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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Gas treatment at high temperature"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 20 квітня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Gas treatment at high temperature"

Suprihanto, Agus. "HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS NITRIDING TREATMENT OF AISI 430 USING LOW AND HIGH PURITY NITROGEN GAS." ROTASI 18, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/rotasi.18.3.65-68.

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The properties of stainless steels can be improved by high temperature gas nitriding (HTGN) treatment. The improving of their properties are obtained from nitrogen atom which diffuse into stainless steel. Nitrogen gas is the main source of nitrogen atom on the HTGN treatment. Generally, these treatment use high purity of nitrogen gas. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of nitrogen gas purity on the HTGN treatment for AISI 430. Stainless steel AISI 430 plate 2 mm thick was processed by HTGN treatment. The specimens was exposed at nitrogen gas atmosphere at temperature 1200oC and held for 2 hours prior quenching in water. The treatment used industrial/welding grade (99.5%) as low nitrogen gas purity and ultra high purity (UHP) grade (99.999%) as high nitrogen gas purity. The vickers micro-hardness test was conducted to evaluate the hardness distribution from surface into middle section of the specimens before and after treatment. Light optical microscope was applied to examine the microstructure of specimens after treatment. Metallographic examination shows both treatments using low and high purity gas have the same grain size. However HTGN treatment using low purity of nitrogen gas produces hardness slightly lower than the high purity. This is due the high content of impurity of the low purity gas that reduces the partial pressure of nitrogen gas. Another effect of impurity is the reaction between nitrogen gas and its impurity especially oxygen gas. These reactions reduce the amount of free nitrogen atom which diffuses on the stainless steel.

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Warnatz, Jürgen. "Hydrocarbon oxidation high-temperature chemistry." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 11 (January 1, 2000): 2101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072112101.

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The exact knowledge of hydrocarbon oxidation kinetics is very important due to the fact that this process is involved in many technological processes: combustion in engines and furnaces, flame synthesis of materials, partial oxidation processes in chemical technology, catalytic combustion, and exhaust gas treatment, etc. An overview is given on the present state of the art with respect to kinetic data on gas-phase and (shortly) surface oxidation of hydrocarbons. Furthermore, some applications are described in the areas mentioned above. Examples for the importance of the gas-phase oxidation of hydrocarbons are ignition and combustion in engines and furnaces and partial oxidation processes in industrial chemical reactors. In many applications, both gas-phase and surface chemistry are taking place. Examples here are flame generation of diamonds and syngas generation.

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Ma, Jian, Yunlong Zhang, Jiakun Lv, and Kun Yu. "Experimental Study on Permeability Characteristics of Mudstone under High Temperature Overburden Condition." Processes 11, no. 10 (September 25, 2023): 2828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11102828.

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High-temperature treatment significantly impacts the permeability of mudstone. The permeability of mudstone after exposure to high temperatures is closely influenced by the temperature it experiences and the stress state it is subjected to. This study examines the change in macroscopic physico-mechanical properties of mudstone with temperature following high-temperature treatment. Additionally, we conducted experimental research on the gas and water seepage behavior of mudstone specimens from the top of the coal seam of Taiyuan Group–Shanxi Group in the Ordos Basin. The coal-rock mechanics-permeability test system TAWD-2000 was employed for this purpose. Subsequently, we analyzed the evolution of mudstone permeability after high-temperature treatment with consideration to temperature, axial pressure, and other influencing factors. The findings reveal that gas permeability of mudstone gradually increases with increasing temperature, while water permeability initially decreases and subsequently increases. Furthermore, both gas and water permeability of mudstone exhibit a trend of decreasing and then increasing with rising stress levels after undergoing the same high-temperature treatment. We constructed a quadratic mathematical model with a goodness of fit of 99.4% and 89.2% to describe the relationship between temperature–stress coupling and mudstone gas and water permeability. This model underscores the significance of temperature–stress coupling on mudstone permeability and provides valuable guidance for numerically calculating the gas–water transport law of peripheral rock in the underground coal gasification process and its practical application in engineering.

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Chng, Elaine Lay Khim, Hwee Ling Poh, Zdeněk Sofer, and Martin Pumera. "Purification of carbon nanotubes by high temperature chlorine gas treatment." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 15, no. 15 (2013): 5615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cp50348h.

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Wang, Sheng, Tao Wang, Yuanwei Ding, Youfeng Xu, Qiying Su, Yanlong Gao, Guohua Jiang, and Wenxing Chen. "Gas-Supported High-Photoactivity TiO2Nanotubes." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/909473.

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By changing hydrothermal condition and post-heat-treatment temperature, silica-coatedTiO2nanotubes are obtained successfully. The effects of gas-supported process on tubular morphology, crystallinity, and photocatalytic activity are discussed. It is found that the sample prepared at hydrothermal treatment (180°C/9 h) and calcination (650°C/2 h) shows perfect open-ended tubular morphology and increased crystallinity. The photoactivity of the sample is proved to be 5 times higher than that ofTiO2nanoparticles.

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Liu, Jun Li, Jian Chun Jiang, and Wei Hong Yang. "Preparation of High Heating Value Gas, High Quality Bio-Oil and Added Value Carbon Materials from Caragana Pyrolyzed via Super-High Temperature Steam." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2152.

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Caragana is an abundant plant as the feedstock of biomass energy in China. In this study, pyrolysis of Caragana in the presence of high temperature medium and characterization of products has been carried out. Evaluation of experimental results showed that faster devolatilization and char with increased surface area obtained in the presence of high temperature steam comparing to N2. Analysis of the obtained liquid revealed that the H/C and O/C ratios in the liquid are 1.5 and 0.16 respectively. Further more gas composition during high temperature steam pyrolysis differs from gas composition derived from N2pyrolysis which indicates interaction of steam with vapors and solid species even at low treatment temperatures. The derived products’ yields and characteristics indicate possible exploitation of derived char as activate carbon precursor. Liquid fraction composition makes it suitable for exploitation as liquid fuel and/or chemical feedstock.

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Hwa, Mei Yin, Ching Hsing Lin, Yu Jie Chang, Yao Chuan Lee, I. Ray Liu, and Jen Ray Chang. "Pt/Zeolite Catalyst for the Treatment of High VOC-Containing Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 927–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.927.

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Pd/SDB (Styrene Divinylbenzene Copolymer), a hydrophobic catalyst, has been used for the destruction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in wastewater. Although the catalysts performed well in low VOC concentrations, they were not as effective in high VOC concentrations because of the heat removal problem. On the other hand, Pt/Zeolite contains a high silica to alumina ratio, which gives it hydrophobic characteristics and allows it to endure significantly higher temperatures than Pd/SDB. Hence, they were chosen for the treatment of wastewater containing high VOC concentrations. As expected, the catalysts presented both high conversion rates and good stability maintenance. Because of their high stability and rapid regeneration, the catalysts were regarded to be promising for industrial applications. In this study, the noble metal content of Pt/Zeolite amounted to 1.5 wt.%, and that the different temperatures and pressures collocating with different weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) were used to test the VOCs conversion efficiency. The results showed that the best reduction temperature was 450°C below the temperature- programmed reduction (TPR) process. The reaction system consisted of a continuous dripping flow with a fix-bed system and proportional integral derivative (PID) temperature controller. Selected VOCs such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and formaldehyde were investigated over the catalyst. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the reagents and the potential organic intermediates was determined using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (FID). The experimental results indicated that the reaction rate is inversely proportional to the molecular weight for the compounds with the same functional group. For the same molecular weight, aldehyde is easier to destroy than alcohol. Ethanol and propanol, atypical products of incomplete oxidation of alcohols, were detected in the reaction gas. To minimize the energy consumption, we preferred liquid phase reaction since the heat of reaction could maintain the reaction temperature.

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Suprihanto, Agus. "Magnetic Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel 316l and 316lvm after High Temperature Gas Nitriding Treatment." ROTASI 19, no. 2 (July 20, 2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/rotasi.19.2.72-75.

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Biometallic materials for implant devices not only have to good corrosion resistance but also stable nonmagnetic properties. Various method have been developed for enhanced the corrosion resistance i.e low temperature gas nitriding treatments. Unfortunatelly, low temperature gas nitriding produce weakly ferromagnetic due the presence of expanded austenitic phases. Another treatments methods which is capable for improvement the mechanical properties is high temperature gas nitriding. However, the evaluation of magnetic properties of austenitic stainless steel 316L and 316LVM not yet investigation. The evaluation of magnetic properties of austenitis stainless steel 316L and 316LVM after high temperature gas nitriding treatments have been succesfully done. The magnetic properties are evaluated by vibrating sample magnetometre (VSM) test. The magnetic properties such as magnetic remenance, magnetic saturation and magnetic permeability are improved. As treated 316L and 316LVM have more stable non-magnetic properties and they more safe and compatible for MRI test

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Kim, Hyung Ick, Hong Sun Park, Bong Kook Bae, Young Min Lee, Chang Sung Seok, and Moon Young Kim. "Evaluation of High Temperature Characteristics in Gas Turbine Blades." Key Engineering Materials 321-323 (October 2006): 632–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.321-323.632.

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The Ni-based superalloy GTD-111DS has been widely used as the material of the first stage blade of gas turbine. But there are little data available on the microstructure and mechanical property. The strength and ductility of GTD-111DS decrease more rapidly due to the acceleration of its microstructure degradation under high temperature. The results of study showed that the shape of γ' did not change with increased aging time but the amount and volume fraction of the deposition of secondary γ' increased and secondary γ' grew among primary γ'. Also there was difference of yield strength and tensile strength in room temperature according to heat treatment and collecting region.

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Abeysinghe, Subhashini K., Dennis H. Greer, and Suzy Y. Rogiers. "Interaction effects of temperature and light on shoot architecture, growth dynamics and gas exchange of young Vitis vinifera cv. Shiraz vines in controlled environment conditions." Functional Plant Biology 49, no. 1 (2022): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp21271.

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To examine the interactive effect of temperature and photon flux density (PFD) on growth dynamics and gas exchange of young Vitis vinifera L. cv. Shiraz vines, a controlled environment study was conducted by exposing vines to two different temperatures combined with either high or low PFD. Shoot growth was accelerated and the phyllochron of Shiraz leaves was hastened in the low temperature (25/12°C)×low PFD condition (350μmolm−2s−1). In early emerging leaves, leaf area was responsive to temperature whereas in later emerging leaves it was dependent on light intensity. The high temperature (32/20°C)×high PFD (700μmolm−2s−1) treatment delayed internode extension of early emerging internodes. However, low temperature×high PFD increased leaf gas exchange across the different growth stages. The net shoot carbon balance was greater for the low temperature×high PFD treatment. Dry matter accumulation was also greater in early emerging internodes irrespective of treatment. These results on young Shiraz vines indicate that 25°C is favourable to 32°C, and some growth characteristics are accelerated at low PFD while others favour higher PFD.

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Дисертації з теми "Gas treatment at high temperature"

TERNER, MATHIEU. "Innovative materials for high temperature structural applications: 3rd Generation γ-TiAl fabricated by Electron Beam Melting". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2527509.

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In the aeronautics industry, the propulsion systems stand among the most advanced and critical components. Over the last 50 years, gas turbine aeroengines were subjected to intensive research to increase efficiency and reduce weight, noise and harmful emissions. Together with design optimization, breakthrough in materials science for structural applications triggered the development of the most advanced gas turbine engines. For low temperatures, basically ahead of the combustion section, lightweight Ti alloys are preferred for their good mechanical properties. For high temperatures instead, Ni-based superalloys exhibit outstanding properties up to very high temperatures despite a rather high material’s density. Research have focused on enhancing to the maximum the potential of materials in gas turbine engines. According to the application, the components experience various mechanical and environmental constraints. Special designs, manufacturing process, material compositions and protective coatings have been developed to push the limits of advanced materials. Nowadays, the attention is focused on innovative materials to replace the existing Ti and Ni based alloys leading to substantial benefits. Light weight composite materials in particular were found very attractive to replace some components’ Ti alloys. At higher temperatures, it is of great interest to replace Ni-based superalloys by materials with lower density and/or higher temperatures applications, which in turn would lead to substantial weight reduction and increase efficiency. At the highest temperatures range, in particular in the combustion chamber and high pressure turbine sections, ceramic based materials offer promising balance of properties. Research are dedicated to overcome the drawbacks of ceramics for such structural applications, and in particular their brittle fracture behavior, by addition of reinforcing fibers. At lower temperatures range, TiAl based intermetallics emerged as very promising materials at half the density of Ni-based superalloys. Significant weight reduction could be achieved by the introduction of TiAl based alloys for rotating components of the compressor and low pressure turbine. 2nd generation γ-TiAl alloys were lately introduced in GE’s GEnx and CFM’s LEAP engines. The present work concerns the fabrication by the additive manufacturing technique Electron Beam Melting of 3rd generation γ-TiAl alloys for high temperatures application in gas turbine aeroengines. EBM, building parts layer by layer according to CAD, offers many advantages compared to other manufacturing processes like casting and forging. Reported by Avio, 2nd generation γ-TiAl alloys have been successfully fabricated by EBM. To increase the material’s potential, the production of 3rd generation γ-TiAl alloys Ti-(45-46)Al-2Cr-8Nb was therefore studied. The optimization of the EBM parameters led to high homogeneity and very low post-processing residual porosity ≤ 1%. The fine equiaxed microstructure after EBM could be tailored towards the desired mechanical properties by simple heat treatment, from equiaxed to duplex to fully lamellar. In particular, a duplex microstructure composed by about 80 % lamellar grains pinned at grain boundaries by fine equiaxed grains was obtained after heat treatment slightly over the α transus temperature. The study showed that addition of a higher amount of Nb significantly increased the oxidation resistance of the material, thus increasing the application temperature range of these γ-TiAl alloys.

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Brundin, Carl. "Alternative energy concepts for Swedish wastewater treatment plants to meet demands of a sustainable society." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146831.

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This report travels through multiple disciplines to seek innovative and sustainable energy solutions for wastewater treatment plants. The first subject is a report about increased global temperatures and an over-exploitation of natural resources that threatens ecosystems worldwide. The situation is urgent where the current trend is a 2°C increase of global temperatures already in 2040. Furthermore, the energy-land nexus becomes increasingly apparent where the world is going from a dependence on easily accessible fossil resources to renewables limited by land allocation. A direction of the required transition is suggested where all actors of the society must contribute to quickly construct a new carbon-neutral resource and energy system. Wastewater treatment is as required today as it is in the future, but it may move towards a more emphasized role where resource management and energy recovery will be increasingly important. This report is a master’s thesis in energy engineering with an ambition to provide some clues, with a focus on energy, to how wastewater treatment plants can be successfully integrated within the future society. A background check is conducted in the cross section between science, society, politics and wastewater treatment. Above this, a layer of technological insights is applied, from where accessible energy pathways can be identified and evaluated. A not so distant step for wastewater treatment plants would be to absorb surplus renewable electricity and store it in chemical storage mediums, since biogas is already commonly produced and many times also refined to vehicle fuel. Such extra steps could be excellent ways of improving the integration of wastewater treatment plants into the society. New and innovative electric grid-connected energy storage technologies are required when large synchronous electric generators are being replaced by ‘smaller’ wind turbines and solar cells which are intermittent (variable) by nature. A transition of the society requires energy storages, balancing of electric grids, waste-resource utilization, energy efficiency measures etcetera… This interdisciplinary approach aims to identify relevant energy technologies for wastewater treatment plants that could represent decisive steps towards sustainability.

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Muritala, Ibrahim Kolawole. "Investigation of trace components in autothermal gas reforming processes." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-232005.

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Trace component analysis in gasification processes are important part of elemental component balances in order to understand the fate of these participating compounds in the feedstock. Residual traces in the raw synthesis gas after quench could bring about the poisoning of catalysts and corrosion effects on plant facilities. The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of quenching operation on the trace components during test campaigns of the autothermal non-catalytic reforming of natural gas (Gas-POX) mode in the HP POX (high pressure partial oxidation) test plant. In order to achieve this, Aspen Plus simulation model of the quench chamber of the HP POX test plant was developed to re-calculate the quench chamber input amount of different trace compounds from their output amount measured during test points of the Gas-POX campaigns. Variation in quench water temperatures from 130 °C to 220 °C and pH value of quench water as well as the resulting variation in Henry´s and Dissociation constant of the traces (CO2, H2S, NH3 and HCN) changed the distribution of traces calculated in the quench water. The formation of traces of organic acid (formic acid and acetic acid) and traces of BTEX, PAHs and soot in the quench water effluent were discussed. The discrepancies between equilibrium constant and reaction quotient (non-equilibrium or real) for the formation of NH3 and HCN at the exit of the gasifier were discussed. The assessment of the results in this work should lead to the improvement in the understanding of trace components and concepts that could be employed to influence their formation and reduction.

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Wu, Stanley W. M. "Hydrodynamics of gas spouting at high temperature." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26345.

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The spouted bed technique was developed for handling solids which were too coarse to fluidize well. In its early stages, it was primarily used for drying wheat. It was later found that spouting has potential application in high temperature operations such as coal combustion and gasification. However, literature review will show that there are very few reports on the hydrodynamics of spouted beds at high temperature and/or pressure. Most existing correlations or expressions are based upon experiments done at room conditions; they have not been tested with data from higher temperatures. The goal of this study was to obtain experimental data at high temperatures, to examine the validity of existing equations and to modify the latter where appropriate. Spouting of sand particles (Ottawa sand) with preheated air, ranging from 20 to 420 °C, was conducted in a 156 mm stainless steel half-column, equipped with a glass panel. The transparent surface allowed one to measure spout diameter, fountain height, annulus height and other important parameters which otherwise are difficult to obtain in a full stainless steel column. In addition to air, helium and methane, at room conditions, were also used as spouting gases. With these two gases, it became possible to investigate the effect of changing gas density at constant gas viscosity and the effect of changing gas viscosity at constant gas density. The main experimental measurements were of minimum spouting velocities, spout diameters, maximum spoutable heights and bed pressure drops. For selected runs, additional measurements, such as of flow regime maps, particle circulation rates, radial and longitudinal pressure profiles, fountain heights and annular fluid velocities, were also obtained. In general, it was found that the range of stable spouting decreased with decreasing gas density and increasing gas viscosity, hence with increasing air temperature. Some of the existing equations were found to be inadequate. The Mathur and Gishler (1955) equation was unsatisfactory when tested against the experimental values of Ums. The expression of Epstein and Levine (1978) gave good prediction of the overall bed pressure drop for room conditions but overestimated the effect of temperature. The McNab (1972) equation for estimating spout diameter worked reasonably well for air spouting at room temperature but it underpredicted at higher temperatures. These equations were empirically modified to fit the new data obtained.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Stevens, Nancy Shanan Moore. "Composite membranes for high temperature gas separations." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10082.

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Astbury, Christopher John. "High temperature chemistry in the gas phase." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236061.

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Plewacki, Nicholas. "Modeling High Temperature Deposition in Gas Turbines." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587714424017527.

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Vounki, Brenda. "Adsorbants à base de phosphates pour l'abattement des métaux lourds en phase gazeuse." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023EMAC0015.

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Les normes environnementales concernant les émissions de polluants dans l'air deviennent de plus en plus restrictives avec de nouveaux seuils d'émission à obligatoirement respecter. A cet effet, il est nécessaire de développer ou d'améliorer les techniques actuelles d'abattement des émissions de métaux lourds à haute température (> 240°C). Ce travail de thèse se place dans cette problématique et a pour objectif le développement d'adsorbant à base de phosphates de calcium aux propriétés contrôlées permettant l'élimination des métaux lourds en phase gazeuse à haute température. Si les procédés d'élimination de ces métaux lourds à basse température (< 240°C) existent, ceux à haute température (> 240°C) restent rares. Dans un premier temps, différentes synthèses de phosphates de calcium ont été réalisées afin d'identifier l'influence des conditions opératoires sur les propriétés physico-chimiques et thermiques du solide. Le rapport liquide/solide et la vitesse d'agitation se sont avérés comme les paramètres les plus influents sur les propriétés finales du produit obtenu. Une hydroxyapatite avec une surface spécifique comprise entre 90 et 100 m2 /g a été obtenue. Sur la base des résultats obtenus, l'hydroxyapatite retenue pour les essais d'adsorption du cadmium ou du plomb en lit fixe à l'échelle laboratoire a été celle présentant les meilleures caractéristiques en termes de stabilité thermique, physique et chimique. Néanmoins, ce manuscrit couvre en grande partie les travaux sur l'adsorption du cadmium. Une deuxième hydroxyapatite fournie par l'industriel (surface spécifique :119 m2 /g) a également été utilisée pour les essais d'adsorption. Les différents tests d'adsorption ont été réalisés en faisant varier des paramètres tels que le débit de gaz (1-3 L/h), la température (700-1000°C), le temps de contact, la concentration initiale du métal lourd et la hauteur du lit de poudre d'adsorbant (0,5-1,5 cm). Les résultats ont montré la capacité de ces adsorbants à capter les métaux lourds sous des contraintes thermiques (T > 700°C). Les données expérimentales d'adsorption du cadmium ont ensuite été modélisées à l'aide d'un modèle mathématique basé sur la cinétique des processus d'adsorption, et les phénomènes de transfert de matière. Il a permis de prédire la dynamique d'adsorption du cadmium par l'hydroxyapatite à travers les courbes de percée décrivant le profil de concentration du cadmium en fonction du temps. Ce travail a démontré que les hydroxyapatites synthétisées présentent des propriétés de surface, d'écoulement, thermiques et thermomécaniques intéressantes permettant d'envisager leur application à haute température à l'échelle industrielle dans une unité d'incinération des déchets
Environmental standards for emissions of pollutants into the air are becoming increasingly restrictive, with new emission thresholds that must complied with. It is therefore necessary to develop and/or improve current techniques to remove heavy metals. This thesis aims to develop a calcium phosphate sorbent with controlled properties to remove heavy metals from the gas phase at high temperature (> 240°C). Although the process from getting the removal of heavy metals at low temperature (< 240°C), the one for high temperature conditions are still scarce. Initially, various syntheses of calcium phosphates were carried out to identify the influence of operating conditions on the physico-chemical and thermal properties. The liquid/solid ratio and the stirring speed proved to be the most influential parameters to control the final properties of the product. A hydroxyapatite with a specific surface area of between 90 and 100 m2/g was obtained. Based on the results obtained, the hydroxyapatite chosen for the laboratory-scale fixed-bed cadmium or lead adsorption tests was the one with the best characteristics in terms of thermal, physical, and chemical stability. Nevertheless, this manuscript mostly covered the work on cadmium adsorption. A second hydroxyapatite was also used for the adsorption tests. The adsorption tests were carried out by varying parameters such as the gas flow rate (1-3 L/h), the temperature (700-1000 °C), the contact time, the initial concentration of the pollutant and the height of the adsorbent powder bed (0.5-1.5 cm). The results demonstrated the ability of these sorbents to capture heavy metals under thermal stress (T > 700°C). Experimental data on cadmium adsorption were modelled using a mathematical approach based on the kinetics of adsorption processes and mass transfer phenomena. The model was used to predict the dynamic of cadmium adsorption on hydroxyapatite using breakthrough curves describing the cadmium concentration profile as a function of time. This work has shown that the synthesised hydroxyapatites have interesting surface, flow, thermal and thermomechanical properties, showing their possible application at high temperatures at industrial scale in a waste incineration unit

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Baldwin, Thomas James. "Aerosol formation in high temperature vapour-gas mixtures." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2000. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843166/.

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Understanding the formation and growth of aerosols is important to a better understanding of a diverse range of problems. The identification of key parameters affecting aerosol behaviour is discussed, and a number of approaches for predicting this behaviour are developed in this thesis. Models appropriate to a wide range of industrial processes are used. Turbulent and laminar flow scenarios are considered, and an assessment is made of the likely differences in system behaviour according to whether nucleation occurs by a predominantly homogeneous, binary or ion-induced mechanism. A number of techniques for predicting aerosol behaviour are compared, ranging from the rigorous to more elementary approaches. It is shown that the simpler techniques are able to demonstrate many of the most important features of aerosol behaviour, whilst allowing the isolation of the parameters which influence this behaviour. This thesis presents methods which are capable of rapidly characterising the growth and formation behaviour of an aerosol system, and in doing so has identified many of the parameters which control this behaviour.

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Zwierlein, Martin W. "High-temperature superfluidity in an ultracold Fermi gas." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39290.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, February 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 258-280).
This thesis presents experiments in which a strongly interacting gas of fermions was brought into the superfluid regime. The strong interactions are induced by a Feshbach scattering resonance that allows to tune the interfermion scattering length via an external magnetic field. When a Fermi mixture was cooled on the molecular side of such a Feshbach resonance, Bose-Einstein condensation of up to 107 molecules was observed. Subsequently, the crossover region interpolating between such a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of molecules and a Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer superfluid of long-range Cooper pairs was studied. Condensates of fermion pairs were detected in a regime where pairing is purely a many-body effect, the pairs being stabilized by the presence of the surrounding particles. Superfluidity and phase coherence in these systems was directly demonstrated throughout the crossover via the observation of long-lived, ordered vortex lattices in a rotating Fermi mixture. Finally, superfluidity in imbalanced Fermi mixtures was established, and its Clogston limit was observed for high imbalance. The gas was found to separate into a region of equal densities, surrounded by a shell at unequal densities.
by Martin W. Zwierlein.
Ph.D.

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Книги з теми "Gas treatment at high temperature"

Bose, Tarit K. High Temperature Gas Dynamics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07762-7.

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Bose, Tarit K. High Temperature Gas Dynamics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05200-7.

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Bose, T. K. High temperature gas dynamics. Berlin: Springer, 2004.

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Bose, Tarit K. High Temperature Gas Dynamics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004.

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K, Bose T. High temperature gas dynamics. Berlin: Springer, 2004.

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Anderson, John David. Hypersonic and high temperature gas dynamics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989.

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Anderson, John David. Hypersonic and high-temperature gas dynamics. 2nd ed. Reston, VA: AIAA, 2007.

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Hypersonic and high-temperature gas dynamics. 2nd ed. Reston, Va: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006.

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1944-, Cremer D., ed. Noble gas and high temperature chemistry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

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W, Hunter Gary, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Development of high temperature gas sensor technology. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Sørhuus, Anders, and Sivert Ose. "Pot Gas Treatment at High Gas Temperatures." In Light Metals 2017, 495–500. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51541-0_62.

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Startin, A. J., P. H. Dyke, and C. J. Withers. "Acid Gas Treatment at a Cerafil Pilot Plant." In Gas Cleaning at High Temperatures, 624–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2172-9_39.

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Bose, Tarit K. "High Temperature Gas Dynamics." In High Temperature Gas Dynamics, 259–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07762-7_11.

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Richter, Denny, and Holger Fritze. "High-Temperature Gas Sensors." In Springer Series on Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, 1–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/5346_2013_56.

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Bose, Tarit K. "Introduction." In High Temperature Gas Dynamics, 1–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07762-7_1.

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Bose, Tarit K. "Diagnostic Techniques." In High Temperature Gas Dynamics, 241–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07762-7_10.

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Bose, Tarit K. "Some Practical Examples." In High Temperature Gas Dynamics, 283–324. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07762-7_12.

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Bose, Tarit K. "Introduction to Quantum Mechanics." In High Temperature Gas Dynamics, 5–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07762-7_2.

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Bose, Tarit K. "Introduction to Statistical Mechanics." In High Temperature Gas Dynamics, 25–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07762-7_3.

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Bose, Tarit K. "Radiative Properties of High Temperature Gases." In High Temperature Gas Dynamics, 59–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07762-7_4.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Gas treatment at high temperature"

Li, Jiang, Stewart Suzanne, and Abbott Jonathan. "New Formulation for High Temperature Acidizing Treatment Using Sustainably Sourced Additives." In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213608-ms.

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Abstract Calcite reservoir represents a significant portion of hydrocarbon resources in subterranean formations. Most mineral acid based stimulation treatments to carbonate and sandstone reservoirs under high temperature encounter a fundamental problem, i.e., the etching rates are too fast and the treatment fluid is fully spent before it has the opportunity to be transported deeper into the formation, resulting in ineffective matrix treatment. The materials and compositions described herein are able to modulate the critical etching rate so that it can penetrate deep into the formation, generating a more extensive wormholing network required for high production yield. This paper intends to report a new formulation that is capable of modulating the reaction rates between mineral acids and carbonaceous materials that are associated with important subterranean treatments including matrix acidizing, acid fracturing and filter cake dissolution. The formulation is composed of two environmentally friendly and sustainable materials; one polymeric with direct effect on acid reaction rate modulation by controlling the mass transfer rate of acidic proton at a given temperature in a tunable manner, and the other, micro fibrous bundles functioning to keep the reaction products from aggregating. A full range of laboratory based qualification tests will be presented to demonstrate the principles of the functional additives in the new formulation. At ambient temperature, it was demonstrated that the reaction rates with calcium carbonate powder and Indiana Limestone can be modulated by using different dosages of the formulation. In addition, the typical acid fume in the headspace is effectively suppressed in the presence of the formulation. Furthermore, the formulation is compatible with commonly used corrosion inhibitor over extended time, and the corrosion inhibition performance using common metallurgies in the presence of an appropriate dosage of corrosion inhibitor between 250°F and 320°F over 6-12 hours duration met the oilfield performance requirement. The proof of concept coreflooding tests using Indiana Limestone and Bonne Terre Dolomite cores have identified domains of injection rates that exhibiting high efficacy of core penetration with a minimum of acidizing agent required. In addition, corrosion inhibition tests at temperatures ranging from 250°F to 320°F, duration from 6 to 12 hours, and acid concentrations at 15% and 20% HCl equivalent. The new acid formulation is anticipated to bring major advantages to acid stimulation jobs including: (a) deployablility to higher temperature domains that are otherwise beyond the reach of raw mineral acids; (b) deeper wormholes to enhanced well productivity; and (c) cost-effectiveness because of its remarkable breakthrough efficiency it exerts in carbonate reservoir compared to larger volumes of conventional acidizing systems that are needed for similar treatments.

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Peng, Xian, Dong Hui, Tao Li, Jia Man Chu, Zi Han Zhao, and Xi Xiang Liu. "Treatment of abnormal pressure recovery of high temperature and high pressure gas well." In 2022 2nd International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Control Science (IC2ECS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic2ecs57645.2022.10087936.

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Hongyan, Cai, Luo Wenli, Ma Desheng, Zhou Xinyu, Fan Jian, Li Jianguo, Sun Jianfeng, and Zhang Yi. "Experimental Study and Pilot Test of Combined Gel Treatment and Surfactant Imbibition Technology in High Temperature, High Salinity Reservoir." In SPE Oklahoma City Oil and Gas Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/185118-ms.

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Zainal, Suzalina, Norzafirah Razali, and Mohamad Azmeer Rodzali. "Graphene Nanoplatelets for Extended Lifetime of Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatment in High Temperature Reservoir." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215228-ms.

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Abstract Scale inhibitor squeeze (SISQ) treatment is an established method for offshore fields which allows an extended effectiveness of the scale inhibitors in preventing scale deposition over time. Some of the main issues in SISQ campaign is the short squeeze lifetime being less than 1 year which may be contributed by operational and well integrity issues as well as ineffective design of the pre-flush system. This study proposed graphene nanoplatelets as pre-flush system to extend the lifetime of a conventional scale inhibitor squeeze treatment. This carbon-based nanomaterial known for its high specific surface area provided an excellent pre-coating on the rock matrix, allowing an enhanced adsorption of the phosphonate-based scale inhibitor. Special attention was given to the study on stability of the graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) in high divalent injection water and its functionalization with biopolymer to provide good dispersibility in the seawater at high temperature condition. This paper focuses on the compatibility evaluations of GNP in seawater, its dispersion and thermal stability assessment up to 96oC temperature, followed by an innovative static adsorption experiment using Berea crushed cores which served to establish the improvement in scale inhibitor adsorption at different GNP concentrations. For in-depth performance evaluations in downhole porous media, injectivity and adsorption-desorption scale squeeze treatment coreflooding experiments using Berea and reservoir native cores at high temperature conditions were then tmperformed. Finally, prediction on the field squeeze lifetime were simulated using Place-iT™ software. Results shown that the scale inhibitor's adsorption increased by more than 100% when 200 ppm of modified GNP was used as pre-flush compared to conventional pre-flush system. Good injectivity profiles, showing Residual Resistance Factor (RRF) of less than 3, coupled with slower desorption rate of scale inhibitor were observed from the coreflooding results. The simulated scale squeeze lifetime improved up to additional 14 months compared to baseline. Graphene nanoplatelets have demonstrated its versatility as nanocoating agent in enhancing scale inhibitor squeeze lifetime, extending its application as downhole high temperature production enhancement chemical.

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Xu, Limin, Ming Han, Fahd AlGhunaimi, and Mohammed Bataweel. "Salinity and Temperature Effects on Oily Produced Water Treatment Using Polyaluminium Chloride." In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213688-ms.

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Abstract Polyaluminium chlorides (PAC) has replaced a large part of traditional aluminous coagulants for water treatment in recent years because of low dosage, high efficiency, low cost and convenient usage. This work studied the effects of salinity and temperature on the efficiency of PAC in removing oil and colloids from oily produced water (PW) and the potential of PAC for high salinity PW treatment. Minghua produced water (Di-MHPW) with salinity of 2,815 mg/L and high salinity produced water (HSPW) with salinity of 102,290 mg/L were used in this work. The efficiency of PAC and the optimal dosage were investigated by stability analyzer which allows a step-by-step vertical scanning of the dispersions. The separation time, floc volume and water quality after treatment could be obtained by stability analyzer. Transmission intensity was used to evaluate the oil-water separation in PW. High transmission intensity indicates low oil content. Without PAC, HSPW presented faster increase in transmission than low salinity PW indicating poorer stability. The zeta potential of oil drops and colloids in low salinity PW (2,815 mg/L) was −20.4mV. High salinity (102,290 mg/L) increased the zeta potential to −2.2mV, which makes the oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion unstable than low salinity PW. With the addition of PAC, HSPW results in slightly lower transmission with less floc volume. This could be explained by the floc size after the addition of PAC in two PWs. The size of formed floc in HSPW was much smaller than that in MHPW leading to slower separation of floc from aqueous phase and lower transmission intensity. Increasing the temperature enhanced the PAC efficiency in removing oil and suspended solids in both high and low salinity PWs. However, the floc volume also increased especially in Di-MHPW resulting in less water volume. In HSPW, the temperature effect on floc volume was not obvious. Though high salinity reduces the performance of PAC in water treatment, it is still an efficient flocculant for HSPW treatment with high flocculation efficiency, small floc volume and short separation time. This work provides the insight of oily produced water treatment using PAC and the effect of salinity and temperature. The results are helpful to develop novel flocculants used for high salinity produced water treatment.

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Al hassani, Azeizah, Pierre Van Laer, Trevor Brooks, Muhammad Z. Baig, Serif Elazab, Didier Caillon, Yang Wu, and Leandro Kolton. "UAEs Unconventional High-Pressure/High-Temperature (HPHT) Shale Gas Play Appraisal Technical and Operational Learnings." In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213282-ms.

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Abstract The paper outlines the technical and operational journey experienced in completing this appraisal program, from wellbore preparation to the production. The paper will describe how the intervention tools and practices varied between the two wells drilled in same target and 500 ft a part. Also, the paper going to address the maximize operational efficiency, reduce emissions and availability of local resources. In addition to the modification and customization of available technologies and tools to address the UAE unconventional formations. Multistage well completions have been developed in the last two decades. Much of this advancement can be attributed to the unconventional shale Oil and Gas plays technology revolution, in which numerous transformational tools, techniques, and concepts have led to the efficient development of ultralow- permeability resources on a massive scale. However, careful consideration must be taken because these techniques cannot be used in areas outside in early in life fields, where reservoir rock properties and stress regimes are considerably different. Therefore, if not properly designed this can compromise the effectiveness of the hydraulic fracture treatment and impair project success which, impact energy self- sufficiency followed by strategy for the country. Diyab Reservoir is an organic-rich limestone unconventional play and our focusing area is located in Al Dhafra region, 250 km west of Abu Dhabi. The target formations comprise of extremely high stress rock in addition to the high-pressure and high temperature (HPHT). The appraisal strategy included two horizontal wells PAD that completed simultaneously (zipper) with massive multistage hydraulic fracture treatments using the perf and plug technique. Wells were long term flow tested through an early production facility to reduce emission while collecting key information to reduce the associated uncertainties and design a robust field development plan. The obstacles that have been faced and are still ongoing with this campaign is highlighting the importance of several critical factors. These including multidisciplinary integration and planning, wellbore construction impacts, contractor performance and tool reliability. This paper is providing a summary of case histories and operational results for the first horizontal wells intervention techniques used in UAE high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) reservoirs. This represents a very important contribution and key factors to UAE Gas self-sufficiency and Energy transition strategy plan.

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Bohm, J., and S. Mussig. "Treatment of Mercury Contaminated Waste in a Two Stage Process, Pre-Treatment, Volume Reduction and Subsequent High Temperature Oxidation." In SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/35915-ms.

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Jin, Fayang, Xuan Du, Huailong Wang, Chengdong Yuan, Yong Liu, Wanfen Pu, Mikhail A. Varfolomeev, Junying Gu, and Kexing Li. "Successful Sweep Efficiency Improvement of Horizontal Wells in a High Temperature and High Salinity Reservoir by In-Depth Waterflood Conformance Control using Low-Density Gel Particles." In Gas & Oil Technology Showcase and Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214223-ms.

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Abstract HDX oilfield is located in Tarim Basin (China) and operated by PetroChina. Horizontal wells are used to develop some reservoirs. Due to high permeability heterogeneity, injection water early breaks through, resulting in a poor sweep efficiency. Conformance control is considered as the most suitable technique for sweep improvement, but such treatment in horizontal wells is more difficult than in vertical wells. Moreover, high temperature (112 ℃) and salinity (290,000 mg/L) increases extra difficulty in the treatment. Because of high temperature and high salinity, dispersed gel (DG) particles were suggested given that they are more insensitive to harsh environments than in-situ crosslinked gels. Considering wide well spacing and discontinuous interlayer, in-depth conformance control using a large volume of gel particles was proposed. To achieve in-depth migration, gel particles should have a slow expansibility and a high deformability. For horizontal well, particles sedimentation in horizontal section is a challenging issue. Therefore, the density of gel particles should be enough low to be well suspended. To meet all these requirements, eventually delayed expansion in water, low-density, highly deformable DG particles were synthesized. The first application was started at October 2016 and finished at June 2017. Multiple slug injection with different particle size and concentration was designed, and gel particles-alternating-water injection was implemented. Incremental oil production response was observed at December 2016 since the second slug injection started. Until June 2019, incremental oil was 45,255 tons, and the input-output ratio is about 48.59. Considering this huge success, the second treatment in another well was implemented from July to September 2019. The incremental oil after 8 months was 4,870 tons, and the treatment continues to be effective until 2022. Moreover, the first treatment is still effective after 3 years, which proves the treatment a great technical and economic success. This paper presents the idea of the operation design of low-density DG particles for in-depth conformance control in horizontal wells. Furthermore, how to precisely evaluate treatment effect are discussed in detail based on production performance together with water injectivity, pressure index, and wellhead pressure drop curve in the injection well. This paper not only presents the idea using low-density gel particles with multistage injection process of gel particles-alternating-water for in-depth conformance control in horizontal wells, but also summarizes important experiences for successful field operation design and control, which will give an updated framework and an important guidance for in-depth conformance control treatment in horizontal wells under high temperature and high salinity conditions.

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Al Jama, Majid A., Qasim A. Sahu, Eyad A. Ali, Mohammed S. AlMajed, Amy J. Cairns, and Mohammed Sayed. "Novel Retarded Acid System Improves Acid Fracturing in High-Temperature Gas Wells." In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215336-ms.

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Abstract The oil and gas industry continue to rely on chemical methods for well stimulation of carbonate-rich formations, particularly hydrochloric acid (HCl). The selection is primarily driven by the fact that it is cost-effective and readily reacts with calcium and magnesium-based carbonates to yield soluble products. However, enhancing the fracture half-length using conventional HCl treatments in acid fracturing operations in high-temperature reservoirs remains a challenge. This is because the fast reaction rate between HCl and the rock matrix causes the acid to be rapidly spent and thus hinders deeper placement into the formation. These limitations were tackled through the development of a novel retarded acid system, referred to as LVAS-1 (Low Viscosity Acid System-1). The new acid system is prepared by blending a strong mineral acid with a suitable strong organic acid while minimizing the amount of free water in the formulation as a mechanism to control dissociation of the acid and afford the desired retardation properties. This new single-phase low-viscosity acid system has proven its effectiveness in acid fracturing applications. The technology was trial tested in high temperature/high pressure conditions to fracture a conventional gas well in the Middle East. The motivation for field testing this system was to significantly increase the etched fracture half-length and maximum attainable pump rates over the current standard emulsified acid system. This was achieved by controlling both the engineering parameters during the treatment and the acid retardation properties. A rigorous post-treatment analysis was conducted to evaluate the performance of this acid system and benchmark it to previously tested acid systems. This includes pressure transient analysis, post–frac flow back, and friction pressure calculations. Pressure measurements relied on installing downhole gauges for friction calculations and Pressure Build-up (PBU) analysis. We report here the successful development and deployment of a novel engineered hybrid acid system that overcomes the limitations associated with using emulsified acids. Specifically, the technology exhibits superior retardation properties, the ability to pump at higher rates due to lower friction pressure, and the formulation preparation method reduces operational complexity at the wellsite. Acid fracturing operations using the new acid system have proven successful, as evidenced by the prolonged gas production rate. Results of the PBU analysis show finite-conductive fractures in the reservoir with half-lengths higher than conventional acid systems and negative skin factor. This paper presents a success story, i.e., from laboratory-to-field scale, in the development and utilization a new retarded acid system for acid fracturing applications. It highlights essential design parameters specific to the new system and lists the advantages and limitations over conventional emulsified acid systems.

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Klemm, Hagen, Mathias Herrmann, and Christian Schubert. "High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion of Silicon-Based Nonoxide Ceramics." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-480.

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The present study is focussed on the oxidation behavior of nonoxide silicon-based ceramics. Various Si3N4 and SiC ceramics were examined after long term oxidation tests (up to 5000 h) at 1500°C in ambient air. The damage mechanisms were discussed on the basis of a comprehensive chemical and microstructural analysis of the materials after the oxidation tests. The diffusion of oxygen into the material and its further reaction in the bulk of the material were found to be the most critical factors during long term oxidation treatment at elevated temperatures. However, the resulting damage in the microstructure of the materials can be significantly reduced by purposeful microstructural engineering. Using Si3N4/SiC and Si3N4/MoSi2 composite materials provides the possibility to improve the high temperature stability.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Gas treatment at high temperature"

Badrinarayanan and Olsen. PR-179-11201-R01 Performance Evaluation of Multiple Oxidation Catalysts on a Lean Burn Natural Gas Engine. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010772.

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Two-way catalysts or oxidation catalysts are the common after-treatment systems used on lean burn natural gas engines to reduce CO, VOCs and formaldehyde emissions. The study evaluates the performance of oxidation catalysts from commercial vendors for varying catalyst temperature and space velocity. For this study, a part of the exhaust from a Waukesha VGF-18 GL lean burn natural gas engine was flowed through a catalyst slipstream system to assess the performance of the oxidation catalysts. The slipstream is used to reduce the size of the catalysts and to allow precise control of temperature and space velocity. Analyzers used include Rosemount 5-gas emissions bench, Nicolet Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometer and HP 5890 Series II Gas Chromatograph. The oxidation catalysts were degreened at 1200oF (650oC) for 24 hours prior to performance testing. The reduction efficencies for the emission species varied among the oxidation catalysts tested from different vendors. Most oxidation catalysts showed over 90% maximum reduction efficiencies on CO, VOCs and formaldehyde. VOC reduction efficiency was limited by poor propane emission reduction efficiency at the catalyst temperatures tested. Saturated hydrocarbons such as propane showed low reduction efficiencies on all oxidation catalysts due to high activation energy. Variation in space velocity showed very little effect on the conversion efficiencies. Most species showed over 90% conversion efficiency during the space velocity sweep. Adding more catalyst volume may not increase the reduction efficiency of emission species. Varying cell density showed very little effect on performance of the oxidation catalysts. The friction factor correlation showed the friction factor for flow through a single channel is inversely proportional to cell density.

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Pesis, Edna, Elizabeth J. Mitcham, Susan E. Ebeler, and Amnon Lers. Application of Pre-storage Short Anaerobiosis to Alleviate Superficial Scald and Bitter Pit in Granny Smith Apples. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593394.bard.

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There is increased demand for high quality fruit produced and marketed with reduced chemical inputs to minimize toxic effects on human health and the environment. Granny Smith (GS) apple quality is reduced by two major physiological disorders, superficial scald and bitter pit (BP). These disorders cause great loss to apple growers worldwide. Superficial scald is commonly controlled by chemical treatments, mainly the antioxidant diphenylamine (DPA) and/or the ethylene action inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1–MCP). Both chemicals are ineffective in controlling bitter pit incidence. We proposed to investigate the beneficial use of non-chemical, abiotic stress with low O2 (LO2) applied for 10d at 20°C on GS apple fruit. During the project we expanded the treatment to more apple cultivars, Golden Delicious (GD) and Starking Delicious (SD) and another pome fruit, the pear. Apple and pear have similar physiological disorders that develop during cold storage and we examined if the LO2 treatment would also be effective on pear. Application of 0.5% LO2 atmosphere for 10d at 20°C or 500ppb 1-MCP at 20°C prior to cold storage at 0°C, was effective in reducing superficial scald in GS apple. Moreover, LO2 pretreatment was also effective in reducing bitter pit (BP) development in California GS and Israeli GD and SD apples The BP symptoms in GS from California were much more prominent, so the effect of LO2 was more dramatic than the effect on the Israeli cvs. GD and SD, nevertheless the LO2 treatment showed the same trend in all cultivars in reducing BP. The LO2 and 1-MCP -treated fruit exhibited lower levels of ethylene, - farnesene and its oxidation product, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO), as determined by SPME/GC-MS analysis. In addition, LO2 pretreatment applied to California Bartlett or Israeli Spadona pears was effective in reducing superficial scald, senescent scald and internal breakdown after 4 m of cold storage at 0°C. For GS apple, low-temperature storage resulted in oxidative stress and chilling injury, caused by increased production of superoxide anions which in turn led to the generation of other dangerous reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using confocal laser-scanning microscopy and H2O2 measurements of apple peel, we observed ROS accumulation in control fruit, while negligible amounts were found in LO2 and 1-MCP treated fruit. Gene-expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes were induced by the various pretreatments: catalase was induced by LO2 treatment, whereas Mn superoxide dismutase was induced by 1-MCP treatment. We assume that LO2 and 1-MCP pretreated fruit remained healthier due to reduced production of ethylene and reactive oxygen substances, such as MHO, during cold storage. The LO2-treated apple exhibited greener peel and firmer fruit after 6 m of cold storage, and the fruit had high crispiness leading to high taste preference. In both pear cultivars, the LO2 treatment led to a reduction in internal breakdown and browning around the seed cavity. We tested the LO2 pre-storage treatment on a semi-commercial scale that would be applicable to a small organic grower by sealing the fruit within the plastic field bins. The treatment was most effective with a continuous flow of nitrogen through the bins; however, a single 6 hour flush of nitrogen was also fairly effective. In addition, we determined that it was very important to have the oxygen levels below 0.5% for approximately 10 days to achieve good scald control, not counting the time required to reduce the oxygen concentration. Our LO2 technology has been proven in this project to be effective in reducing several physiological disorders developed in pome fruit during cold storage. We hope that our non-chemical treatment which is friendly to the environment will be used in the near future for the organic apple and pear industry. The next step should be an analysis of the cost-benefits and commercial feasibility.

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Skeaff, J. M. High Temperature Gas Filtration, Giant Yellowknife Mine. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/133358.

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Fielder, Robert, Matthew Palmer, Wing Ng, Matthew Davis, and Aditya Ringshia. High-Temperature, High-Bandwidth Fiber Optic Pressure and Temperature Sensors for Gas Turbine Applications. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada429586.

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Richard R. Schult, Paul D. Bayless, Richard W. Johnson, James R. Wolf, and Brian Woods. Scaling Studies for High Temperature Test Facility and Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1042382.

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Kimball, O. (High temperature metallic materials for gas-cooled reactors). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5530567.

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Sterbentz, James William, Paul David Bayless, Lee Orville Nelson, Hans David Gougar, James Carl Kinsey, Gerhard Strydom, and Akansha Kumar. High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Test Reactor Point Design. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1261012.

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Liu, Xingbo, and Yi Wang. High Temperature Gas Sensor for Coal Combustion System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1734769.

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Pickrell, G. R., T. Sun, and J. J. Brown. High temperature alkali corrosion of ceramics in coal gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7162665.

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Pickrell, G. R., T. Sun, and J. J. Brown. High temperature alkali corrosion of ceramics in coal gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5024999.

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