has increased understanding of the views of two groups (campaigners and farmers) who are crucial to the uptake of the technology, and who are seldom researched in the area of attitudes to GM technologies. The diversity of groups, methods and disciplines brought together in this thesis is important because the issue of GM has proved to be complex and far-reaching, and previous discussions of risk perceptions have been complex and disjointed. All groups investigated here are stakeholders in the process, and as such their views and concerns relating to risk perceptions of GM technologies ought to be taken into consideration.
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2

Meyu, Louria SUNTA ANAK. "DO EXPORTS AND GMO REGULATIONS DETERMINE ADOPTION RATE OF GM CROPS BY EXPORTING COUNTRIES." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2770.

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Анотація:
This thesis examines the role of exports and GMO regulations of the exporting country on the adoption of GM crops by its farmers. The analytic sample includes five major exporting countries including Argentina, Brazil, China, India, and Mexico. I focus only on the crop that is widely grown in each country. The crops are cotton, maize, and soybean. GMO regulations indices, which were constructed by Vigani et al, consists of four categories of different regulations related to import of GMO products. Relative impact of different aspects of GMO regulations on exports are assessed to get a better understanding of domestic production decisions of farmers in major exporting countries. The result for the approval process, risk assessment and international agreement suggested that, these regulations are not significant to influence the adoption rate of the GM crops. The exporting countries, especially the developing countries, usually reluctant to implement the GM regulations because of the high cost of completing the procedures.
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3

Walter, Diana Joyce, and dianawalter@internode on net. "The Environmental Impact of Genetically Modified Crop Plants on the Microbiology of the Rhizosphere." Flinders University. Biotechnology, 2005. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20070301.161014.

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Анотація:
The effect of genetically modified crop plants on the microbiology of the rhizosphere was investigated using the single-gene Bt cotton as a case study. The project compared the rhizosphere microbiota of four Ingard® 1cotton plant varieties that were closely matched with their non-GM parental strains. The plants were grown in three different Australian soils, ie, a vertisol from a cotton-growing region, and two soils, a fine sandy loam and a red sand from South Australia that had not been exposed to cotton. At the time of the commencement of the project, the only commercially available genetically modified plants were cotton and carnations. The cotton industry in Australia is worth $1.5b annually, and care of the soil and the dynamics of its living microbial consortia needs to be understood for optimum management to enable agricultural sustainability. The general outline of the thesis incorporated four main sections: 1. Experimental setup and analysis of the soils and plants to be used, quantification of the Cry1A(c) plant-produced Bt protein, and its persistence in the soil environment. 2. Measurement of the selected microbial populations of bacteria, fungi, AMfungi, protozoans and nematodes, by counting and estimation by dilution and most-probable number methods. 3. Assessment of selected metabolic pathways to determine the effects on the soil microbial community by chemical and other biochemical methods 4. An overall analysis between different group ratios of expression of each of the variables tested, and the summary of the risk analysis and conclusion. The outcome of this work was the acquisition of scientific data to produce an environmental impact report. The findings of this study showed that generally the microbial populations and the products of major metabolic pathways correlated more closely within the non-GM and GM plant rhizospheres of the paired trials than those of separate trials, indicating that soil and plant cultivar had a stronger environmental effect. The results obtained from the paired trials did not show that there were consistent effects on the rhizosphere soil microbiota that could be attributed to the presence of the Cry1A(c) Bt plant protein on the selected strains of cotton plants. The results from the tests of the paired trials correlate highly with previously published work that the risk factors of genetically modified cotton plants on the microbiology of the rhizosphere soil were found be negligible and not consistent across trials. 1 ® Monsanto Co. St Louis, MO.
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4

O'Brolchain, F. "Global justice, patents and genetically modified crops." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517435.

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5

Costa, Font Monserrat. "Consumer Acceptance, Choice and Attitudes towards Genetically Modified (GM) Food." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7059.

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Анотація:
La introducció de noves tecnologies en l'àmbit agroalimentari ha revolucionat la eficiència pel que fa al sector productiu, si bé també ha tingut efectes rellevants pel que fa a la demanda, que cal analitzar amb profunditat. Aquest és el cas dels productes modificats genèticament, que solen ser productes de consum habitual, per la qual cosa han creat una important polèmica.
Hi ha diferents agents del mercat que participen en aquest debat, com és el cas dels productors, els quals en poden obtenir benefici pel que fa a millores en eficiència i reducció de costos. Tanmateix, és essencial tenir en compte l'opinió dels consumidors alhora d'analitzar els límits comercials de les noves tecnologies.
Per a conèixer l'opinió dels consumidors cal entendre el seu procés d'elecció i de valoració dels productes agroalimentaris, com també el seu comportament a l'hora de prendre decisions en el mercat alimentari.
Aquesta tesis comença amb una extensa revisió bibliogràfica en relació a les actituds dels consumidors vers els productes modificats genèticament.
Seguidament s'analitza la intenció de compra dels consumidors utilitzant experiments d'elecció. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi s'ha assolit amb els subsegüents capítols on s'han analitzat els diferents elements cognitius que porten a l'individu a la intenció final de compra. La metodologia emprada ha estat principalment equacions estructurals i experiments d'elecció.
S'han emprat diferents bases de dades per a poder contrastar totes les hipòtesis plantejades en l'estudi.
La principal contribució d'aquesta tesi ha estat determinar quins son els elements que cal considerar per entendre el procés de decisió del consumidors vers els aliments modificats genèticament, com també determinar que existeix un clar escepticisme en la societat pel que fa a aquests productes. Les conclusions d'aquesta tesi posen en manifest la necessitat de una millor estratègia de comunicació que permeti als consumidors una percepció de millor i major qualitat d'informació en relació a aquests productes.
The introduction of new technologies in food production not only has revolutioned its productive efficiency but has exerted important demand side effects that cannot be dismissed and require careful analysis. This is especially the case of genetically modified (GM) food, typical daily consumed products (e.g. GM milk, tomato, maize, etc) given its considerable interest and worldwide public controversy. Several stakeholders are place, on the one hand, farmers and manufactures perceive potential benefits from efficiency improvements as well as costs, mainly resulting from the need to reimburse intellectual property rights for new foods. From a demand side, GM food brings new products in the food chain and ultimately fulfils to an extent a latent consumer's preference for diversity. Hence, in order to determine the limits of technology dissemination and transfer it becomes a key issue to examine and disentangle which demand side factors stand behind technology acceptance. This calls for a better understanding of consumer choice, its valuation and the behavioural decision making process.

The valuation of a new technology good implies the provision of information from several sources - public and private, formal and informal, etc - while conditioning on the credibility and trustworthiness of each relevant information source. Given the information available, a further issue concerns attitude expression and formation, which ultimately leads to the final question regarding product valuation and consumer preference. Interestingly, attitude formation for the case of new food generations is found to be explained by a combination of risk and benefit perceptions, based on different elements such as a general attitude towards science, knowledge, trust, education and values, among others.

This thesis begins with an extensive review of the literature on attitudes towards GM agro-food products- chapter 2- by means of a literature review. Next it conducts a study on consumers' final intentions towards agro - food products, entailing the application of choice experiments - chapter 3. moreover, the main core of this dissertation is aiming at examining what gives rise to the final choice (chapters 4 to 6). The methodologically employed relies on structural equation modelling, although in each chapter different databases have been used. The relative strengths of each database allow us taking into account the information required to test specific hypotheses. Finally, some conclusions are drawn in chapter 7 which summarises the main findings of each chapter and put them in context of the main discussion questions examined in this thesis.

The main contribution of this thesis has been to point out a set of features that condition choice, intentions and revealed purchase intentions regarding GM food. Our wok is innovative in that: 1) it contains an innovative literature review; 2) develops choice modelling of scenarios that includes, apart from methodological features, the choice between GM processed and organic food; and 3) unlike most of behavioural analysis it exploits using structural equation modelling, several theoretical structures that explain decision making and, particularly, the role of broader attitudes towards science and technology in influencing purchase intentions alongside the effect of both risks attitudes and risk perceptions in determining consumer acceptance.

The sequence and findings of the thesis can be summarized as follows: drawing from an exhaustive review of published finding regarding public intentions towards GM food we conclude that there is consumer's scepticism explaining a negative valuation towards GM food. However, the most important outcome has been to find that final purchasing intention is the result of a complex decision process which only has been partially explained in the literature. Therefore, upon the definition of a general theoretical model this thesis has tried to explain in the different chapters some specific issues of such model as well as to validate it in a croos - country exercise in the last chapter. Results from this study rises a key policy implication: the need of a well defined communication stralegy to provide information in such a way that allows individuals to feel adequately informed.
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6

West, Brianna Rose. "Hyperspectral imagery combined with machine learning to differentiate genetically modified (GM) and non-GM canola." Thesis, West, Brianna Rose (2022) Hyperspectral imagery combined with machine learning to differentiate genetically modified (GM) and non-GM canola. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2022. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64579/.

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Анотація:
Canola, also known as rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), is an oilseed that produces a healthy food-grade oil, canola meal by-product, and biofuel. It is the fourth most grown grain in Australia. Genetically modified (GM) canola currently represents approximately twenty percent of national canola production; hence, with clashing public and industry perceptions of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), transparency and traceability must be enabled throughout the supply chain to protect markets and relationships with consumers. GM canola must not cross-contaminate non-GM canola as our largest export market, Europe, has extremely strict protocols on GMOs. GM and non-GM canola cannot be differentiated by the human eye, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods currently the main alternative, which is expensive and time-consuming. This thesis evaluates the potential to differentiate GM from non-GM canola using the novel, rapid, and non-destructive technique of hyperspectral imaging combined with machine learning. Hyperspectral imagery captures and processes wavelengths beyond simply red, green, and blue. It has a pre-existing multitude of uses including the characterisation and variety identification of other grains. In this study 500 images each of non-GM and GM canola seeds were captured. Seeds were placed on a black background with two lights sources. Images were captured from the 400nm to 1000nm wavelengths, a total of 80 bands, at a 25-millisecond exposure time. These images were run through a convolutional neural network in Keras for analysis. The high dynamic range and raw files were combined into a NumPy file for the hyperspectral image generator. Contrary to expectations, however, the models using the bitmap image files performed similarly to the models receiving the hyperspectral images. Regardless, both produced high validation accuracies around 90%, indicating a detectable phenotypical difference between the two, and further studies could lead to the development of a new approach to GM canola detection.
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7

Karampaxoglou, Thaleia. "Genetically Modified Food and Crops : Risks and Intellectual Property Rights." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Centrum för tillämpad etik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119766.

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This paper attempts to present and analyze problems that may arise from the use of Genetically Modified (GM) products and issues raised by the Intellectual Property (IP) rights that Genetic Engineering (GE) companies have on their products. Arguments in favor and against the existence of health risks and environmental risks of GM products are presented. The European policy of the socioeconomic effects of the GM products is discussed and is proposed the application of the precautionary principle for the prevention of unintended consequences from the GM products to other than health and environmental domains. The need of IP rights is supported, but is also suggested an IP rights flexibility. Do IP rights violate the rights of all people to a nourishing life, natural resources, the right to decide about what they eat and the right to live in a viable ecosystem? Finally, I provide an analysis of the effects on the farmers due to the IP rights on GM crop for cultivation and state dependency issues that may occur.
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Costello, Alexandra Jane. "The effect of GM label variation on perceptions of genetically modified foods." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1983.

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This thesis investigates the factors which are suggested to affect perceptions of genetically modified (GM) foods. It first tests the extent to which the components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and perceived 'outrage' are able to predict intentions towards buying GM foods using linear regression. It then focuses on how GM label design characteristics and linguistic variations influence perceptions of GM foods including measures of hazard perception and purchase intention using ANOVA repeated measures. Modelling is then used to identify whether label variations affect the components of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, namely attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control or whether their effect is by some other psychological process. As a result of the first six studies a model is proposed to explain the psychological process by which GM label variations affect behavioural intention for a specified product. The last two studies investigate the extent to which the previous findings generalise across products type using four different product types, two natural and two synthetic. The principle finding from this research is that some GM informational label design factors such as GM content, wording and use of the colour red have a strong stable effect across product type, whilst others such as label shape and font size are less consistent. The modelling suggests that GM label variations affect attitudes in particular, and to some extent subjective norms and perceived behavioural control which are then predictive of the behavioural intention. to buy GM foods. This thesis provides recommendations for those wishing to inform the public about the GM status of their product.
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Wickson, Fern. "From risk to uncertainy Australia's environmental regulation of genetically modified crops /." Access electronically, 2005. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060727.135007/index.html.

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10

Atkinson, Emily. "Habermas, biopower, and the regulation of genetically modified crops and foods." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45129.

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In this paper I combine insights from Habermas’s analysis of the democratic public sphere and Foucault’s concept of biopower to delineate barriers to democratic engagement in health and environmental policy processes, with a focus on rational-critical debate in the public sphere. I begin by demonstrating how Habermas’s approach provides a normative basis for critiquing certain power relations based on how they affect the information and opinions circulating in the public sphere and the development of forums for rational-critical debate. I then explain how Foucault’s concept of biopower draws attention to the more specific mechanisms through which those power relations have the effects that they do in health and environmental policy processes, especially over time. Finally, I apply these insights to the regulation of genetically modified crops and foods in Canada and argue that democratic engagement in this policy process will only improve if unequal power relations that hinder rational-critical debate are mitigated.
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Книги з теми "Genetically modified crops (GM)"

1

J, Ford Brian, ed. GM crops: The scientists speak. Cambridge: Rothay House, 2003.

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Genetically modified language: The discourse of arguments for GM crops and food. London: Routledge, 2004.

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3

1950-, Fukuda-Parr Sakiko, ed. The gene revolution: GM crops and unequal development. London: Earthscan, 2007.

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4

Fedoroff, Nina V. Shushi no kiki: GM nōsakubutsu to sekai no shokuryō anzen hoshō no kiki =: Seeds of a perfect storm: GM crops and the global food security crisis. Tōkyō: Monbu Kagakushō Kagaku Gijutsu Seisaku Kenkyūjo Kikakuka, 2009.

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5

Farndon, John. From DNA to GM wheat: Discovering genetic modification of food. Oxford: Heinemann Library, 2006.

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6

Copping, Leonard G. The GM crop manual: A world compendium. Alton: BCPC, 2010.

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7

Institute, Panos. The GM debate--who decides?: An analysis of decision-making about genetically modified crops in developing countries. London: Panos Institute, 2005.

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8

Eastham, Katie. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): The significance of gene flow through pollen transfer : a review and interpretation of published literature and recent/current research from the ESF 'Assessing the impact of GM plants' (AIGM) programme for the European Science Foundation and the European Environment Agency. Luxembourg: Official for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002.

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9

1943-, Carr Susan, ed. GM food on trial: Testing European democracy. New York: Routledge, 2009.

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Eastham, Katie. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): The significance of gene flow through pollen transfer : a review and interpretation of published literature and recent/current research from the ESF 'Assessing the Impact of GM Plants' (ASIGM) programme for the European Science Fountain and the European Environmental Agency / authors, Katie Eastham and Jeremy Sweet. Copenhagen, Denmark: European Environment Agency, 2002.

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Частини книг з теми "Genetically modified crops (GM)"

1

Johnson, A. M. Anthony, D. V. R. Sai Gopal, and Chinta Sudhakar. "GM Crops for Plant Virus Resistance: A Review." In Genetically Modified Crops, 257–337. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5932-7_11.

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2

Qaim, Matin. "GM Crop Regulation." In Genetically Modified Crops and Agricultural Development, 109–34. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137405722_6.

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Sharma, Kanchan, Kawaljeet Kour, Nancy Bhura, Jasmeet Kour, and Bhaskar Jyoti. "GM crops – friends or foes?" In Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security, 266–85. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003278566-17.

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Bakshi, Manish, Prerna Gupta, and Ranjeet Singh Jamwal. "Detection methods of GM crops." In Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security, 215–28. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003278566-14.

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5

Wei, Wei, Jun-Ming Wang, Xiang-Cheng Mi, Yan-Da Li, and Yan-Ming Zhu. "Modeling gene flow from genetically modified plants." In Gene flow: monitoring, modeling and mitigation, 103–17. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247480.0007.

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Abstract Gene flow from genetically modified (GM) plants is concerning because of its ecological risks. In modeling studies, these risks may be reduced by altering crop management while taking environmental conditions into account. Gene flow modeling should consider many field aspects, both biological and physical. For example, empirical statistical models deduced from experimental data simulate gene flow well only under limited conditions (similar to experimental conditions). Mechanistic models, however, offer a potentially greater predictive ability. Gene flow models from GM crops to non-GM crops are used to simulate field conditions and minimize the adventitious presence of transgenes to meet certain threshold levels. These models can be adapted to simulate gene flow from GM crops to crop wild relatives using parameters of sexual compatibility and growth characteristics of the wild plants. Currently, modeling gene flow from herbicide-resistant weeds has become very important in light of the increased application of herbicides and widely evolved resistance in weeds.
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Qaim, Matin. "Potentials and Risks of GM Crops." In Genetically Modified Crops and Agricultural Development, 39–56. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137405722_3.

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Qaim, Matin. "Adoption and Impacts of GM Crops." In Genetically Modified Crops and Agricultural Development, 57–84. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137405722_4.

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Qaim, Matin. "New and Future GM Crop Applications." In Genetically Modified Crops and Agricultural Development, 85–107. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137405722_5.

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Sharma, Renu, Kawaljeet Kour, Jasmeet Kour, and Rupinderpal Kaur. "Flavr Savr and other GM tomatoes." In Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security, 17–31. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003278566-2.

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Gerasimova, Ksenia. "Regionalism, food sovereignty and GM crops." In NGO Discourses in the Debate on Genetically Modified Crops, 60–77. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Routledge explorations in environmental studies: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315403502-5.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Genetically modified crops (GM)"

1

Bennet, Gregory S., and Charles R. Hurburgh. "Methodology to Insure U.S. Genetically Modified (GM) Grain Sales into Approved Foreign Markets - Integrating ISO Traceability Standards with Agricultural Quality Management Systems (QMS)." In Proceedings of the 19th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-921.

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2

Ünlü, Elif Işılay, and Ahmet Çınar. "Lesion Detection on Skin Images Using Improved U-Net." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.022.

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The fate of transgenic DNA (tDNA) and protein of feeds from Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) in animals has been an important topic since their commercialization in 1996. Several studies have investigated about risks of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of tDNA and proteins to bacteria or animal cells/tissues, however, the reported data is at times controversial. Earlier reports showed that tDNA fragments or protein derived from GM plants have not been detected in tissues, fluids, or edible products of farm animals. Other researchers have come out to demonstrate that there is the possibility of small fragments leaking out into the animal tissues, fluids and organs. This motivated us to update our knowledge about these concerns. Therefore, this review aimed at assessing the likely transfer and accumulation of tDNA/ proteins from transgenic feeds to animal (ruminants and non-ruminants) samples through evaluating the available experimental scientific published studies. This study has found out that the tDNA or protein is not completely degraded during feed processing and digestion in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT). In large ruminants (Cattle), tDNA fragments/protein have been detected in the GIT digesta, ruminal fluid and feces. In small ruminants (Goats), traces of tDNA/proteins have been detected in the GIT digesta, blood, milk, liver, kidney, heart and muscle. In pigs, they have been detected in blood, spleen, liver kidney and in the GIT digesta. In poultry, traces have been seen in blood, liver and GIT digesta but not in meat and Eggs. Regardless of some studies that have shown the transfer of tDNA/protein fragments to animal samples, we cannot base on these few studies to give a piece of general evidence about their transfer into tissues/fluids and organs of livestock animals. However, this study clearly shows possible transfer, hence intensive and authentic research on GM crops should be done before they are allowed for commercial use, studying issues like the fate of tDNA or proteins and the effect of feeding GM feeds to livestock.
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3

Harl, Neil E. "Genetically Modified Crops: Guidelines for Producers." In Proceedings of the 10th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-639.

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Goldsbrough, Peter. "Genetically modified crops: Marvel or malady?" In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-237.

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Thomson, Jennifer. "Genetically modified crops: An African perspective." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.105306.

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Tao, Qianqian, and Liang Ai. "Philosophical reflection of the impacts of genetically modified crops on ecological environment." In International Conference on Environment and Sustainability. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ices140581.

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Dorina, Bonea. "THE CROSS-POLLINATION STUDY BETWEEN GENETICALLY MODIFIED AND CONVENTIONAL CORN CROPS IN ROMANIA." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on NANO, BIO AND GREEN � TECHNOLOGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b61/s25.071.

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Pires, Carmen S. "Sustainability of genetically modified crops in the context of pest management in Brazil." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93248.

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Glaser, John A., Kenneth L. Copenhaver, Joseph Casas, Karen Stephens, and Glen Alexander. "Contributions from Remote Sensing to Policy Development Related to Genetically Modified Crops in US Agriculture." In IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2008.4779424.

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Duan, Jian. "Genetically modified crops and biological control: An ecological perspective of their compatibility in sustainable pest management." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94533.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Genetically modified crops (GM)"

1

Zilberman, David, Amir Heiman, and Yanhong Jin. Use of Branding and Sampling in Agricultural Fresh Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7697116.bard.

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The original proposal has three main objectives: a conceptual framework on willingness to pay (WTP) for fruits and vegetables, the introduction of branding and sampling in fresh food, and empirical applications to the United States and Israel. We modified our research plan over time based on availability of data and emergence of new problems. We expanded the range of products to include poultry and the range of techniques to use real experiments as well as more traditional surveys. We expanded the range of problems to understand attitudes toward genetically modified (GM) food. There is a growing interest in introduction of marketing tools like demonstration sampling, money-back guarantees, labeling, and brands in agriculture. These marketing tools are important for enhancing demand for agricultural products and food safety. However, the methodology needed to assess the effectiveness of these tools and understand their performance in different agricultural sectors is limited. Our analysis demonstrated the importance of brands as a marketing tool in agriculture. In particular, we showed conceptually that strong brands can be substitutes for other marketing tools like sampling or demonstration. We were able to conduct real experiments for the demand for safe chicken and show that consumers are willing to pay significantly more for products branded as more safe. Yet, using experiments in Israel and the United States, we found that WTP for brands of fresh fruits and vegetables is smaller than in other product categories. Warning labels are a sort of negative branding. The GM-free labeling is particularly important since it serves as a trade barrier to U.S. crops exports. Our analysis of acceptance of GM products found that WTP for GM products in Israel and the United States depends on framing of information about the impact ofGM and the quantity of information disclosed. Finally, in analyzing the evolution of support for Proposition 37 that aimed to introduce mandatory labeling of GM in California, we found that support for mandatory labeling ofGM products is broad as long as it is not perceived to be costly. Our project demonstrates the feasibility of conducting real experiments to assess consumer demand in agriculture. When looking at interdisciplinary groups, one can design new products and assess the WTP for their characteristics. We also show that, while branding is a very strong marketing tool, its use in fresh fruit and vegetables is likely to be limited. However, brands can be important with processed food. Furthermore, we have proven that, while some consumers strongly object to GM products, most consumers in the United States and Israel would be willing to buy them for a discount, and some would pay extra if they are associated with improved characteristics. Finally, we expanded the notion of warning labels to calorie information and showed that the response to calorie information depends on gender, education, and how the information is presented.
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Gause, Marnus. Socioeconomic and farm-level effects of genetically modified crops: The case of Bt crops in South Africa. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii089.

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Falck-Zepeda, José Benjamin, Guillaume Gruère, and Idah Sithole-Niang. Genetically modified crops in Africa: Economic and policy lessons from countries south of the Sahara. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896297951.

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Comparing international approaches to food safety regulation of GM and Novel Foods. Food Standards Agency, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.rdg239.

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The global area of genetically modified (GM) crop production has considerably increased over the past two decades, with GM crops now cultivated in about 28 countries, accounting for over 10% of the world’s arable land. A 'novel food' is any food or substance that has not been used for human consumption to a significant degree within the EU before 15 May 1997. Since then, there has been over 90 novel foods authorisations approved for use by the EU. Novel foods and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are subject to a large variation in regulatory approaches around the world, for which many countries have specifically developed their own regulatory frameworks to control the placement of such products on their markets.
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