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Статті в журналах з теми "Fruit Diseases and pests Integrated control"
Rodríguez-García, Miguel Ángel, Francisco García-Sánchez, and Rafael Valencia-García. "Knowledge-Based System for Crop Pests and Diseases Recognition." Electronics 10, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080905.
Повний текст джерелаChen, Liming, Heping Zhu, Leona Horst, Matthew Wallhead, Michael Reding, and Amy Fulcher. "Management of Pest Insects and Plant Diseases in Fruit and Nursery Production with Laser-guided Variable-rate Sprayers." HortScience 56, no. 1 (January 2021): 94–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15491-20.
Повний текст джерелаProkopy, Ronald J., Daniel R. Cooley, Wesley R. Autio, and William M. Coli. "Second-level integrated pest management in commercial apple orchards." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9, no. 4 (December 1994): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300005890.
Повний текст джерелаBrown, Gerald, Ricardo Bessin, John Hartman, Dwight Wolfe, and John Strang. "COMPARISON OF INTEGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT AND A SCHEDULED PREVENTATIVE PEST CONTROL PROGRAM IN A COMMERCIAL APPLE ORCHARD." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1169b—1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1169b.
Повний текст джерелаGonzález-Núñez, Manuel, Pilar Sandín-España, Miguelina Mateos-Miranda, Guillermo Cobos, Antonieta De Cal, Ismael Sánchez-Ramos, Jose-Luis Alonso-Prados, and Inmaculada Larena. "Development of a Disease and Pest Management Program to Reduce the Use of Pesticides in Sweet-Cherry Orchards." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12091986.
Повний текст джерелаSabatino, D’Anna, Prinzivalli, and Iapichino. "Soil Solarization and Calcium Cyanamide Affect Plant Vigor, Yield, Nutritional Traits, and Nutraceutical Compounds of Strawberry Grown in a Protected Cultivation System." Agronomy 9, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090513.
Повний текст джерелаMiyinzi Mwungu, Chris, Beatrice Muriithi, Vincent Ngeno, Hippolyte Affognon, Caroline Githiomi, Gracious Diiro, and Sunday Ekesi. "Health and environmental effects of adopting an integrated fruit fly management strategy among mango farmers in Kenya." African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 15, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53936/afjare.2020.15(1).02.
Повний текст джерелаPalou, Lluís, Silvia Valencia-Chamorro, and María Pérez-Gago. "Antifungal Edible Coatings for Fresh Citrus Fruit: A Review." Coatings 5, no. 4 (December 4, 2015): 962–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings5040962.
Повний текст джерелаKhamidi, Tamrin, Suryo Wiyono, Kusuma Darma, and Awang Maharijaya. "TINGKAT SERANGAN LALAT BUAH DAN THRIPS PADA CABAI DENGAN BERBAGAI TEKNIK PENGENDALIAN HAMA DAN PENYAKIT." Jurnal Bioindustri 3, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 658–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31326/jbio.v3i2.755.
Повний текст джерелаFurmanczyk, Ewa M., Claude-Eric Parveaud, Maxime Jacquot, François Warlop, Jutta Kienzle, Markus Kelderer, Alfredo Mora Vargas, et al. "An Overview of Pest and Disease Occurrence in Organic Pome Fruit Orchards in Europe and on the Implementation of Practices for Their Control." Agriculture 12, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 2136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122136.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Fruit Diseases and pests Integrated control"
Ferguson, Kaye. "The biology, ecology and management of the Quandong moth, Paraepermenia santaliella (Lepidoptera: Epermeniidae)." Title page, contents and summary only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phf3523.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMudavanhu, Pride. "An investigation into the integrated pest management of the obscure mealybug, Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in pome fruit orchards in the Western Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2620.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (obscure mealybug), is a common and serious pest of apples and pears in South Africa. Consumer and regulatory pressure to produce commodities under sustainable and ecologically compatible conditions has rendered chemical control options increasingly limited. Information on the seasonal occurrence of pests is but one of the vital components of an effective and sustainable integrated pest management system needed for planning the initiation of monitoring and determining when damage can be expected. It is also important to identify which orchards are at risk of developing mealybug infestations while development of effective and early monitoring tools for mealybug populations will help growers in making decisions with regards to pest management and crop suitability for various markets. It is also essential to determine the presence and efficacy of naturally occurring biological control agents in orchards so as to ascertain the potential of biological control as a viable alternative in orchards. However, under the current integrated pest management protocol, it has been difficult to determine this, due to the sporadic and relatively low incidence of mealybug infestations in some orchards, or by simply relying on naturally occurring field populations of biocontrol agents. Knowledge of the environmental conditions under which P. viburni population levels may become destructive is also essential for timing the release of insectary reared natural enemies as well as understanding the population ecology of this pest and its natural enemies. Information was gathered regarding the seasonal phenology of P. viburni and its natural enemies in pome fruit orchards in the Western Cape Province during the 2007/08 and 2008/09 growing seasons. Seasonal population studies showed that P. viburni has multiple overlapping generations with all life stages present throughout the year. The highest orchard infestations occurred during the summer period until early winter (January to early June). This was followed by a decrease in population from late June to November, before another increase in December. Presence-absence sampling of mealybugs on the host plant revealed that woody parts of the tree, such as the trunk and old stems were the most preferred sites for mealybug habitation, due to the availability of protected refuge sites. Migration of mealybug populations to newer growth and the upper sections of the tree crown, such as the new stems, leaves and eventually the fruit, was observed from December throughout the summer period until the early winter in June. Fruit colonization in both apples and pears commenced in January, when the fruit had developed a size sufficient for P. viburni to penetrate and occupy spaces such as the fruit core, calyx and stem end. There was no evidence of P. viburni occurring beneath the soil surface or on the roots of host trees. Two natural enemies of mealybugs, namely Pseudaphycus maculipennis (Mercet) and Coccidoxenoides perminutus (Girault), were found to be active in apple and pear orchards in the Western Cape. However, the status of C. perminutus as a parasite of P. viburni still needs to be verified despite evidence of emergence from P. viburni mummies, which was not sufficient enough to suggest that it is a useful biological control agent. Seasonal abundance trends of the two natural enemies revealed that their lifecycle is synchronized with that of the host. However, there was no evidence of P. maculipennis activity in Ceres. No predators were found during the course of this study. The rate of P. viburni parasitism at harvest was 46.52%, with P. maculipennis and C. perminutus constituting 98.966% and 1.034% of the parasitoids recovered from mealybug mummies, respectively. Studies on the use of pheromone traps as early monitoring tools for P. viburni showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the fruit infestation and number of P. viburni adult males caught in pheromone-baited traps (r2 = 0.454). The action threshold level was estimated to be 2.5 male P. viburni caught per trap per fortnight at an economic threshold of 2% fruit infestation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (ligrooswitluis), is ‘n algemene en ernstige plaag van appels en pere in Suid-Afrika. Druk deur verbruikers en regulasies om kommoditeite onder volhoubare en ekologies verenigbare toestande te produseer het chemiese beheeropsies toenemend beperk. Inligting oor die seisoenale voorkoms van plae is een van die essensiële komponente van ‘n effektiewe en volhoubare geïntegreerde plaagbestuurprogram. Dit is in die aanvanklike beplanning van monitering en om te bepaal wanneer skade verwag kan word. Dit is ook belangrik om boorde vroegtydig te identifiseer wat die risiko het om witluisbesmettings te ontwikkel. Die ontwikkeling van effektiewe en vroeë moniteringstegnieke vir witluisbevolkings sal produsente help met besluitneming rakende plaagbestuur en die geskiktheid van gewasse vir verskeie markte. Dit is ook noodsaaklik om die teenwoordigheid en effektiwiteit van biologiese beheer agente wat natuurlik in boorde voorkom te bepaal ten einde die potensiaal van biologiese beheer as ‘n lewensvatbare alternatief vas te stel. Onder die huidige geïntegreerde plaagbestuurprotokol was dit egter moeilik om laasgenoemde te bepaal weens die sporadiese en relatiewe lae voorkoms van witluisbesmettings in sommige boorde of deur bloot staat te maak op die veldpopulasies van biologiese beheer agente wat natuurlik voorkom. Kennis van die omgewingstoestande waaronder P. viburni bevolkingsvlakke skadelik raak is ook noodsaaklik vir die beplanning van vrylating van biologiese beheer agente, asook om die bevolkingsekologie van hierdie plaag en sy natuurlike vyande te verstaan. Inligting oor die seisoenale fenologie van P. viburni en sy natuurlike vyande in sagtevrugte boorde in die Westelike Kaapprovinsie is gedurende die 2007/08 en 2008/09 groeiseisoene versamel. Seisoenale bevolkingstudies het getoon dat P. viburni verskeie oorvleuelende generasies het met alle stadia teenwoordig regdeur die jaar.
Ghiotto, Thaís Carneiro. "Dinâmica populacional de Megastigmus transvaalensis (Hymenoptera Torymidae) em Schinus terebinthifolius na região de Sorocaba, Brasil." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8938.
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Megastigmus transvaalensis is an exotic wasp that attacks Brazilian pepper tree drupes Schinus terebinthifolius in native forests and areas of restoration and ecological restoration in Brazil. The parasitism begins with the oviposition M. transvaalensis in drupes S. terebinthifolius where the larvae hatch and remain internally feeding of nutrients and tissue, affecting germination. The aim of this work was to study the effect of temperature, rainfall and humidity in the population dynamics of M. transvaalensis and determine the parasitism rate and sex ratio of this wasp in drupes S. terebinthifolius. The study was performed with yellow sticky traps and collection of S. terebinthifolius drupes in seasonal semideciduous forest during August 2014 to September 2015, in the region of Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The capture of insects through the sticky traps proved satisfactory, and thus can be applied to the monitoring of small Hymenopteros. Populations of M. transvaalensis were negatively correlated with the maximum temperature and population peak in the fall of 2015, meaning that when the maximum temperature has reduced, there is a higher incidence of insect field. The parasitism rate of S. terebinthifolius drupes ranged from zero to 36.34% during this period, making this value an aggravating factor for the emergence of new individuals, since this phytophagous wasp has the potential to be spread throughout Brazil and It poses a threat to the natural regeneration of S. terebinthifolius. The sex ratio of M. transvaalensis was 0.42 and 0.08 in the laboratory field. The bio-ecology and the damage caused by M. transvaalensis in drupes S. terebinthifolius warrant further studies to integrated management
Megastigmus transvaalensis é uma vespa exótica que ataca drupas de aroeira-pimenteira Schinus terebinthifolius em florestas nativas e em áreas de recomposição e restauração ecológica no Brasil. O parasitismo inicia com a oviposição de M. transvaalensis nas drupas de S. terebinthifolius, onde as larvas internamente eclodem e permanecem alimentando-se dos nutrientes e tecidos, prejudicando a germinação. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito da temperatura, precipitação e umidade na flutuação populacional de M. transvaalensis e determinar o índice de parasitismo e razão sexual dessa vespa nas drupas de S. terebinthifolius. O estudo foi realizado com armadilhas adesivas amarelas e coleta de drupas de S. terebinthifolius em fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual, durante agosto de 2014 a setembro de 2015, na região de Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil. A captura dos insetos através das armadilhas adesivas se mostrou satisfatória, podendo assim ser aplicada para o monitoramento de pequenos Hymenopteros. As populações de M. transvaalensis apresentaram correlação negativa com a temperatura máxima e pico populacional no outono de 2015, significando que, quando a temperatura máxima apresenta redução, há maior incidência do inseto em campo. O índice de parasitismo das drupas de S. terebinthifolius variou de zero a 36,34% no período avaliado, tornando este valor um agravante para o surgimento de novos indivíduos, uma vez que, essa vespa fitófaga tem potencial de ser disseminado por todo Brasil e representa ameaça para a regeneração natural de S. terebinthifolius. A razão sexual de M. transvaalensis foi de 0,42 no laboratório e 0,08 em campo. A bioecologia e os danos causados por M. transvaalensis em drupas de S. terebinthifolius justificam mais estudos visando o manejo integrado dessa vespa fitófaga.
Brew, Tasha Marie 1961. "INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS IN COOPERATIVE EXTENSION." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276525.
Повний текст джерелаRogers, Richard E. L. "Insect and mite monitoring in commercial apple orchards in Nova Scotia (1979-1985)." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65368.
Повний текст джерелаGoble, Tarryn Anne. "Investigation of entomopathogenic fungi for control of false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotrata, Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata and Natal fruit fly, C. rosa in South African citrus." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005409.
Повний текст джерелаCechim, Flávio Endrigo. "Quitosana na indução de resistência e controle in vitro de mofo cinzento, podridão parda e podridão amarga." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1214.
Повний текст джерелаWith the rapid population growth and the reduction of areas for cultivation, the increased productivity of foods of all kinds is essential to meet the world's population demand. However post-harvest losses from the time of harvest until the arrival to the consumer, limits the supply of fruits to the consumer. The losses in the post-harvest of apples, strawberries and peaches, caused by the incidence of rot led by phytopathogenic fungi, is responsible for most of the losses. These rots are caused by various fungi, among these are the Colletotrichum sp., cause of bitter rot on apples, Botrytis cinerea causative agent of gray mold on strawberries and M. fructicola on peaches which causes brown rot. These phytopathogens are fungi with high ability to spread infection and therefore cause serious damage to fruits, generating losses in post-harvest. Usually the fungi control is conducted with the use of fungicides. However, the use of chemicals in the process concerns consumers, since there may be residues in fruits and the environment. Therefore, alternative methods like the resistance induction can be used to control the disease-causing microorganisms in the postharvest fruits. The induction consists on stimulating the plants defenses through (inducing) elicitor molecules, specifically the synthesis of compounds that act directly on the pathogen as phenols, protein-RPs, or producing structural reinforcement of tissues adjacent to the site of infection of the fungus. Currently, chitosan extracted from crustacean shells is an alternative elicitor molecule of low cost and no risk to the consumer that has been used in the induction of the resistance in postharvest fruits. This biopolymer has the ability to trigger the defensive responses of the fruits; apple, peach, and strawberry against fungi Colletotrichum sp., Botrytis cinerea and Monilinia fructicola, respectively. The inductor was applied at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0% and on the control (distilled water). The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with four replications of 20 apple fruits, 20 strawberry fruits and 15 peach fruits. The fruits were selected and standardized, and subsequently the apples and peaches were subjected to treatment by immersion in solutions of chitosan, and strawberries were treated by spraying the chitosan-containing solution directly onto the fruits. After 24 hours, the fruits were inoculated with a solution containing conidia of the phytopathogen Colletotrichum sp. on apples, B. cinerea on strawberries and M. fructicola on peaches, in concentrations of [5.10]^(-3) conidia/ml directly on the fruit, with the help of a spray bottle or with a micropipette in the case of apples, directly inoculating the solution in an wound to the 2 mm bark. After completion of the treatments, the fruits were placed in BOD at 26 ± 1 ° C for apples and peaches, and 10 ± 1 ° C for strawberries, and evaluated after 24 hours to determine the following parameters; weight loss, physical and chemical analysis (solids and total soluble, titratable acidity, firmness, decay incidence) and biochemical (protein, reducing sugars, total sugars, anthocyanins, flavonoids, FAL, peroxidase, chitinase and β-glucanase). An initial sample of the fruits was taken to carry out the initial analyzes, using this data as comparative parameters. In a second experiment, the fungus (Colletotrichum sp, Botrytis cinerea and M. fructicola) were grown in the middle of culture containing the different concentrations of chitosan, to verify the existence of fungitoxic or fungistatic effect of the biomolecule in vitro. The fungi were previously cultivated in clean plates, and subsequently transferred to plates containing PDA medium with the chitosan concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2), and after 24 and 48 hours, were performed perpendicular measurements of the diameter of the colony to verify its mycelial growth. Data from experiments were submitted to analysis of normality and variance, and measures were compared by Tukey test and regression test (p = 0.05), with the assistance of Assistat software. The results demonstrated the interference of chitosan on the induction of resistance to control the incidence of bitter rot in postharvest Gala apple, activating the PRPs B-1-3 glucanase and control of Colletotrichum sp in vitro with fungistatic action. On strawberries, the inductor controlled the gray mold by activating the peroxidase, chitinase and β-1-3-glucanase, directly under the fungus B. cinerea in vitro. On peaches, the action was on the maintenance of fruit quality, on the induction, activating genes of chitinase, β 1-3 glucanase, and on the same way, on the in vitro of M. fructicola. Therefere, it has been concluded that chitosan has great potential in the induction of fruit resistance in post-harvest, activating the defense against pathogenic fungi, and directly over the latter with fungistatic activity and in vitro fungitoxic activity.
Pretorius, Mathys Cornelius. "Epidemiology and control of Pseudocercospora angolensis fruit and leaf spot disease on citrus in Zimbabwe." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20938.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fruit and Leaf Spot Disease (FLSD) of citrus, caused by Phaeoramularia angolensis, is found only in 18 countries in Africa, the Comores Islands in the Indian Ocean and Yemen in the Arabian peninsula. The major citrus export countries in Africa are Morocco, South Africa, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe is the only country affected by FLSD. FLSD is a disease of major phytosanitary and economic importance and its devastating effect on citrus is highlighted by the fact that the damage is cosmetic, which renders the fruit unmarketable. Total crop losses are not uncommon in Kenya. The aims of the present study, therefore, was was to determine the occurrence of P. angolensis in Zimbabwe and neighbouring Mozambique, to compare these isolates with the Cercospora Fresen. isolates from Swaziland and South Africa, to determine the epidemiology of the pathogen and to implement an effective control strategy to prevent the spread of FLSD. Leaf samples with citrus canker-like lesions collected in the early 1990’s in Zimbabwe were found to be infected by the fungus, Phaeoramularia angolensis. Surveys were undertaken to determine the spread and intensity of FLSD in Zimbabwe and Mozambique. In Zimbabwe, P. angolensis was limited to an area above the 19° south latitude, predominantly the moist areas and not the low-lying drier parts of the country. In Mozambique, no P. angolensis symptoms were found. Observations during the survey indicated that no proper management systems were implemented by Zimbabwean growers. A cercosporoid fungus causing a new Fruit and Leaf Spot Disease on Citrus in South Africa was identified. From morphological and rDNA sequence data (ITS 1, 5.8S and ITS 2), it was concluded that the new disease was caused by Cercospora penzigii, belonging to the Cercospora apii species complex. The genera Pseudophaeoramularia and Phaeoramularia are regarded as synonyms of Pseudocercospora, and subsequently a new combination was proposed in Pseudocercospora as P. angolensis. Cercospora gigantea was shown to not represent a species of Cercospora, while Mycosphaerella citri was found to be morphologically variable, suggesting that it could represent more than one taxon. A control strategy for the control of FLSD was evaluated in the study. The data showed that P. angolensis in Zimbabwe can be managed successfully by the removal of all old and neglected orchards, and on timely fungicide applications. Trifloxystrobin + mancozeb + mineral spray oil (20 g + 200 g + 500 ml/100 l water) applied in November, January and March was the most effective treatment. Three applications of benomyl + mancozeb + mineral spray oil (25 g + 200 g + 500 ml/100 l water) applied during the same period, was the second most effective treatment, and two applications (November and January) of trifloxystrobin + mineral spray oil (20g + 500 ml/100 l water) and difenoconazole (40 g) per 100 l/water applied twice in November and January, the third most effective treatment. The spore trap and weather data showed that P. angolensis needs high moisture and temperatures in excess of 25°C for disease development. It is concluded that P. angolensis in Zimbabwe can be managed successfully by implementing a holistic approach, which should be supported by the authorities, organised agriculture and all technical personnel involved in citrus production.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Blaar- en vrugvleksiekte (BVVS) op sitrus, veroorsaak deur Phaeoramularia angolensis, kom in 18 lande in Afrika voor asook die Comores Eilande in die Indiese Oseaan en Yemen op die Arabiese skiereiland. Marokko, Suid Afrika, Swaziland en Zimbabwe is die belangrikste uitvoerders van sitrus in Afrika. Van dié lande het slegs Zimbabwe blaar en vrugvleksiekte op sitrus. Hierdie siekte is van fitosanitêre en ekonomiese waarde en die nadelige effek van die siekte, wat slegs kosmetiese van aard is, is venietigend aangesien vrugte onbemarkbaar is. Totale opbrengsverliese is nie ongewoon in lande soos Kenya nie. Die doelwitte van die studie was dus om die voorkoms van P. angolensis in Zimbabwe te bepaal, om die Cercospora Fresen. isolate vanaf Swaziland en Suid-Afrika met mekaar te vergelyk, om die epidemiologie van die siekte vas te stel en om ‘n effektiewe beheermaatreël teen die siekte te ondersoek. Blaarmonsters met kankeragtige letsels wat in die vroeë 1990’s in Zimbabwe gevind is, het getoon dat die blare geinfekteer is met die swam, Phaeoramularia angolensis. Ondersoeke is geloots om die verspreiding en intensiteit van BVVS in Zimbabwe en Mosambiek te bepaal. In Zimbabwe was gevind dat P. angolensis beperk was tot gebiede bo die 19° Suid breedtegraad, wat die hoër vogtiger gebiede insluit eerder as die droeër, laagliggende gebiede. Geen P. angolensis simptome kon in Mosambiek gevind word nie. Tydens die opnames was dit duidelik dat geen geskikte beheerstrategieë toegepas word deur Zimbabwe se produsente nie. ‘n Nuwe cercosporoid swam, wat blaar en vrugvleksiekte op sitrus is in Suid Afrika veroorsaak is geidentifiseer. Morfologiese en rDNA volgorde (ITS 1, 5.8S en ITS 2) data het getoon dat die siekte veroorsaak word deur Cercospora penzigii wat tot die Cercospora apii spesie kompleks behoort. Die genus Pseudophaeoramularia kan as sinoniem van Pseudocercospora beskou word en ‘n nuwe kombinasie word voorgestel in Pseudocercospora as P. angolensis. Cercospora gigantea het getoon dat dit nie ‘n spesie van Cercospora kon verteenwoordig nie terwyl Mycosphaerella citri varieërend voorkom en meer as een takson kan verteenwoordig. ‘n Beheerstrategie vir die beheer van BVVS is ondersoek. Die data wys dat P. angolensis in Zimbabwe doeltreffend beheer kan word deur die uitroeiing van ou en verwaarloosde bome, en deur goed beplande fungisied bespuiting. Trifloxystrobin + mancozeb + minerale spuitolie (20 g + 200 g + 500 ml/100 l water), wat in November, Januarie en Maart toegedien is, was die mees effektiefste behandeling. Drie bespuitings van benomyl + mancozeb + minerale spuitolie (25 g + 200 g + 500 ml/100 l water) wat oor dieselfde tydperk toegedien is, was die naas beste behandeling. Trifloxystrobin (20 g) + minerale spuitolie (500 ml) per 100 l/water en difenoconazole (40 g) per 100 l/water, beide as twee bespuitings toegedien in November en Januarie, het die derde beste resultaat opgelewer. Die spoorlokval en klimatologiese data het getoon dat P. angolensis vogtige toestande en temperature hoër as 25°C benodig vir siekteontwikkeling. Die afleiding uit die studie is dat P. angolensis suksesvol beheer kan word indien ‘n holistiese benadering gevolg word en alle rolspelers naamlik die owerheid, georganiseerde landbou en tegniese personeel die proses ondersteun.
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Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Fruit Diseases and pests Integrated control"
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Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "Fruit Diseases and pests Integrated control"
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