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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Full-Income"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 28 вересня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Full-Income"

Vobruba, Georg. "Income Mixes. Work and Income Beyond Full Employment." Czech Sociological Review 35, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/00380288.1999.35.2.05.

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Wang, Guangtong, and Qiang Jiang. "Full – Perspective Analysis of Medium Income Trap." International Journal of Financial Research 8, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v8n3p195.

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The backward economies can’t enter into the high-income group after stepping on the middle-income stage successfully. Based on multidimensional perspective of economics, this paper will analyze the reasons of "middle-income trap". As the adverse condition of international environment and domestic weakness, the development process of backward economies when they enter into the "middle income trap" is generally affected by the global economic crisis, while it is difficult to resist the global economic crisis for the middle income stage because its vulnerability. Turning to another views, the lower domestic savings rate, the shortage of high-end production factors, the low degree of market standard, the low-end embedded international production system will hinder the middle-income economies to enter into high-income group. The analysis of this paper in details will provide reference for China and provide theoretical support and policy guidance for its rapid entry into high - income economies.

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Koutsampelas, Christos, and Panos Tsakloglou. "The distribution of full income in Greece." International Journal of Social Economics 40, no. 4 (March 8, 2013): 311–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068291311305008.

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Dowd, K. "Consumer demand, ?full income? and real wages." Empirical Economics 17, no. 3 (September 1992): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01206297.

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Hodder, Leslie D., Patrick E. Hopkins, and James M. Wahlen. "Risk-Relevance of Fair-Value Income Measures for Commercial Banks." Accounting Review 81, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 337–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2006.81.2.337.

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We investigate the risk relevance of the standard deviation of three performance measures: net income, comprehensive income, and a constructed measure of full-fair-value income for a sample of 202 U.S. commercial banks from 1996 to 2004. We find that, for the average sample bank, the volatility of full-fair-value income is more than three times that of comprehensive income and more than five times that of net income. We find that the incremental volatility in full-fair-value income (beyond the volatility of net income and comprehensive income) is positively related to marketmodel beta, the standard deviation in stock returns, and long-term interest-rate beta. Further, we predict and find that the incremental volatility in full-fair-value income (1) negatively moderates the relation between abnormal earnings and banks' share prices and (2) positively affects the expected return implicit in bank share prices. Our findings suggest full-fair-value income volatility reflects elements of risk that are not captured by volatility in net income or comprehensive income, and relates more closely to capital-market pricing of that risk than either net-income volatility or comprehensiveincome volatility.

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Schloss, Patrick J., Constance W. Wolf, and Cynthia N. Schloss. "Financial Implications of Half- and Full-Time Employment for Persons with Disabilities." Exceptional Children 54, no. 3 (November 1987): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001440298705400310.

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Increased financial well-being is often assumed to be a benefit of full-time employment for handicapped individuals. However, there is some evidence that this is not true. In this study a balance sheet approach was utilized to examine the financial implications of part-time and full-time employment for persons with handicaps. Balance sheets (income versus expenses) were developed for three income levels: no earned income, income from a part-time (20 hours a week) job, and income from a full-time (40 hours a week) job. The results indicated that net disposable income was comparable for individuals working part time when compared to individuals working full time. In either case, the net disposable income is no more than $3,000 over the net disposable income for an unemployed person. This provides evidence that there is an absence of financial incentives for full-time employment and suggests that persons with disabilities should carefully consider the financial effects of potential employment.

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SAWYER, M. "Income distribution, macroeconomic analysis and barriers to full employment." Journal of Income Distribution 7, no. 2 (1997): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6437(99)80042-0.

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Groome, Michelle J., and Umesh D. Parashar. "Understanding the full clinical spectrum of childhood diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries." Lancet Global Health 7, no. 5 (May 2019): e534-e535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30056-7.

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Hill, Trish. "Time Use, Gender and Disadvantage in Australia: Conventional Income and ‘Full Income’ Approaches to Estimation." Economic and Labour Relations Review 20, no. 1 (December 2009): 13–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530460902000103.

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Kouki, Mondher, Mosbeh Hsini, and Farah Tabassi. "The Value and Risk Relevance of Fair Value: The Case of French Firms." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 6, no. 2 (August 3, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v6i2.9692.

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We study the performance of fair value accounting standards of financial instruments starting from the analysis of quality relevance of accounting information. In particular, we are interested in the value relevance and risk relevance of income that contains financial instruments measured or not at fair value. To do so, we compare three income levels known as accounting standard’s history. The three major levels are Full-Fair-Value income measurement (all-fair-value changes recognized in income), piecemeal-fair-value income measurement or comprehensive income (some fair-value changes recognized in income), and historical-cost income measurement or net income (no fair-value measurement existing). The empirical tests of value relevance showed that net income is not a relevant value, and Full Fair Value Income is more significant than the Comprehensive Income. The study shows also that risk relevance is more, measured by the volatility of Full Fair Value Income.

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Дисертації з теми "Full-Income"

Swenson, Brian G. "College Student Engagement: Removing the Costs of Full Participation for Low-Income Students." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107297.

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Thesis advisor: Ana Martinez-Aleman
College student engagement has been linked to a host of positive educational outcomes including academic performance and persistence. Problematically, many low-income college students are not able to get involved within the social system of higher education due to the costs associated with participation in the co-curricular events and activities that comprise so much of the full college experience. This mixed methods study explored the effect on student engagement of the Pinnacle Alliance (PA) - an intervention program designed to remove these cost barriers for low-income students at Lakefield University (LU), a private, highly selective, religiously-affiliated institution located in the Northeast United States. An electronic survey was administered to a sample of Lakefield undergraduate students concerning their involvement in co-curricular activities. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between participation in the Pinnacle Alliance and student engagement. While the quantitative findings indicate a non-significant relationship, subsequent focus groups were conducted to further examine and contextualize the effects of the Pinnacle Alliance on low-income students. Qualitative findings from the focus group suggest that the Pinnacle Alliance is an extremely important resource for many low-income LU students. The PA allowed these students to make participation choices free of the financial barriers they often face. In addition, PA-participating students reported feeling a greater sense of community and that they fit in more at LU. However, these students made clear that fitting in and belonging were not the reasons they chose to participate in the program; rather the elevated feelings of fitting in and belonging were the result of their participation. Finally, findings from focus groups conducted with students who were eligible for the Pinnacle Alliance but chose not to participate revealed that beyond financial constraints, motivational constraints can also inhibit engagement. Non-participating students cited lack of time, lack of interest, lack of awareness, and social stigma as the four major reasons behind their decisions to not be more involved with the Pinnacle Alliance
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education

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McLoughlin, II Paul J. "Full Financial Aid in the Ivy League: How High-Achieving, Low-Income Undergraduates Negotiate the Elite College Environment." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1833.

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Thesis advisor: Karen Arnold
Currently, there are nearly a million high-achieving, low-income students in the United States. In the nation's most selective institutions of higher education, students from low-income families have been persistently under-represented. Elite colleges, in particular, have only recently begun admitting low-income students in large numbers, a result of full need-based financial aid programs that began in the early 2000s as a way to attract a more socioeconomically diverse student body. This hermeneutic phenomenological study describes the lived experiences of these undergraduates and how they navigated a college environment historically reserved for wealthy students. Although participants initially expected to feel marginalized due to unfounded concerns of elitism, they formed friendships both within and across socioeconomic class divisions and described feeling integrated within the elite college. Participants developed self-protective narratives to compensate for their low-income backgrounds and employed strategies to make up for poor high-school preparation. Participants were grateful for the opportunity to attend an elite college and were proud and relatively forthcoming about their financial aid status because they considered it a reward for their intellectual ability. Three main conclusions derive from the findings of this research: Low-income students' tendency to make a distinction between socioeconomic and financial aid status; the notion of a new cultural capital hierarchy for high-achieving, low-income students within an elite college setting; and, a specific application of Bronfenbrenner's ecological developmental model for this niche population. The results of this study indicate that high-achieving, low-income students are flourishing in full need-based financial aid programs as a result of their own resilience and intellectual capital. Participants' experiences indicate that this population of undergraduates faces unique challenges and requires specific support services to equalize their opportunities vis-à-vis higher-income peers. From these findings, implications for colleges and universities and full need-based financial aid programs are discussed
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Educational Administration and Higher Education

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Torres, Bahamonde Berenice, and Boris Topic. "Kommuners val av pensionsförvaltning : En studie av den kommunala pensionsredovisningen." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-112365.

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Inledning: Svenska kommuners verksamhet betecknas som säregen. Till detta hör att kommunerna skiljer sig från den privata sektorn i avseende på målsättning och utförande. En utav de särdrag som finns inom kommunerna är deras redovisning av pensionerna som skall ske enligt blandmodellen. Ett flertal studier har lyft upp farhågor om att redovisningen enligt blandmodellen anses leda till diskretionära tolkningsutrymmen som troligtvis kommer utnyttjas av politikerna i syfte att påverka redovisningen. En del av de diskretionära åtgärder som antas vara möjliga är pensionsförvaltning av de förmånsbestämda pensionerna. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att förklara kommunernas val av förvaltning av de förmånsbestämda pensionerna. Metod: En deduktiv ansats har använts i studien för att kartlägga de olika teoretiska förhållandena mellan pensionsförvaltning och pensionsredovisning. Studiens utförande grundar sig i att tillföra en ny inblick i redovisningsforskningen. För att åstadkomma detta har tolv hypoteser sammanställts och prövats utifrån den statistiska analysen. Slutsatser: Studien har visat att variabeln lönsamhet har varit signifikant inom samtliga analyser. Detta har lett till att hypotesen om resultatutjämning har använts som en förklaring till kommunernas val av pensionsförvaltning. Variablerna befolkningsstorlek och befolkningsförändring har även de visat sig påverka valet av pensionsförvaltningen. I den logistiska regressionen har det dock varit problematiskt att införa samtliga variabler i samma modell. Därför har hypoteserna om befolkningsstorlek och befolkningsförändring förkastats tillsvidare. Hypoteserna som utformades har stundom växlat mellan positiv redovisningsteori och institutionell teori för att på så vis ge en mer utförligt förklaring. De anses därför ha bidragit var på sitt sätt till att förklara valet av pensionsförvaltningen.
Introduction: Swedish municipalities’ operations are described as being distinctive. This means that the municipalities differ from the private sector in terms of goal settings and performance. One of the characteristics found in the municipalities is their reporting of pensions that is to be accounted for according to the mixed model. Several studies have brought forward concerns that the accounting according to the mixed model may give rise to discretionary interpretations that assumedly are going to be exploited by the politicians in order to affect the financial reporting. A part of the discretion that is used in the earnings management is assumed to occur in the pension management of the defined benefit pension plans. Aim: The aim of the study is to explain the municipalities’ choice of management of the defined benefit pension plans. Method: A deductive approach has been used in the study to identify different theoretical relationships between the pension management and pension accounting. The study's design was based on providing a new insight into accounting research. To achieve this, twelve hypotheses were formulated and later tested using the statistical analysis. Conclusions: The study has shown that the variable profitability has been significant in the overall analyzes. This has led to the hypothesis that income smoothing could be used as to explain the municipalities’ choice of pension management. The variables population size and population change have also been shown to affect the choice of pension management. Doing the logistical regression with all the variables was however problematic. Therefore, the hypotheses on population size and population change have been rejected for the time being. The hypotheses that were designed have been interchangeable at different points between positive accounting theory and institutional theory, which has led to a more detailed explanation. They are therefore considered to have contributed each in its own way to explain the choice of pension management.

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Karoui, Lotfi. "Three essays on fixed income markets." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103203.

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This thesis comprises three essays that explore several theoretical and empirical features of affine term structure models. In the first essay, we focus on the ability of continuous-time affine term structure models to capture time variability in the second conditional moment. Using data on US Treasury yields, we conclude that affine term structure models are much better at extracting time-series volatility from the cross-section of yields than argued in the literature. These models have nonetheless difficulty capturing volatility dynamics at the short end of the maturity spectrum, perhaps indicating some form of segmentation between long-maturity and short-maturity bonds. These results are robust to the choice of sample period, interpolation method and estimation method. In the second essay, we propose the use of the unscented Kalman filter technique for the estimation of affine term structure models using non-linear instruments. We focus on swap rates and show that the unscented Kalman filter leads to important reductions in bias and gains in precision. The use of the unscented Kalman filter results in substantial improvements in out-of-sample forecasts. Our findings suggest that the unscented Kalman filter may prove to be a good approach for a number of problems in fixed income pricing in which the relationship between the state vector and the observations is nonlinear, such as the estimation of term structure models using interest rate derivatives or coupon bonds, and the estimation of quadratic term structure models. The third essay provides a tractable framework for pricing defaultable securities with recovery risk. Pricing solutions are explored for a large family of discrete-time affine processes and a five-factor Gaussian model is estimated on BBB and B Standard and Poor's yield indices. This rich econometric setup allows the model to simultaneously capture two important stylized facts of defaultable securities: The positive correlation between the loss given default and the intensity of default, and the negative correlation between the intensity of default and the risk-free interest rate.

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Cardin, Philippe. "Rentierism and the rentier state : a comparative examination." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69550.

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This thesis proposes to challenge the assumption that a particular mode of politics known as rentierism is common to all rentier states. We assert that the successful emergence of rentierism is dependent on specific factors in the pre-rentier state period. To support our claim we examine and analyze three modern day rentier states; Iran, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. These case studies allow us to demonstrate that the pattern we call rentierism is not common to all rentier states the mode of politics in both Venezuela and Iran differs significantly from that of Saudi Arabia, the literature's embodiment of rentierism. Moreover, analysis and comparison of the pre-rentier state period for all three cases allows us to propose specific pre-rentier state factors which, we suggest, are essential for the successful emergence of rentierism.

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Ghosh, Anindita 1966. "The use of domestic space for income generation in a low-income housing settlement : case study in Calcutta, India." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69775.

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The urban poor of the third world cities living in slums and squatter settlements often have to support themselves or augment their meagre and uncertain incomes with small-scale business enterprises. This deceptively marginal sector of the urban economy in reality plays a vital role as a major percentage of the urban population are poor. These enterprises are, more often than not, home-based due to their lack of resources. The squalid and congested living conditions in these settlements are thus further compromised by setting up these commercial endeavour, but it is essential for their livelihood as employment opportunities occupy a primary position in their list of priorities.
This thesis studies the phenomenon of people in low-income housing settlements using their own homes for income generating activities and the compromise between the various uses of the same space. A field study was undertaken in a typical bustee in Calcutta, India to help illustrate this phenomenon. Sample surveys of a number of households where small-scale economic activity takes place were taken and studied in detail. How the integration of such activities in their daily living environment shapes, changes and influences their living patterns forms the main focus of the study.

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Young, Grace 1956. "The survival strategies of rural low income mothers." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40471.

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Recent research suggests that rural people develop a rich array of informal support and exchange among their kin, neighbors and friends. These informal exchanges are argued to develop in response to the weak penetration of formal state structures and capitalist market relations in peripheral regions. This case study of the survival strategies of low income rural mothers who live in Quebec village demonstrates that these mothers' avenues for economic and social integration are restricted by the formal and informal sectors which constitute and reinforce one another. First, an extensive data and document analysis of the Quebec pronatalist and welfare policies reveals that they fail to provide low income rural women access to appropriate training and education, to transportation and adequately subsidized child care, or to secure jobs. This restricts these women's integration into formal or informal systems of support and exchange. The second section draws on interviews with 20 community leaders and on two years of participant observation. Contrary to the literature which suggests that extensive informal ties promote socially and economically inclusive rural communities, this case study reveals that centralized state development policies limit local community initiative and independence. Hence, community effort to aid low income families are limited to charity which does not fundamentally alter these families' marginal position. The third section draws on semi-structured interviews with 20 low income single and married (or common-law) mothers. Comparing the single and married mothers' strategies reveals that studies of the rural informal sector have narrowly defined the sector, by excluding unpaid domestic and child care work. It is shown that the married mother's strategy to stay in the home is a viable one because she alone performs the unpaid work of the home. This results in her isolation in the domestic sphere. For the single mothers who seek paid work, the gende

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Adelman, Ian. "Income splitting among family members : the attribution rules." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60524.

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This thesis is a study of certain means available to taxpayers who wish to split their income with other members of their family and thereby reduce their taxes. There are essentially four sections to the study: (a) a description of the Canadian system of taxation of the family and the reasons why the Income Tax Act treats each individual as a separate unit for income tax purposes as opposed to recognizing the family unit itself as the basis for taxation; (b) an analysis of the tax consequences of loans and transfers of property between spouses; (c) an analysis of the tax consequences of loans and transfers of property to children under the age of 18 years; and (d) an analysis of the concept of indirect payments. The principal conclusion of the study is that the means available to split income among family members are limited, especially in view of the recent amendments to the Income Tax Act to gradually eliminate the "family loan" method of splitting income.

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Hitayezu, Felix. "Farm income effects of regional crop specilization in Rwanda." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69532.

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In consideration of the chronic poverty of farmers in Rwanda as well as in other developing countries where self-sufficient agriculture is practiced, this study examines what the well studied theory of specialization and trade, if implemented, could bring to Rwandan farmers in terms of production and profits.
To attain this objective, a spatial optimization model with linear programming was built and used to maximize the potential production and net returns which were compared to those from the traditional system. The model was built in a way that it also shows the pattern of trade and quantities traded.
The results show that a regional specialization system would allow, on the national level, more production, higher net returns, and more trade than the traditional system (self-sufficient agriculture) as expected according to the theory of specialization and trade. Nevertheless, the net return in some regions decreases in the new system, which necessitates a compensation plan for those regions.
However, it has to be noted that despite these gains, the adoption of the new plans requires a consideration of many other factors that are not covered in this study. Of those factors, the most obvious are the need to improve the transportation and marketing infrastructure, changing farmers' attitudes and objectives towards commercial agriculture, and securing equity, security, and sustainability in the system.

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Elkamhi, Redouane. "Three essays on credit risk, fixed income and derivatives." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21948.

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This dissertation comprises three essays. In the first essay, we provide results for the valuation of European style contingent claims for a large class of specifications of the underlying asset returns. Our valuation results obtain in a discrete time, an infinite state-space setup using the no-arbitrage principle. Our approach allows for general forms of heteroskedasticity in returns. It also allows for conditional non-normal return inno- vations, which is critically important because heteroskedasticity alone does not su¢ ce to capture the option smirk. The resulting risk-neutral return dynamics are from the same family of distributions as the physical return dynamics. Our framework nests the valuation results obtained by Duan (1995), and Heston and Nandi (2000) by allowing for a time-varying price of risk and non-normal innovations. In the second essay, we develop a methodology to study the linkages between equity and corporate bond risk premia and apply it to a large panel of corporate bond transaction data. We find that a significant part of the time variation in bond default risk premia can be explained by equity-implied bond risk premium estimates. We compute these estimates using a recent structural credit risk model. In addition, we show by means of linear regressions that augmenting the set of variables predicted by typical structural models with equity-implied bond default risk premia significantly increases explanatory power. This, in turn, suggests that time-varying risk premia are a desirable feature for future structural models. In the third essay, we first document empirically that embedded put option values are related to proxies for term structure risk, default risk and illiquidity. In a second step, we develop a valuation model that simultaneously captures default and interest rate risk. We use this model to disentangle the reduction in yield spread enjoyed by putable bonds that can be attributed to each risk. Perhaps surprisingly, the most imp
Cette thèse comprend trois essais. Dans le premier essai nous avons développé des résultats pour l'évaluation des actifs contingents de type Européen pour une vaste classe de spécification du rendement de l'actif sous-adjacent. Notre méthode est obtenue dans une économie à temps discret et espace infini en utilisant seulement la condition de non arbitrage dans le marché. Notre approche permet une forme générale d'heteroskedasticité pour les rendements. Les résultats pour les cas d'homoskedasticité sont retrouvés comme des cas spéciaux. Notre approche permet d'accommoder les cas où l'innovation dans la dynamique du rendement est conditionnellement non normale. Cette flexibilité est extrêmement importante car l'heteroskedasticité seulement n'est pas su¢ sant pour cap- turer le phénomène du "smirk" dans les prix des options. Nos résultats emboîtent ceux obtenue dans Duan (1995) et Heston et Nandi (2000). Dans le deuxième essai nous avons développé une méthodologie pour étudier le lien entre la prime de risque dans les obligations corporatives et celle de l'actif risqué de la firme. Nous avons appliqué notre méthode sur une large base de données des transactions des obligations corporatives. Nous avons trouvé qu'une importante partie de la variation temporelle du risque de défaut dans ces obligations peut être expliquer par des estimées de la prime de risque du défaut reconstruite à partir de l'actif risqué de la firme seulement. En plus, nous avons démontré à l'aide des régressions linéaires qu'augmentant la série des variables prédites par le modèle structurel par notre estimé de la prime du risque de défaut ajoute une explication significative. Dans le troisième essai nous avons montré empiriquement que la valeur des obligations corporatives du type" puttable" est reliée aux risques de défaut, de liquidité et celui dû aux taux d'intérêts. Dans la deuxième étape de ce projet nous avons développé un mo

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Книги з теми "Full-Income"

Wunder, Christoph. Income inequality and job satisfaction of full-time employees in Germany. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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Maberry, William C. Money making secrets of internet auctions (full-time income, part-time hours). [S.l.]: W.C. Maberry, 1997.

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S, Seidman Laurence, ed. The earned income tax credit: Antipoverty effectiveness and labor market effects. Kalamazoo, Mich: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1990.

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Kim, Chae-jin. Earned Income Tax Credit in Korea: An introductory guide. Seoul: Korea Labor Institute, 2013.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Education and Labor. Subcommittee on Employment Opportunities. Hearing on H.R. 1398, the Income and Jobs Action Act of 1985: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Employment Opportunities of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, hearing held in Warren, OH, March 3, 1986. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Stopp, Konrad. Mit weniger Arbeit die Zukunft gewinnen: Ewiges Wachstum--ein Irrglaube? : Umdenken--Umlenken. Regensburg: Transfer, 1990.

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Opportunities, United States Congress House Committee on Education and Labor Subcommittee on Employment. Hearing on H.R. 1398, the Income and Jobs Action Act of 1985: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Employment Opportunities of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, hearing held in Warren, OH, March 3, 1986. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Частини книг з теми "Full-Income"

Baye, Michael R., and Dan A. Black. "The Full Income and Nonwage Income-Based Cost of Living Indices." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 84–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46587-1_8.

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"Article 21. Other income." In Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital (Full Version), 1. OECD, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264175181-24-en.

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"Article 21 Other income." In Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital (Full Version). OECD, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/cbacf349-en.

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"Article 21 Other income." In Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital (Full Version). OECD, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239081-24-en.

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"Article 15. Income from employment." In Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital (Full Version), 1–2. OECD, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264175181-18-en.

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"Article 15 Income from employment." In Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital (Full Version). OECD, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/86783786-en.

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"Article 15 Income from employment." In Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital (Full Version). OECD, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264239081-18-en.

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Shefrin, Hersh. "Fixed Income Securities: The Full Measure of Behavioral Phenomena." In Beyond Greed and Fear, 193–212. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0195161211.003.0014.

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"Full employment, new technologies and the distribution of income." In Citizenship Today, 165–82. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203996607-16.

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"Attribution of Income to Permanent Establishments." In Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital (Full Version). OECD, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/11277ca9-en.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Full-Income"

Abubakar, Muhammad, Amina Bibi, Rashad Hussain, Zohra Bibi, Asma Gul, Zahid Bashir, Salman Noshear Arshad, Momin Ayub Uppal, and Safee Ullah Chaudhary. "Towards Providing Full Spectrum Antenatal Health Care in Low and Middle Income Countries." In 9th International Conference on Health Informatics. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005823104780483.

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Calderon, Marta Lalyvette, Victor Hugo Guardado, Francisco Eduardo Guevara, Luis Aaron Martinez, Gabriel Ricardo Molina, and Luis Samai Santos. "Proposed Sustainable Design Alternatives for Low-Income and Middle-Income Housing in a Coastal Area in a Developing Country." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54525.

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Developing nations face increasing economic and environmental challenges and the search for housing design solutions that approach sustainability by meeting thermal comfort, energy efficiency, environmental and low initial cost criteria is underway. This paper presents the results of a multidisciplinary research project that aimed at designing a low-income house and a middle-income house that perform well from the architectural, thermal comfort, and energy efficiency standpoint while being cost-competitive. Multiple passive cooling strategies were considered and evaluated by energy modeling tools. The thermal and energy performance of the proposed designs were analyzed throughout the design process and the various design iterations. A full budget was prepared for the proposed low-income housing design and first-costs were found to be competitive with conventional housing. The paper discusses the proposed design features, their impact on thermal comfort and energy efficiency and the feasibility of integrating alternative energy systems to the proposed designs.

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Wang, Lang, Xueying Li, Weihong Li, Jing Ren, and Hongde Jiang. "Superposition Characteristics of Full Coverage Film Cooling With Various Blowing Ratio and Row Number." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90584.

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Abstract Effusion cooling is the next step in gas turbine blade cooling to get the higher turbine inlet temperature, but the interaction between the front jet flow and the rear jet flow still need to be studied. In this paper, the effect of row number and blowing ratio are studied experimentally by PSP and numerically by RANS. One to five rows of staggered cooling holes were investigated with blowing ratio 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5. It is found that the income boundary layer helps the rear rows penetrate deeper to the main flow at low blowing ratio M = 0.5, the cooling performance become worse for single row. The performance at high blowing ratio M = 1.5 for row 3–5 is nearly not effected by income boundary layer due to blowing off. Finally, a corrected equation based on Sellers superposition method for full coverage film cooling is realized, which could explain the “fully developed level” and improve the accuracy of prediction of full coverage film cooling.

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Serin Oktay, Duygu. "Asymmetric Impact of Inflation and Unemployment on Income Inequality: The Case of Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02309.

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Income inequality is a major economic problem for all developed or developing countries. Income inequality can be international, or among different regions within the country, even among individuals. Turkey is also known to be confronted with this problem and possible to see differences in income between different regions. Therefore, understanding income inequality and reasons that lie behind the problem became the primary research interests of the literature. In macroeconomic perspective, unemployment and inflation are two interconnected economic variables that may affect income inequality. Many of the researchers have tried to examine the impact of inflation and unemployment on income inequality and analyzed the role of government in controlling inflation, unemployment, and income. Certainly, parts of the macroeconomic aims which the government struggles to accomplish the economic growth, full employment, and stable domestic price level. These aims are pursued in order to advance mass welfare. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to contribute to the literature using the asymmetric model to examine the impact of inflation and unemployment on income inequality in Turkey utilizing annual data. In order to examine this impact, Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag(NARDL) model was used to analyze the nonlinear relationships between variables. It is investigated the asymmetric relationship between the variables and estimated short and long term coefficients. Accordingly, the light of the conclusion of the current study should introduce new ideas to policymakers which promote economic growth and development in the country so that income inequality can be reduced.

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Bilgili, Faik, and Hayriye Hilal Bağlıtaş. "Environmental Sustainability And Agriculture." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01042.

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In the environmental sustainability concept, this paper investigates the relationship between agricultural emission and per capita income. Additional variable is agriculture sector energy consumption. Our data is related to 1990-2010 period for 22 countries which are in the Eurasian region. Firstly, dynamic OLS and full modified OLS are applied to the data. The results show that Environmental Kuznet Curve (EKC) hypothesis is valid for agricultural emission and income. Moreover, there is a co-integration relationship between agricultural emission and both income and agricultural energy consumption. Secondly, dynamic panel GMM and dynamic OLS are applied to little modified data. Results again, imply that EKC is true for agriculture sector. Based on these results, political and intuitional regulations could be developed for environmental sustainability.

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Oransay, Gürçem. "An Examination of the Relationship between Exports and Wages for Turkey." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00746.

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In this study the together with increasing foregin trade after trade liberalization, affects of changing income distribution on wages has been discussed. Assuming wages as an issue of income distribution, it continues with foregin trade theories which are related to foreign trade and affect of export on wages in particular. The developments such as effective markets after trade liberalization, high efficiency and removal of barriers in front of international trade increase cost competitiveness and wage levels change. It is still discussed whether foreign trade has positive or negative affects on wages but it can be claimed that differences of opinion vary depending on economical structures and trade volumes of countries. Using a model which has been supplied from both theoretical and practical literature, this research will try to find out affects of export and openness on wages using unit root test, cointegration techniques and error correction mechanism on Turkish economy during the period of 1988:Q1-2010:Q4. Affects of both export and openness on wages has been studied seperately for sub sectors of Turkish Manufacturing Industry. Although there is not a full compliance in all sectors which are studied in all models within periods examined, it has been found out that export and openness create a negative affect on wages.

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Wulandari, Hanny, and Dwi Ernawati. "Effect of Early Menarche on Reproductive Health: A Scoping Review." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.26.

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Background: Teenagers aged 15-19 encounter a disproportionate burden of adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The urgent ongoing efforts are needed to lead healthy, safe, and productive lives of teenage girls. This scoping review aimed to identify the association of early menarche with negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Subjects and Method: A scoping review method was conducted in eight stages including (1) Identification of study problems; (2) Determining priority problem and study question; (3) Determining framework; (4) Literature searching; (5) Article selection; (6) Critical appraisal; (7) Data extraction; and (8) Mapping. The search included PubMed, EBSCO, and Wiley databases. The keywords were “effect” OR “outcomes” AND “menarche” OR “menstruation” OR “menstrua” OR “menses” OR “early menarche” AND “reproductive health” OR “sexual reproducti” AND “sexual behavior” OR “sexual debut” OR “sexual partners” OR “unsafe sex” OR “unprotected sex”. The inclusion criteria were English-language and full-text articles published between 2009 and 2019. A total of 116 full text articles was obtained. After the review process, nine articles were eligible. The data were reported by the PRISMA flow chart. Results: Four articles from developing countries (Nigeria, Malawi, Philippine) and five articles from developed countries (France, United States of America, England, Australia) met the inclusion criteria with cross-sectional and cohort design studies. The existing literature showed that early menarche was associated with sexual and reproductive health (early sexual initiation, low use of contraception), sexually transmitted diseases (genital herpes, HIV), and other factors (income, education level, sexual desire). Conclusion: Early age at menarche may contribute to the increase vulnerability of girls into negative sexual and reproductive health outcomes. Quality comprehensive sexual education may improve the sexual and reproductive health and well-being of adolescents. Keywords: early menarche, reproductive health, adolescent females Correspondence: Hanny Wulandari. Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta. Jl. Ringroad Barat No.63, Mlangi Nogotirto, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55592. Email: hannywulandari11@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281249747223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.26

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Schultz, Joshua A., and Mark R. Muszynski. "Small-scale testing for feasibility of rubblized concrete foundations." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.0159.

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Affordable, sustainable housing plays an essential role in providing equal opportunity for individuals within most communities in the United States, (e.g., in the area of eastern Washington State). In particular, a lack of family residences presents a challenge for the City of Spokane, and low-income residents. Moreover, building materials reuse is an important sustainability issue and concrete waste from demolition of residential buildings presents a challenge. This paper presents preliminary results for development of rubblized concrete foundations. Initial tests were conducted on scaled pseudo-soil/concrete materials to observe the relative stiffness of the proposed system for potential use in planning subsequent phases of testing, including full-scale testing. Initial results of this early testing confirms that a reinforced rubblized footing will likely have an overall stiffness (in terms of response to loading) that is measurably less than that of a conventional reinforced concrete footing.

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Klein, Sikke, and Femke van Deursen. "Evaluation of the Optimum Hybrid Power to Heat Configuration for a Gas Turbine Based Industrial Combined Heat and Power Plant." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90946.

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Abstract Combined heat and power (CHP) is a very efficient way to generate both power and heat. However due to the increase in renewable power, the position of CHP in the energy system shifts: 1) the benefits of low effective CO2 emissions and low primary fuel consumption decrease and 2) the income from the generated power will show stronger fluctuations and will generally decrease. Most CHP plants have shifted from base load operation to flexible operation on the power market to cope with these challenges. But due to the requirement for stable heat supply, flexible operation is more challenging than for a CCGT plant. Significant flexibilization of CHP plants can be achieved by the integration with power to heat (P2H): the heat supply requirement enables the opportunity to create value out of low electricity prices during periods of excess renewable power generation using hybrid CHP-P2H-operation while during hours with high electricity prices and relatively low renewable power generation the CHP plant can run economically in its original configuration. In this paper a study is executed on the implementation of P2H in an industrial CHP plant for four different configurations, varying from a ‘simple’ external electrical boiler to a full integration using air preheating and flue gas heating. The added flexibility and reduction of fuel consumption of these configurations have been calculated. The economic analysis identified the imbalance market as the most attractive option for a hybrid CHP-P2H installation. The maximum income is generated by the CHP-P2H configuration that combines an inlet air preheater with electrical duct firing. P2H appears to be a technical feasible option to make existing CHP installations fit for operation on a power market with an increasing share of renewable power.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Full-Income"

Burkhauser, Richard, Kevin Corinth, James Elwell, and Jeff Larrimore. Evaluating the Success of President Johnson’s War on Poverty: Revisiting the Historical Record Using a Full-Income Poverty Measure. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26532.

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Herrera, Cristian, and Andy Oxman. Does integration of primary healthcare services improve healthcare delivery and outcomes? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/170411.

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Primary healthcare in many low- and middle-income countries is organised through vertical programmes for specific health problems such as tuberculosis control or childhood immunisation. Vertical programmes can help deliver particular technologies or services, but may lead to service duplication and fragmentation. To address such problems, the World Health Organization and other organizations promote integration, where inputs, delivery, management and organization of particular service functions are brought together. Integration may involve adding a service to an existing vertical programme or full integration of services within routine healthcare delivery.

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Herrera, Cristian, Andy Oxman, and Shaun Treweek. Does integration of primary healthcare services improve healthcare delivery and outcomes? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1704112.

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Pritchett, Lant, and Marla Spivack. Understanding Learning Trajectories Is Key to Helping Adolescent Girls. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2021/032.

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There is a growing consensus among national governments and development partners about the importance of girls’ education. This is reflected in the UK government’s commitment to quality education for every girl for 12 years, and in targets for increasing girls’ schooling and learning adopted by the Group of 7 (G-7) countries at their meeting in mid-2021 (G7, 2021). The emergence of this consensus comes at a critical time. Education systems in low- and middle-income countries are facing a learning crisis, with many systems failing to equip children with the foundational skills they need to reach their full potential. Within this movement for girls’ education, much attention is focused on the unique challenges adolescent girls face, and on programmes to help girls stay in school. But designing interventions without sufficient understanding of the drivers of adolescent girls’ challenges will leave policy makers frustrated and girls unaided. To help adolescents reach their full potential, we must first understand what is undermining their progress in the first place. Understanding learning trajectories (how much children learn over time) is key to helping both today’s and tomorrow’s adolescent girls. This insight note briefly explains what learning trajectories are and then offers six analytical insights about learning trajectories that can inform education systems reforms to ensure that every girl meets her full potential.

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Santoro, Fabrizio, Razan Amine, and Tanele Magongo. Mandating Digital Tax Tools as a Response to Covid: Evidence from Eswatini. Institute of Development Studies, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.006.

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Many tax authorities changed the mode of interacting with taxpayers from physical to online as a response to the Covid-19 pandemic, to diminish the spread of the virus. Eswatini, the country under study, mandated the use of online tax filing through the e-Tax system for all income tax payers, coupled with a zero-cash-handling policy for tax payment. By means of a difference-in-difference (DID) strategy, reinforced by a propensity score matching (PSM), this paper offers an impact evaluation of the mandate on taxpayer filing and payment behaviour. We present three sets of results. First, we describe which firms are most likely to register for e-Tax – mostly large firms and those in the primary and tertiary sectors. Second, we show that e-Tax uptake significantly improves filing behaviour, as well as payment behaviour. E-Tax registered taxpayers are less likely to file nil (by 60 per cent), declare more turnover and taxable income, and are 70 per cent more likely to pay conditional on filing. Third, we shed light on the mechanisms behind our main findings, showing that the technology improved accuracy and reduced compliance costs. E-Tax-registered treated taxpayers are more likely to file on time, file for VAT, report more accurately, and, on the payment side, to pay their liabilities in full.

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Bano, Masooda. Low-Fee Private-Tuition Providers in Developing Countries: An Under-Appreciated and Under- Studied Market—Supply-Side Dynamics in Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/107.

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Although low-income parents’ dependence on low-fee private schools has been actively documented in the past decade, existing research and policy discussions have failed to recognise their heavy reliance on low-fee tuition providers in order to ensure that their children complete the primary cycle. By mapping a vibrant supply of low-fee tuition providers in two neighbourhoods in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan, this paper argues for understanding the supply-side dynamics of this segment of the education market with the aim of designing better-informed policies, making better use of public spending on supporting private-sector players to reach the poor. Contrary to what is assumed in studies of the private tuition market, the low-fee tuition providers offering services in the Pakistani urban neighbourhoods are not teachers in government schools trying to make extra money by offering afternoon tutorial to children from their schools. Working from their homes, the tutors featured in this paper are mostly women who often have no formal teacher training but are imaginative in their use of a diverse set of teaching techniques to ensure that children from low-income households who cannot get support for education at home cope with their daily homework assignments and pass the annual exams to transition to the next grade. These tutors were motivated to offer tuition by a combination of factors ranging from the need to earn a living, a desire to stay productively engaged, and for some a commitment to help poor children. Arguing that parents expect them to take full responsibility for their children’s educational attainment, these providers view the poor quality of education in schools, the weak maternal involvement in children’s education, and changing cultural norms, whereby children no longer respect authority, as being key to explaining the prevailing low educational levels. The paper presents evidence that the private tuition providers, who may be viewed as education entrepreneurs, have the potential to be used by the state and development agencies to provide better quality education to children from low-income families.

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Pretari, Alexia, and Filippo Artuso. Resilience in Iraq: Impact Evaluation of the ‘Safe access to resilient livelihoods opportunities for vulnerable conflict-affected women in Kirkuk’ project. Oxfam GB, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2022.8731.

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Between May 2016 and March 2018, Oxfam in Iraq, together with the Iraqi Al Amal Association (IAA), collaborated on the ‘Safe access to resilient livelihoods opportunities for vulnerable conflict-affected women in Kirkuk’ project. Funded by UN Women, the project marked the first collaboration between Oxfam and IAA (a women’s rights organization working in Kirkuk). The core themes of the project were women’s rights and economic justice. It aimed to reach women who had been displaced, were returnees at the time, or members of the communities to which displaced people had moved (host communities). This Effectiveness Review focuses on investigating the impact of support to income-generating activities on the women who received this support. The evaluation used a mixed methods design. Acknowledging that different women face different barriers and may have therefore benefitted differently from the project, an initial vulnerability assessment was carried out to bring an intersectional lens to the review. Configurational analysis was used to explore the project's impact, alongside different types of qualitative analysis and descriptive statistics. Find out more by reading the full report now.

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Stewart, Alastair, and Miranda Morgan. A Final Evaluation of Oxfam's Gendered Enterprise and Markets Programme (2014-18): Summary of findings. Oxfam GB, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2019.5358.

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Gendered Enterprise and Markets (GEM) is Oxfam GB’s approach to market systems development. The GEM approach facilitates change in market systems and social norms, with the aim of ensuring more sustainable livelihood opportunities for marginalized women and men. The GEM DFID AidMatch Programme (June 2014–February 2018) worked within the soya, milk and vegetable value chains targeting women smallholder farmers in areas of poverty. The programme aimed to benefit 63,600 people (10,600 smallholder households) living in Zambia, Tajikistan and Bangladesh through increases in household income, women having greater influence over key livelihood decisions within their households and communities, and engaging in livelihoods more resilient to shocks, such as natural disasters and market volatility. This evaluation was designed to investigate if and how the GEM programme contributed to its intended outcomes – not only in the lives of individual women smallholder farmers targeted by the programme but also in terms of changes in their communities and the larger market system. It also sought to capture any potential unintended outcomes of the programme. This summary report outlines the key findings from the three individual country evaluations in Bangladesh, Tajikistan and Zambia - for which the full reports are also available.

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Marcos Barba, Liliana, Hilde van Regenmortel, and Ellen Ehmke. Shelter from the Storm: The global need for universal social protection in times of COVID-19. Oxfam, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.7048.

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As 2020 draws to a close, the economic devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic shows no sign of abating. Without urgent action, global poverty and inequality will deepen dramatically. Hundreds of millions of people have already lost their jobs, gone further into debt or skipped meals for months. Research by Oxfam and Development Pathways shows that over 2 billion people have had no support from their governments in their time of need. Our analysis shows that none of the social protection support to those who are unemployed, elderly people, children and families provided in low- and middle-income countries has been adequate to meet basic needs. 41% of that government support was only a one-off payment and almost all government support has now stopped. Decades of social policy focused on tiny levels of means-tested support have left most countries completely unprepared for the COVID-19 economic crisis. Yet, countries such as South Africa and Bolivia have shown that a universal approach to social protection is affordable, and that it has a profound impact on reducing inequality and protecting those who need it most. In addition to the full paper and executive summary, an Excel file with the data analysed by Oxfam and Development Pathways is available to download on this page, along with an annex on the crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean.

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Gurung, M. B., Uma Pratap, N. C. T. D. Shrestha, H. K. Sharma, N. Islam, and N. B. Tamang. Beekeeping Training for Farmers in Afghanistan: Resource Manual for Trainers [in Urdu]. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.564.

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Beekeeping contributes to rural development by supporting agricultural production through pollination and by providing honey, wax, and other products for home use and sale. It offers a good way for resource-poor farmers in the Hindu Kush Himalayas to obtain income, as it requires only a small start-up investment, can be carried out in a small space close to the home, and generally yields profits within a year of operation. A modern approach to bee management, using frame hives and focusing on high quality, will help farmers benefit most fully from beekeeping. This manual is designed to help provide beekeepers with the up-to-date training they need. It presents an inclusive curriculum developed through ICIMOD’s work with partner organizations in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal, supported by the Austrian Development Agency. A wide range of stakeholders – trainers, trainees, government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), associations and federations, and private entrepreneurs – were engaged in the identification of curriculum needs and in development and testing of the curriculum. The manual covers the full range of beekeeping-related topics, including the use of bees for crop pollination; production of honey, wax and other hive products; honey quality standards; and using value chain and market management to increase beekeepers’ benefits. It also includes emerging issues and innovations regarding such subjects as indigenous honeybees, gender and equity, integrated pest management, and bee-related policy. The focus is on participatory hands-on training, with clear explanations in simple language and many illustrations. The manual provides a basic resource for trainers and field extension workers in government and NGOs, universities, vocational training institutes, and private sector organizations, and for local trainers in beekeeping groups, beekeeping resource centres, cooperatives, and associations, for use in training Himalayan farmers. Individual ICIMOD regional member countries are planning local language editions adapted for their countries’ specific conditions.

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