Готові списки джерел за темами / Gender Specific Studies

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Gender Specific Studies"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 19 лютого 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Gender Specific Studies"

Gianakos, Arianna L., Nicole George, Angelica Pinninti, Stephanie Kwan, Dawn LaPorte, and Mary K. Mulcahey. "Sex- and Gender-specific Analysis in Orthopaedic Studies." Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research 478, no. 7 (March 17, 2020): 1482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/corr.0000000000001172.

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Grace, Victoria M. "Reflections on the sex/gender distinction for gender specific medicine." Gender Medicine 3 (January 2006): S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1550-8579(06)80108-7.

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Azad, Nahid. "Risk factors and gender-specific dementia." Gender Medicine 3 (January 2006): S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1550-8579(06)80040-9.

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Pesic, Jelena. "Gender perspective in migration studies." Sociologija 55, no. 2 (2013): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1302317p.

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Research field of migration has been developing for a long time parallel to and outside mainstream institutional academic sociology and its theoretical foundation. In the last two decades, within the field of migration studies, one specific aspect of the phenomena came to the research focus: gender, as significant factor that influences on motivation for migration, shaping, at the same time, its characteristics and specific experiences. With decisive breakthrough of qualitative methods in social sciences and humanities, as well as with gradual development of postmodern philosophy and feminist theory, gender migration studies have been established as research sub-discipline, with its own theoretical and categorical scientific apparatus (as well as institutional-academic grounding), managing more or less successfully to explain and understand multidimensional character of migration processes. This text represents an attempt to make relatively concise overview of disciplines? historical, theoretical and research field development, as a first step in its broader affirmation within Serbian institutional sociology.

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Nobelius, Ann-Maree. "Making gender-specific medicine mainstream: Introducing gender competence to medical education." Gender Medicine 3 (January 2006): S29—S30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1550-8579(06)80052-5.

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Böhmová, Ludmila. "March for Life as Specific Example of a Postsecular Conflict?" Gender a výzkum / Gender and Research 23, no. 1 (August 24, 2022): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/gav.2022.007.

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Legato, Marianne J. "Gender-specific medicine: The view from Salzburg." Gender Medicine 1, no. 2 (December 2004): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1550-8579(04)80011-1.

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Legato, Marianne J., Karin Schenck-Gustafsson, and Vera Regitz-Zagrosek. "The international association for gender-specific medicine." Gender Medicine 3, no. 2 (June 2006): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1550-8579(06)80195-6.

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Stefurak, Tres, Crystal Taylor, and Sheila Mehta. "Gender-specific models of homosexual prejudice: Religiosity, authoritarianism, and gender roles." Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 2, no. 4 (2010): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0021538.

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Guthrie, Barbara J., and Laura J. Flinchbaugh. "Gender-Specific Substance Prevention Programming:." Journal of Early Adolescence 21, no. 3 (August 2001): 354–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431601021003005.

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Дисертації з теми "Gender Specific Studies"

Monyane, Temelo. "Culture, gender and patriarchy : a study of sixteen female teachers in gender specific schools of Lesotho." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3577.

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Wejheden, Carolina. "Studies on gender-specific disruption of bone tissue homeostasis by dioxins." Stockholm : Institutet of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 2010. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2010/978-91-7409-728-3/.

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Taliaferro, Kevin C. "Influencing Gender Specific Perceptions of the Factors Affecting Women's Career Advancement Opportunities in the United States." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10936368.

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This study was conducted because gender inequalities continue in the U.S. workplace in 2018. Currently women fail to advance in careers at the same rate as men, and they are paid 21% less for similar work with equal skills and experience. Women comprise approximately 51% of the U.S. population and 47% of the workforce, so equality would dictate a one-to-one male to female ratio throughout all levels of government and private industry. The current male to female ratio in the U.S. Congress is four-to-one. The male to female executive ratio in Fortune 500 companies is three-to-one, and in the U.S. Government it is two-to-one.

The researcher conducted a mixed method experimental study by comparing pre- and post-treatment interview and survey data to determine how much awareness and knowledge shared through the #MeToo mass media event impacted gender specific perceptions of women’s equality struggles in the workplace. The qualitative interview analysis indicated a moderate shift from divergent gender perceptions in Study 1 to convergent viewpoints in Study 2 following the #MeToo media events.

The quantitative analysis of pre- and post-treatment survey studies supported the qualitative findings and showed a 43% reduction in the gender perception gap in the post-event assessment.

With outcomes from three independent qualitative and quantitative investigations aligning, the researcher concluded the overall statistical results demonstrate a strong impact on men’s and women’s perceptions and a largely reduced gender perception gap following the #MeToo media events. Because it is unknown if those changes are permanent, the researcher believes future research could focus on awareness, education, and accountability initiatives to more adequately address gender equality problems in the workplace and bring about lasting change.

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Eklund, Manne. "Does Politics Trump Gender? : A Study of Linguistic Features Among American Voters During the 2016 Presidential Election." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Engelska, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23590.

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In this essay, the usage of several linguistic features of 13 members of a televised political discussion are studied. The members of the discussion were private citizens, and not political experts. This particular discussion was filmed during the 2016 American presidential election, just before the second national debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. The studied linguistic features are: hedges, tag-questions, interaction and humor. By categorizing the members in three categories; age, gender and politics, this essay is able to investigate the results of the televised discussion by each category, and compare them to each other. The central question of the essay is if gender is a bigger divide regarding these linguistic features, than political views. The result shows that while gender still is the biggest divide regarding hedges, there are some specific elements where politics seems to trump gender.

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Taliaferro, Kevin C. "Influencing Gender Specific Perceptions of the Factors Affecting Women’s Career Advancement Opportunities in the United States." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7582.

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This research investigates the sociological, psychological, and physiological factors known to affect women’s career advancement opportunities. It examines how awareness and knowledge shared through the #MeToo (hashtag Me Too) movement influenced gender specific perceptions about the factors affecting women’s workplace opportunities. Finally, it recommends measures to alter the divergent gender perceptions that remain an obstacle to gender equality in the workplace. This study was conducted because gender inequalities continue in the U.S. workplace in 2018. Currently women fail to advance in careers at the same rate as men, and they are paid 21% less for similar work with equal skills and experience. Women comprise approximately 51% of the U.S. population and 47% of the workforce, so equality would dictate a one-to-one male to female ratio throughout all levels of government and private industry. The current male to female ratio in the U.S. Congress is four-to-one. The male to female executive ratio in Fortune 500 companies is three-to-one, and in the U.S. Government it is two-to-one. The researcher conducted a mixed method experimental study by comparing pre- and post-treatment interview and survey data to determine how much awareness and knowledge shared through the #MeToo mass media event impacted gender specific perceptions of women’s equality struggles in the workplace. The qualitative interview analysis indicated a moderate shift from divergent gender perceptions in Study 1 to convergent viewpoints in Study 2 following the #MeToo media events. The quantitative analysis of pre- and post-treatment survey studies supported the qualitative findings and showed a 43% reduction in the gender perception gap in the post-event assessment. With outcomes from three independent qualitative and quantitative investigations aligning, the researcher concluded the overall statistical results demonstrate a strong impact on men’s and women’s perceptions and a largely reduced gender perception gap following the #MeToo media events. Because it is unknown if those changes are permanent, the researcher believes future research could focus on awareness, education, and accountability initiatives to more adequately address gender equality problems in the workplace and bring about lasting change.

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Ernsth, Bravell Gunnar. "The Super-Male and the Super-Female : Gender Criticism in Watchmen." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-42767.

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This essay aims to analyze if the graphic novel Watchmen criticizes the conventions of the superhero comic genre in regards to gender. The literary theory applied is gender studies. The essay examines the visual portrayal of male and female characters, as well as the male-dominated narrative. The novel does, to some extent, satirize the genre conventions. This can be seen in the hyperbolic visual portrayals of the characters, as well as the comments made on them. However, as there is a lack of self-aware criticism, the novel could not be considered as a satire of the visual representation of genders within the genre, but rather a reinforcement of them. Furthermore, the male-dominated narrative is present in Watchmen, and Laurie could be seen as satirizing this genre convention, as she is a hyperbolic interpretation of the girlfriend archetype. However, there is little change or self-aware critique against the genre norms here as well, thus it cannot be considered satire. Laurie does, however, show criticism of the violence against women within the genre by making a number of comments on the attempted rape of her mother. This may not be satire but she does provide commentary of this trope. In conclusion, while there are instances of criticism, the novel as a whole cannot be considered satire of the superhero genre.

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Gao, Gao. "Taboo Language in Sex and the City : An Analysis of Gender Differences in Using Taboo Language in Conversation." Thesis, Kristianstad University College, School of Teacher Education, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-943.

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Taboo language is a broad definition, and researchers have defined it in various categories. Using taboo language, to a great extent, is widely considered as offensive and inappropriate, as well as a specialty of men rather than women. Men and women are often said to use taboo language differently. This study aims to analyze the use of taboo language in conversations of women’s, men’s and mixed-gender talk in some episodes from the American TV series Sex and the City. The study will examine the differences and similarities of using taboo language in male and female speech in terms of gender differences, and conversational strategies in general.

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Behrami, Mimoze. "Across the Nightingale Floor : Challenging the conceptions of gender." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-13390.

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This essay deals with the protagonists‟ challenges of the conceptions of gender in the novel Across the Nightingale Floor, by Australian author Gillian Rubinstein who uses the pseudonym Lian Hearn (2002). The protagonists are analyzed from a feminist and gender theoretical point of view, pinpointing the actions and thoughts that challenge the conceptions of gender in their society. Main focus is on Otori Takeo and Shirakawa Kaede, who defy the conceptions of femininity and masculinity within their sex, and how the characters gender identities change from the beginning to the end of the novel, and what causes these changes.

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Brink, Marit Lise. "Femininity, Masculinity and their Bondin Floyd Dell’s Village Plays : Dell's critique on socially constructed gender rolesas represented in his plays Sweet-and-Twenty,Legend and Enigma." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Institutionen för språk, litteratur och lärande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-37604.

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Jacobs, Susan (Susan Mary). "Constructing a woman: gender, genre, and subjectivity in the autobiographical works of Sibilla Aleramo." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/1972.

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Both Sibilla Aleramo (1876-1960), one of Italy's most renowned and controversial women writers, and autobiography, as a generic minefield for debates on theories of the subject, have received a good deal of critical attention over the past fifteen years. The uncompromisingly autobiographical nature of Sibilla's work has been, at various times, revered and reviled, be it for what she says, or how she says it. My focus is precisely on the different forms she uses to write her self in four texts - a fictional autobiography, lyrical novel, epistolary novel and a diary - and how these construct, modify and deconstruct her self-representations in a continual process of intertextual reading and revising. Yet her texts resist easy classification. While sometimes confirming boundaries of genre and gender, they also constantly call them into question by exposing their limits, their intersection with fictional norms, and their shifting discursive affiliations. Because Sibilla was all her life concerned with gender, and the relationship of femininity to her writing, many aspects of her work appear relevant today. I explore how they anticipate feminist theories on the construction of female subjectivity in a combination of theory and autobiographical practice which highlights the interrelationship of the two. Here Sibilla's focus on the maternal is particularly indicative of this tendency, where it is woven into the generic structures of her texts as well as being an important focus of the autobiographical "story". Furthermore, her texts challenge the notion of self defined by male bias, and present opportunities for critical testing of autobiographical theories themselves by offering not one, but several, works for examination.

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Книги з теми "Gender Specific Studies"

Schenk-Sandbergen, L. Ch. Women in rice fields and offices: Irrigation in Laos : gender specific case-studies in four villages. [Laos?]: Empowerment, Heiloo, the Netherlands, 1995.

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van, Dijk Hemmes Fokkelien, Becking Bob, and Dijkstra Meindert, eds. On reading prophetic texts: Gender-specific and related studies in memory of Fokkelien van Dijk-Hemmes. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996.

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Women in pain: Gender and morbidity in Mexico. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994.

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B, Alvine Lynne, and Cullum Linda E, eds. Breaking the cycle: Gender, literacy, and learning. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton/Cook, 1999.

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Richards, Renée. No way Renée: The second half of my notorious life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.

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Richards, Renée. No way Renée: The second half of my notorious life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.

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Richards, Renée. No way Renée: The second half of my notorious life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007.

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1929-, Wagner Frank, König Kasper, Friedrich Julia, and Museum Ludwig, eds. Das achte Feld: Geschlechter, Leben und Begehren in der Kunst seit 1960 : [Museum Ludwig, Köln, 19. August - 12. November 2006] = The eighth square : gender, life, and desire in the arts since 1960. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2006.

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The science education of American girls: A historical perspective. New York: RoutledgeFalmer, 2003.

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Cardinaletti, Anna, Laura Cerasi, and Patrizio Rigobon. Le lingue occidentali nei 150 anni di storia di Ca’ Foscari. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-262-8.

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I saggi raccolti in questo volume rappresentano una duplice testimonianza: la lunga tradizione di alcuni insegnamenti di lingue dell’area occidentale presenti fin dalle origini dell’allora Regia Scuola Superiore di Commercio, ma anche l’attenzione all’evoluzione sociale e culturale che richiede un continuo aggiornamento ed arricchimento dell’offerta formativa. Nel volume si ripercorre la storia di insegnamenti di consolidata presenza congiuntamente a quelli di lingue e letterature introdotte in tempi più recenti nei piani di studio. Questo insieme di tradizione e modernità ha fatto di Ca’ Foscari un centro di assoluta eccellenza per le lingue e le culture straniere, oltre che il primo ateneo in Italia ad avere una facoltà specifica per questo genere di studi.

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Частини книг з теми "Gender Specific Studies"

Farris, Nicole. "The Proof is in the Pudding: Gender Specific Stereotypes in Television Advertisements." In Illuminating How Identities, Stereotypes and Inequalities Matter through Gender Studies, 71–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8718-5_6.

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Simeon-Fayomi, Bolanle C., Valentina Guerrini, and Denise Tonelli. "Are teachers agents of change? Teacher training and the gender dimension in adult education: Italy and Nigeria in comparison." In International and Comparative Studies in Adult and Continuing Education, 149–64. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-155-6.10.

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Adult education can play a fundamental role in changing existing gender hierarchies, break-ing down gender stereotypes, and promoting gender equality. Teachers can be important agents of change, but they not only have to be aware of their behaviours, attitudes, and views, they also have to be able to understand the specific needs and interests of learners, to use gen-der-based methods, and to implement practices free of gender stereotypes. In order to do this, adequate education and training are needed, but both in Italy and Nigeria, gender issues are not part of the education and training curriculum, and much remains to be done for raising awareness of this issue.

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Marinis, Theodoros, Vasiliki Chondrogianni, Nada Vasić, Fred Weerman, and Elma Blom. "The impact of transparency and morpho-phonological cues in the acquisition of grammatical gender in sequential bilingual children and children with Specific Language Impairment." In Studies in Bilingualism, 153–80. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sibil.52.08mar.

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Rothchild, Jennifer, and Priti Shrestha Piya. "Rituals, Taboos, and Seclusion: Life Stories of Women Navigating Culture and Pushing for Change in Nepal." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 915–29. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_66.

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Abstract Drawing from life history narratives of 84 women in Nepal, we examine women’s particular lived experiences of cultural rituals, traditions, and taboos surrounding menstruation, as well as the practice of seclusion, which in it extreme form, sequesters menstruating women into menstrual huts (chaupadi). Grounding our analysis in the specific sociocultural context of Nepali women themselves reveals important dynamics about gender formation, the perpetuation of power, relationships with one’s own body, and resistance to gendered constructions. These findings can then inform effective policies and programs to create awareness and change people’s understandings of and practices surrounding menstruation not only in the context of Nepal, but elsewhere as well.

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Suriya, M., R. Nagarajan, R. Sathish Babu, and V. Kumaresan. "Constrains in Building Domain-Specific Topic Maps for the Discipline “Gender Studies in Informatics (GSI)”." In Digital Libraries: International Collaboration and Cross-Fertilization, 290–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30544-6_31.

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Guilló-Arakistain, Miren. "Challenging Menstrual Normativity: Nonessentialist Body Politics and Feminist Epistemologies of Health." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 869–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_63.

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Abstract Guilló-Arakistain examines the ways in which alternative politics of menstruation are challenging the paradigm of sexual dimorphism and heteronormativity. She does this through consideration of discourses which challenge the ideology of menstrual normativity and the rigid, hegemonic, medical, and pathological approaches to the western biomedical vision of menstruation. Guilló-Arakistain links these discourses to specific bodies, incorporating experiences of non-menstruating cisgender women as well as transgender menstruators. It is necessary, she asserts, to dispense with the idea that menstruation is determinative of a very specific gender and social identity and the subsequent normative and reductionist take on menstrual experience (and more generally human experience).

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Manorama, Swatija, and Radhika Desai. "Menstrual Justice: A Missing Element in India’s Health Policies." In The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Menstruation Studies, 511–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_39.

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Abstract Proposing a novel framework of menstrual justice, the chapter argues that women’s health needs must be understood as the result of the complex interplay of their everyday gendered experiences of living, their biology, and their medical condition. The Indian state’s health policies fail women because they do not recognize that the marking of women as impure menstruating bodies is a cause of women’s health inequity from birth to death. This very denial by the state policy of women’s gendered experience of health is menstrual injustice. The chapter elaborates on this idea by establishing the links between women’s stigmatization as menstruating bodies, lack of control over their bodies, and ill-health, pointing to the high incidence of a variety of menstrual health problems in pre-menarche, during menstruation, perimenopause and postmenopause. The chapter then identifies the gender-specific biases, blind spots, gaps, and barriers in state policies that impede the security of women’s health across their life-cycles.

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Gamper, Markus, Julia Seidel, Annett Kupfer, Sylvia Keim-Klärner, and Andreas Klärner. "Gender and Health Inequalities: Social Networks in the Context of Health and Health Behavior." In Social Networks and Health Inequalities, 245–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97722-1_14.

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AbstractThere are significant differences in morbidity (incidence of disease) and mortality (death rate) between men and women. By puberty, male adolescents are more likely to have health problems. During puberty, girls suffer from chronic and mental illnesses and male adolescents are more likely to suffer from acute and life-threatening diseases. Boys and men have riskier health behavior. The field of research mainly relates to the binarity of the sexes—men and women. Studies on trans and queer persons are rare in this field. Networks have a gender-specific effect on risk behavior. Women provide more and more time-consuming social support, even in case of illness. After widowhood, networks have both negative and positive effects, which are gender-specific.

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Lavorato, Elisabetta, Antonio Rampino, and Valentina Giorgelli. "Gender Dysphoria: Overview and Psychological Interventions." In Practical Clinical Andrology, 263–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11701-5_20.

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AbstractIn the DSM V, the condition known as “Gender Identity Disorder” becomes “Gender Dysphoria” in order to avoid the stigma of being labeled as carriers of psychopathology. Gender Dysphoria (GD) refers to mental discomfort deriving by incongruence between the expressed gender and the assigned one. The term Transgender refers to identities or gender expressions that differ from social expectations typically based on the birth assigned sex. Not all people living “Gender Variance” express psychological or physic discomfort. The personal gender identity develops influenced by emotionally significant relationships and by socialeducational environment, based on predisposing biological characteristics. Most of clinical and psycho-social studies agree on multifactorial nature of this process, focusing on the combined action of biological, psychological, social and cultural factors. The first symptoms of gender dysphoria may appear from first years of life and then they may persist in puberty and adulthood. The causes of Gender Dysphoria are still unclear.Both psychosocial and biological factors have been called into question to explain the onset. The Gender Dysphoria Treatment aims to reduce, or to remove, suffering of person with GD and it is based on teamwork of psychologists, psychiatrists, endocrinologists and surgeons. The cure is, firstly, psychological and is provided by mental health experts. Hormone therapy can be prescribed to all people with persistent and well documented Gender Dysphoria if there are no medical contraindications; lastly, sex reassignment surgery. The formation and definition of transgender and transsexual identity obviously represents a specific complexity, to which is added an environmental, cultural and consequently individual and conditioning stigmatization.

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Armengol, Josep M. "No Country for Old Men? An Introduction." In Aging Masculinities in Contemporary U.S. Fiction, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71596-0_1.

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AbstractThis introductory chapter by the book editor helps to identify the main aims, objectives, organization, and rationale behind the book. The book also advances the findings of each of the chapters and points, based on the initial findings, to some possible further research venues. Traditionally, gender studies have focused on women, which is logical, but gender studies have since the late 1980s started to pay increasing attention to men’s lives as well. This volume focuses on representations of aging masculinities in contemporary U.S. fiction, and thus investigates a selection of literary texts that place old men at the center of the narrative, analyzing specific depictions of issues such as older men’s health problems, body changes and shifting perceptions of sexual prowess, depression, loneliness and loss, but also greater wisdom and confidence, legacy, changing notions and appraisals of time, new relationships, and affective patterns, among others.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Gender Specific Studies"

Garina, A. V. "GENDER-SPECIFIC USE OF THE EMOTIONAL THESAURUS: THE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY." In ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERARY STUDIES. TSU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-907442-02-3-2021-35.

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Stemper, Brian D., Derek Board, Narayan Yoganandan, Frank A. Pintar, and Dennis J. Maiman. "Gender Specific Material Properties in the Thoracic Spine." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-175541.

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Gender differences have been identified in a variety of spine-related disorders including rates of thoracic sagittal plane scoliosis and rates of whiplash associated disorder following automotive rear impacts. For example, female gender was identified as a main risk factor for thoracic curve progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis [1]. Clinical and epidemiological studies have identified females to be more susceptible to whiplash injury [2]. However, biomechanical evidence for these discrepancies has been limited. Experimental investigations using human volunteers and post mortem human head-neck specimens have identified dynamic gender differences in overall head kinematics relative to T1 [3] and segmental and localized spinal kinematics [4, 5] following simulated automotive rear impacts. However, it remains unclear whether dynamic gender differences resulted from anthropometry, or geometrical or structural differences in the head-neck complex and/or cervical spine. Structural gender differences identified in anterior cruciate ligaments of the knee [6] and histological differences identified in the ligamentum flavum of the lumbar spine may indicate possible structural or material gender differences in spinal ligaments [7]. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted to experimentally identify soft tissue structural differences in spinal biomechanics.

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Rainis, Eric J., Carrie A. Voycheck, Elizabeth A. Timcho, Patrick J. McMahon, and Richard E. Debski. "Effects of Gender on the Mechanical Properties of the Glenohumeral Capsule: Implications for Surgical Repair Techniques." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176345.

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The glenohumeral joint is the most dislocated major joint in the body and the axillary pouch of the glenohumeral capsule is the primary stabilizer at the extreme ranges of external rotation. [1] Procedures to repair the capsule following dislocation result in 12–25% of patients still experiencing pain and instability. [2] Studies performing clinical exams have found inconsistent data on differences between males and females. Increased laxity in the glenohumeral joint of females has been found as well as overall hypermobility when compared to males. [3,4] However, others have found no differences in overall joint stiffness between genders. [5] These findings suggest that a difference in the mechanical properties might exist between genders. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of gender on the mechanical properties of the axillary pouch during tensile loading. A combined experimental and computational approach was used to evaluate the properties of the tissue. This data could potentially be utilized to improve surgical procedures and necessitate gender-specific repair techniques.

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Salerno, Silvana. "Gender and Ergonomics: The Recognition of Women’s Occupational Diseases." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001344.

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Scientific international papers have been selected to show the underrepresentation of women’s occupational diseases in many countries. Women musculoskeletal disorders are included although represent the first claims of working women not only in Europe. Lack of ergonomics in gender work concept is the cause of women occupational illnesses but more ergonomics should also play a role in ameliorating the gender gap recognition. Job title and summary description of work activities are not fair in representing women’s exposure. Dual task (or double actions) and multitasking are examples of poorly studied women’s work activities. Only some specific studies in the health care sector show multitasking work demand towards higher performance among nurses. The increase in fatigue towards occupational diseases, due also to this exposure, represent another ergonomics challenge. Ergonomic observation of women work can help to identify inequities in each step of the process to overcome gender bias, occupational health diseases included.

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Shevchenko, O. A., and O. S. Krasnikova. "MONITORING OF PHYSICAL FITNESS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN." In Х Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция. Nizhnevartovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/fks-2020/70.

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The article describes the stages of monitoring the educational process of primary school children in the subject "Physical culture". The results of monitoring studies of children's physical fitness are presented. The results indicate gender-specific physical development of children of this age, and the assessment of their dynamics allows us to make certain adjustments purposefully.

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Gonçalves, Paola Gyuliane. "Analysis of the potential prognostic of ELAVL2, FOCAD and MLLT3 in glioblastoma." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.363.

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Background: There is a crucial demand to identify molecular markers for cancer to improve the personalized treatment, diagnosis and prognosis. Our research group described a frequently deleted region (chr9p22.1-p21.3) in gliomas, with genes potentially important in the development of this tumor type, including ELAVL2, FOCAD and MLLT3. Objectives: Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the expression of those genes as potential biomarkers for glioblastoma (GBM) prognosis. Design and setting: The study was retrospective with samples collected at Barretos Cancer Hospital. Methods: Immunohistochemistry reactions were performed for ELAVL2, FOCAD and MLLT3 proteins in 83 GBM samples. The reactions were evaluated using scores of intensity and extension, ranging from 0 to 6 in total. Patients with expression scores between 0 and 2 were considered negative for the expression of the specific gene, and those with scores between 3 and 6 were considered positive. Clinicopathological and molecular data from patients (age, gender, tumor location, KPS, and overall survival) were correlated with the expression of each gene. Results: ELAVL2-expressing tumors showed a trend to develop in the temporal lobe (P=0.052), whereas they were not found in the frontal lobe. Patients with FOCAD expression were older (>45y.o., p<0.001). Overall survival was not influenced by ELAVL2 or FOCAD expression. Patients with MLLT3 expression presented a marginal improved overall survival (p=0.077) when compared with patients without expression. Conclusion: Although there was a correlation of ELAVL2 and FOCAD with tumor location and age, respectively, these genes did not show prognostic potential in glioblastomas. MLLT3 showed potential prognostic, albeit more studies are warranted with larger cohorts.

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Senapati, Chayanika, Nripendra Narayan Sarma, and Smritishikha Choudhury. "Is there Gender Divide in Online Learning? Interpretations from Under Graduate Level Management Education." In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.3300.

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The diverse learners in an Open University context have different access, resources, experiences and readiness to engage and adapt to changes in the new digital learning environment. This study emphasises the complexities surrounding ideas of the "digital divide" particularly in the context of gender. The study primarily focuses on three analytical perspectives namely structure, cultural practices, and agency (Pachler et al. 2010). Communities, locations, specific times, social context, learning practise sites, household disturbances, physical space, proper schedule, financial constraints, digital media, lecture recordings, etc influence each perspective. The purpose of this study is to find answers to the concerns about how access, use and equity of ICT; and continuing technological developments in learning have impacted delivery of management education at under graduate level, which has its own challenges compared to its post graduate counterparts. Various studies show that men and women engage differently with technology. There is a need to focus on understanding the digital gender divide challenges notably in Assam, a state of North East India. The study highlights impediments and provides insights for creating a supportive and authentic learning environment. The analytical findings are based on responses received from learners through a structured questionnaire and use descriptive analysis and use ANOVA.

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Xu, Yanyu, Nianyi Li, Junru Wu, Jingyi Yu, and Shenghua Gao. "Beyond Universal Saliency: Personalized Saliency Prediction with Multi-task CNN." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/543.

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Saliency detection is a long standing problem in computer vision. Tremendous efforts have been focused on exploring a universal saliency model across users despite their differences in gender, race, age, etc. Yet recent psychology studies suggest that saliency is highly specific than universal: individuals exhibit heterogeneous gaze patterns when viewing an identical scene containing multiple salient objects. In this paper, we first show that such heterogeneity is common and critical for reliable saliency prediction. Our study also produces the first database of personalized saliency maps (PSMs). We model PSM based on universal saliency map (USM) shared by different participants and adopt a multi-task CNN framework to estimate the discrepancy between PSM and USM. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our new PSM model and prediction scheme are effective and reliable.

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Ștefănică, Mirela, and Sandu Christiana Brigitte. "Developing a Typology of Green Tourists. Empirical Study From Romania." In 7th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2021.319.

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This study seeks to develop a typology of tourists according to their attitude and behaviour in relation to the natural environment. A survey was conducted on a sample of tourists in one of the representative natural tourist areas of Romania based on a face-to-face questionnaire. The typology of green tourists has been created based on 28 items measuring consumer or participatory behaviour. The study provides a segmentation of tourists into three eco-types: eco-destructive, eco-impartial, and eco-involved. These segments were analysed by gender, age and level of studies in order to observe specific similarities or differences set for each criterion. The main findings on the impact of tourist activity on the environment underline the importance for tourists to be more careful and concerned about solving the environment and enhancing green behaviour.

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Bernal Navarro, Juana C., Esther Nebot DÍaz, and Jose A. Madrid GarcÍa. "Mendeley, el gestor de referencias bibliográfico y su aplicación en la docencia de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales, vista desde la transversalidad de la perspectiva de género (gender mainstreaming)." In IN-RED 2022: VIII Congreso de Innovación Educativa y Docencia en Red. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/inred2022.2022.15900.

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The investigation of scientific documents in the area of knowledge of the conservation and restoration of cultural assets forms an intrinsic part, as defined in its title, the subject of the Master's Degree in Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, "Resources for research and scientific documentation”. It is intended to activate reflection and critical analysis in the subject in an incipient way in the study of the relationship between the conservation and restoration of cultural assets and gender, after the interpretation of the resources used in scientific research, in this way it is undertaken initiate and provide students with new tools where the role of women restorers and their scientific contributions in the field of conservation and restoration of cultural assets are identified and valued. To carry out this initiative, a specific practice will be developed through the reference manager, Mendeley, where the search for female authors will be addressed to value their studies through the corpus of their texts, monographs, articles, reports, manuals of reference, in relation to the theme or period of study of the activity in question requested as a learning object.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Gender Specific Studies"

Wroblewski, Angela, Bente Knoll, Barbara Pichler, Elisabeth Reitinger, Birgit Hofleitner, Barbara Egger, Victoria Englmaier, Peter Koller, and Arn Sauer. Chancen feministischer Evaluation. Methodische Herausforderungen bei der Evaluation von Gender Mainstreaming und Gleichstellungspolitiken. Working Paper 119. Edited by Angela Wroblewski. IHS - Institute for Advanced Studies, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2018.502.

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Studies in the context of gender mainstreaming, gender equality policy or feminist issues often face specific challenges in connection with the empirical approach. The Gender Mainstreaming Working Group (AK GM) of the German Evaluation Society (DeGEval) focused on the choice of adequate methods and research designs for the evaluation of gender mainstreaming measures, gender equality policies and feminist evaluation at its spring conference 2017, which took place at the IHS on 11 May 2017 and is documented in this volume.

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Klugman, Jeni, and World Bank UNHCR Joint Data Center. The Gender Dimensions of Forced Displacement: Findings from New Empirical Analysis. World Bank - UNHCR Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47053/jdc.141221.

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To date, research and analysis of the gendered dimensions of forced displacement have been limited. This Quarterly Digest highlights findings from a new, major World Bank Research Program which has sought to fill this important gap. The papers published from the Program include eight detailed country investigations and three multi-country studies covering 17 countries, and feature innovative methodological approaches, combining different sources of data to test hypotheses. The Digest presents the results over four main areas of research (poverty, livelihood, intimate partner violence, and gender norms), and concludes with a series of recommendations to improve the collection of data to investigate the intersectionality of gender and displacement. The Program’s findings lend support to a number of expected patterns, like the disadvantages faced by displaced women in economic opportunities, but also reveal some counter-intuitive results in particular settings, underscoring the importance of country-specific analysis.

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Chornodon, Myroslava. FEAUTURES OF GENDER IN MODERN MASS MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11064.

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The article clarifies of gender identity stereotypes in modern media. The main gender stereotypes covered in modern mass media are analyzed and refuted. The model of gender relations in the media is reflected mainly in the stereotypical images of men and woman. The features of the use of gender concepts in modern periodicals for women and men were determined. The most frequently used derivatives of these macroconcepts were identified and analyzed in detail. It has been found that publications for women and men are full of various gender concepts that are used in different contexts. Ingeneral, theanalysisofthe concept-maximums and concept-minimum gender and their characteristics is carried out in the context of gender stereotypes that have been forme dand function in the society, system atizing the a ctual presentations. The study of the gender concept is relevant because it reveals new trends and features of modern gender images. Taking into account the special features of gender-labeled periodicals in general and the practical absence of comprehensive scientific studies of the gender concept in particular, there is a need to supplement Ukrainian science with this topic. Gender psychology, which is served by methods of various sciences, primarily sociological, pedagogical, linguistic, psychological, socio-psychological. Let us pay attention to linguistic and psycholinguistic methods in gender studies. Linguistic methods complement intelligence research tasks, associated with speech, word and text. Psycholinguistic methods used in gender psychology (semantic differential, semantic integral, semantic analysis of words and texts), aimed at studying speech messages, specific mechanisms of origin and perception, functions of speech activity in society, studying the relationship between speech messages and gender properties participants in the communication, to analyze the linguistic development in connection with the general development of the individual. Nowhere in gender practice there is the whole arsenal of psychological methods that allow you to explore psychological peculiarities of a person like observation, experiments, questionnaires, interviews, testing, modeling, etc. The methods of psychological self-diagnostics include: the gender aspect of the own socio-psychological portrait, a gender biography as a variant of the biographical method, aimed at the reconstruction of individual social experience. In the process of writing a gender autobiography, a person can understand the characteristics of his gender identity, as well as ways and means of their formation. Socio-psychological methods of studying gender include the study of socially constructed women’s and men’s roles, relationships and identities, sexual characteristics, psychological characteristics, etc. The use of gender indicators and gender approaches as a means of socio-psychological and sociological analysis broadens the subject boundaries of these disciplines and makes them the subject of study within these disciplines. And also, in the article a combination of concrete-historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is implemented. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. Also used is a method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-stamped journals. It was he who allowed quantitatively to identify and explore the features of the gender concept in the pages of periodicals for women and men. A combination of historical, structural-typological, system-functional methods is also implemented in the article. Descriptive and comparative methods, method of typology, modeling are used. A method of content analysis for the study of gender content of modern gender-labeled journals is also used. It allowed to identify and explore the features of the gender concept quantitatively in the periodicals for women and men. The conceptual perception and interpretation of the gender concept «woman», which is highlighted in the modern gender-labeled press in Ukraine, requires the elaboration of the polyfunctionality of gender interpretations, the comprehension of the metaphorical perception of this image and its role and purpose in society. A gendered approach to researching the gender content of contemporary periodicals for women and men. Conceptual analysis of contemporary gender-stamped publications within the gender conceptual sphere allows to identify and correlate the meta-gender and gender concepts that appear in society.

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Kaitlin, Ball. New Technologies for Combatting Sexual Violence in Conflict and Non-conflict Settings. Institute of Development Studies, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.136.

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There are a significant number of new technologies aimed at combatting sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV)—primarily in the form of “emergency mobile apps”, but they are generally geographically and culturally limited, and under-studied. There are fewer applications of new technologies addressing conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV), as regards prevention, monitoring, and early warning systems. Well established issues related to the under-reporting of SGBV also impact the accuracy of digital monitoring tools used in both conflict and non-conflict contexts. The use of digital tools to combat SGBV also raises novel challenges related to new technologies, such as bias and data protection concerns. This report reviews evidence of the deployment of new technologies to address sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) both in and outside of conflict settings, and the potential for applications from non-conflict settings to apply to CRSV. Although certain literature is beginning to address the specific limitations of new technologies (e.g. usability in urban environments, cultural and linguistic appropriateness, and other accessibility questions), the limited nature of the literature assessing these new technologies and—more importantly—the design of these new technologies, means that the needs of disabled individuals, LGBTQIA+, and even men and boys, are often not centred or addressed in the design and critique of these new technologies. The review found that the studies assessing new technologies designed for and deployed in non-conflict settings identify many of the same issues affecting societal understanding of SGBV generally (under-reporting, for example), as well as new issues specific to the digital turn, such as serious and evolving privacy and data protection concerns. As regards the application of new technologies to CRSV specifically, both the applications and literature assessing them are nascent. Nevertheless, scholars are seeking to define frameworks aimed at harm reduction for the proliferation of new technologies in the humanitarian field specific to CRSV.

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Barker, Gary, Jorge Lyra, and Benedito Medrado. The roles, responsibilities, and realities of married adolescent males and adolescent fathers: A brief literature review. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy22.1004.

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From the perspective of developing countries, we know relatively little about married adolescent males and adolescent fathers, and much of what we know is inferred from research with young women or comes from a few specific regions in the world. However, there has been a growing interest in the issue on the part of researchers, policy-makers, and program staff. This interest has coincided with increasing attention in general to men, with gender studies, and with sexual and reproductive health initiatives. Early marriage and early childbearing are much more prevalent among young women than young men, and the negative consequences are more significant among young women. Nonetheless, it is the behavior and attitudes of men, within social contexts where gender hierarchies favor men over women, that often create young women’s vulnerability. Much of the research and literature on adolescent fathers comes from Latin America, the Caribbean, North America, and Europe. This paper reviews some of the literature on young married men and young fathers, concluding with suggestions for engaging young men to promote better reproductive and sexual health and more favorable life outcomes for married adolescent women and young men.

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Costa, Julio, Vincenzo Rago, Pedro Brito, Pedro Figueiredo, Ana Sousa, Eduardo Abade, and João Brito. External and internal load during training sessions in elite women’s soccer: a systematic mini review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.12.0038.

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Review question / Objective: The present systematic mini review aim to provide an overview about external and internal load during training sessions in elite women’s soccer, with special focus on fatigue, training adaptions and injuries. Condition being studied: Continuous training load monitoring in the context of the regular team routine. Eligibility criteria: To investigate continuous monitoring, we include articles with a minimum of one week of monitoring, irrespective of gender and study focus (e.g. studies reporting descriptive data of training load without studying its effects will be included). Articles will be excluded if: the participants are not all elite women’s soccer players (e.g. mixed samples including elite and non-elite players); the participants are aged under 18; the participants are not monitored longitudinally over a minimum of a 1-week period or five sessions (if the duration is not stated; friendly matches are considered training sessions) to consider continuous monitoring practices; no GPS-derived training load data are reported; the articles do not report any training load indicators; single drills are monitored rather than the entire training session, or the article focuses on the comparison between a specific drill and match demands; data from training sessions are not reported; and the articles are editorials or reviews.

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Meir, Shimon, Michael S. Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers, and Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592657.bard.

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Original objectives: To understand the regulation of abscission by exploring the nature of changes of auxin-related gene expression in tomato (Lycopersicon esculatumMill) abscission zones (AZs) following organ removal, and by analyzing the function of these genes. Our specific goals were: 1) To complete the microarray analyses in tomato flower and leaf AZs, for identifying genes whose expression changes early in response to auxin depletion; 2) To examine, using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), the effect of silencing target genes on ethylene sensitivity and abscission competence of the leaf and flower AZs; 3) To isolate and characterize promoters from AZ-specific genes to be used in functional analysis; 4) To generate stable transgenic tomato plants with selected genes silenced with RNAi, under the control of an AZ-specific promoter, for further characterization of their abscission phenotypes. Background: Abscission, the separation of organs from the parent plant, results in postharvest quality loss in many ornamentals and other fresh produce. The process is initiated by changes in the auxin gradient across the AZ, and is triggered by ethylene. Although changes in gene expression have been correlated with the ethylene-mediated execution of abscission, there is almost no information on the initiation of the abscission process, as the AZ becomes sensitized to ethylene. The present project was focused on elucidating these early molecular regulatory events, in order to gain a better control of the abscission process for agricultural manipulations. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Microarray analyses, using the Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip®, revealed changes in expression, occurring early in abscission, of many genes with possible regulatory functions. These included a range of auxin- and ethylene-related transcription factors (TFs), other TFs that are transiently induced just after flower removal, and a set of novel AZ-specific genes. We also identified four different defense-related genes, including: Cysteine-type endopeptidase, α- DOX1, WIN2, and SDF2, that are newly-associated with the late stage of the abscission process. This supports the activation of different defense responses and strategies at the late abscission stages, which may enable efficient protection of the exposed tissue toward different environmental stresses. To facilitate functional studies we implemented an efficient VIGS system in tomato, and isolated two abscission-specific promoters (pTAPG1 and pTAPG4) for gene silencing in stable transformation. Using the VIGS system we could demonstrate the importance of TAPGs in abscission of tomato leaf petioles, and evaluated the importance of more than 45 genes in abscission. Among them we identified few critical genes involved in leaf and flower abscission. These included: PTRP-F1, PRP, TKN4, KNOTTED-like homeobox TF, KD1, and KNOX-like homeodomain protein genes, the silencing of which caused a striking retardation of pedicel abscission, and ERF1, ERF4, Clavata-like3 protein, Sucrose transporter protein, and IAA10 genes, the silencing of which delayed petiole abscission. The importance of PRPand KD1 genes in abscission was confirmed also by antisense–silencing using pTAPG4. Experiments testing the effects of RNAi silencing of few other genes are still in progress, The analysis of the microarray results of flower and leaf AZs allowed us to establish a clear sequence of events occurring during acquisition of tissue sensitivity to ethylene, and to confirm our hypothesis that acquisition of ethylene sensitivity in the AZ is associated with altered expression of auxin-regulated genes in both AZs. Implication, both scientific and agricultural: Our studies had provided new insights into the regulation of the abscission process, and shaded light on the molecular mechanisms that drive the acquisition of abscission competence in the AZ. We pointed out some critical genes involved in regulation of abscission, and further expanded our knowledge of auxin-ethylene cross talk during the abscission process. This permits the development of novel techniques for manipulating abscission, and thereby improving the postharvest performance of ornamentals and other crops.

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Ori, Naomi, and Mark Estelle. Specific mediators of auxin activity during tomato leaf and fruit development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597921.bard.

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The plant hormone auxin is involved in numerous developmental processes, including leaf and fruit development. The tomato (Solanumlycopersicum) gene ENTIRE (E) encodes an auxin-response inhibitor from the Aux/IAA family. While most loss-offunction mutations in Aux/IAA genes are similar to the wild type due to genetic redundancy, entire (e) mutants show specific effects on leaf and fruit development. e mutants have simple leaves, in contrast to the compound leaves of wild type tomatoes. In addition, e plants produce parthenocarpic fruits, in which fruit set occurs independently of fertilization. The aim of this research program was to utilize the e mutation to identify and characterize genes that mediate the specific effect of auxin in leaf and fruit development. The specific objectives of the project were to: 1. Characterize and map modifiers of the e leaf phenotype. 2. Characterize and map suppressors of the e fruit phenotype. 3. Dissect the developmental specificity of the E gene. 4. Examine the effect of fruit-overexpression of identified genes on fruit set and seed production. To identify mediators of auxin in leaf development, we mainly focused on one mutant, crawling elephant (crel, previously called t282), which showed substantial suppression of the e phenotype and other auxin-relatedphenotypes. We have identified the CREL gene as a homolog of the Arabidopsis VRN5 gene, involved in recruiting polycomb silencing complexes to specific targets. We showed that CREL affects auxin sensitivity in tomato. Suppressors of the e fruit phenotype have been further characterized and selected for more profound effects. Expression profiling by RNAseq was used to analyze the effect of e as well as crel on gene expression in leaves and fruits. This analysis has identified putative E and CREL targets. We have initiated studies to assess the role of some of these targets in flower and fruit development. The research has identified potential mediators of auxin response in leaf, flower and fruit development.

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Shaw, John, Arieh Rosner, Thomas Pirone, Benjamin Raccah, and Yehezkiel Antignus. The Role of Specific Viral Genes and Gene Products in Potyviral Pathogenicity, Host Range and Aphid Transmission. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561070.bard.

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In this research we have studied the molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. The investigations focused on the genes Pds and Psy, encoding desaturase and phytoene synthase, respectively, which are key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of lycopene and b-carotene. In addition, we have investigated the genes for lycopene cyclase. We have cloned from tomato and characterized the cDNA of CrtL-e, which encodes the lycopene e-cyclase, and analyzed its expression during fruit development. The results establish a paradigm for the regulation of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis during the ripening process of fruits. It is concluded that transcriptional regulation of genes that encode carotenoid-biosynthesis enzymes is the major mechanism that governs specific pigment accumulation. During the ripening of tomato fruits transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase is up-regulated, while the transcription of the genes for both lycopene cyclases decreases and thus the conversion of lycopene to subsequent carotenoids is inhibited. These findings support the working hypothesis of the molecular approach to manipulating carotenogenesis by altering gene expression in transgenic plants, and offer obvious strategies to future application in agriculture. The molecular and physiological knowledge on carotenogenesis gained in this project, suggest a concept for manipulating gene expression that will alter carotenoid composition in fruits and flowers.

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Meir, Shimon, Michael Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers, and Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Abscission. United States Department of Agriculture, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696523.bard.

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Original objectives: Understanding the regulation of abscission competence by exploring the nature and function of auxin-related gene expression changes in the leaf and pedicelAZs of tomato (as a model system), was the main goal of the previously submitted proposal. We proposed to achieve this goal by using microarray GeneChip analysis, to identify potential target genes for functional analysis by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). To increase the potential of accomplishing the objectives of the previously submitted proposal, we were asked by BARD to show feasibility for the use of these two modern techniques in our abscission system. Thus, the following new objectives were outlined for the one-year feasibility study: 1.to demonstrate the feasibility of the VIGS system in tomato to perform functional analysis of known abscission-related genes; 2. to demonstrate that by using microarray analysis we can identify target genes for further VIGS functional analysis. Background to the topic: It is a generally accepted model that auxin flux through the abscission zone (AZ) prevents organ abscission by rendering the AZ insensitive to ethylene. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for acquisition of abscission competence and the way in which the auxin gradient modulates it are still unknown. Understanding this basic stage of the abscission process may provide us with future tools to control abscission for agricultural applications. Based on our previous study, performed to investigate the molecular changes occurring in leaf and stem AZs of MirabillisJalapaL., we have expanded our research to tomato, using genomic approaches that include modern techniques for gene discovery and functional gene characterization. In our one-year feasibility study, the US team has established a useful system for VIGS in tomato, using vectors based on the tobacco rattle virus (TRV), a Lcreporter gene for silencing (involved in regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis), and the gene of interest. In parallel, the Israeli team has used the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip to measure gene expression in AZ and non-AZ tissues at various time points after flower removal, when increased sensitivity to ethylene is acquired prior to abscission (at 0-8 h), and during pedicelabscission (at 14 h). In addition, gene expression was measured in the pedicel AZ pretreated with the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) before flower removal, to block any direct effects of ethylene. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: 1) The feasibility study unequivocally established that VIGS is an ideal tool for testing the function of genes with putative roles in abscission; 2) The newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip was found to be an excellent tool to identify AZ genes possibly involved in regulation and execution of abscission. The VIGS-based study allowed us to show that TAPG, a polygalacturonase specifically associated with the tomato AZ, is a key enzyme in the abscission process. Using the newly released Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip we have identified potential abscission regulatory genes as well as new AZ-specific genes, the expression of which was modified after flower removal. These include: members of the Aux/IAAgene family, ethylene signal transduction-related genes, early and late expressed transcription factors, genes which encode post-translational regulators whose expression was modified specifically in the AZ, and many additional novel AZ-specific genes which were previously not associated with abscission. This microarray analysis allowed us to select an initial set of target genes for further functional analysis by VIGS. Implications: Our success in achieving the two objectives of this feasibility study provides us with a solid basis for further research outlined in the original proposal. This will significantly increase the probability of success of a full 3-year project. Additionally, our feasibility study yielded highly innovative results, as they represent the first direct demonstration of the functional involvement of a TAPG in abscission, and the first microarray analysis of the abscission process. Using these approaches we could identify a large number of genes involved in abscission regulation, initiation and execution, and in auxin-ethylene cross-talk, which are of great importance, and could enable their potential functional analysis by VIGS.

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