Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Fruits de tomate"
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Статті в журналах з теми "Fruits de tomate":
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Kinsou, Eliane, Abdou Madjid Amoussa, Armel Clément Goudjo Mensah, Julien Koffi Kpinkoun, Françoise Assogba Komlan, Hyacinte Ahissou, Latifou Lagnika, and Christophe Bernard Gandonou. "Effet de la salinité sur la floraison, la fructification et la qualité nutritionnelle des fruits du cultivar local Akikon de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) du Bénin." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 737–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i2.27.
Анотація:
La tomate est l’un des légumes les plus consommés au monde et au Bénin. Il est largement établi que la salinité agit négativement sur la germination et la croissance et modifie considérablement la concentration des composés bioactives des légumes. Au Bénin, la tomate est cultivée partiellement sur les terres cultivables des régions côtières où la salinité du sol et de l’eau d’irrigation est une réalité. Cette étude visait à évaluer l’effet de la salinité sur la floraison, la fructification et la composition nutritionnelle des fruits de tomate du cultivar local Akikon. Les plantes de trois semaines ont été arrosées jusqu’à la maturité des fruits avec diverses concentrations de NaCl de 0, 30, 60 et 120 mM. La date d’apparition des premières fleurs, la date de maturation des fruits ainsi que les teneurs en protéines des fruits n’ont pas été significativement affectées par la salinité alors que le nombre de fruits par plante, le poids des fruits, les teneurs en sucres solubles totaux et en sucres réducteurs subissent une réduction significative sous l’effet du NaCl. Par contre, les teneurs en lycopène, en vitamines B6, B12 et C ont connu une augmentation significative avec l’augmentation de la concentration de NaCl. La salinité a donc réduit la production de tomate et amélioré la qualité nutritionnelle des fruits en augmentant notamment ses teneurs en vitamines et en lycopène.Mots clés: Salinité, teneur en nutriments, sucres, lycopène, vitamines.
English title:Effect of salt stress on flowering, fructification and fruit nutritional quality of Benin local tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivar AkikonTomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one of the most important consumable vegetable in the world and in Benin. It is widely established that salinity acts negatively on germination and growth and considerably modifies the concentration of bioactive compounds in vegetables. In Benin, tomato is partially cultivated on arable lands in coastal regions where soil and irrigation water salinity is a reality. This study investigated the impact of salinity on flowering, fructification, and fruit nutrient contents of a local cultivar of tomato Akikon. Three weeks old plants were irrigated with four NaCl concentrations: 0; 30; 60 and 120 mM NaCl till fruit ripening. The date of first flower appearance, the date of fruit ripening and fruit protein content were not affected by salinity; whereas fruit number, fruit fresh mass, fruit soluble sugars and reducing sugars contents were significantly decreased by increasing salinity. Moreover, lycopen and vitamins B6, B12 and C contents increased significantly when salinity concentration increased. Thus, salinity reduced tomato productivity but improved fruit nutritional quality by mainly increasing vitamins and lycopen contents.Keywords: Salinity, nutrients content, lycopen, sugars, vitamins.
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Parca, Tiago Aparecido, Everton Geraldo de Morais, Henrique José Guimarães Moreira Maluf, Luciano Donizete Gonçalves, Diorge Maykon de Oliveira, and Willian Douglas Duarte. "CARACTERÍSTICAS PRODUTIVAS E MORFOLÓGICAS DE FRUTOS DE TOMATE EM RESPOSTA A SISTEMAS DE RALEIO." Nativa 7, no. 5 (September 12, 2019): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i5.7455.
Анотація:
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de técnicas de raleio na produção e em características morfológicas de frutos de tomate. O tomateiro foi submetido a seis diferentes técnicas de raleio de frutos, com condução de diferentes números de racemos por planta. Ao final do experimento, após a colheita, foi avaliado o diâmetro médio longitudinal (DLM) e transversal (DTM) dos frutos, número de frutos por planta (NF), peso médio de frutos (PMF), produção total por planta (Prod T), produção de frutos grande (Prod G), médio (Prod M) e pequeno (Prod P), e a frequência relativa de cada classe de diâmetro. A técnica de raleio que consistiu na condução de plantas com 7 racemos, com 6 frutos por racemoaté o 4° racemo e acima deste, 4 frutos por racemo(R3) aumentou a Prod G, a frequência relativa da classe grande, a Prod T, DTM, DLM e PMF. Técnicas de raleio que resultaram em maior NF reduziram a qualidade morfológica dos frutos, bem como a condução de plantas com menos de sete racemos reduziu a produção de tomates. A adoção da técnica R3 no tomateiro reuni alta produção de frutos por planta com aumento da qualidade morfológica do fruto.Palavras-chave: Solanum lycopersicum L.; desbaste de frutos; qualidade de tomates; classes de diâmetro de frutos; relação fonte:dreno. PRODUCTIVE AND MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF TOMATO FRUITS IN RESPONSE TO THINNING SYSTEMS ABSTRACT: The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of thinning techniques on the production and morphological features of tomato fruits. Tomato plants were submitted to six different thinning practices, with different numbers of racemes per plant. At the end of the experiment, the mean longitudinal diameter (MLD) and transverse diameter (MTD) of fruits, number of fruits per plant (NF), average fruit weight (AFW), total production per plant (T Prod), production of fruits large (Prod L), middle (Prod M) and small (Prod S), and the relative frequency of each diameter class. The thinning technique, which consisted in the conduction of plants with 7 racemes, with 6 fruits per raceme up to the 4th raceme and above this, 4 fruits per raceme (R3) increased the Prod L, the relative frequency of the large class, T Prod, MLD, MTD, and AFW. Thinning techniques that provide greater NF reduced the morphological quality of fruits, as well as the conduction of plants with less than seven racemes decreased tomato production. Adoption of the R3 technique in the tomato plants bring together high fruit production with an increase in the fruit morphological quality.Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum L.; fruit pruning; tomato quality; fruit diameter classes; source:sink ratio.
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Martínez, Juan Pablo, Raúl Fuentes, Karen Farías, Nelson Loyola, Alejandra Freixas, Claudia Stange, Boris Sagredo, Muriel Quinet, and Stanley Lutts. "Effects of a Local Tomato Rootstock on the Agronomic, Functional and Sensory Quality of the Fruit of a Recovered Local Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Named “Tomate Limachino Antiguo”." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092178.
Анотація:
The Old Limachino Tomato is a valuable fruit with exceptional nutritional values and organoleptic sensory properties. However, it suffers from a short shelf-life, compromising post-harvest behavior. As an attempt to improve the fruit’s qualities, Limachino (L) scion was grafted onto rootstock from the rustic landrace Poncho Negro (R). Fruits produced in this graft combination were compared with fruits produced by self-grafted plants (L/L) and from a long-shelf-life cultivar Seminis (LSL). The trials were carried out for 146 days during summer of two consecutive years. Poncho Negro rootstock increased the total number of fruits produced by Limachino scion (L/R). It did not affect the fresh weight of individual fruits but reduced their water content. It has no impact on the Limachino fruit form (quality), a typical characteristic well appreciated by consumers. Fruits produced by LSL exhibited a higher firmness but a lower titratable acidity and antioxidant capacity than L/R and L/L fruits. Panels of 104 untrained final consumers and a trained panel of 13 experts attributed the highest value to L/R fruits and the lowest one to LSL. It was concluded that Poncho Negro rootstock contributes to increasing preferences and the level of acceptability towards Limachino fruits. Further research is needed to develop local technologies in order to expand the production of local tomatoes that are highly valued by consumers.
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Yeo, Mohamed Anderson, Mohamed Ba Kone, Ernest Kouadio Koffi, and Lacina Coulibaly. "Evaluation des caractéristiques, morphologiques physico-chimiques et sensorielles de la purée de deux variétés de tomates locales produites à petite échelle à Man (Côte d’Ivoire)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 622–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i2.19.
Анотація:
Cette étude découle d’un vaste projet de production sur différents substrats (hors sol, plein champs) et de valorisation de la tomate, dans la région montagneuse de Man. Aussi, ces expériences, qui s’inscrivent dans le cadre de la valorisation par la transformation des fruits de la production, ont-elles été menées dans l’optique d’évaluer les caractéristiques morphologiques, physico-chimiques et sensorielles des fruits et de la purée des deux variétés de tomates produites. Il s’agit de la tomate traditionnelle (Tmt 1), variété la plus utilisée dans les ménages ruraux de la région montagneuse de Man et la tomate (Tmt 2), d’usage commun pour les plats de salades en zone urbaine. Cette dernière se reconnaît par ses fruits de forme allongée (Cf= 1,93±0,10> 1), de couleur rouge et moins foncée (Couleur ΔE 26,5±0,00) que la première variété (Couleur ΔE 30,3±0,00). Avec des taux de matière sèche différents ; (11,93±0,49% pour la purée de tomate Tmt 1 et de 8,81±0,52% pour la purée de tomate Tmt2, les purées qui en sont produites ont des teneurs très importantes en minéraux. Ces taux élevés pourraient ainsi permettre de compenser des carences en nutriments des populations de la zone. De plus, les pH aussi bas (3,93±0,00) pour la purée de Tmt1 et 4,13±0,01 pour celle de Tmt2, confèrent une acidité élevée à ces purées et donc une meilleure conservation. Le traitement thermique appliqué au produit à 80 °C pendant 15 Minutes garantit à la purée une bonne stabilité microbiologique conforme à la norme AFNOR (NFV-08-402). L’analyse sensorielle, basée sur les critères de la couleur (rouge), le goût salé, l’acidité et la consistance révèle que la purée produite à partir de la tomate Tmt1 est la plus appréciée des dégustateurs.Mots clés : Tomate, Morphologie, purées, physico-chimique, Man, Côte d’Ivoire
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Anguessin, Benjamine, Pierre Marie Mapongmetsem, Adamou Ibrahima, and Guidawa Fawa. "Effet de la fertilisation organique à base de litière foliaire de Jatropha curcas L. et Jatropha gossypifolia L. sur la culture de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) à Guider (Nord/Cameroun)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 524–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i2.12.
Анотація:
La baisse de la fertilité des sols due à la mauvaise gestion des terres et l’utilisation excessive des engrais chimiques a motivé le regain d’intérêt dans la recherche de fertilisants organiques respectant l’environnement pour un développement durable. Pour évaluer l’efficacité agronomique des litières de Jatropha sur la production de la tomate, une étude a été conduite en champs dans des pots de 20 cm de diamètre. Le dispositif expérimental est un bloc de Fischer randomisé avec un total de 64 pots (4 traitements x 4 répétitions x 4 unités expérimentales). Les résultats ont montré que les litières de Jatropha curcas et Jatropha gossypifolia ont amélioré la croissance et le développement (le diamètre et la ramification de la tige, le nombre de feuille et de fruits ainsi que la masse des fruits) de la tomate par rapport au témoin. La litière de Jatropha curcas a induit une large amélioration de la masse des fruits (33,09 g) par rapport aux autres traitements : le témoin (19,99 g), la litière de Jatropha gossypifolia (20,44 g) et l’engrais chimique (24,02 g). Pour une culture dont on aimerait avoir des gros fruits l’utilisation des fertilisants organiques à base des litières de Jatropha curcas pourrait être conseillée.Mots clés : Fertilisant organique, Litière, Jatropha curcas, Jatropha gossypifolia, Nord-Cameroun.
English Title: Effect of organic fertilization based on leaf litter of Jatropha curcas L. and Jatropha gossypifolia L. on the tomato crop (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Guider (North Cameroon)The decline in soil fertility due to poor land management and excessive use of chemical fertilizers has induced new interest in the quest for environmentally friendly organic fertilizers for sustainable development. To assess the agronomic effectiveness of Jatropha litter on tomato production, a study was conducted in the field in pots of 20 cm in diameter. The experimental set-up is a randomized Fischer block with a total of 64 pots (4 treatments x 4 repetitions x 4 experimental units). The results showed that the litters of Jatropha curcas and Jatropha gossypifolia improved the growth and development (the diameter and branching of the stem, the number of leaves and fruits as well as the mass of the fruits) of the tomato compared to the witness. Jatropha curcas litter induced a large improvement in fruit mass (33.09 g) compared to other treatments: the control (19.99 g), Jatropha gossypifolia litter (20.44 g) and chemical fertilizer (24.02 g). For a crop from which we would like to have larger fruits, the use of organic fertilizers based on Jatropha curcas litter could be recommended.Keywords: Organic fertilizer, Litter, Jatropha curcas, Jatropha gossypifolia, North Cameroon.
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Wamser, Anderson Fernando, Janice Valmorbida, Luiz Carlos Argenta, Anderson Luiz Feltrim, Juracy Caldeira Lins Júnior, and Fernando Pereira Monteiro. "MANEJO AUTÔNOMO DA FERTIRRIGAÇÃO DO TOMATE GRAPE CULTIVADO EM SUBSTRATO UTILIZANDO SENSORES IRRIGÁS®." IRRIGA 27, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 452–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2022v27n3p452-464.
Анотація:
MANEJO AUTÔNOMO DA FERTIRRIGAÇÃO DO TOMATE GRAPE CULTIVADO EM SUBSTRATO UTILIZANDO SENSORES IRRIGÁS® ANDERSON FERNANDO WAMSER1; JANICE VALMORBIDA1; LUIZ CARLOS ARGENTA1; ANDERSON LUIZ FELTRIM1; JURACY CALDEIRA LINS JÚNIOR1 E FERNANDO PEREIRA MONTEIRO1 1 Estação Experimental de Caçador, Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina (Epagri), Rua Abílio Franco, 1.500, Bairro Bom Sucesso, 89.501-032, Caçador, SC, Brasil, E-mail: afwamser@epagri.sc.gov.br, janicevalmorbida@epagri.sc.gov.br, argenta@epagri.sc.gov.br, andersonfeltrim@epagri.sc.gov.br, juracyjunior@epagri.sc.gov.br, fernandomonteiro@epagri.sc.gov.br 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a produção e qualidade de tomates grape em função do manejo autônomo da fertirrigação baseado em sensores Irrigás®, em diferentes tensões hídricas do substrato de cultivo. Foi conduzido um experimento em blocos completos ao acaso, com seis repetições, e cinco níveis mínimos de umidade do substrato de cultivo para o início da fertirrigação: 3,0; 4,3; 5,6; 6,9; e 8,2 kPa. Foram avaliadas a produção e a massa de frutos, o teor de sólidos solúveis, a acidez titulável e a firmeza da polpa dos frutos. A maior produção comercial de frutos (3,4 kg/planta) foi obtida com a tensão limite estimada de 6,0 kPa. O aumento da tensão limite para o início da irrigação de 3,0 a 8,2 kPa promoveu diminuição da firmeza de frutos comerciais (4,0 a 3,4 lb), da massa de frutos da classe médio-pequeno (6,7 a 5,8 g/fruto), aumento do teor de sólidos solúveis (8,9 a 9,8oBrix) e da acidez titulável (1,0 a 1,2%) da polpa do tomate. Palavras-chave: Solanum lycopersicum, nutrição de plantas, automação, cultivo sem solo, tensiometria gasosa. WAMSER, A. F.; VALMORBIDA, J.; ARGENTA, L. C.; FELTRIM, A. L.; LINS JÚNIOR, J. C.; MONTEIRO, F. P. AUTONOMOUS MANAGEMENT OF FERTIRRIGATION OF GRAPE TOMATO CULTIVATED ON A SUBSTRATE USING IRRIGÁS® SENSORS. 2 ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the production and quality of grape tomatoes as a function of autonomous fertigation management based on Irrigás® sensors at different water tensions of the cultivation substrate. A randomized complete block experiment was conducted, with six replications, and five minimum levels of substrate moisture for the beginning of fertigation: 3.0; 4.3; 5.6; 6.9; and 8.2 kPa. Fruit yield and fruit mass, soluble solids content, titratable acidity and firmness of the fruit pulp were evaluated. The highest commercial fruit production (3.4 kg/plant) was obtained with an estimated limit tension of 6.0 kPa. The increase in the limit tension for the beginning of irrigation from 3.0 to 8.2 kPa promoted a decrease in the firmness of commercial fruits (4.0 to 3.4 lb) and in the weight of medium-small class fruits (6.7 to 5.8 g/fruit) and increase in the soluble solids content (8.9 to 9.8oBrix) and titratable acidity (1.0 to 1.2%) of the tomato. Keywords: Solanum lycopersicum, plant nutrition, automation, soilless culture, gaseous tensiometry
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Santos, Roberto E. dos, Edimir X. L. Ferraz, Antônio H. C. do Nascimento, Raquele M. de Lira, Isaac L. S. de Vasconcelos, Irlândio de S. Santana, and Carlos A. de S. Sá. "Production of irrigated cherry tomatoes in economical planting beds with mulching." Revista Caatinga 36, no. 4 (2023): 907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252023v36n418rc.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Technologies that improve water use efficiency (WUE) and increase crop yields are essential for the development of a responsible and productive agriculture. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate economical planting beds with the use of mulching and application of different irrigation water depths as a water-saving technology, and determine the irrigation water depth that promote the optimal plant development and fruit yield and quality of two cherry tomato cultivars. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil. A randomized block experimental design with split-plots (5×2) was used, with plots consisting of five irrigation water depths (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 125% of the crop evapotranspiration - ETc) and subplots consisting of two cherry tomato cultivars (Carolina and Yubi), with four replications, totaling 40 experimental units. The development of tomato plants was evaluated through biometric measurements of stem diameter, plant height, and canopy area. Additionally, the following variables were evaluated during fruit harvest: number of fruits, mean fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit yield, WUE, titratable acidity, pH, and soluble solids content. The economical planting beds promoted increases in WUE. Irrigation water depths lower than 100% of ETc resulted in better plant development and higher fruit yield, number of fruits, and WUE for the evaluated cherry tomato plants. The cultivar Carolina exhibited higher production performance compared to Yubi.
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Teodoro, M. S., F. J. S. Seixas, M. N. Lacerda, and L. M. S. Araújo. "Efeito do uso de diferentes compostos na produção de tomate (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) em cultivo orgânico." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 10, no. 5 (December 27, 2015): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v10i4.3705.
Анотація:
<p>O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar, em condições de casa de vegetação, a influência de cinco compostos orgânicos na adubação de plantio e de cobertura de tomate híbrido do tipo Caqui. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados cinco tratamentos, contendo biomassa vegetal provenientes do banco de leguminosas da Embrapa Meio-Norte. As leguminosas utilizadas na confecção dos compostos foram o guandu Cultivar Fava Larga (<em>Cajanus cajan</em>), a Crotalária juncea (<em>Crotalaria juncea</em> L.), a Leucena (<em>Leucaena leucocephala</em>), a Gliricídia (<em>Gliricidia sepium</em>) e a Mucuna preta (<em>Mucuna aterrima</em>). A gramínea utilizada foi o capim elefante (<em>Pennisetum purpureum</em>). Os frutos do tomate começaram a ser colhidos no início do amadurecimento, por volta de 70 a 120 dias após o transplantio. Avaliaram-se a produção total de frutos (PTF), produção de frutos comerciais (PFC), número total de frutos (NTF), número de frutos comerciais (NFC), peso médio de frutos comerciais (PMFC) e diâmetro médio de frutos (DMF). Foram registradas ocorrências de pragas nas condições experimentais, detectando-se a presença de nematóides (<em>Meloydogines spp</em>) e cochonilha (<em>Maconellicoccus hirsutus</em>). Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos estudados, entretanto, o tratamento 2 foi o que se destacou quanto as variáveis analisadas, principalmente para PTF (54,5 t/ha) e PFC (49,6 t/ha). Concluiu-se que o uso de compostos orgânicos com palhadas de leguminosas e gramíneas é uma alternativa técnica e economicamente viável, podendo reduzir o uso integral do esterco bovino na adubação de plantio e de cobertura do tomate produzido no sistema orgânico.</p><p><strong><em>Effect of the use of different compounds in the production of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) in organic farming</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>- The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in greenhouse conditions, the influence of five organic compounds on fertilizing and planting tomato hybrid coverage of type Persimmons. The experimental design was randomized block, with four replicates. Five treatments were evaluated, containing vegetable biomass coming from Bank of legumes from Embrapa Meio-Norte. Legumes used in the confection of the compounds were the guandu Grow Fava wide (Cajanus he), Crotalaria juncea (Crotalaria juncea l.), the Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala), the Gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium) and Mucuna (Mucuna aterrima) black. The grass used was the elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). The tomato fruits began to be harvested at the beginning of the ripening, around 70 days to 120 days from transplanting. We evaluated the total production of fruits (PTF), commercial fruit production (PFC), total number of fruits (NTF), number of commercial fruits (NFC), an average weight of commercial fruits (PMFC) and average diameter of fruits (DMF). Pest occurrences were recorded in experimental conditions, detecting the presence of nematoides (Meloydogines spp) and cochineal (Maconellicoccus hirsutus). There was no significant difference between the treatments studied, however, the treatment 2 was what stood out about the variables analyzed, mostly for PTF (54.5 tha) and PFC (49.6 tha). It was concluded that the use of organic compounds with straws of legumes and grasses is a technically and economically feasible alternative, and can reduce the use of cow manure on fertilizing and planting tomato coverage produced in the organic system.</p>
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Traore, Mamoudou, Assa Dado Gadiaga, Ali Gadiaga, Koussao Some, and Edmond Hien. "Effet de différents types de fertilisants sur la dynamique de la macrofaune du sol et les rendements en culture de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) au Centre du Burkina Faso." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 16, no. 1 (June 8, 2022): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v16i1.12.
Анотація:
Au Burkina Faso, la culture de tomate constitue un véritable créneau horticole offrant un potentiel élevé de réduction de la pauvreté et de lutte contre la pauvreté et le développement rural, tout en améliorant la diversité de l'alimentation. Cependant, la majorité des producteurs de tomates ne produisent pas des fruits de bonne qualité avec un rendement élevé en raison du manque de connaissances sur les technologies de production améliorées, y compris l'utilisation d'engrais organiques et inorganique. L’apport régulier de matières fertilisantes permet d’améliorer ou de maintenir les caractéristiques biologiques et physico-chimiques du sol et optimiser l’absorption par les plantes des éléments nutritifs. L’ensemble des services fournis aux plantes par les engrais se fait avec la participation d’un large éventail d’organismes du sol de taille diverses dont les effets sont encore relativement peu explorés. Les relations entre la diversité de la macrofaune du sol et les rendements de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) a ont été étudiés sous l’effet de différentes combinaisons et de moment d’application de fertilisants minéraux (NPK, Yara Mila Winner et Yara Mila Actyva). L’objectif était d’étudier l’influence de différents types de fertilisants minéraux sur la dynamique de la macrofaune du sol et les rendements de la tomate. La macrofaune a été inventoriée huit semaines après le repiquage de la tomate par la méthode des monolithes, méthode standard TSBF (Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility). Les rendements ont été mesurés à la fin de la récolte par pesée. L’inventaire de la macrofaune du sol a recensé, cinq groupes au total sous l’ensemble des traitements (Coléoptères, Hyménoptères, Isoptères, Araignées et vers de terre). Les apports des fertilisants minéraux de façon générale ont entrainé une plus grande abondance de la macrofaune (09 à 14 individus) quelle que soit la forme de combinaison des engrais. La population de macrofaune la plus diversifiée a été observée sous le traitement T2 combinant Yara Mila Winner/Yara Mila Actyva avec quatre groupes (Coléoptères, Hyménoptères, Isoptères et vers de terre). Par contre le traitement T4 combinant le NPK et l’urée a présenté la macrofaune la plus abondante mais moins diversifiée (un seul groupe, les Coléoptères). Du point de vue des rendements de la culture de tomate, le rendement le plus élevé a été obtenu également sous le traitement (T2) combinant Yara Mila Winner/Yara Mila Actyva avec apport de Yara Mila Winner avant floraison (3,08 t.ha-1 de rendement fruit et 44,25 g de poids moyen des fruits). Par contre, le traitement combinant Yara Mila Actyva/Yara Mila Winner avec apport de Yara Mila Actyva avant floraison (T3) présente un rendement nettement inférieur aux traitements avec apport de NPK combiné à l’urée (T4) ou au Yara Mila Actyva (T1). Les résultats ont montré que l’application des différents types d’engrais a eu un impact sur la macrofaune du sol et les rendements de la tomate. Le traitement T2 a été celui qui a abrité la macrofaune la plus diversifiée et le meilleur rendement de la tomate.
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Trento, Daiane Andréia, Darley Tiago Antunes, Flávio Fernandes Júnior, Márcio Roggia Zanuzo, Rivanildo Dallacort, and Santino Seabra Júnior. "DESEMPENHO DE CULTIVARES DE TOMATE ITALIANO DE CRESCIMENTO DETERMINADO EM CULTIVO PROTEGIDO SOB ALTAS TEMPERATURAS." Nativa 9, no. 4 (September 24, 2021): 359–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v9i4.10945.
Анотація:
O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a produção, a qualidade e tempo de prateleira de cultivares de tomate tipo italiano de crescimento determinado, produzidos sob ambiente protegido em condições de altas temperaturas. O cultivo foi realizado em Nova Mutum – MT, foram avaliados cinco cultivares: Fascínio (Feltrin sementes), Hy Color (Horticeres), Santa Adélia (TopSeed), SM-16 (Seminis) e Supera F1 (TopSeed), dispostos em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. As plantas foram conduzidas em “meia estaca” e não foram podadas. Os parâmetros avaliados foram relativos a produção, a qualidade dos frutos, tempo de prateleira e qualidade no pós-colheita. A cultivar Fascínio apresentou produtividade de 186,1 t ha-1, maior massa média de frutos (144,3g), maior calibre de fruto, (60,7mm), e menor perda de massa no pós-colheita (6,23%). Os melhores resultados de sólidos solúveis totais dos frutos que completaram a maturação na planta foram obtidos das cultivares Santa Adélia (4,3), Fascínio (4,27) e Hy Color (4,21), e dos frutos colhidos no estádio verde-maduro obteve destaque a cultivar Santa Adélia (5,85), e os frutos que ficaram em temperatura ambiente obtiveram maior média de sólidos solúveis totais (5,55). Palavras-chave: termotolerância; Lycopersicum esculentum Mill; produtividade; pós colheita; ambiente protegido. The performance of determinate growth italian tomato cultivars in protected cropping under high temperatures ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the production, quality and shelf time of determinate growth Italian tomato cultivars from a protected environment under high temperature conditions. The cultivation was conducted in Nova Mutum, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Five cultivars were evaluated: ‘Fascínio’ (Feltrin Sementes), ‘Hy Color’ (Horticeres), ‘Santa Adélia’ (TopSeed), ‘SM-16’ (Seminis) and ‘Supera F1’ (TopSeed), disposed in randomized blocks with four repetitions. The plants were managed into the “meia estaca” tutoring method and were not pruned. The parameters evaluated were related to the production, quality of fruits, shelf time and postharvest quality. The ‘Fascínio’ cultivar presented productivity of 186.1 t ha-1, the largest average fruit weight (144.3 g), the largest fruit gauge (60.7 mm) and the smallest postharvest weight loss (6.23%). The total soluble solids best results of fruits that have matured in the plant were obtained from the ‘Santa Adélia’ (4.3), ‘Fascínio’ (4.27) e ‘Hy Color’ (4.21) cultivars. Among the fruits harvested at the mature-green stage, the ‘Santa Adélia’ (5.85) cultivar stood out. The fruits that stayed at room temperature obtained the largest total soluble solids average (5.55). Keywords: thermotolerance; Lycopersicum esculentum Mill; productivity; postharvest; protected environment.
Дисертації з теми "Fruits de tomate":
1
How, Kit Alexandre. "Contrôle épigénétique du développement et de la qualité des fruits de tomate." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13741/document.
Анотація:
L’étude du contrôle de l’expression des gènes a été, au cours de ces dernières années, révolutionnée par la découverte des régulations épigénétiques. Parmi les différents acteurs participant à ces régulations se trouvent les protéines du groupe Polycomb (PcG). Ces protéines, initialement découvertes chez la drosophile, sont responsables de la mise en place et du maintien de "marques épigénétiques" au niveau de gènes cibles, qui sont alors réprimés. Les protéines PcG agissent sous forment de trois complexes dinstincts chez les animaux nommés PRC1 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 1), PRC2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2) et PhoRC (Pleiohomeotic Repressive Complex); le PRC2 possédant une activité histone méthyltransférase de type H3 K9/27. Chez les plantes, seules trois classes de protéines PcG sont retrouvées: la classe des Enhancer of zeste E(z), des Extra Sex Combs (ESC) et des Supressor of zeste 12 (Su(z)12), formant le complexe PRC2. Leur rôle dans le développement des plantes a été mis en évidence chez Arabidopsis, au niveau du gamétophyte femelle et de la graine, du maintien de l’état végétatif, de l’identité florale et de la vernalisation. Cependant leur implication dans le développement du fruit reste inconnue. Mon travail a permis d'identifier et de caractériser deux gènes PcG de la classe des E(z) de tomate exprimés dans le fruit, nommés SlEZ1 et SlEZ2. Les proteines SlEZ1 et SlEZ2 présentent l’ensemble des domaines caractéristiques des protéines de cette classe et sont localisées dans les noyaux. Les expériences de double hybride révèlent que les protéines SlEZ1 et SlEZ2 sont capables de former des complexes de type PRC2 avec certaines autres protéines PcG de tomate (de type ESC et Su(z)12). Ceci suggère que SlEZ1 et SlEZ2 sont effectivement des protéines fonctionnelles. L’analyse de des profils d’expression des gènes SlEZ1 et SlEZ2 révèle une expression ubiquitaire dans la plante au niveau de l’appareil végétatif, de la fleur et dans le fruit. Cependant, dans la fleur, seul SlEZ1 présente une expression dans les étamines tandis que les ARNm de SlEZ2 sont présent de façon spécifique dans le tissu de transmission du style. Dans le fruit, SlEZ1 est exprimé de façon constante, tandis que SlEZ2 semble faiblement exprimé dans les fruits en cours de mûrissement. Afin d’identifier la fonction de SlEZ1 dans le développement du fruit, des plantes transgéniques sous-exprimant SlEZ1 de façon constitutive ont été générées. Elles présentent une morphologie altérée de la fleur: les étamines sont torsadées et ne forment pas de cône staminal fermé. De plus, une augmentation du nombre moyen de carpelles par fruit est observéeThe control of gene expression has been challenged by the discovery of epigenetic regulation. Among the different factors involved in epigenetic regulations, the Polycomb (PcG) proteins are known to repress gene expression by setting epigenetic marks. The PcG protein, initially discovered in drosophila, act together in three distinct complexes named PRC1 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 1), PRC2 (Polycomb Repressive Complex 2) and PhoRC (Pleiohomeotic Repressive Complex). PRC2 complexes methylate histone H3 on lysines K9/27. In plants, only three classes of PcG protein has been found: the Enhancer of zeste (E(z)) class, the Extra Sex Combs (ESC) class and the Supressor of zeste 12 (Su(z)12) class, which belong to the PRC2. Their function in plant development has been brought to light in Arabidopsis thaliana. They control female gametophyte and seed development, maintain the vegetative development, and are involved in floral identity and vernalization. However, their function in fruit development is still unknown. My work was aimed to identify and characterize two PcG genes, named SlEZ1 and SlEZ2, encoding tomato E(z) class proteins. SlEZ1 and SlEZ2 proteins contain all the five E(z) characteristic domains and are both localized in the nucleus. Furthermore, as double-hybrid experiments reveal that both SlEZ1 and SlEZ2 proteins are able to form PRC2 complexes and interact with PcG proteins of other classes (ESC and Su(z)12 classes), it seems that these proteins are functional. Their expression profiles reveal ubiquitous expression during vegetative development (leaves, buds, stems) and reproductive development (flowers and fruits). However SlEZ1 is specifically expressed in the stamens whereas SlEZ2 shows specific expression in the transmitting tissue of the style. Moreover, their expression during fruit development shows some differences: if SlEZ1 expression is almost constant, SlEZ2 expression decreases during fruit development. In order to indentify SlEZ1 functions in fruit development, transgenic plants underexpressing constitutively SlEZ1 have been generated. These plants present altered flower morphology with twisted stamens and increased carpel number fruits
2
Chen, Yi. "Ethylene receptors modulate fruit development and ripening." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0073.
Анотація:
L'éthylène est synthétisé et perçu par toutes les plantes. C'est l'une des phytohormones les plus importantes contrôlant la maturation des fruits. L'éthylène est perçu par les protéines localisées au niveau du réticulum endoplasmique (RE), appelées récepteurs éthylène (ETR), qui régulent le développement et la maturation des fruits, mais les mécanismes par lesquels ils fonctionnent ne sont pas encore tous connus. Premièrement, pour étudier si les ETRs régulent le mûrissement des fruits climactériques et non climactériques, nous avons comparé les ETRs et les protéines apparentées des deux catégories de fruits et en analysant à nouveau des données RNAseq déjà publiées. Nous avons constaté que les ETRs atteignaient leur maximum d’expression au début du mûrissement à la fois dans les fruits climactériques et non climactériques, mais dans ces derniers, les ETRs ont un pic d’expression plus précoce par rapport à l’accumulation de sucres. Dans cette étude, nous avons également comparé la structure des ETRs et des protéines apparentées dans les deux classes de fruits, établissant ainsi une base pour l'annotation de gènes liés à la perception de l'éthylène. Enfin, les résultats ont montré qu'il y avait un plus grand nombre de gènes ETRs dans les fruits climatériques que dans les fruits non climatériques. Deuxièmement, chez la tomate, qui est un modèle de maturation des fruits charnus, un septième ETR a été trouvé récemment, suite au séquençage du génome. La caractérisation de ce SlETR7 a été réalisée. Nous avons montré que l’éthylène se lie à la partie transmembranaire de SlETR7. L'expression de SlETR7 augmente dans le péricarpe lorsque les fruits mûrissent, comme pour d’autre ETRs. Les profils d’expression des 7 ETRs au cours de la maturation des fruits peuvent être divisés en 2 groupes: le groupe 1, ETR3, ETR4 et ETR6 qui sont exprimés plus tôt à Breaker + 2 jours que les ETRs du groupe 2, ETR1, ETR2, ETR5 et ETR7. Nous avons construit des lignées de tomates Knock Out (KO) et OverExpressed (OE) pour SlETR7, et nous avons observé certains changements de phénotypes prouvant que SlETR7 est un ETR fonctionnel. Alors que les plantes et les fruits KO ne présentaient qu'un faible changement phénotypique: production d'éthylène supérieure à Br et 2 jours comparée à Wild Type (WT), les lignées OE montraient une floraison précoce, des plantes plus courtes et des fruits plus petits que WT. Les analyses de l'expression de 7 ETRs dans les lignées KO et OE ont révélé que d'autres ETR sont régulées positivement chez les mutants de KO, ce qui peut expliquer l'absence de phénotype évident. Et cela suggère que SlETR7 n'est peut-être pas essentiel pour la maturation des fruits. Troisièmement, en ce qui concerne les études des 7 ETRs de tomate, l’absence de méthode fiable pour les quantifier, au niveau protéine, constitue un obstacle majeur. Une méthode protéomique ciblée a été développée, PRM pour Parallel Reaction Monitoring, et cela a permis l'identification et la quantification relative des sept ETRs de tomate. Ce développement appliqué à l’étude des tomates WT et des mutants Never Ripe (NR) montre qu’il existe une sur-accumulation de ETR3 mutée qui pourrait être la cause de l’inhibition de maturation des tomates NR, qui restent oranges. En effet cette protéine ETR3 mutée, gain-de-fonction, bloque la signalétique éthylène même en présence d’éthylène. Enfin, les ARNm et les protéines d'ETRs ont été analysés au sein des mêmes échantillons, ce qui nous a amenés à suggérer l'existence d'une corrélation positive entre les ARNm et les protéines d'ETR, controversée dans la littérature précédenteEthylene is synthesized and perceived by all plants, and it is one of the most important phytohormone controlling fruit ripening. Ethylene is perceived by endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- localized proteins, called Ethylene Receptors (ETRs), which regulate fruit development and ripening, however the mechanisms by which ETRs regulate fruit ripening are not fully explained. Firstly, to study if ETRs regulate the ripening of climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, we compared ETRs and related protein members of both classes of fruit and by re-analyzing RNAseq data, already published, we found that ETRs were peaking at the inception of ripening in both climacteric and non- climacteric fruits, but in these data, the ETRs showed an earlier ETR expression peak relative to sugar accumulation. In this review, we also compared the structure of the ethylene receptors and related proteins in both classes of fruit, establishing a basis for the annotation of genes related to ethylene perception. Finally, the results show that there was a higher number of ETR genes in climacteric fruits than in non-climacteric fruits. Secondly, in tomato which is a fleshy fruit ripening model, a seventh ETR has been reported recently, following the genome sequencing. Characterization of this SlETR7 was carried out. We showed that ethylene binds to the transmembrane part of SlETR7. Like other ETR expression patterns during fruit ripening, SlETR7 expression in pericarp also goes up when fruit ripens. The profiles of the seven ETR expression during fruit ripening can be divided in 2 groups: group 1, ETR3, ETR4, and ETR6 are expressed earlier at Breaker+2 days than group 2, SlETR1, SlETR2, SlETR5, and SlETR7 that are expressed at a later stage of ripening. We constructed Knock Out (KO) and OverExpressed (OE) tomato lines for SlETR7, and we observed some phenotype changes proving that SlETR7 is a functional ETR. While there was only a small phenotype change in KO plants and fruits: more ethylene production at Br and Br+2days compared to Wild Type (WT). The OE lines showed early flowering, shorter plants, and smaller fruit than WT. The analyzes of the 7 ETR expression in KO and OE lines, revealed that other ETR expression is upregulated in KO mutants, which may explain the absence of obvious phenotype. and this suggest that SlETR7 maybe not critical in fruit ripening. Thirdly, regarding the studies of the seven tomato ETRs, one major bottleneck is the absence of reliable method to quantify them at the protein level. A targeted proteomic method was developed, PRM for Parallel Reaction Monitoring, and allow the identification and relative quantification of the seven tomato ETRs. This development applied to the study of the WT and Never Ripe mutant tomatoes showed that there is an over-accumulation of SlETR3, affected by a gain-of-function mutation in NR, while the NR tomatoes undergo ripening, which may be a cause of further ripening inhibition, as NR fruit stay orange. Finally, ETR mRNAs and proteins were analyzed within the same samples, and this led us to propose that there is a positive correlation between ETR mRNAs and proteins, which was controversial in the previous literature
3
D’Andrea, Lucio. "Molecular regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato fruits. New biotechnological strategies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/393988.
Анотація:
Los carotenoides son metabolitos isoprenoides de gran relevancia económica como pigmentos naturales y fitonutrientes. Durante la maduración del fruto de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) se acumulan niveles elevados de carotenoides como β-caroteno (naranja) y licopeno (rojo) en un tipo de plasto especializado denominado cromoplasto. En la maduración se pueden distinguir tres estadios según el color del fruto: Verde Maduro (VM), Naranja (N) y Rojo (R). La transición de VM a N y por último a R, se caracteriza por una fuerte inducción en la acumulación de los niveles de carotenoides y, por ende, la diferenciación de cloroplastos en cromoplastos.
La acumulación global de carotenoides depende de la actividad de enzimas biosintéticas como PSY. En el fruto de tomate, la actividad PSY procede fundamentalmente de la isoforma PSY1. Durante esta tesis se ha demostrado que el gen PSY1 es una diana directa de un factor de transcripción regulado por luz denominado PIF1a, que se une al promotor del gen para reprimir su expresión. En concordancia, frutos de tomate con niveles reducidos de PIF1a mostraron una mayor expresión de PSY1 y por tanto una mayor acumulación de carotenoides. Además, hemos establecido un mecanismo molecular basado en la regulación de la estabilidad por luz de PIF1a que permite ajustar la síntesis de carotenoides al estado real de maduración del fruto.
En la segunda parte de la tesis se ha explorado la relevancia del complejo de la Clp proteasa plastídica en la regulación de los niveles de proteínas implicadas en el metabolismo de carotenoides y en el almacenamiento de estos pigmentos en el fruto de tomate. La disminución de dicha actividad proteolítica mediante silenciamiento génico, generó frutos transgénicos enriquecidos en β-caroteno (pro-vitamina A). Más aún, la caracterización de dichos frutos mediante TEM y microscopía Raman sirvió como plataforma para establecer la importancia de dicho complejo proteolítico durante la diferenciación de cloroplastos en cromoplastos. Finalmente, estudios en el campo de la proteómica cuantitativa ayudaron a la elucidación de posibles nuevas proteínas diana de dicha proteasa, incluyendo PSY1.Carotenoids are isoprenoid metabolites of great economic importance as natural pigments and phytonutrients. Carotenoids such as lycopene (red) and β-carotene (orange) accumulate at high levels in a type of specialized plastid called chromoplast during tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening. Three different ripening stages can be distinguished according to the color of the fruit: Mature Green (MG), Orange (O) and Red/Ripe (R). The transition from MG to O, and finally to R, is characterized by a strong induction in the levels of carotenoids and therefore, the differentiation of chloroplasts into chromoplasts. The global accumulation of carotenoids depends on the activity of biosynthetic enzymes such as PSY. In tomato fruit, PSY activity is mainly provided by the PSY1 isoform. During this thesis it has been demonstrated that the PSY1 gene is a direct target of a light-regulated transcriptional factor named PIF1a, which binds to the gene promoter to repress its expression. In agreement, tomato fruits with reduced levels of PIF1a show higher PSY1 transcript levels and hence an enhanced accumulation of carotenoids. Additionally, we have established a molecular mechanism based on the regulation of PIF1a photostability, that allos to adjust carotenoid biosynthesis to the actual fruit ripening stage. In the second part of the thesis we have explored the revelance of the plastidial Clp protease complex for the regulation of the turnover of proteins involved in carotenoid metabolism and storage in tomato fruit. Successful reduction of Clp protease activity using gene silencing approaches generated transgenic fruits enriched in β-carotene (pro-vitamin A). In addition, the characterization of these fruits by TEM and Raman imaging helped us to establish the relevance of this proteolytic complex for chromoplast development. Finally, quantitative proteomic studies served to elucidate potential Clp protease targets in chromoplasts, including PSY1.
4
Gao, Yushuo. "Identification et caractérisation de SITCP12, un nouveau régulateur transcriptionnel associé à la maturation du fruit de tomate." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSEP003.
Анотація:
Les changements morphologiques et métaboliques liés à la maturation des fruits impliquent une reprogrammation de l’expression de nombreux gènes codant différents types d’effecteurs, laquelle est orchestrée par l’action simultanée de nombreux régulateurs. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent la transition de couleur restent mal compris.Dans le chapitre I, je présente une introduction bibliographique pour passer en revue l'état de l'art dans le domaine de la transition chloroplaste à chromoplaste et décrire les changements structurels, physiologiques et protéiques qui se produisent au cours de la transition; enfin, je présenterai les fonctions et donnée connues sur la famille SlTCP.Les chapitres II et III suivants constituent le contenu principal de notre article en préparation et à venir. Sur la base des données d'expression dans les tomates, j'ai découvert que SlTCP12, SlTCP15, SlTCP18 et SlTCP27 sont les seuls isoformes de TCP à expression élevée pendant la maturation. Nous avons initié notre étude sur SlTCP12. Nous avons vérifié que le facteur de transcription codé par SlTCP12 fonctionne comme un activateur de transcription et est exclusivement localisé dans le noyau. Le gène présente une augmentation substantielle de son expression à partir du stade vert mature, laquelle se poursuit dans les stades ultérieurs (Breaker, Orange, Red). Pour étudier le rôle de SlTCP12, j'ai construit des plantes TCP12-KO en utilisant des approches CRISPR/Cas9 et analysé son phénotype sur la génération homozygote. Mes résultats suggèrent que l'absence de SlTCP12 entraîne des altérations de la couleur du péricarpe du fruit, le mutant présentant un phénotype de Yellow Shoulder (coloration jaune au niveau de la base du fruit) qui demeure sensible à certains facteurs environnementaux. Afin d'obtenir un modèle des voies de régulation impliquant SlTCP12, nous avons combiné des approches de biochimie, de biologie cellulaire et moléculaire et montré que SlTCP12 n’agit pas directement sur la synthèse des chlorophylles, mais qu’il influence surtout la transition des chloroplastes en chromoplastes. Nous avons notamment démontré l’action directe de SlTCP12 sur les promoteurs des gènes SlPSY1/PSY2. Enfin, en amont, nous avons pu montrer, par analyse transcriptomique de différents mutants et par l’utilisation du système Dual-luciférase, l’existence d’une régulation de l’expression de SlTCP12 par les régulateurs SlGLK2 et RIN.Le chapitre (IV) s’intéresse à l’action simultanée, et potentiellement redondante des différents isoformes de TCP exprimés lors de la maturation. Sur la base des données d'expression chez la tomate, j'ai découvert que SlTCP12, SlTCP15 et SlTCP18 sont les seuls gènes à forte expression pendant la maturation. J'ai conçu et initié diverses constructions pour générer différentes plantes avec une expression altérée des trois gènes TCP12, TCP15 et TCP18, en utilisant des approches CRISPR/Cas9. Ainsi, des lignées de tomates portant le triple KO sur SlTCP12, SlTCP15 et SlTCP18 ont été obtenues, son phénotype étant analysé sur la génération T3. A partir des premiers résultats, le triple mutant SLTCP12/15/18 présente un phénotype semblable au simple mutant SlTCP12 (phénotype de yellow shoulder, concentrations plus élevées de chlorophylles et de sucres solubles), avec une sévérité très légèrement accrue, ce qui suggère une redondance très partielle entre les trois isoformes. De plus, de nombreux gènes liés à la maturation et aux modifications de coloration affectés dans le simple mutant SlTCP12 voient aussi leur expression altérée dans le triple mutant SlTCP12/15/18, c’est le cas notamment de FUL1, FUL2 et TAGL1, parfois à des niveaux importants ce qui suggère aussi des actions spécifiques de SlTCP15 et SlTCP18 dans la maturation du fruit de tomate.Dans l’ensemble, notre étude révèle le rôle important de SlTCP12 dans la régulation de la couleur des fruits et la sensibilité aux facteurs environnementauxFleshy fruits are major sources of necessary nutrients in many people’s diets around the world, and their ripening is a complex physiological and biochemical process that involves the coordinated regulation of numerous physiological and biochemical changes that determine flavor, color, texture, and aroma. These changes involve the up- or downregulation of numerous genes in various metabolic pathways. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the color transition remain poorly understood.In Chapter I, I introduce of tomato, which is an important model species for fleshy fruit research and a reference species for the Solanaceae family. Then, I provide a bibliographic introduction to review the state of the art in the field of chloroplast to chromoplast transition, describing the structural, physiological, and protein structure changes that occur during this transition. Lastly, I introduce the functions of SlTCPs in plant and fruit development, which will be valorized with a submitted review.The following chapters II and III are the core content of our forthcoming article. Based on expression data in tomatoes, I found that SlTCP12, SlTCP15, SlTCP18 and SlTCP27 are the only genes with high expression during ripening. Notably, SlTCP12, functioning as a transcription activator and exclusively localized within the nucleus, displays a substantial increase in expression starting from the mature green stage and continuing beyond it. To investigate the role of SlTCP12, I constructed TCP12-KO plants using CRISPR/Cas9 approaches and analyzed their phenotype in the homozygous generation. My findings suggest that the absence of SlTCP12 leads to alterations in fruit pericarp color, with the mutant displaying a yellow shoulder phenotype that exhibits sensitivity to certain environmental factors. In order to uncover the regulatory pathway of SlTCP12 action, we employed a series of methods at the cellular, biochemical, and molecular levels, and demonstrated that SlTCP12 does not affect chlorophyll synthesis but rather influences chloroplast degradation and the conversion into chromoplasts, leading to the yellow shoulder phenotype. We also validated that SlTCP12 exerts its regulation by directly binding to SlPSY1/SlPSY2 promoter regions, thereby governing the development and transition of chloroplasts and chromoplasts in tomatoes. Furthermore, SlGLK2 and RIN can directly interact with the promoter region of SlTCP12, as suggested by transcriptome analyses of RIN-KO mutant and Dual-Luc assays.The last chapters IV aims at enlarging the work to SlTCP12 homologues. Based on expression data in tomato, I found that SlTCP12, SlTCP15, SlTCP18 are the only genes with high expression during ripening. I designed and initiated diverse constructs to generate different plants with SlTCP12, SlTCP15 and SlTCP18 altered expression using CRISPR/Cas9. Thus, tomato lines bearing the triple KO on SlTCP12, SlTCP15 and SlTCP18 have been obtained, and their phenotypes have been analyzed in the T3 generation. According to the first results, triple SlTCP12/15/18 mutant displays the phenotype similar to SlTCP12 single mutant (occurrence of yellow shoulder in DPH14 fruit and high level of chlorophyll and soluble sugar) with a mild increase in phenotype severity, suggesting a partial, but limited redundancy between the three TCP isoforms. In addition, in the triple SlTCP12/15/18 mutant, we observed modifications in the expression of several genes related to ripening and color changes, exhibiting alterations consistent with those observed in tcp12, such as FUL1, FUL2, and TAGL1. These changes were obviously more pronounced than in tcp12, suggesting that SlTCP15 and SlTCP18 may have special functions in tomato ripening.Taken together, our study reveals the important role of SlTCP12 in fruit color regulation and sensitivity to environmental factors
5
Bonato, Vanessa Caroline de Barros. "Interação etileno-auxina e sua influência na produção de compostos voláteis do aroma durante o amadurecimento do tomate (Solanum lycopersicum)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-15122015-141611/.
Анотація:
O amadurecimento é um processo complexo e geneticamente programado através do qual o fruto adquire características próprias (níveis de açúcar e acidez, cor, amaciamento, sabor e aroma, entre outras) que o torna atraente aos consumidores. O tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) tem sido largamente utilizado como modelo para os estudos sobre amadurecimento de frutos devido à sua importância nutricional e econômica e aos avanços no entendimento de sua genética e bioquímica. Neste fruto, um conjunto de 20 a 30 substâncias voláteis, entre álcoois, aldeídos, cetonas e ésteres, contribuem para o aroma, sendo elas derivadas principalmente de aminoácidos, ácidos graxos e carotenóides. O hormônio etileno está intimamente relacionado com as alterações metabólicas que ocorrem no amadurecimento, inclusive na geração desses compostos voláteis, através da ativação de fatores de transcrição que regulam genes codificadores de enzimas envolvidas nesse processo. Embora se saiba bastante a respeito da bioquímica que produz compostos de aroma e o envolvimento do etileno nesse processo, pouco se sabe sobre o mecanismo de sua regulação. Além disso, o etileno não é o único regulador do amadurecimento, pois há vários indícios de que as auxinas também estão envolvidas neste processo. Embora crescente, este campo ainda encontra-se pouco explorado quando comparado aos avanços obtidos sobre o papel do etileno no amadurecimento de frutos. Os dados são ainda mais escassos no que se refere a regulação das vias de biossíntese dos compostos voláteis. Assim, este trabalho visa avaliar como a interação entre o ácido indol-3-acético (AIA), a auxina mais abundante em plantas, e o etileno influencia a produção do aroma em frutos de tomateiro. Para tal, tomates da cultivar Micro-Tom foram tratados com AIA e etileno, isoladamente e em conjunto. Os resultados mostraram que os grupos de frutos caracterizaram-se por possuir diferentes perfis de compostos voláteis. Os tratamentos com AIA e etileno+AIA ocasionaram atraso no acúmulo de compostos voláteis derivados de isoprenóides, assim como na transcrição de genes envolvidos na síntese desses compostos: carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 1A e 1B (S/CCD1A e S/CCD1B). A mudança da cor verde para a vermelha e o acúmulo de licopeno também foram atrasados em resposta a estes dois tratamentos. Foram também avaliados os níveis de transcritos de genes envolvidos na síntese de voláteis derivados de ácidos graxos, sendo eles lipoxigenases (S/LOX), hidroperóxido liases (S/HPL) e álcool desidrogenases (S/ADH), além dos níveis da produção de etileno, e AIA na forma livre e conjugados. Os resultados mostraram-se robustos em relação aos impactos nos perfis de compostos voláteis, causados pelos mesmos tratamentos hormonais, em frutos de tomateiro da variedade Grape. Os dados sugerem que a auxina possui importante papel na formação de compostos voláteis do aroma em frutos de tomateiro, regulando de forma negativa este metabolismo. Esse efeito modulador ocorre provavelmente por meio de interações com o etileno.Fruit ripening is a complex and genetically programmed process through the fruit acquires characteristics (sweetness and acidity, color, softening, flavor and aroma, etc.) that make it attractive to consumers. The tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) has been widely used as a model for studies on fruit ripening due to its nutritional and economic importance and advances in the understanding of its genetics and biochemistry. A set of 20 to 30 volatile substances, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters, which were derived from amino acids, fatty acids and carotenoids, contribute to the flavor. The hormone ethylene is closely related to the metabolic changes that occur in the maturation, including the generation of these volatile compounds, through the activation of transcription factors that regulate genes encoding proteins involved in this process. Although the knowledge about the biochemistry pathways that produces flavor compounds and the involvement of ethylene have advanced, little is known about the regulation of this process. In addition, ethylene is not the unique hormone that plays this role on fruit ripening. There is a growing body of evidence indicating the involvement of auxin in the maturation. The role of other hormonal classes is still little explored when compared to progress made on the role of ethylene in fruit ripening, especially regarding the regulation of the biosynthetic pathways of volatile compounds. This study aim to assess how the interaction between the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the most abundant auxin in plants, and ethylene influence the production of tomato fruit aroma. To do this, fruit from tomato cultivar Micro-Tom were treated with IAA and ethylene, separately and in combination. The results showed that the fruit groups characterized by having different profiles of volatile compounds. The treatment with IAA and IAA + ethylene caused delay in accumulation of volatile compounds derived from isoprenoid, as well as in the transcription of genes involved in the synthesis of these compounds: carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases 1A and 1B (S/CCD1A and S/CCD1B). The change from green to red and the accumulation of lycopene were also delayed in response to these two treatments. We also assessed the levels of transcripts of genes involved in the synthesis of volatile compounds derived from fatty acids (lipoxygenases [S/LOX], hydroperoxide lyases [S/HPL] and alcohol dehydrogenases [S/ADH]), besides the levels of ethylene production, and IAA in free and conjugated form. The results were robust with respect to impacts on volatile compounds profiles, caused by the same hormone treatments in tomato variety Grape. The data suggest that auxin plays an important role in the synthesis of volatile compounds in tomato fruit, negatively regulating this metabolism. This modulating effect likely occurs through crosstalks with ethylene.
6
Tourdot, Edouard. "Spatiotemporal distribution of ploidy levels and ploidy specific transcriptome during Tomato fruit development." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0121.
Анотація:
L’endoréduplication, qui est la source majeure d’endopolyploïdie chez les Plantes, est un processus cellulaire durant lequel la quantité d’ADN nucléaire (ploïdie) est augmentée par une succession de réplications du génome sans division cellulaire. L’endoréduplication est le résultat de la capacité des cellules à transformer le classique cycle cellulaire en un cycle cellulaire partiel, l’endocycle, où la synthèse de l’ADN intervient indépendamment de la mitose. Chez les plants, l’endoréduplication est présente dans de nombreux organes et types cellulaires et notamment ceux ayant un fort intérêt agronomique, comme la partie charnue (péricarpe) du fruit de Tomate dans lequel les niveaux de ploïdie sont important. A la fin du développement du fruit de tomate, le péricarpe est composé d’une population hétérogène de cellules dont les niveaux de ploïdie et la tailles varient. De plus, à ce stade, des gènes présentent des profils d’expression spécifiquement lié aux niveaux de ploïdie. Cependant, peu de données sont disponible à propos de l'engagement et la progression de l’endoreduplication dans les cellules durant le développement du fruit de tomate ou son effet sur l’expression des gènes. Afin d’expliquer pourquoi une population hétérogène de cellule co-existent dans le péricarpe et comme base de description des régulations transcriptionnelles par l’endoréduplication dans le péricarpe, la thèse a eu d’étudier cette population hétérogène de cellule afin d’établir les bases de détermination des programmes génétiques mis en place par l’endoreduplication. Donc, j’ai cartographié le dynamisme des niveaux de ploïdie et de l’expression des gènes en fonction des niveaux de ploïdie dans le péricarpe au cours du développement précoce du fruit, à 6-, 9- et 12 jours après anthèse. Les données ont montré qu’un doublement de l’expression était présent en relation avec le doublement de ploïdie et l’endoreduplication est déjà bien en place, organisée en gradient dans le péricarpe à 6DPA. En utilisant les données produites, une carte virtuelle des niveaux de ploïdie et de l’expression des gènes sera établie au cours de du développement du péricarpe du fruit de TomateEndoreduplication is a cellular process during which nuclear DNA content (ploidy) is increased through successive genome duplication without cell division. Endoreduplication plays pivotal functions throughout the plant life cycle such as morphogenesis or cell specification, and also in response to environmental stresses. Another potential role of endoreduplication is that, by increasing gene copy number, transcription could be increased. In Tomato, the fruit pericarp tissue (fleshy part) is composed of a heterogeneous population of cells displaying a large variation of ploidy levels reaching up to 256c (c = haploid genome quantity). In this tissue, these high ploidy levels are generally correlated with large cells. However, little is known about the onset and progression of endoreduplication during tomato fruit growth and its consequences on the regulation of cell size and gene expression. We therefore aim to determine the in situ distribution of gene expression based on the ploidy levels in the pericarp during fruit development.For that, ploidy distribution in the pericarp is first quantified in situ by Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FisH). In parallel, cell size is measured to study the potential link between ploidy and cell growth. Second, RNA extracted from nuclei sorted based on their ploidy level are used for sequencing. From this transcriptome data, a search for potential markers of ploidy and/or genes having a ploidy specific expression will be done. These ploidy distribution and transcriptomics experiments are done by harvesting fruits at five stages from 6 to 12 days post anthesis (dpa) during fruit growth. Using this data a virtual map of ploidy distribution and gene expression will be done for early development of Tomato fruit pericarp
7
Gest, Noé. "MDHAR3 : une enzyme à l'interface de la défense antioxydante, du métabolisme carboné et de la qualité du fruit chez la tomate." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0328.
Анотація:
Chez les plantes, l’étude des antioxydants et des métabolismes associés présente un triple intérêt, en raison (i) des vertus nutritionnelles des antioxydants (ii) de leur implication dans la tolérance au stress et (iii) de leur capacité à réguler des processus cellulaires essentiels. L’enzyme monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) participe à ce type de métabolisme car elle permet le recyclage de l’ascorbate, un antioxydant majeur, à partir de sa forme oxydée, le monodehydroascorbate. Ce travail de thèse, utilisant la tomate comme modèle d’étude, a consisté à étudier les conséquences d’une modification de l’activité d’une isoforme de MDHAR (MDHAR3) sur la teneur en ascorbate, le développement et la tolérance des fruits au froid. Nous avons identifie une régulation négative de la teneur en ascorbate par MDHAR3 : la sous-expression de cette enzyme augmente les teneurs en ascorbate d’environ 20%, et la surexpression produit un effet inverse, ces deux mécanismes n’apparaissant qu’en condition de forte intensité lumineuse. La sous-expression de MDHAR3 a également réveillé la capacité de cette enzyme à réguler le métabolisme carboné, produisant d’importantes modifications phénotypiques au niveau de la croissance précoce de la plante et de la taille du fruit. Ces résultats suggèrent pour MDHAR3 un rôle de médiateur entre le métabolisme antioxydant et le métabolisme central. Enfin, la caractérisation, en condition de stress au froid, de paramètres physiques et biochimiques de fruits de lignées d’introgression dont l’activité MDHAR3 est modifiée a révélé l’importance d’un système antioxydant efficace dans la tolérance à ce type de stress, en particulier immédiatement après la sortie des fruits du froidNon fourni
8
How, Kit Alexandre Gallusci Philippe. "Contrôle épigénétique du développement et de la qualité des fruits de tomate." S. l. : Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://ori-oai.u-bordeaux1.fr/pdf/2008/HOW_KIT_ALEXANDRE_2008.pdf.
9
Mounet, Fabien. "Développement précoce du fruit de tomate : analyse globale du caractère charnu et étude de la contribution du transport de l'auxine." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21531.
Анотація:
Afin d'approfondir les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans l'acquisition du caractère charnu du fruit de tomate, deux stratégies ont été entreprises : l'analyse intégrée de la composition métabolique et des profils d'expression de gènes au sein des tissus du fruit, ainsi qu'une approche de génétique inverse ciblant un gène potentiellement impliqué dans le développement du fruit. Dans un premier temps, ne approche globale a permis d'analyser la composition métabolique et les profils d'expression de gènes au sein de différents tissus du fruit au cours de son développement. L'analyse de la composition de ces tissus par des outils statistiques a permis de mettre en évidence des métabolites spécifiques associés aux mécanismes d'expansion cellulaire et au dévelopement des graines. L'intégration des données obtenues à partir des analyses de métabolome et de transcriptome, réalisée sur le mésocarpe et le tissu loculaire, ont révélé plusieurs gènes candidats qui semblent intervenir dans le développement du fruit. Ces données ont également permis d'approfondir le rôle des régulations hormonales dans l'expansion des tissus charnus du fruit. Dans un second temps, cette étude s'est focalisée sur l'analyse d'un gène candidat codant pour une protéine de transport de l'auxine appelée S/PIN. Les analyses phénotypiques et moléculaires de lignées de tomates transgéniques sous exprimant le gène SIPIN ont montré une altération du développement de l'ovaire aboutissant à la formation de fruits parhénocarpiques. Les lignées transformées P35s : SIPINrnai ont permis d'étudier l'implication du transport de l'auxine dans la mise a fruit et la didfférenciation des tissusIn order to get new insights concerning the mechanisms involved in the acquisition of the fleshy trait in tomato fruit, two strategies were undertaken : an integrated analysis of fruit tissues metabolites and transcripts along development, and a reverse genetic approach targeting one gene potentially involved in fruit development. In a first step, a global approach was used to characterize changes in both transcriptome and metabolome in various tissues of the fruit during early fruit development. Tissue composition analyses using chemometric approaches pointed to specific metabolites associated with cell expansion in developing fruit with seed development. The integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data, performed on mesocarp and locular tissue, highlighted several candidate genes that could be involved in fruit development. These data also allowed to analyse the role of hormonal regulations in expansion processes engaged in fleshy tissues. In a second step, this study was focalised on one candidate gene, encoding an auxin efflux transport protein called S/PIN. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of transgenic tomato plants silenced for SIPIN gene showed an alteration in ovary development resulting in the formation of parthenocarpic fruits in the most affected lines. P35s : SIPINrnai lines revealed that auxin transport was involved in fruit set and tissues differentiation
10
Magalhães, Hilton César Rodrigues. "Influência hormonal de Metil Jasmonato na biossíntese de compostos voláteis associados ao amadurecimento em tomate Grape (Solanum lycopersicum) e pimenta malagueta (Capsicum frutescens)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-07122017-163048/.
Анотація:
O amadurecimento é um processo complexo formado por alterações metabólicas, que ocorrem após o fruto atingir a sua maturidade fisiológica. O tomate é um fruto climatérico, usado como modelo para estudo do papel do etileno durante o amadurecimento. A pimenta é um fruto não-climatérico, pertencente à mesma família que o tomate, e por conta disso, pode apresentar similaridades no desenvolvimento de diversos atributos de qualidade durante o amadurecimento, como o aroma. A maioria dos compostos voláteis em frutos deriva dos carboidratos, lipídeos e aminoácidos, sendo a via das lipoxigenases a responsável pela formação de voláteis C6. Devido a sua importância no processo de regulação do amadurecimento em frutos, o etileno possui um papel fundamental para a formação do aroma, no entanto, outros hormônios como o metil jasmonato (MeJA), também possuem um papel importante nesse processo. O presente trabalho visa avaliar os papéis dos hormônios etileno e MeJA na formação dos compostos voláteis do aroma em tomate Grape (Solanum lycopersicum) e pimenta malagueta (Capsicum frutescens) durante o amadurecimento. Os frutos foram tratados com MeJA, Etileno, 1MCP e MeJA+1MCP, com posteriores análises de voláteis e níveis dos transcritos de genes para as enzimas lipoxigenase (LOX), álcool desidrogenase (ADH) e hidroperóxido liase (HPL), que participam da formação dos voláteis derivados da via dos ácidos graxos. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos hormonais causaram mudanças claras na composição do aroma de pimenta e tomate, mas muitos desses resultados deixaram evidente a natureza climatérica e não-climatérica desses frutos. Diferentemente do que aconteceu em pimenta, foi possível visualizar uma íntima relação entre MeJA e etileno na formação do aroma em tomate, principalmente nos voláteis derivados da via dos carotenoides. Em tomate, foi possível observar que a expressão dos transcritos dos genes da via dos ácidos graxos, LOX, ADH e HPL, e da via dos carotenoides, CCD1A e CCD1B, foi diminuída pela ação de 1MCP, mesmo quando esteve associado à MeJA. O tratamento com MeJA aumentou voláteis C6 em pimenta e tomate. Particularmente em tomate, essa elevação foi associada ao aumento na expressão de LOXC e HPL, um dia após a aplicação do hormônio. Quando o tomate se tornou completamente maduro, não foram constatadas tantas diferenças em relação aos outros tratamentos, exceto pelo aumento evidente dos compostos derivados da via dos carotenoides, beta-ionona e 6-metil-5-hepten-2-ol. No primeiro dia de tratamento com MeJA em pimenta, verificou-se um aumento evidente nos níveis da maioria dos ésteres, inclusive os hexílicos de cadeia alifática, que são derivados dos voláteis C6 da via dos ácidos graxos. Além disso, também apresentaram aumento evidente, logo no primeiro dia após o tratamento com MeJA, os compostos 2-isobutil-3-metoxipirazina e 3-careno, sendo esses dois últimos os compostos que fornecem a nota aromática mais característica de pimenta. Quando as pimentas amadureceram completamente, constatou-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo, proporcionado por MeJA, nos voláteis C6 (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 3-hexen-1-ol e hexanal, sendo esse último um dos grandes contribuidores para o aroma desse fruto.Ripening is a complex process formed by metabolic changes that occur after fruit physiological maturity. Tomato is a climacteric fruit, used as a model to study the role of ethylene during ripening. Pepper is a non-climacteric fruit, belonging to the same family as the tomato, and because of this, may present similarities in the development of several attributes of quality during maturation, such as aroma. Most of volatile compounds in fruits derives from carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids, and lipoxygenases pathway is responsible for C6 volatiles production. Due to its importance in the fruit ripening regulation process, ethylene plays an important role in aroma production; however, other hormones, such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA), also play a significant role during fruit ripening. The present work aims to evaluate the roles of ethylene and MeJA hormones in the formation of aroma compounds in tomato Grape (Solanum lycopersicum) and chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens) during ripening. Fruits were treated with MeJA, Ethylene, 1MCP in MeJA+1MCP, followed by analysis of volatile compounds and levels of gene transcripts for the enzymes lipoxygenase (LOX), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), which participate of production of volatile compounds derived from the fatty acid pathway. The results showed that hormonal treatments caused changes in pepper and tomato aroma composition, but many of these results made evident the climacteric and non-climacteric nature of these fruits. Unlike what happened in pepper, it was possible to visualize an intimate relationship between MeJA and ethylene under the tomato aroma compounds, mainly in the formation of carotenoid-derived volatiles. In tomato, it was possible to observe that the expression of the fatty acid pathway gene transcripts, LOX, ADH and HPL, and carotenoid pathway, CCD1A and CCD1B, were reduced by 1MCP action, even when it was associated with MeJA. MeJA treatment increased C6 volatiles in pepper and tomato. Particularly in tomato, this elevation was associated with an increase in the LOXC and HPL expression, one day after the hormone treatment. When tomato became fully mature, there were not so many differences compared to the other treatments, except for the evident increase of the carotenoid-derived volatile compounds, beta-ionone and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol. On the first day of treatment with MeJA in pepper, there was a clear increase in the levels of most esters, including the aliphatic chain hexils, which are derived from the C6 volatiles of the fatty acid pathway. In addition, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine and 3-carene compounds also showed evident increase, the first two days after treatment with MeJA, the latter two being the compounds that provide the most characteristic aromatic note of pepper. When the peppers reach their complete maturation, there was an increase, under MeJA treatment, in the C6 volatiles (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, 3-hexen-1-ol and hexanal, which is one of the most important aroma compounds in peppers.
Книги з теми "Fruits de tomate":
1
Ontario. Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Tomato Fruit Disorders. S.l: s.n, 1985.
2
Thomas, Theo. Canning fruits and tomatoes. Pullman, [Wash.]: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture and Home Economics, Washington State University, 1990.
3
Hoffmann, Mark. Fruit bowl. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2018.
4
Schell, Adam. Tomato rhapsody: A fable of lust, love and forbidden fruit. New York: Delacorte Press, 2009.
5
Pandey, R. R. Monitoring and management of tomato fruit worm (Helicoverpa armigera) 1993-1994.. Pokhara: Lumle Regional Agricultural Research Centre, 1996.
6
Galston, Arthur William. Final technical report for NASA proejct NCC 2-726, entitled "Cultivation of tomato tissues capable of forming flowers and fruits in vitro". [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.
7
Kenney, Cindy. Bob the tomato, I can do many things! Grand Rapids, Mich: Zonderkidz, 2004.
8
Ep, Heuvelink, ed. Tomatoes. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: Cambridge, MA : CABI Pub., 2005.
9
Keith, Redenbaugh, ed. Safety assessment of genetically engineered fruits and vegetables: A case study of the FLAVR SAVR tomato. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1992.
10
Brown, Edward Espe. Tomato blessings and radish teachings: Recipes and reflections. New York: Riverhead Books, 1997.
Частини книг з теми "Fruits de tomate":
1
Hobson, G., and D. Grierson. "Tomato." In Biochemistry of Fruit Ripening, 405–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1584-1_14.
2
León-García, Elizabeth, Oscar Andrés Del Ángel Coronel, Gilber Vela-Gutiérrez, Javier De la Cruz Medina, and Hugo S. García. "Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)." In Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals, 1259–78. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119158042.ch68.
3
Vorobiev, Eugene, and Nikolai Lebovka. "Fruits: Apple, Tomato, and Citruses." In Processing of Foods and Biomass Feedstocks by Pulsed Electric Energy, 211–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40917-3_8.
4
Ho, L. C., and J. D. Hewitt. "Fruit development." In The Tomato Crop, 201–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3137-4_5.
5
Dorais, M., A. P. Papadopoulos, and A. Gosselin. "Greenhouse Tomato Fruit Quality." In Horticultural Reviews, 239–319. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470650806.ch5.
6
Rao, K. P. Gopalakrishna. "Evaporative coll storage of tomato fruits." In Horticulture — New Technologies and Applications, 405–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3176-6_66.
7
Kiralan, Mustafa, and Onur Ketenoglu. "Utilization of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) by-Products: An Overview." In Mediterranean Fruits Bio-wastes, 799–818. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84436-3_34.
8
Gierson, D., and A. A. Kader. "Fruit ripening and quality." In The Tomato Crop, 241–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3137-4_6.
9
Scarano, Aurelia, and Angelo Santino. "Engineering Phytonutrient Content in Tomato by Genome Editing Technologies." In A Roadmap for Plant Genome Editing, 385–93. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46150-7_22.
Анотація:
AbstractThe application of precise genome editing represents an important step-forward in plant functional genomics research and crop improvement by generating tailored modifications within a target genome sequence. Among the genome editing technologies, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been the most largely one applied in many crop species, thanks to its high customizable specificity. Tomato is one of the most cultivated and consumed horticultural crops worldwide and an ideal model plant for studying different physiological processes (e.g., plant development, response to biotic/abiotic stresses, fruit quality) by using different approaches, such as conventional breeding, classical transgenesis and genome editing technologies. In recent years, the number of studies on the genome editing application in tomato has increasingly grown, particularly for the improvement of fruit quality and nutritional value. In this chapter, we report about the main achievements provided by such technologies for engineering the content of nutritionally relevant compounds, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins, and other important phytonutrients in tomato fruit.
10
Morgan, Lynette. "Hydroponic production of selected crops." In Hydroponics and protected cultivation: a practical guide, 196–228. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789244830.0011a.
Анотація:
Abstract While there is a wide range of potentially profitable crops which can be grown in hydroponics under protected cultivation, greenhouse production is dominated by fruiting crops such as tomatoes, cucumber, capsicum and strawberries, and vegetative species such as lettuce, salad and leafy greens, herbs and specialty crops like microgreens. This chapter summarizes information on a selected range of common hydroponic crops to give basic procedures for each and an outline of the systems of production. These crops include tomato, capsicum or sweet bell pepper, cucumber, lettuce and other salad greens, strawberry and rose. Information is given on their hydroponic production systems and environment, propagation, plant density, pruning, pollination, fruit growth, crop nutrition, pests, diseases, disorders, harvesting and postharvest handling.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Fruits de tomate":
1
Calatayud Chover, María Angeles. "CARACTERIZACIÓN AGRONÓMICA-MORFOLÓGICA DE 6 ENTRADAS DE “TOMACA TIPO MASCLET” DE LA COLECCIÓN DE VARIEDADES TRADICIONALES DEL IVIA." In I CONGRÉS DE LA TOMACA VALENCIANA: LA TOMACA VALENCIANA DEL PERELLÓ. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/tomaval2017.2017.6320.
Анотація:
En el presente trabajo se muestran las características morfológicas y de interés agronómico del fruto, correspondientes a 6 entradas de tomate valenciano perteneciente a la colección de variedades tradicionales del IVIA. Las 6 entradas son: IVIA-2 (origen Moncada); IVIA-27 (origen Siete Aguas); IVIA-28 (origen Paiporta); IVIA-69 (origen Moncada); IVIA-72 (origen Moncada); IVIA-126 (origen El Perelló). Respecto a la arquitectura de la planta, las 6 entradas son similares. La diferencia más importante entre ellas es debido a la morfología del fruto; tanto en su sección longitudinal, número de lóculos y el peso medio de los frutos. Las entradas con el extremo distal del fruto con forma puntiaguda, característica muy apreciada por los consumidores, son las IVIA-27 e IVIA-69. Por otro lado, IVIA-28, presenta el mayor peso medio de los frutos con un valor de 262g con una gran calidad, aunque la forma del fruto es menos puntiaguda que ninguno de los otros. Las 6 entradas presentan un gran potencial agronómico dado que presentan un tamaño, forma y color de fruto atrayentes dentro de los cánones de la denominación del tomate valenciano. The 6 accessions showed a great agronomic potential due of fruits size, shape and colour attractive inside Valencian tomato fruits model.
2
Baixauli, Carlos, Alfonso Giner, José Mariano Aguilar, and Resurrección Burguet. "Efecto de la introducción de plantas biocidas en un monocultivo de tomate valenciano y análisis de la técnica del injerto." In II CONGRÉS DE LA TOMATA VALENCIANA: L'AUTÈNTICA. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/tomaval2024.2024.18590.
Анотація:
With the development of this experience during several consecutive campaigns, the aim was to evaluate, in the medium term, the effect of using biocidal plants in combination with a tomato monoculture, as well as the effect of using a tolerant tomato rootstock in a local selection of Valencian tomato. The experience was carried out at the Centro de Experiencias de Cajamar in Paiporta (Valencia). The commercial production, the waste production and the average weight of commercial fruits were analyzed, as well as agronomic aspects of the plant during and at the end of the crop. Furthermore, in each campaign, soil analyzes were carried out prior to planting the tomato to see the evolution of some physical, chemical and biological parameters of interest. The results of the trial showed that the use of biocidal plants in the crop rotation reduced the nodules index produced by nematodes on the roots of the plants and slightly increased the levels of organic matter, although it had no clear effects on the rest of the parameters studied; in addition, the use of grafted plants improved the average weight of the fruit and some vegetative development and agronomic aspects of the plants.----------------------------Con el desarrollo de esta experiencia durante varias campañas consecutivas se evaluó, a medio plazo, el efecto de la utilización de las plantas biocidas en combinación con un monocultivo de tomate, así como el efecto de la utilización de un portainjerto de tomate tolerante en una selección local de tomate valenciano. La experiencia se desarrolló en el Centro de Experiencias de Cajamar en Paiporta (Valencia). Se analizó la producción comercial, producción de destrío y el peso medio de los frutos comerciales, así como aspectos agronómicos de la planta durante y al final del cultivo. Además, en cada campaña se realizaron, previo a la plantación del tomate, unas analíticas de suelo para ver la evolución de algunos parámetros físicos, químicos y biológicos de interés. Los resultados obtenidos han mostrado que la utilización de plantas biocidas en la rotación del cultivo redujo el índice de nodulación producidos por nemátodos en las raíces de las plantas y aumentó ligeramente los niveles de materia orgánica, aunque no tuvo efectos claros sobre el resto de los parámetros estudiados; además la utilización de planta injertada mejoró el peso medio de los frutos y algunos aspectos de desarrollo y agronómicos de las plantas.
3
Ortega, Benito, Alberto García, Borja Lambea, and Rubén Pascual. "Control biológico de Botrytis cineria en tomate mediante Prestop®." In II CONGRÉS DE LA TOMATA VALENCIANA: L'AUTÈNTICA. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/tomaval2024.2024.18676.
Анотація:
Botrytis cinerea is one of the foliar fungal diseases that causes most economic losses in tomato in greenhouses. These losses can directly affect the fruit but also can affect stems, leaves and flowers. Stem rot can be the pathogen colonization pathway that causes the most losses since, if a stem is affected, a branch with several fruits at the same time or even the entire crop production can be lost. The current trend towards the reduction of chemical active substances and the emergence of biological control of plant diseases defined as "the reduction of the amount of inoculum or disease-inducing activities of a pathogen that is achieved through one or more organisms" (Baker and Cook (1983), have prompted Massó agro to develop since 2011 PRESTOP® PRESTOP® contains the beneficial fungus Clonostachys rosea (previously named Glycoladium catenulatum) strain J1446. The installation of this fungus can occur prior to the appearance of the pathogen as well as to control the disease in conditions of high Botrytis infection, due to the persistence of Prestop® on the leaf surface of the crop................................................................................Botrytis cinerea, es una de las enfermedades fúngicas foliares que más pérdidas económicas producen en tomate en invernadero. Estas pérdidas pueden afectar directamente a los frutos viéndose también afectados tallos, hojas y flores. La pudrición en tallos puede ser la vía de colonización del patógeno que ocasione más pérdidas ya que, si un tallo se ve afectado, puede llegar a perderse una ramificación con varios frutos a la vez o incluso toda la producción del cultivo. La tendencia actual a la reducción de materias activas de origen químico y la aparición control biológico de enfermedades definiéndose como “la reducción de la cantidad de inóculo o de las actividades inductoras de enfermedad de un patógeno que se logra a través de uno o más organismos” (Baker y Cook (1983), han impulsado a Massó agro a desarrollar desde el año 2011 PRESTOP®. PRESTOP® contiene el hongo beneficioso Clonostachys rosea (anteriormente Glicoladium catenulatum) cepa J1446. La instalación de este hongo puede darse previamente a la aparición del patógeno como también para controlar la enfermedad en condiciones de alta infección de Botrytis, debido a la persistencia de Prestop® en la superficie foliar del cultivo.
4
Rotaru, Vladimir. "Evaluarea impactului tratamentelor ecologice de protecție a plantelor asupra productivității fructelor de tomate." In Scientific International Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Perspectives". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/ppap2023.72.
Анотація:
Organic agriculture is gaining importance and the market for organic products has been increasing significantly nowadays. A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of treatmnets with the biorational protection product Carbecol and humic substances Ecolit on fruits productivity of tomato plants. Tomato plants during vegetation period were treated four times with Carbecol in dose 6 kg/ha alone as well as in combination with application of biofertilizer Ecolit in doze 3 l/ha. Experimental results revealed that the application of Carbecol alone or in combination with treatmnets of Ecolit increased the yield of tomato. Therefore, the integrated application had a better effect and the yield increased by 15,7% compared to untreated plants.
5
Nikonchuk, N. "Productivity of tomato plants depending on biological preparations." In international scientific-practical conference. MYKOLAIV NATIONAL AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/978-617-7149-78-0-35.
Анотація:
The influence of biological preparations (BTU-center) on productivity and yield indicators of the Royalpink F1 tomato hybrid in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine at the research site of the Department of Viticulture and Fruit and Vegetable Production of the Mykolaiv NAU in 2023 was studied. It was established that complex treatment of plants with biological preparations during the growing season of tomatoes affected the total weight of plants, raw weight and area of leaves. In the treated version, the average weight of the fruit was 85.3 g, the average diameter was 6.8 cm, which exceeded the similar indicators from the control version by 35.4 g and 2.4 cm, respectively. The marketable yield of tomato fruits in the treatment variant was at the level of 46.0 t/ha, which was 8.1 t/ha higher than the y
6
Popescu, Georgeta-Sofia, Anisoara Ienciu, Luminita Pirvulescu, Florina Radu, and Despina Maria Bordean. "IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF UNHEATED TOMATO JUICE BY USING PLANTS RICH IN BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s25.32.
Анотація:
Tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum) are fruits rich in bioactive substances, especially compounds with antioxidant characteristics. Tomato fruits are a source of vitamin C, having beneficial properties for health. Current indications lead us to the conclusion that tomato fruits are potential candidates for the study of bioactivity, as well as for functionally developed fruits. The activity of these bioactive compounds is to combat the activity of free radicals. Tomatoes are the most popular vegetable crop in the world. These vegetables are important due to their high contribution to human health and nutrition. The attractive colour and flavour of tomato have made it a dietary staple in many parts of the world One of the most popular options for consuming tomatoes is tomato juice. Raw tomato juice is known as a good energy drink, tasty, and filled with health benefits. The motivation, in this case, was to obtain food products with superior taste and nutritional properties that fall within the scope of food engineering. The main objective of our study was to obtain and reveal some physicochemical and nutritional properties of some varieties of raw tomato juice with the addition of green chillies and horseradish. These additions increased the antioxidant content of the juice and also improved the sensory characteristics of the two types of juice.
7
Prohens Tomás, Jaime, Salvador Soler Aleixandre, Maria Rosario Figàs Moreno, Fabrizio Leteo, Gabriele Campanelli, María José Díez Niclós, Teodoro Cardi, and Pasquale Tripodi. "Impacte de la Reducció del Reg i de la Fertilització Nitrogenada en la Tomaca Valenciana." In II CONGRÉS DE LA TOMATA VALENCIANA: L'AUTÈNTICA. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/tomaval2024.2024.18101.
Анотація:
La Tomaca Valenciana enfronta reptes importants degut al canvi climàtic i la falta d'aigua. Hem investigat com afecta la reducció del reg i la absència de fertilització nitrogenada en la producció i qualitat de dues accesions de Tomaca Valenciana (una de tipus 'Masclet' i una altra de 'Blanca'), comparant-les amb altres quaranta accessions. S’han fet tres tractaments: control, reducció de reg, i absència de fertilització nitrogenada. En comparació amb la mitja de la resta d’accesions, la Tomaca Valenciana es distingeix per ser relativament tardana, produir fruits grans, mostrar una elevada capacitat productiva, un contingut moderat de sòlids solubles i una acidesa intermitja. La reducció d'aigua va afectar negativament la producció, especialment en la varietat 'Masclet', que va ser més productiva que la ‘Blanca’. Tanmateix, aquesta restricció hídrica va incrementar la concentració de sòlids solubles del fruit, suggerint una possible millora en el sabor. La reducció en l'aplicació de fertilitzants nitrogenats, per contra, no va tenir un impacte en la qualitat dels fruits. Aquestes troballes subratllen la importància de desenvolupar millores que promoguen reduccions en la utilització d’aigua i altres insums en el cultivu de la Tomaca Valenciana per a combatre els efectes del canvi climàtic, mantenint l'alta qualitat del producte.
8
López Galarza, Salvador. "INFLUENCIA DEL INJERTO Y LA RELACIÓN POTASIO/NITRÓGENO SOBRE EL RENDIMIENTO Y CALIDAD DEL TOMATE VALENCIANO." In I CONGRÉS DE LA TOMACA VALENCIANA: LA TOMACA VALENCIANA DEL PERELLÓ. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/tomaval2017.2017.6521.
Анотація:
En el presente trabajo se estudió la influencia del injerto (plantas injertadas en el portainjerto ‘Maxifort’ (L. esculentum x L. Hirsutum), plantas auto-injertadas y plantas sin injertar) y de dos soluciones nutritivas con diferentes ratios N/K (1.3 y 1.8) en parámetros de producción y calidad del fruto en la variedad tradicional de tomate valenciano. El efecto del injerto no se hizo notar en la producción total pero sí en la distribución de los calibres, produciendo las plantas injertadas un porcentaje mayor de frutos de primera y un menor porcentaje de frutos de segunda y tercera respecto de las plantas sin injertar. No se encontraron diferencias en el número total de frutos por planta, pero si en el peso medio total del fruto, siendo mayor en las plantas injertadas. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la presencia de fisiopatías. Respecto al efecto de la solución nutritiva, el equilibrio N/K=1.3, dio lugar a una mayor producción de frutos de primera no observándose diferencias en el resto de los calibres ni en la presencia de fisiopatías. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los parámetros de calidad ni en el factor injerto ni en el factor solución. El uso del injerto y el manejo de solución nutritiva pueden ser dos buenas herramientas a la hora de aumentar el porcentaje de frutos de primera en tomate valenciano sin que se vean afectadas sus características de calidad.
9
Escrivá González, Carles. "Aspectos para valorar en la producción de semilla de tomate variedad Valenciano." In II CONGRÉS DE LA TOMATA VALENCIANA: L'AUTÈNTICA. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/tomaval2024.2024.18664.
Анотація:
The selection of a variety involves characterizing identifying physiological aspects of the fruit for its characterization and for its recognition by the consumer. To do this, it is necessary that in seed production crops or plants with the characteristics desired by the producer are selected to obtain a production that behaves sufficiently homogeneously. If there are no established criteria and different producers select the plants to obtain seeds, it may happen that the characteristics of the fruit differ in their identification. In addition, cultural care must be considered so that, in the event of possible pathologies during cultivation, they are not transmitted by seed. To prevent this from happening, it is advisable to disinfect the seeds to ensure that they are free of inoculum................................................................La selección de una variedad conlleva caracterizar aspectos fisiológicos identificativos del fruto para su caracterización y sirva para su reconocimiento por el consumidor. Para ello, es necesario que en la producción de semillas se seleccionen cultivos o plantas con las características deseadas por el productor para obtener una producción que se comporte suficientemente homogénea. Si no hay unos criterios establecidos y son diferentes productores los que seleccionan las plantas para la obtener semillas, puede suceder que las características del fruto difieran en su identificación. Además, hay que considerar los cuidados culturales para que, ante posibles patologías durante el cultivo, estas no se transmitan por semilla. Para que esto no suceda, es conveniente desinfectar las semillas para asegurar que están libres de inóculo.
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Díez Niclós, María José. "Variedades tradicionales de tomate de la Comunidad Valenciana del Banco de Germoplasma del COMAV." In I CONGRÉS DE LA TOMACA VALENCIANA: LA TOMACA VALENCIANA DEL PERELLÓ. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/tomaval2017.2017.6440.
Анотація:
El banco de germoplasma del COMAV conserva una colección de tomate de cerca de 3000 entradas. Más de 600 proceden de la Comunidad Valenciana. Ciento cincuenta y tres fueron recolectadas en la provincia de Alicante, 164 en Castellón y 315 en Valencia. Se dispone de datos de caracterización de una parte importante de las entradas. Ciento treinta y dos entradas pertenecen al tipo 'Valenciano' y fueron colectadas en expediciones de recolección realizadas desde principios de los años 80 hasta el presente. Cincuenta y una entradas del tipo 'Valenciano' han sido caracterizadas recientemente en El Perelló en cultivo de primavera-verano. De acuerdo a los datos referentes a la morfologia de fruto se han separado en cuatro grupos: “Masclet”, con frutos en forma de corazón y con el extremo estilar apuntado, característica propia de esta variedad, “Femella” con frutos más anchos y menos apuntados, “Xato” con frutos más achatados y acostillados, y “Rosada” con frutos de color rosa. Se encontró una elevada variabilidad para todos los descriptores tomados, excepto para tipo de crecimiento, siendo prácticamente todas las entradas de tipo indeterminado. El peso del fruto varió entre los 201 g del tipo “Rosada” y los 362 g en el grupo “Xato”. El grupo menos productivo fue el “Xato” con una producción moderada. En este caso, el elevado peso del fruto ocasiona un cuajado más irregular y consecuentemente se produce una disminución de la producción. El porcentaje más elevado de entradas con producción alta se encontró en el tipo “Femella”, con un 37% de las mismas con puntuación 7, siendo la puntuación máxima 9 para esta característica. La gran variabilidad encontrada para la mayoría de caracteres controlados y la adaptación a un amplio rango de condiciones agroclimáticas pone en valor esta colección para ser utilizada en programas de mejora o para cultivar directamente las mejores entradas.
Звіти організацій з теми "Fruits de tomate":
1
Ori, Naomi, and Jason W. Reed. Engineering parthenocarpic fruit production in tomato. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134175.bard.
Анотація:
Normally, fruits are formed only following fertilization. In tomato, fertilization is sensitive to extreme temperatures, resulting in reduced yield. Yield stability would therefore benefit from tomato varieties with parthenocarpic fruits, which develop independently of fertilization. The objective of the research was to generate parthenocarpic tomato lines by mutating PRC2 components, to investigate how PRC2 and auxin signaling regulate fruit initiation and growth, and to generate parthenocarpic lines for breeding. We reasoned that heterozygous prc2 mutations would generate parthenocarpic fruits with minimal vegetative effects, as they act in the female gametophyte. The specific objectives were : To generate (1) tomato PRC2 mutants and characterize them developmentally (2) and molecularly (3), and to test their performance in the field (4). Aim 1 proved challenging, and was achieved only during the third year. Therefore the research was extended for an additional 8 months, during which goals 2 and 4 were achieved. The research yielded mutations in 4 different PRC2 components, two of which were loss-of-function mutations that produced parthenocarpic fruits, Slfie and Slmsi1 mutants. Characterization of heterozygote Slfie mutants showed that they produce fruits independently of fertilization across a range of growth conditions. No homozygote Slfie mutants were obtained, likely due to failure of the mutant allele to transfer via the female gametopyte. Slfie/+ fruits were of good quality in contrast to most previously described parthenocarpic fruits. Initial characterization under heat stress showed a dramatic increase in yield under extreme heat, therefore providing yield stability. In addition, we characterized single and double mutants in tomato SlARF8a and SlARF8b, and found that these also gave plants with parthenocarpic fruit growth and increased yield stability. The research yielded genetic material that can be used in breeding programs to increase yield stability under unstable climate
2
Levin, Ilan, Avtar K. Handa, Avraham Lalazar, and Autar K. Mattoo. Modulating phytonutrient content in tomatoes combining engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587724.bard.
Анотація:
Fruit constitutes a major component of our diet, providing fiber, vitamins, minerals, and many other phytonutrients that promote good health. Fleshy fruits, such as tomatoes, already contain high levels of several of these ingredients. Nevertheless, efforts have been invested in increasing and diversifying the content of phytonutrients, such as carotenoids and flavonoids, in tomato fruits. Increasing levels of phytonutrients, such as lycopene, is highly justified from the perspective of the lycopene extraction industry due to cost effectiveness reasons. Diversifying phytonutrients, in particular those that contribute to fruit color, could potentially provide an array of attractive colors to our diet. Our major goal was to devise a novel strategy for developing tomato fruits with enhanced levels of phytochemicals known to promote good health with special emphasis on lycopene content. A further important goal was to analyze global gene expression of selected genetic lines produced throughout this study in order is to dissect the molecular mechanisms regulating phytonutrients accumulation in the tomato fruit. To achieve these goals we proposed to: 1. combine, by classical breeding, engineered polyamine metabolism with photomorphogenic high pigment mutants in order generate tomato plant with exceptionally high levels of phytonutrients; 2. use gene transfer technology for genetic introduction of key genes that promote phytonutrient accumulation in the tomato fruit, 3. Analyze accumulation patterns of the phytonutrients in the tomato fruit during ripening; 4. Analyze global gene expression during fruit ripening in selected genotypes identified in objectives 1 and 2, and 5. Identify and analyze regulatory mechanisms of chloroplast disassembly and chromoplast formation. During the 3 years research period we have carried out most of the research activities laid out in the original proposal and our key conclusions are as follows: 1. the engineered polyamine metabolism strategy proposed by the US collaborators can not increase lycopene content either on its own or in combination with an hp mutant (hp-2ᵈᵍ); 2. The hp-2ᵈᵍ affects strongly the transcriptional profile of the tomato fruit showing a strong tendency for up- rather than down-regulation of genes, 3. Ontology assignment of these miss-regulated genes revealed a consistent up-regulation of genes related to chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutants throughout fruit development; 4. A tendency for up-regulation was also usually observed in structural genes involved in phytonutrientbiosynthesis; however this up-regulation was not as consistent. 5. Microscopic observations revealed a significantly higher number of chloroplasts in pericarp cells of mature-green hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits in comparison to their normal fully isogenic counterparts. 6. The relative abundance of chloroplasts could be observed from early stages of fruit development. Cumulatively these results suggest that: 1. the overproduction of secondary metabolites, characterizing hp-2ᵈᵍ/hp-2ᵈᵍ fruits, is more due to chloroplast number rather then to transcriptional activation of structural genes of the relevant metabolic pathways, and 2. The molecular trigger increasing metabolite levels in hp-2ᵈᵍ mutant fruits should be traced at early stage of fruit development.
3
Ori, Naomi, and Mark Estelle. Specific mediators of auxin activity during tomato leaf and fruit development. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597921.bard.
Анотація:
The plant hormone auxin is involved in numerous developmental processes, including leaf and fruit development. The tomato (Solanumlycopersicum) gene ENTIRE (E) encodes an auxin-response inhibitor from the Aux/IAA family. While most loss-offunction mutations in Aux/IAA genes are similar to the wild type due to genetic redundancy, entire (e) mutants show specific effects on leaf and fruit development. e mutants have simple leaves, in contrast to the compound leaves of wild type tomatoes. In addition, e plants produce parthenocarpic fruits, in which fruit set occurs independently of fertilization. The aim of this research program was to utilize the e mutation to identify and characterize genes that mediate the specific effect of auxin in leaf and fruit development. The specific objectives of the project were to: 1. Characterize and map modifiers of the e leaf phenotype. 2. Characterize and map suppressors of the e fruit phenotype. 3. Dissect the developmental specificity of the E gene. 4. Examine the effect of fruit-overexpression of identified genes on fruit set and seed production. To identify mediators of auxin in leaf development, we mainly focused on one mutant, crawling elephant (crel, previously called t282), which showed substantial suppression of the e phenotype and other auxin-relatedphenotypes. We have identified the CREL gene as a homolog of the Arabidopsis VRN5 gene, involved in recruiting polycomb silencing complexes to specific targets. We showed that CREL affects auxin sensitivity in tomato. Suppressors of the e fruit phenotype have been further characterized and selected for more profound effects. Expression profiling by RNAseq was used to analyze the effect of e as well as crel on gene expression in leaves and fruits. This analysis has identified putative E and CREL targets. We have initiated studies to assess the role of some of these targets in flower and fruit development. The research has identified potential mediators of auxin response in leaf, flower and fruit development.
4
Friedmann, Michael, Charles J. Arntzen, and Hugh S. Mason. Expression of ETEC Enterotoxin in Tomato Fruit and Development of a Prototype Transgenic Tomato for Dissemination as an Oral Vaccine in Developing Countries. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7585203.bard.
Анотація:
The broad objective of the project was to develop a feasible approach to combat diarrheal disease caused by ETEC through the development of a low-cost oral immunogen in tomato fruit, expressed in the context of a prototype tomato that would answer the shortcomings of plant oral vaccines, especially in terms of produce handling and control of gene escape. Specifically, the goals for Boyce Thompson Institute (BTI) on this project were to develop transgenic tomato lines that express the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) subunits A and/or B for use in oral edible vaccines, and to optimize expression and assembly of these antigens in tomato fruits.LT-B is a useful vaccine antigen against ETEC disease, since antibodies against LT-B can prevent binding and delivery of the holotoxinLT. Mutant forms of the toxic LT-A subunit that have reduced toxicity can be co-expressed and assembled with LT-Bpentamers to form mutant LT (mLT) complexes that could be used as mucosaladjuvants for other oral vaccines. Work on the project is continuing at Arizona State University, after Dr. Mason moved there in August 2002. A number of approaches were taken to ensure the expression of both subunits and bring about their assembly inside the transgenic fruits. Initially, expression was driven by the fruit-specific E-8 promoter for LT-B and the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter for LT-A(K63). While LT-B accumulated up to 7 µg per gram ripe fruit, assembled LT-K63 was only 1 µg per gram. Since promoter activities for the two genes likely differed in cell type and developmental stage specificity, the ratios of A and B subunits was not optimal for efficient assembly in all cells. In order to maximize the chance of assembly of mLT in fruit, we focused on constructs in which both genes are driven by the same promoter. These included co-expression plasmids using the 35S promoter for both, while switching to attenuated mLTs (LT-R72 and LT-G192) that have shown greater potential for oral adjuvanticity than the initial LT-K63, and thus are better candidates for a plant-derived adjuvant. Other, more novel approaches were then attempted, including several new vectors using the tomato fruit-specific E8 promoter driving expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A, as well as a dicistronic construct for co-expression of both LT-B and mutant LT-A genes from a single promoter, and a geminivirusreplicon construct. We describe in the Appendix the results obtained in transgenic tomato lines transformed with these constructs. Overall, each contributed to enhanced expression levels, but the assembly itself of the holotoxin to high levels was not observed in the fruit tissues. The Israeli lab’s specific objective was to develop transgenic tomato lines expressing the LTholotoxin antigen bearing attributes to prevent gene escape (male sterility and orange fruit color) and to improve the dissemination of the oral vaccine (long shelf-life tomato cherry fruit or tomato processing background). Breeding lines bearing a number of attributes to prevent gene escape were developed by combining material and backcrossing either to a tomato cherry background, or two different processing backgrounds. Concomitantly, (these lines can be utilized for the creation of any future oral vaccine or other therapeutic-expressing tomato, either by crosses or transformation), the lines were crossed to the holotoxin-expressing tomatoes received from the United States, and this transgenic material was also incorporated into the backcrossing programs. To date, we have finalized the preparation of the cherry tomato material, both non-transgenic (bearing all the desired attributes), and transgenic, expressing the holotoxin. The level of expression of LT-B in the cherry fruits was comparable to the original transgenic tomatoes. Since it was not higher, this would necessitate the consumption of more fruits to reach a desired dose. A final backcross has been made for both the non-transgenic and the transgenic material in the processing lines. Auxin sprays resulted in high percentages of fruit set, but the processing genotypes gave many puffed fruits.
5
Lewinsohn, Efraim, Eran Pichersky, and Shimon Gepstein. Biotechnology of Tomato Volatiles for Flavor Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575277.bard.
Анотація:
The main objectives of the research project were: 1. The manipulation, by genetic engineering techniques, of the terpenoid pathway in tomato fruit. Specifically, to test the hypothesis whether overexpression of linalool synthase in tomato fruits will result in the diversion of intermediates of the carotene biosynthetic pathway to linalool, demonstrating that linalool synthase is a key regulatory enzyme, and possibly improving tomato flavor. 2. The elucidation of the biochemical pathway leading to eugenol and methyl eugenol, and the manipulation of this pathway to determine key enzymes and to improve flavor in tomato. Background, conclusions and implications The different proportions of volatile components present in foods often determine their flavor properties. Two of the ten most important flavor compounds in tomatoes, linalool and eugenol, are emitted by the flowers of Clarkia breweri, (Onagraceae), a plant native to California, and are also present in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae). We have studied the key enzymes and genes involved in the production of these flavorants. Linalool synthase, the key enzyme in linalool biosynthesis and its corresponding gene were isolated and characterized from Clarkia breweri. The gene was coupled to a fruit-specific tomato promotor (E8) and was used to transform tomatoes. The transgenic tomatoes produced S-linalool and 1-hydroxylinalool, compounds absent from the fruits of controls. The transgenesis did not adversely affect the overall appearance of the plants nor the levels of other terpenoids present such as carotenoids and vitamin E. Our work has proven that the terpenoid pathway in tomatoes can be modified by the introduction and expression of foreign genes coding for the enzymes controlling the production of monoterpenoid flavor compounds. We have also isolated novel enzymes and genes that are involved in the formation of eugenol and methyl eugenol from Clarkia breweri and basil. An EST library of basil glandular trichomes (the site of eugenol and methyl eugenol biosynthesis) was prepared. More than 1,200 genes have been preliminary characterized and a few of them have been confirmed by functional expression, to be involved in eugenol and methyl eugenol biosynthesis. These genes have augmented the still small repertoire of genes that are available to modify the aroma of agricultural produce by genetic engineering.
6
Lers, Amnon, Majid R. Foolad, and Haya Friedman. genetic basis for postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600014.bard.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Postharvest losses of fresh produce are estimated globally to be around 30%. Reducing these losses is considered a major solution to ensure global food security. Storage at low temperatures is an efficient practice to prolong postharvest performance of crops with minimal negative impact on produce quality or human health and the environment. However, many fresh produce commodities are susceptible to chilling temperatures, and the application of cold storage is limited as it would cause physiological chilling injury (CI) leading to reduced produce quality. Further, the primary CI becomes a preferred site for pathogens leading to decay and massive produce losses. Thus, chilling sensitive crops should be stored at higher minimal temperatures, which curtails their marketing life and in some cases necessitates the use of other storage strategies. Development of new knowledge about the biological basis for chilling tolerance in fruits and vegetables should allow development of both new varieties more tolerant to cold, and more efficient postharvest storage treatments and storage conditions. In order to improve the agricultural performance of modern crop varieties, including tomato, there is great potential in introgression of marker-defined genomic regions from wild species onto the background of elite breeding lines. To exploit this potential for improving tomato fruit chilling tolerance during postharvest storage, we have used in this research a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the red-fruited tomato wild species SolanumpimpinellifoliumL. accession LA2093 and an advanced Solanum lycopersicumL. tomato breeding line NCEBR-1, developed in the laboratory of the US co-PI. The original specific objectives were: 1) Screening of RIL population resulting from the cross NCEBR1 X LA2093 for fruit chilling response during postharvest storage and estimation of its heritability; 2) Perform a transcriptopmic and bioinformatics analysis for the two parental lines following exposure to chilling storage. During the course of the project, we learned that we could measure greater differences in chilling responses among specific RILs compared to that observed between the two parental lines, and thus we decided not to perform transcriptomic analysis and instead invest our efforts more on characterization of the RILs. Performing the transcriptomic analysis for several RILs, which significantly differ in their chilling tolerance/sensitivity, at a later stage could result with more significant insights. The RIL population, (172 lines), was used in field experiment in which fruits were examined for chilling sensitivity by determining CI severity. Following the field experiments, including 4 harvest days and CI measurements, two extreme tails of the response distribution, each consisting of 11 RILs exhibiting either high sensitivity or tolerance to chilling stress, were identified and were further examined for chilling response in greenhouse experiments. Across the RILs, we found significant (P < 0.01) correlation between field and greenhouse grown plants in fruit CI. Two groups of 5 RILs, whose fruits exhibited reproducible chilling tolerant/sensitive phenotypes in both field and greenhouse experiments, were selected for further analyses. Numerous genetic, physiological, biochemical and molecular variations were investigated in response to postharvest chilling stress in the selected RILs. We confirmed the differential response of the parental lines of the RIL population to chilling stress, and examined the extent of variation in the RIL population in response to chilling treatment. We determined parameters which would be useful for further characterization of chilling response in the RIL population. These included chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm, water loss, total non-enzymatic potential of antioxidant activity, ascorbate and proline content, and expression of LeCBF1 gene, known to be associated with cold acclimation. These parameters could be used in continuation studies for the identification and genetic mapping of loci contributing to chilling tolerance in this population, and identifying genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance in tomato. Once genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance are identified, the trait could be transferred to different genetic background via marker-assisted selection (MAS) and breeding. The collaborative research established in this program has resulted in new information and insights in this area of research and the collaboration will be continued to obtain further insights into the genetic, molecular biology and physiology of postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. The US Co-PI, developed the RIL population that was used for screening and measurement of the relevant chilling stress responses and conducted statistical analyses of the data. Because we were not able to grow the RIL population under field conditions in two successive generations, we could not estimate heritability of response to chilling temperatures. However, we plan to continue the research, grow the RIL progeny in the field again, and determine heritability of chilling tolerance in a near future. The IS and US investigators interacted regularly and plan to continue and expand on this study, since combing the expertise of the Co-PI in genetics and breeding with that of the PI in postharvest physiology and molecular biology will have great impact on this line of research, given the significant findings of this one-year feasibility project.
7
Barg, Rivka, Erich Grotewold, and Yechiam Salts. Regulation of Tomato Fruit Development by Interacting MYB Proteins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7592647.bard.
Анотація:
Background to the topic: Early tomato fruit development is executed via extensive cell divisions followed by cell expansion concomitantly with endoreduplication. The signals involved in activating the different modes of growth during fruit development are still inadequately understood. Addressing this developmental process, we identified SlFSM1 as a gene expressed specifically during the cell-division dependent stages of fruit development. SlFSM1 is the founder of a class of small plant specific proteins containing a divergent SANT/MYB domain (Barg et al 2005). Before initiating this project, we found that low ectopic over-expression (OEX) of SlFSM1 leads to a significant decrease in the final size of the cells in mature leaves and fruits, and the outer pericarp is substantially narrower, suggesting a role in determining cell size and shape. We also found the interacting partners of the Arabidopsis homologs of FSM1 (two, belonging to the same family), and cloned their tomato single homolog, which we named SlFSB1 (Fruit SANT/MYB–Binding1). SlFSB1 is a novel plant specific single MYB-like protein, which function was unknown. The present project aimed at elucidating the function and mode of action of these two single MYB proteins in regulating tomato fruit development. The specific objectives were: 1. Functional analysis of SlFSM1 and its interacting protein SlFSB1 in relation to fruit development. 2. Identification of the SlFSM1 and/or SlFSB1 cellular targets. The plan of work included: 1) Detailed phenotypic, histological and cellular analyses of plants ectopically expressing FSM1, and plants either ectopically over-expressing or silenced for FSB1. 2) Extensive SELEX analysis, which did not reveal any specific DNA target of SlFSM1 binding, hence the originally offered ChIP analysis was omitted. 3) Genome-wide transcriptional impact of gain- and loss- of SlFSM1 and SlFSB1 function by Affymetrix microarray analyses. This part is still in progress and therefore results are not reported, 4) Search for additional candidate partners of SlFSB1 revealed SlMYBI to be an alternative partner of FSB1, and 5) Study of the physical basis of the interaction between SlFSM1 and SlFSB1 and between FSB1 and MYBI. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We established that FSM1 negatively affects cell expansion, particularly of those cells with the highest potential to expand, such as the ones residing inner to the vascular bundles in the fruit pericarp. On the other hand, FSB1 which is expressed throughout fruit development acts as a positive regulator of cell expansion. It was also established that besides interacting with FSM1, FSB1 interacts also with the transcription factor MYBI, and that the formation of the FSB1-MYBI complex is competed by FSM1, which recognizes in FSB1 the same region as MYBI does. Based on these findings a model was developed explaining the role of this novel network of the three different MYB containing proteins FSM1/FSB1/MYBI in the control of tomato cell expansion, particularly during fruit development. In short, during early stages of fruit development (Phase II), the formation of the FSM1-FSB1 complex serves to restrict the expansion of the cells with the greatest expansion potential, those non-dividing cells residing in the inner mesocarp layers of the pericarp. Alternatively, during growth phase III, after transcription of FSM1 sharply declines, FSB1, possibly through complexing with the transcription factor MYBI serves as a positive regulator of the differential cell expansion which drives fruit enlargement during this phase. Additionally, a novel mechanism was revealed by which competing MYB-MYB interactions could participate in the control of gene expression. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The demonstrated role of the FSM1/FSB1/MYBI complex in controlling differential cell growth in the developing tomato fruit highlights potential exploitations of these genes for improving fruit quality characteristics. Modulation of expression of these genes or their paralogs in other organs could serve to modify leaf and canopy architecture in various crops.
8
Arazi, Tzahi, Vivian Irish, and Asaph Aharoni. Micro RNA Targeted Transcription Factors for Fruit Quality Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7592651.bard.
Анотація:
Fruits are unique to flowering plants and represent an important component of human and animal diets. Development and maturation of tomato fruit is a well-programmed process, and yet, only a limited number of factors involved in its regulation have been characterized. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression in animals and plants. Plant miRNAs have a vital role in the generation of plant forms through post-transcriptional regulation of the accumulation of developmental regulators, especially transcription factors. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that miRNAs and other type of small RNAs are expressed in tomato fruit, and target putative transcription factors during its development and maturation. The original objectives of the approved proposal were: 1. To identify fruit miRNA transcription factor target genes through a bioinformatic approach. 2. To identify fruit miRNA transcription factor target genes up-regulated in tomato Dicer-like 1 silenced fruit. 3. To establish the biological functions of selected transcription factors and examine their utility for improving fleshy fruit quality trait. This project was approved by BARD as a feasibility study to allow initial experiments to peruse objective 2 as described above in order to provide initial evidence that miRNAs do play a role in fruit development. The approach planned to achieve objective 2, namely to identify miRNA transcription factor targets was to clone and silence the expression of a tomato DCL1 homolog in different stages of fruit development and examine alterations to gene expression in such a fruit in order to identify pathways and target genes that are regulated by miRNA via DCL1. In parallel, we characterized two transcription factors that are regulated by miRNAs in the fruit. We report here on the cloning of tomato DCL1 homolog, characterization of its expression in fruit flesh and peel of wild type and ripening mutants and generation of transgenic plants that silence SlDCL1 specifically in the fruit. Our results suggest that the tomato homolog of DCL1, which is the major plant enzyme involved in miRNA biogenesis, is present in fruit flesh and peel and differentially expressed during various stages of fruit development. In addition, its expression is altered in ripening mutants. We also report on the cloning and expression analysis of Sl_SBP and Sl_ARF transcription factors, which serve as targets of miR157 and miR160, respectively. Our data suggest that Sl_SBP levels are highest during fruit ripening supporting a role for this gene in that process. On the other hand Sl_ARF is strongly expressed in green fruit up to breaker indicating a role for that gene at preripening stage which is consistent with preliminary in_situ analyses that suggest expression in ovules of immature green fruit. The results of this feasibility study together with our previous results that miRNAs are expressed in the fruit indeed provide initial evidence that these regulators and their targets play roles in fruit development and ripening. These genes are expected to provide novel means for genetic improvement of tomato fleshy fruit.
9
Hirschberg, Joseph, and Gloria A. Moore. Molecular Analysis of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Plants: Characterizing the Genes Psy, Pds and CrtL-e. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568744.bard.
Анотація:
In this research we have studied the molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. The investigations focused on the genes Pds and Psy, encoding desaturase and phytoene synthase, respectively, which are key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of lycopene and b-carotene. In addition, we have investigated the genes for lycopene cyclase. We have cloned from tomato and characterized the cDNA of CrtL-e, which encodes the lycopene e-cyclase, and analyzed its expression during fruit development. The results establish a paradigm for the regulation of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis during the ripening process of fruits. It is concluded that transcriptional regulation of genes that encode carotenoid-biosynthesis enzymes is the major mechanism that governs specific pigment accumulation. During the ripening of tomato fruits transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase is up-regulated, while the transcription of the genes for both lycopene cyclases decreases and thus the conversion of lycopene to subsequent carotenoids is inhibited. These findings support the working hypothesis of the molecular approach to manipulating carotenogenesis by altering gene expression in transgenic plants, and offer obvious strategies to future application in agriculture. The molecular and physiological knowledge on carotenogenesis gained in this project, suggest a concept for manipulating gene expression that will alter carotenoid composition in fruits and flowers.
10
Shaw, John, Arieh Rosner, Thomas Pirone, Benjamin Raccah, and Yehezkiel Antignus. The Role of Specific Viral Genes and Gene Products in Potyviral Pathogenicity, Host Range and Aphid Transmission. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561070.bard.
Анотація:
In this research we have studied the molecular biology of carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. The investigations focused on the genes Pds and Psy, encoding desaturase and phytoene synthase, respectively, which are key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of lycopene and b-carotene. In addition, we have investigated the genes for lycopene cyclase. We have cloned from tomato and characterized the cDNA of CrtL-e, which encodes the lycopene e-cyclase, and analyzed its expression during fruit development. The results establish a paradigm for the regulation of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis during the ripening process of fruits. It is concluded that transcriptional regulation of genes that encode carotenoid-biosynthesis enzymes is the major mechanism that governs specific pigment accumulation. During the ripening of tomato fruits transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase is up-regulated, while the transcription of the genes for both lycopene cyclases decreases and thus the conversion of lycopene to subsequent carotenoids is inhibited. These findings support the working hypothesis of the molecular approach to manipulating carotenogenesis by altering gene expression in transgenic plants, and offer obvious strategies to future application in agriculture. The molecular and physiological knowledge on carotenogenesis gained in this project, suggest a concept for manipulating gene expression that will alter carotenoid composition in fruits and flowers.