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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Genetic engineering Government policy Australia"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 31 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Genetic engineering Government policy Australia"

Nicol, Dianne, and John Liddicoat. "Do patents impede the provision of genetic tests in Australia?" Australian Health Review 37, no. 3 (2013): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13029.

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Objective. Health policy and law reform agencies lack a sound evidence base of the impacts of patents on innovation and access to healthcare to assist them in their deliberations. This paper reports the results of a survey of managers of Australian genetic testing laboratories that asked a series of questions relating to the tests they perform, whether they pay to access patented inventions and whether they have received notifications from patent holders about patents associated with particular tests. Results. Some diagnostics facilities are exposed to patent costs, but they are all located in the private sector. No public hospitals reported paying licence fees or royalties beyond those included in the price of commercial test kits. Some respondents reported having received enforcement notices from patent holders, but almost all related to the widely known breast cancer-associated patents. Respondents were also asked for their views on the most effective mechanisms to protect their ability to provide genetic tests now and in the future. Going to the media, paying licence fees, ignoring patent rights and relying on the government to take action were widely seen as most effective. Litigation and applications for compulsory licences were seen as some of the least effective mechanisms. Conclusion. These results provide an evidence base for development of health policy and law reform. What is known about the topic? The impact of patents on the delivery of genetic testing services remains unclear in Australia. What does this paper add? The survey reported in this paper suggests that, aside from well-known enforcement actions relating to the breast cancer associated patents, there is little evidence that providers of genetic testing services are being exposed to aggressive patent-enforcement practices. What are the implications for practitioners? Although patent-enforcement actions may increase in the future, a range of strategies are available to providers of testing services to protect them against adverse consequences of such actions. There are ongoing law reform activities aimed at improving these strategies.

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Wheeler, Sarah Ann. "The barriers to further adoption of organic farming and genetic engineering in Australia: views of agricultural professionals and their information sources." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23, no. 2 (May 27, 2008): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507002128.

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AbstractResearch has shown that agricultural professionals are one of the major influences on farmer adoption of agricultural innovations. Genetic engineering and organic farming represent two vastly different innovations in agriculture, and both assert to have important sustainability outcomes. This paper presents the views from a telephone survey of agricultural scientists, extension officers and academics in Australia (n=185) on the barriers to further adoption of organic farming and agricultural genetic engineering, as well as exploring where they obtain their information about the two innovations. Many professionals believe that market issues (in terms of small market size and the extent that consumers are willing to pay premiums) will limit the size of farmer adoption of organics in Australia, while on-farm issues (in terms of production difficulties and pest and disease problems) are named as the second largest barrier to further adoption. On the other hand, professionals from the targeted sample, who were more knowledgeable about organic farming, named information needs and lack of government support as the major barrier facing further diffusion of organic farming. In contrast, public attitudes and negative media portrayal are named as the largest barrier facing further adoption of genetic engineering in Australia. The uncertainty surrounding the research into genetic engineering (and the lack of long-term research) is believed to be the second largest barrier facing further diffusion of genetic engineering while market problems are seen as the third largest barrier.

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Yu, Vincent F., Grace Aloina, Hadi Susanto, Mohammad Khoirul Effendi, and Shih-Wei Lin. "Regional Location Routing Problem for Waste Collection Using Hybrid Genetic Algorithm-Simulated Annealing." Mathematics 10, no. 12 (June 19, 2022): 2131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10122131.

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Municipal waste management has become a challenging issue with the rise in urban populations and changes in people’s habits, particularly in developing countries. Moreover, government policy plays an important role associated with municipal waste management. Thus, this research proposes the regional location routing problem (RLRP) model and multi-depot regional location routing problem (MRLRP) model, which are extensions of the location routing problem (LRP), to provide a better municipal waste collection process. The model is constructed to cover the minimum number of depot facilities’ policy requirements for each region due to government policy, i.e., the large-scale social restrictions in each region. The goal is to determine the depot locations in each region and the vehicles’ routes for collecting waste to fulfill inter-regional independent needs at a minimum total cost. This research conducts numerical examples with actual data to illustrate the model and implements a hybrid genetic algorithm and simulated annealing optimization to solve the problem. The results show that the proposed method efficiently solves the RLRP and MRLRP.

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Schneider, P., A. Davison, A. Langdon, G. Freeman, C. Essery, R. Beatty, and P. Toop. "Integrated water cycle planning for towns in New South Wales, Australia." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 7-8 (April 1, 2003): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0675.

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Integration means different things to different people and as a consequence appears to only partially deliver on promised outcomes. For effective integrated water cycle management these outcomes should include improved water use efficiency, less waste, environmental sustainability, and provide secure and reliable supply to meet social and economic needs. The objective of integration is the management and combination of all these outcomes as part of a whole, so as to provide better outcomes than would be expected by managing the parts independently. Integration is also a consequence of the Water Reforms embarked on by the NSW State Government in 1995. The key goals of the reforms are clean and healthy rivers and groundwaters, and the establishment of more secure water entitlements for users. They are also essential for meeting the Council of Australian Government (COAG) water management strategies. The policies and guidelines that formed the NSW Water Reforms were the basis of the Water Management Act 2000 (NSW) (WMA) which is the legislative framework for water management in NSW. The NSW Department of Land and Water Conservation has developed an approach to integrated water cycle management for rural centres in NSW based on a catchment and policy context. This approach includes consideration of catchment wide needs and issues, environmental sustainability, government policy and community objectives in the development of an integrated water cycle plan. The approach provides for a transparent assessment of priorities and how to deal with them, and while specific to urban centres, could easily be expanded for use in the management of the whole of the catchment water cycle. Integration of the water cycle is expected to offer benefits to the local environment, community and economy. For instance, any unused proportion of an urban centre's water entitlement, or an offset against this entitlement created through returned flows (such as via good quality sewage effluent discharge to a river), can provide a surplus which is available to be traded on an annual basis. Further, improved demand management within an urban centre can be expected to result in a reduction in abstraction against the licence entitlement. This may result in the increased availability of in-stream water for environmental or other purposes and is expected to increase the economic value of returned water. Improved water use efficiencies are also expected to result in reduced capital works (and their associated costs) as the efficiency of service delivery and resource use improves. In this paper an example of the application of this process is provided and the outcomes discussed.

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Bett, Benaihia Kiptoo, and Allan Kihara. "Monitoring and Evaluation for Education and Accountability in Edmund Rice Foundation Australia Nairobi County." Journal of Business and Strategic Management 7, no. 4 (October 27, 2022): 43–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jbsm.1090.

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Purpose: This study examined the relationship between corporate governance attributes and performance of state-owned enterprises through review of literature. The study specifically sought to establish the relationship between corporate governance attributes of accountability, transparency, transformational leadership and stakeholder engagement; and performance of state-owned enterprises with government policy objective as the mediating variable. The study was anchored on Agency, Signalling, Transformational Leadership and Stakeholder Theories to narrow the literature gap. Methodology: The study adopted desk research design through reviewing of relevant literature relating to corporate governance attributes and performance of state-owned enterprises. The study also summarized major contributions of significant studies on the relationship between corporate governance and performance. In addition, the study discussed the theoretical and methodological gaps in the reviewed literature on corporate governance and performance for further research. Findings: Reviewed primary and secondary literature sources showed that, more transparency allows for greater accountability and contributes to better performance by state-owned enterprises. Further, countries that have been able to improve their corporate governance standards and practices have also been able to improve the business environment for and performance of both private and state-owned companies. In addition, SOEs’ performance is influenced by adoption and implementation of corporate governance practices. However, the difference in financial performance of SOEs may be due to several factors including set government policy objectives that constrain the performance of the SOEs. Moreover, countries with ineffective governance and low accountability continue to experience weak SOE performance, poor delivery of public services, stifled competitiveness and growth including through the crowding-out of private companies and increased opportunities for political patronage and corruption. Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommended that the principal objective of SOE reforms should be to improve SOEs’ accountability and efficiency by establishing and enforcing adequate reporting of their performance while holding them accountable for reaching or their targets. In addition, the state ownership policy should fully recognize SOE’s responsibilities towards stakeholders and request that SOEs report on their relations with stakeholders. Further, it should make clear any expectations the state has in respect of responsible business conduct by SOE.

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Harvey, Nick. "Energy Related Projects and Environmental Impact Legislation in South Australia." Energy & Environment 5, no. 4 (December 1994): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9400500401.

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Australian projects designed for the production, distribution and use of energy are generally governed by specific legislation within individual States, mostly for the promotion and regulation of resource development. These projects are also subject to environmental protection provisions in Commonwealth and State legislation, in particular environmental impact assessment legislation, which has a much longer history than in Europe. This paper examines the application of the Commonwealth and the South Australian environmental impact assessment legislation to South Australian energy related projects, focusing on the period from 1982–1993. The paper notes the importance of the State government and its instrumentalities in all major energy supply and energy use projects. The paper also notes that significant energy related projects are subject to public scrutiny through the environmental impact assessment process in South Australia but that key energy policy decisions which may also have significant impacts are not subject to the same public scrutiny. The paper concludes by canvassing strategic environmental assessment options as an alternative to project based assessment for energy related projects.

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Trimmer, Karen, Graeme Gower, and Graeme Lock. "Reinventing Another Unaipon: Indigenous Science Leaders for the Future." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 47, no. 2 (July 17, 2017): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jie.2017.14.

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The education of Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander students in Australian universities has received considerable attention in both the literature and government policy in the 21st century. The participation and graduation rates for Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander students in higher education Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) programs have remained low and are becoming a particular focus in universities across Australia. This paper reflects on the life and contribution of David Unaipon, the enrolment data from a small sample of universities across Australia and the literature to discuss potential strategies for improving the access to, participation in and graduation from higher education STEM courses.

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Solaiman, S. M., Yusuke Yamauchi, Jung Ho Kim, Joseph Horvat, Shi Xue Dou, Gursel Alici, Lezanne Ooi, et al. "Nanotechnology and its medical applications: revisiting public policies from a regulatory perspective in Australia." Nanotechnology Reviews 6, no. 3 (June 27, 2017): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2016-0095.

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AbstractNanobiotechnology is an immensely potential invention, which is expected to bring about revolutionary changes in many aspects of essential human needs including medical treatments and foods. Although the technology has passed through its embryonic stage, its medical applications in preparing and delivering drugs to target cells of human bodies to cure incurable diseases are still under scientific scrutiny. A 2007 study suggests that Australia needs to have a review of its regulatory framework for nanotechnology by 2017. This article examines the current regulation of nanotechnology and its medical applications in Australia, and observes that it would be premature to impose any stringent regulation at this stage on medical experimentations. We are of the view that an excessively precautionary policy may hinder further research, which is critical to discovering the benefit and harm with certainty. Hence, in the greater interest of the facilitation of research and affirmation of benefits of this technology, we recommend that adopting a hybrid regulatory method composed of self-regulation and accommodating government regulation would be an appropriate policy approach to the regulation of nanobiotechnology. We also accept the need for a set of internationally harmonized policy principles to guide our actions in relation to this technology.

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Anderson, Courtney, and Libby Swanepoel. "Rethinking Australia’s role in international co-operation for the Sustainable Development Goals: Towards transformative horizontal partnerships through triangular co-operation." World Nutrition 13, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.202213446-53.

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Despite progress in various areas of development, rates of food insecurity, malnutrition and poverty remain high. Additional environmental pressures such as climate change, loss of biodiversity and environmental degradation continue to disproportionately impact those who are most vulnerable. Inclusive models of co-operative action, as emphasised in the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, are valued for their potential to solve development challenges, promote sustainable development outcomes, and to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. International co-operation policy plays a crucial role in shaping how these international partnerships play out in practice. Over the several decades, the international development co-operation landscape has been shifting with a push for more ‘horizontal’ partnerships. Triangular co-operation is a potential model of partnership that embraces inclusivity and horizontality and is seen as a means to achieve the sustainable development agenda. In Australia, the election of a new federal government in May 2022 brought with it a renewed commitment to official development assistance and development co-operation policy and partnerships. The aim of this commentary is to take stock, pause, and reflect on how Australia currently ‘does development partnerships’ as well as looking to the future and the opportunities for change.

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Pearce, Prafula. "Duty to Address Climate Change Litigation Risks for Australian Energy Companies—Policy and Governance Issues." Energies 14, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 7838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14237838.

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The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy requires cooperation from all, including corporations, shareholders, and institutional investors. The purpose of this paper is to explore climate change litigation risks for Australian energy companies and investors from a policy and governance perspective. Companies are increasingly reporting their climate policies to satisfy their shareholders and investor demands. In addition, the government and judiciary are making laws and decisions to support the Paris Agreement. This paper explores whether company directors can and, in some cases, should be considering the impact of climate change litigation risks on their business, or else risk breaching their obligation to exercise care and diligence under the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth, Australia). The paper concludes that in addition to reducing climate change litigation risks, Australian energy companies and institutional investment bodies that invest in Australian energy companies can make informed climate risk decisions by aligning their investments with the goal of net-zero or reduced emissions.

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Дисертації з теми "Genetic engineering Government policy Australia"

Risely, Melissa. "The politics of precaution : an eco-political investigation of agricultural gene technology policy in Australia, 1992-2000." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phr5953.pdf.

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Smith, Malcolm. "Regulating IVF and pre-implantation tissue-typing for the creation of "saviour siblings" : a harm analysis." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/35798/1/Malcolm_Smith_Thesis.pdf.

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Scientific discoveries, developments in medicine and health issues are the constant focus of media attention and the principles surrounding the creation of so called ‘saviour siblings’ are of no exception. The development in the field of reproductive techniques has provided the ability to genetically analyse embryos created in the laboratory to enable parents to implant selected embryos to create a tissue-matched child who may be able to cure an existing sick child. The research undertaken in this thesis examines the regulatory frameworks overseeing the delivery of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in Australia and the United Kingdom and considers how those frameworks impact on the accessibility of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) procedures for the creation of ‘saviour siblings’. In some jurisdictions, the accessibility of such techniques is limited by statutory requirements. The limitations and restrictions imposed by the state in relation to the technology are analysed in order to establish whether such restrictions are justified. The analysis is conducted on the basis of a harm framework. The framework seeks to establish whether those affected by the use of the technology (including the child who will be created) are harmed. In order to undertake such evaluation, the concept of harm is considered under the scope of John Stuart Mill’s liberal theory and the Harm Principle is used as a normative tool to judge whether the level of harm that may result, justifies state intervention or restriction with the reproductive decision-making of parents in this context. The harm analysis conducted in this thesis seeks to determine an appropriate regulatory response in relation to the use of pre-implantation tissue-typing for the creation of ‘saviour siblings’. The proposals outlined in the last part of this thesis seek to address the concern that harm may result from the practice of pre-implantation tissue-typing. The current regulatory frameworks in place are also analysed on the basis of the harm framework established in this thesis. The material referred to in this thesis reflects the law and policy in place in Australia and the UK at the time the thesis was submitted for examination (December 2009).

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Risely, Melissa. "The politics of precaution : an eco-political investigation of agricultural gene technology policy in Australia, 1992-2000 / Melissa Risely." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21968.

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Grossmann, Robert S. "The commercialization of biotechnology : the politics." Thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10116.

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Mitchell, Keith Owen, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Engineering and Industrial Design. "Optimisation of the applications of sustainable energy systems." 2005. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/26947.

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This work examines issues that are restricting the wider adaptation of sustainable (‘renewable’) energy systems in Australia and elsewhere. Several new innovative areas of opportunity for improving the application of wind and solar PV based systems have been explored and developed. A number of financial and regulatory obstructions to wind and solar systems and grid connection are examined and a number of regulatory changes to the regulatory electricity codes are suggested.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Книги з теми "Genetic engineering Government policy Australia"

Edging towards bioutopia: A new politics of reordering life & the Democratic challenge. Crawley, W.A: University of Western Australia Press, 2008.

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Thurau, Martin. Gute Argumente. München: C.H. Beck, 1990.

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Modification, New Zealand Royal Commission on Genetic. Report of the Royal Commission on Genetic Modification. Wellington, N.Z: Royal Commission on Genetic Modification, 2001.

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Australia. Parliament. House of Representatives. Standing Committee on Industry, Science, and Technology. Genetic manipulation: The threat or the glory? : report. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1992.

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Cawte, Alice. Atomic Australia, 1944-1990. Kensington, NSW: NSW Press, 1992.

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Yunitto, Kagaku Gijutsu Shinkō Kikō Kenkyū Kaihatsu Senryaku Sentā Raifu Saiensu. Kankyō tekiōgata sakumotsu no genomu sekkei gijutsu: Senryaku inishiatibu = Technology for genomic design of environmentally adapted crops : strategic initiative. Tōkyō: Kagaku Gijutsu Shinkō Kikō Kenkyū Kaihatsu Senryaku Sentā Raifu Saiensu Yunitto, 2010.

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Yun, Mi-gyŏng. DDA TRIPS punya ŭi yujŏn chawŏn kwallyŏn nonŭi wa Hanʼguk ŭi taeŭng. Sŏul Tʻŭkpyŏlsi: Taeoe Kyŏngje Chŏngchʻaek Yŏnʼguwŏn, 2002.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight. Planned releases of genetically-altered organisms: The status of government research and regulation : hearing before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Cogress, first session, December 4, 1985. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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California. Legislature. Senate. Select Committee on Genetics and Public Policy. Truth and consequences of the genetic revolution. Sacramento, CA: Senate Publications, 1996.

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Vaughn, Brandon C. Genetically engineered crops and proposed oversight. Edited by Fernandez-Cornejo Jorge and United States. General Accounting Office. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2010.

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Частини книг з теми "Genetic engineering Government policy Australia"

Dale, Peter, and John McLaughlin. "Policy Issues in Land Administration." In Land Administration. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198233909.003.0014.

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Land administration strategies and processes need to be structured within a broad policy framework, the shape of which will depend on the jurisdiction concerned. A common thread between systems will be the promotion of economic development, social justice and equity, political stability, and environmentally sustainable development. The processes of re-engineering, total quality management, and other management reforms discussed in Chapter 9 were originally designed for use in the private sector so that organizations could respond better to the demands of the market place. More recently, they have increasingly been adopted by public sector administrators who have been forced to respond to the market oriented approach and hence have been required to upgrade land administration systems. In the United States the processes of re-engineering have been packaged under such labels as ‘entrepreneurial government’ and ‘reinventing government’ and were addressed in the National Performance Review (known as the Gore Commission) which had a mandate to ‘re-invent and to reinvigorate the entire national government’. The ideas were picked up by many other governments—from Australia to the UK (Butler 1994), the Netherlands to New Zealand, and Singapore to Sweden-regardless of party or ideology. Although reinventing government means different things to different people, it has generally entailed: 1. restructuring the way government services are organized; 2. developing new strategies and processes for managing government services (for instance, simplifying administrative programmes); 3. empowering the recipients of public services. As with the private sector, a crucial component of reinventing government has been the effective use of information technology (IT). Governments in general have only recently begun to review their national information strategies and to develop new ways in which they deliver services to citizens and businesses. Over the past few years, IT has changed the way that many people live through the creation of new products and services. Examples include the use of credit and debit cards, the ability to withdraw cash from a ‘hole in the wall’ even in a foreign country, the mobile phone and fax machine, and access to information on the Internet. Information technology now makes it possible for citizens and businesses to deal directly with government agencies if they so wish (UK Government 1996).

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Genetic engineering Government policy Australia"

Frischknecht, Bart D., and Kate Whitefoot. "Defining Technology-Adoption Indifference Curves for Residential Solar Electricity Generation Using Stated Preference Experiments." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48007.

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Success in achieving environmental goals is intrinsically dependent on policy decisions, firm decisions, and consumer decisions. Understanding how consumer product adoption jointly depends on policy incentives and firm design decisions is necessary for both firms and governments to make optimal decisions. This paper demonstrates a methodology for assessing the linkage between policy incentives and firm decisions on the level of consumer adoption of a particular technology. A policy optimization is formulated and technology-adoption indifference curves are constructed to allow firms to identify the most profitable direction for product development given the policy environment, and similarly to allow government organizations to set policies that maximize technology adoption given firm decisions. As an example we use the residential solar electricity industry in New South Wales, Australia. Consumer choice is modeled using a mixed logit choice model estimated with hierarchical Bayes techniques from stated preference experiment data.

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