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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Frequency STORM"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Frequency STORM"

AILI, AISHAJIANG, XU HAILIANG, LIU XINGHONG, ZEESHAN AHMED, and LI LI. "Dynamics of dust storm and its response to meteorological conditions and anthropogenic impact in South edge of Taklimakan desert, China." MAUSAM 72, no. 3 (October 22, 2021): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v72i3.1311.

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In this study, the varying trends of dust storm frequency in a typical oasis located at the South edge of Taklimakan desert, China were analyzed by using time series analysis and regression models. The LUCC (land use/cover change) data, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) remote sensing data, meteorological data and dust storm frequency data for the period of 2004-2018 were collected from local station and ERDAS (Earth Resources Data Analysis System) software, the multivariate relationships between human activities, natural factor and dust storm frequencies were analyzed by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Results indicated that the annual dust storm frequency in the study period increased with fluctuation. The monthly dust storm frequency shows higher values between the months of March and June, which accounts for 72.3% of the annual dust storm frequency. Precipitation and wind speed are two meteorological factors which can impact the dust storm formation and its frequency. The correlation between dust storm frequency and temperature was insignificant. Moreover, human activities indirectly affected the dynamics of dust storms by changing the vegetation cover and direct dust emissions. Furthermore, multivariate analysis highlighted a clear relationship among dust storm frequency, meteorological factors and NDVI. The high loadings of dust storm frequency, precipitation, wind speed and NDVI on a PC indicated that increase in precipitation and NDVI will decline dust storm frequency, whereas higher wind speed will enhance dust storm frequency. The findings of this study could be useful to understand the possible causes of dust storms, which can provide the basis for controlling the dust storm source region and also mitigation of the negative effects dust storm on the environment.

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Grabowska, Katarzyna. "Changes in Storm Frequency in the Mediterranean Sea Region." Miscellanea Geographica 14, no. 1 (December 1, 2010): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2010-0007.

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Abstract Storms in the European part of the Mediterranean Sea Basin are characterized in the paper. Data on storm days comes from the years 1986-2008, from fourteen stations located on the coast and on islands of the Mediterranean Sea (Gibraltar, Valencia, Palma de Majorca, Marseille, Ajaccio – Corsica, Cagliari – Sardinia, Palermo – Sicily, Naples, Luqa – Malta, Thessaloniki, Athens, Souda – Crete, Rhodes Airport – Rhodes and Larnaca – Cyprus). The greatest number of storm days was noted in Corsica (870 - on the average 37,8 per year) and the least in Gibraltar (371 – 16,1). In most of the examined stations storms took place most frequently in the fall (from 19 to 46%). The smallest number of storm days was observed in winter (western and central part of the region) and in summer (eastern part). From a year-to-year analysis of storm days, it was found that their trend, at almost at all the stations, is negative. The strongest negative trend was observed in Valencia, Naples and Cagliari (-8,5 days/10 years). A growing trend, reaching 3 storm days/10 years, was only found in Cyprus.

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Luo, Y., Q. Guo, Y. Zheng, K. P. Garmash, L. F. Chernogor, and S. N. Shulga. "Geospace storm effects on August 5-6, 2019." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 27, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2021.02.045.

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Geospace storms are the synergistically interacting magnetic storms, ionospheric storms, atmospheric storms, and the storms in an electric field of magnetospheric, ionospheric, and atmospheric origins. Geospace storms are very diverse, and no two of them behave exactly the same. Therefore, studying the effects of each new storm becomes an urgent task for us. Such research will reveal both the general laws and individual characteristics of storm processes. The purpose of this paper is to present general information about the geospace storm, the results of the analysis of features of magnetic and ionospheric storms. To analyze the magnetic environment, we used the measurement results of magnetic field fluctuations in the range from 1 s to 1000 s, performed at the Magnetometric Observatory of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, and variations of three components of the geomagnetic field, performed at the Low-frequency observatory of the IRA NASU. We analyzed the ionospheric environment using multi-frequency multi-path measurements performed at Harbin Engineering University (China) and also the data of ionosonde. The main results of the work are as follows. An increase in the main parameters of the solar wind on August 5, 2019, led to a geospace storm, which was mainly observed on August 5 and 6, 2019. The main phase of the magnetic storm took place on August 5, 2019, from 06:00 a.m. to 08:30 a.m. The recovery phase lasted at no less than 4 days. The magnetic storm shows significant variations of all components of the geomagnetic field, and there is an increase by order of magnitude of the oscillations’ level of the geomagnetic field in the range from 400 s to 950 s. During the ionospheric storm, significant disturbances occurred in the F region of the ionosphere. The E-region of the ionosphere remained weakly perturbed. The ionospheric storm has severely affected the Doppler spectra of radio waves in the 5 – 10 MHz frequency range. The Doppler spectra are significantly broadened, and the Doppler frequency shift and its quasi-periodic change with a period of 20–40 minutes and a duration of 120–240 minutes have taken place. The quasi-periodic variations of the Doppler frequency shift are due to quasi-periodic variations in the electron concentration, and the amplitude of their relative perturbations varied from 3% to 16%. On one of these paths, the amplitude of the Doppler frequency shift reached 0.7 Hz. And in this case, the amplitude of the relative perturbations of the electron concentration could reach 80 - 90%. In addition, the ionospheric storm little affected the signal amplitude on most radio paths.

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Liu, Yuan, and Daniel B. Wright. "A storm-centered multivariate modeling of extreme precipitation frequency based on atmospheric water balance." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 5241–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-5241-2022.

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Abstract. Conventional rainfall frequency analysis faces several limitations. These include difficulty incorporating relevant atmospheric variables beyond precipitation and limited ability to depict the frequency of rainfall over large areas that is relevant for flooding. This study proposes a storm-based model of extreme precipitation frequency based on the atmospheric water balance equation. We developed a storm tracking and regional characterization (STARCH) method to identify precipitation systems in space and time from hourly ERA5 precipitation fields over the contiguous United States from 1951 to 2020. Extreme “storm catalogs” were created by selecting annual maximum storms with specific areas and durations over a chosen region. The annual maximum storm precipitation was then modeled via multivariate distributions of atmospheric water balance components using vine copula models. We applied this approach to estimate precipitation average recurrence intervals for storm areas from 5000 to 100 000 km2 and durations from 2 to 72 h in the Mississippi Basin and its five major subbasins. The estimated precipitation distributions show a good fit to the reference data from the original storm catalogs and are close to the estimates from conventional univariate GEV distributions. Our approach explicitly represents the contributions of water balance components in extreme precipitation. Of these, water vapor flux convergence is the main contributor, while precipitable water and a mass residual term can also be important, particularly for short durations and small storm footprints. We also found that ERA5 shows relatively good water balance closure for extreme storms, with a mass residual on average 10 % of precipitation. The approach can incorporate nonstationarities in water balance components and their dependence structures and can benefit from further advancements in reanalysis products and storm tracking techniques.

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Liu, Maofeng, Gabriel A. Vecchi, James A. Smith, and Hiroyuki Murakami. "Projection of Landfalling–Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Eastern United States under Anthropogenic Warming." Journal of Climate 31, no. 18 (August 1, 2018): 7269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-17-0747.1.

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Abstract Landfalling–tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall is an important element of inland flood hazards in the eastern United States. The projection of landfalling-TC rainfall under anthropogenic warming provides insight into future flood risks. This study examines the frequency of landfalling TCs and associated rainfall using the GFDL Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) climate model through comparisons with observed TC track and rainfall over the July–November 1979–2005 seasons. The projection of landfalling-TC frequency and rainfall under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario for the late twenty-first century is explored, including an assessment of the impacts of extratropical transition (ET). In most regions of the southeastern United States, competition between increased storm rain rate and decreased storm frequency dominates the change of annual TC rainfall, and rainfall from ET and non-ET storms. In the northeastern United States, a prominent feature is the striking increase of ET-storm frequency but with tropical characteristics (i.e., prior to the ET phase), a key element of increased rainfall. The storm-centered rainfall composite analyses show the greatest increase at a radius of a few hundred kilometers from the storm centers. Over both ocean and land, the increase of rainfall within 500 km from the storm center exceeds the Clausius–Clapeyron scaling for TC-phase storms. Similar results are found in the front-left quadrant of ET-phase storms. Future work involving explorations of multiple models (e.g., higher atmospheric resolution version of the FLOR model) for TC-rainfall projection is expected to add more robustness to projection results.

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Croley II, Thomas E. "Climate-Biased Storm-Frequency Estimation." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 6, no. 4 (August 2001): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2001)6:4(275).

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Blagoveshchensky, D. V., A. S. Kalishin, and M. A. Sergeyeva. "Space weather effects on radio propagation: study of the CEDAR, GEM and ISTP storm events." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 6 (June 11, 2008): 1479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-1479-2008.

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Abstract. The impact of 14 geomagnetic storms from a list of CEDAR, GEM and ISTP storms, that occurred during 1997–1999, on radio propagation conditions has been investigated. The propagation conditions were estimated through variations of the MOF and LOF (the maximum and lowest operation frequencies) on three high-latitude HF radio paths in north-west Russia. Geophysical data of Dst, Bz, AE as well as some riometer data from Sodankyla observatory, Finland, were used for the analysis. It was shown that the storm impact on the ionosphere and radio propagation for each storm has an individual character. Nevertheless, there are common patterns in variation of the propagation parameters for all storms. Thus, the frequency range Δ=MOF−LOF increases several hours before a storm, then it narrows sharply during the storm, and expands again several hours after the end of the storm. This regular behaviour should be useful for the HF radio propagation predictions and frequency management at high latitudes. On the trans-auroral radio path, the time interval when the signal is lost through a storm (tdes) depends on the local time. For the day-time storms an average value tdes is 6 h, but for night storms tdes is only 2 h. The ionization increase in the F2 layer before storm onset is 3.5 h during the day-time and 2.4 h at night. Mechanisms to explain the observed variations are discussed including some novel possibilities involving energy input through the cusp.

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Villarini, Gabriele, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Thomas R. Knutson, Ming Zhao, and James A. Smith. "North Atlantic Tropical Storm Frequency Response to Anthropogenic Forcing: Projections and Sources of Uncertainty." Journal of Climate 24, no. 13 (July 1, 2011): 3224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3853.1.

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Abstract The impact of future anthropogenic forcing on the frequency of tropical storms in the North Atlantic basin has been the subject of intensive investigation. However, whether the number of North Atlantic tropical storms will increase or decrease in a warmer climate is still heavily debated and a consensus has yet to be reached. To shed light on this issue, the authors use a recently developed statistical model, in which the frequency of North Atlantic tropical storms is modeled by a conditional Poisson distribution with rate of occurrence parameter that is a function of tropical Atlantic and mean tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs). It is shown how the disagreement among dynamical modeling projections of late-twenty-first-century tropical storm frequency can be largely explained by differences in large-scale SST patterns from the different climate model projections used in these studies. The results do not support the notion of large (~200%) increases in tropical storm frequency in the North Atlantic basin over the twenty-first century in response to increasing greenhouse gases (GHGs). Because the statistical model is computationally inexpensive, it is used to examine the impact of different climate models and climate change scenarios on the frequency of North Atlantic tropical storms. The authors estimate that the dominant drivers of uncertainty in projections of tropical storm frequency over the twenty-first century are internal climate variations and systematic intermodel differences in the response of SST patterns to increasing GHGs. Relative to them, uncertainties in total GHG emissions or other climate forcings, within the scenarios explored here, represent a minor source of uncertainty in tropical storm frequency projections. These results suggest that reducing uncertainty in future projections of North Atlantic tropical storm frequency may depend as critically on reducing the uncertainty in the sensitivity of tropical Atlantic warming relative to the tropical mean, in response to GHG increase, as on improving dynamical or statistical downscaling techniques. Moreover, the large uncertainties on century-scale trends that are due to internal climate variability are likely to remain irreducible for the foreseeable future. As a further illustration of the statistical model’s utility, the authors model projected changes in U.S. landfalling tropical storm activity under a variety of different climate change scenarios and climate models. These results are similar to those for the overall number of North Atlantic tropical storms, and do not point to a large increase in U.S. landfalling tropical storms over the twenty-first century in response to increasing GHGs.

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Wehner, Michael F., G. Bala, Phillip Duffy, Arthur A. Mirin, and Raquel Romano. "Towards Direct Simulation of Future Tropical Cyclone Statistics in a High-Resolution Global Atmospheric Model." Advances in Meteorology 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/915303.

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We present a set of high-resolution global atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations focusing on the model's ability to represent tropical storms and their statistics. We find that the model produces storms of hurricane strength with realistic dynamical features. We also find that tropical storm statistics are reasonable, both globally and in the north Atlantic, when compared to recent observations. The sensitivity of simulated tropical storm statistics to increases in sea surface temperature (SST) is also investigated, revealing that a credible late 21st century SST increase produced increases in simulated tropical storm numbers and intensities in all ocean basins. While this paper supports previous high-resolution model and theoretical findings that the frequency of very intense storms will increase in a warmer climate, it differs notably from previous medium and high-resolution model studies that show a global reduction in total tropical storm frequency. However, we are quick to point out that this particular model finding remains speculative due to a lack of radiative forcing changes in our time-slice experiments as well as a focus on the Northern hemisphere tropical storm seasons.

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Shamsan, Z. A., M. Alammar, A. Alharthy, A. Aldahmash, K. A. Al-Snaie, and A. M. Al-Hetar. "Micrometer and Millimeter Wave P-to-P Links Under Dust Storm Effects in Arid Climates." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 4 (August 10, 2019): 4520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2972.

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A dust storm is the main attenuation factor that can disturb receiving radio signals in arid climate condition as in Saudi Arabia. This paper presents a study on the effect of dust storms on the received radio frequency power in a homogenous environment in the city of Riyadh. A number of micrometer and millimeter wave links have been considered along with several measured dust storm data to investigate the dust storm effects. The results showed that dust storm can critically influence the communication link and this effect grows up as the physical distance between the transmitter and the receiver increases. The negative effect of the dust storm apparently appears at high-frequency bands allocated for the next communication generation (5G) which imposes finding solutions to mitigate the effects of this phenomenon.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Frequency STORM"

Collins, David A. "Development of a low frequency ambient noise storm model for the Arctic Ocean." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA325452.

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Thesis (M.S. in Physical Oceanography) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1996.
Thesis advisor(s): Robert H. Bourke, James H. Wilson. "December 1996." Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-132). Also available online.

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Vaughan, Matthew CH. "Shining light on the storm: Using high-frequency optical water quality sensors to characterize and interpret storm nutrient and carbon dynamics among contrasting land uses." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1002.

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Elevated nutrient concentrations present significant challenges to surface water quality management globally, and dissolved organic matter mediates several key biogeochemical processes. Storm events often dominate riverine loads of nitrate, phosphorus, and dissolved organic matter, and are expected to increase in frequency and intensity in many regions due to climate change. The recent development of in situ optical sensors has revolutionized water quality monitoring and has highlighted the important role storms play in water quality. This dissertation focuses on improving the application of in situ optical water quality sensors and interpreting the high-frequency data they produce to better understand biogeochemical and watershed processes that are critical for resource management. We deployed in situ sensors to monitor water quality in three watersheds with contrasting land use / land cover, including agricultural, urban, and forested landscapes. The sensors measured absorbance of ultraviolet-visible light through the water column at 2.5 nanometer wavelength increments at 15-minute intervals for three years. These deployments provided a testbed to evaluate the sensors and improve models to predict concentrations of nitrate, three phosphorus fractions, and dissolved organic carbon using absorbance spectra and laboratory analyses through multivariate statistical techniques. In addition, an improved hysteresis calculation method was used to determine short-timescale storm dynamics for several parameters during 220 storm events. Goals of each dissertation chapter were to: (1) examine the influences of seasonality, storm size, and dominant land use / land cover on storm dissolved organic carbon and nitrate hysteresis and loads; (2) evaluate the utility of the sensors to determine total, dissolved, and soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations in streams draining different land use / land covers, and perform the first statistically robust validation technique applied to optical water quality sensor calibration models; and (3) analyze storm event dissolved organic matter quantity and character dynamics by calculating hysteresis indices for DOC concentration and spectral slope ratio, and develop a novel analytical framework that leverages these high frequency measurements to infer biogeochemical and watershed processes. Each chapter includes key lessons and future recommendations for using in situ optical sensors to monitor water quality.

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Mokhtarnejad, Siamak N. "Storm Water Management Using a High Density Rainfall Network Along With Long Term Records." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/903.

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The United States Weather Bureau had published Technical Paper No. 40 (TP-40) in 1961 which provides a rainfall atlas for the United States. These rainfall frequencies have been used by engineers throughout the United States including Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. Rainfall from Audubon and the New Orleans International Airport rain gauge stations were used with the Log Pearson Method to provide rainfall frequency for Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. The results from the frequency rainfall that were developed for this research along with the current Jefferson Parish design storm rainfall were applied to a typical urban development to evaluate the extent of flooding.

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Arra, Venni. "Storm Frequency in the Northern Baltic Sea Region and its Association to the North Atlantic Oscillation." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-165907.

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Storms can be both destructive and valuable at the same time. They expose coastal areas to various risks but can also enhance the supply of wind energy and provide marine ecosystems with oxygen rich water. As the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is known to have a significant impact on the wind climate in Europe, investigating its interconnection to storm frequency and intensity under global warming circumstances in the Northern Baltic Sea region was of interest in this study. Wind speed data series of annual storm counts were obtained from five meteorological stations along with PC-based NAO values over the period 1960-2017. The data series were analysed in Microsoft Excel and modelled using a Poisson regression or negative binomial regression model in SPSS Statistics. The results display an unsystematic spatial pattern both in the association to the NAO as well as in the overall storm frequency. However, storm (≥ 21 m s-1) frequency has generally been decreasing, whereas the proportion of severe storms (≥ 24 m s-1) has slightly been increasing, suggesting a tendency toward stronger but fewer storms. Even though only certain data series display statistically significant findings (p ≤ .05), a majority of the winter storms and severe winter storms display a positive association, indicating that a higher NAOI is related to a greater number of winter storms. The spatial and temporal variability in the obtained results can partially be explained by storm tracks and prevalent wind directions. Nevertheless, inhomogeneities do presumably affect the wind speed observations through internal and external influences and changes related to the meteorological stations. Future research should, therefore, also consider integrating other storm related parameters, such as direct air pressure measurements, wave heights and storm surges, as well as implement different data homogenization methods and techniques.

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Wadden, David. "Rainfall distribution in the City of St. John's : temporal distribution, spatial variation, frequency analysis, and Tropical Storm Gabrielle /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2002. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,49727.

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Sahin, Oz. "Dynamic Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability and Adaptation to Sea Level Rise: An Integrated Spatial-Temporal Decision Making Approach." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368117.

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As the globe continues to warm, coastal communities across the world will increasingly be faced with rising sea levels, as well as changes in storm surge frequency and magnitude. Significantly, most infrastructure, settlements and facilities are located near the coast. While coastal communities have benefitted from the many advantages of living and working in these areas, inevitably they also face the threat of natural disasters. With concern for the consequences of sea level rise (SLR) and associated storm surge (SS), the primary, and most urgent topics for decision makers are the assessment of vulnerability and the evaluation of adaptation measures. However, due to uncertainty in climate change predictions, many vulnerability and adaptation assessments and most town planning activities, which are based on an the assumption that the sea level will remain stable in the future, are in a state of flux. Added to the dilemma is the realisation that the impacts of SLR will, most likely, be spatially non-uniform across the world. It is therefore essential for decision-makers to consider the dynamic and spatial characteristics of these changes in assessing the impacts of SLR when making decisions about future infrastructure and community life.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

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Jobin, Erik. "An Urban Rainfall Storm Flood Severity Index." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24124.

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Extreme rainfall statistics are important for the design and management of the water resource infrastructure. The standard approach for extreme rainfall event severity assessment is the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) method. However, this approach does not consider the spatial context of rainfall and consequently does not properly describe rainfall storm severity, nor rarity. This study provides a critical account of the current standard practice and presents an approach that takes into consideration both the spatial context of rainfall storms, and indirectly incorporates runoff to produce a representative approach to assessing urban rainfall storm severity in terms of flood potential. A stepwise regression analysis was performed on a dataset of individual rainfall storm characteristics to best represent documented basement floodings in the City of Edmonton. Finally, the urban rainfall storm flood severity index was shown to be most representative of the documented basement floodings' severity when compared to that of the IDF method.

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Klopfenstein, Trey. "High-frequency Sequences within the Lower Mississippian Allensville Member, Logan Formation, South-central Ohio." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1525864536290455.

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Whitworth, Michael Robert Zordan. "Utilising probabilistic techniques in the assessment of extreme coastal flooding frequency-magnitude relationships using a case study from south-west England." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/8803.

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Recent events such as the New Orleans floods and the Japanese tsunami of 2011 have highlighted the uncertainty in the quantification of the magnitude of natural hazards. The research undertaken here has focussed on the uncertainty in evaluating storm surge magnitudes based on a range of statistical techniques including the Generalised Extreme Value distribution, Joint Probability and Monte Carlo simulations. To support the evaluation of storm surge frequency magnitude relationships a unique hard copy observed sea level data set, recording hourly observations, was acquired and digitised for Devonport, Plymouth, creating a 40 year data set. In conjunction with Devonport data, Newlyn (1915-2012) tide gauge records were analysed, creating a data set of 2 million data points. The different statistical techniques analysed led to an uncertainty range of 0.4 m for a 1 in 250 year storm surge event, and 0.7 m for a 1 in 1000 storm surge event. This compares to a 0.5 m uncertainty range between the low and high prediction for sea level rise by 2100. The Geographical Information system modelling of the uncertainty indicated that for a 1 in 1000 year event the level uncertainty (0.7 m) led to an increase of 100% of buildings and 50% of total land affect. Within the study area of south-west England there are several critical structures including a nuclear licensed site. Incorporating the uncertainty in storm surge and wave height predictions indicated that the site would be potentially affected today with the combination of a 1 in 1000 year storm surge event coincident with a 1 in 1000 wave. In addition to the evaluation of frequency magnitude relations this study has identified several trends in the data set. Over the data period sea level rise is modelled as an exponential growth (0.0001mm/yr2), indicating the modelled sea level rise of 1.9 mm/yr and 2.2 mm/yr for Newlyn and Devonport, will potentially increase over the next century by a minimum of 0.2 m by 2100.The increase in storm frequency identified as part of this analysis has been equated to the rise in sea level, rather than an increase in the severity of storms, with decadal variations in the observed frequency, potentially linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation. The identification as part of this study of a significant uncertainty in the evaluation of storm surge frequency magnitude relationships has global significance in the evaluation of natural hazards. Guidance on the evaluation of external hazards currently does not adequately consider the effect of uncertainty; an uncertainty of 0.7 m identified within this study could potentially affect in the region of 500 million people worldwide living close to the coast.

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Jiang, Tianyu. "Understanding the scale interaction of atmospheric transient disturbances and its coupling with the hydrological cycle over the Pacific-North American regions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49078.

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Large-scale atmospheric disturbances play important roles in determining the general circulation of the atmosphere during the North Pacific boreal winter. A number of scientific questions have been raised due to these disturbances’ spatial and temporal complexity as well as the hydrological implication associated with them. In this dissertation, the principal goal is to further improve our understanding of the atmospheric high frequency (HF) and intermediate frequency (IF) disturbances active over the North Pacific. The study focuses on their energetics, intraseasonal and interannual variability, and the resulting hydrological impact over the eastern North Pacific and Western U.S. including extreme events. To delineate the characteristics of HF and IF disturbances in the troposphere, we first derive a new set of equations governing the local eddy kinetic energy (EKE), and assess the critical processes maintaining local budgets of the HF and IF EKE. The diagnosis assesses the 3-D patterns of energy flux convergence (EFC), barotropic conversion (BT), baroclinic conversion (BC), and cross-frequency eddy-eddy interaction (CFEI). The local EKE budget analysis is followed by an investigation of the modulation of HF and IF eddy activity by different modes of low frequency climate variability. On interannual timescales, the response of various local energetic processes to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) determines the HF and IF EKE anomalies and the role of CFEI process is important in producing these anomalies. Also on interannual timescales, winter precipitation deficits associated with suppressed cyclonic activity, i.e., negative HF EKE anomalies, are linked to severe droughts over the U.S. Southern Great Plain (SGP) region. The suppressed cyclonic activity is, in turn, tied to phase changes in the West Pacific (WP) teleconnection pattern. On intraseasonal timescales, variations in HF disturbances (a.k.a. storm tracks) over the North Pacific are closely coupled with tropical convection anomalies induced by the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), and partly drive larger scale intraseasonal flow anomalies in this region through eddy-eddy interactions. Anomalous HF eddy activity induces subseasonal transitions between “wet” and “dry” regimes over the west coast of North America. Also on intraseasonal timescales, the East Asian cold surge (EACS) is found to provide a remote forcing of the winter precipitation anomalies in the western U.S. This modulation is achieved through “atmospheric rivers” (ARs), which are narrow channels of concentrated moisture transport in the atmosphere and are responsible for over 70% of the extreme precipitation events in the western U.S.. EACS effectively modulates the IF disturbance activity over the North Pacific, and the anomalous IF disturbances lead to the formation of an AR over the eastern North Pacific that ultimately induces precipitation anomalies in the western U.S. Analyses of the simulations from the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 4 (CCSM4) demonstrate that the connections among the EACS, AR and western U.S. precipitation are better captured by a model with higher spatial resolutions. The improved simulation of these connections is achieved mainly through a better representation of the IF disturbances, and the associated scale-interaction processes in the higher resolution model.

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Книги з теми "Frequency STORM"

Blodgett, J. C. Precipitation depth-duration and frequency characteristics for Antelope Valley, Mojave Desert, California. Sacramento, Calif: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1996.

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Collins, David A. Development of a low frequency ambient noise storm model for the Arctic Ocean. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1996.

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Частини книг з теми "Frequency STORM"

Hashino, Michio. "Stochastic Formulation of Storm Pattern and Rainfall Intensity-Duration Curve for Design Flood." In Hydrologic Frequency Modeling, 303–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3953-0_21.

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Daojiang, Zhan, and Zou Jinshang. "Heavy Rain Storm Floods in China and their Estimation." In Application of Frequency and Risk in Water Resources, 35–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3955-4_3.

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Al-Obed, Meshari, Sief Uddin, and Ashraf Ramadhan. "Dust Storm Satellite Images." In Atlas of Fallen Dust in Kuwait, 1–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66977-5_1.

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Abstract DATA of Aerosol Robotic Network (Aeronet) stations and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) were obtained to get valuable and reliable information about the occurrence of dust events. In addition to Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) provide informative and long dust events record. To analyze the dust time series, monthly, annual and seasonal linear trends are applied to the dust time series. This is achieved by summing the total number of dusty hours for each month and then the total number of dusty days for the month is calculated. Dust trend analysis includes; annual, winter, spring, summer and autumn with the rate of change. Dust frequency of seasons in days/season before and after sorting in a descending manner from 1984 to 2013. Satelliteimagesuse for PM2.5 Estimation and concentrations Remote sensing-based measurements Calibration of Field and Laboratory Equipment. Particle concentrations in different size ranges and the total suspended particulate matter in the air in Kuwait. Dust deposition rates were monitored and analyzed in Kuwait at the northern ArabianGulf to estimate quantities of fallen dust within major eight dust trajectories in the ArabianGulf. Kuwait is surrounded by five major sources of dust rather than intermediate dust source areas that are listed. Satelliteimages from 2000 to 2010 were used to identify major dust trajectories within seven major deserts in the world.

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Shiqian, Hua. "The Experiences of Design Flood of Reservoirs in Medium and Small Basins by the Method of Design Storm." In Application of Frequency and Risk in Water Resources, 91–100. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3955-4_7.

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Erlandson, R. E., L. J. Zanetti, M. J. Engebretson, R. Arnoldy, T. Bösinger, and K. Mursula. "Pc 1 Waves Generated by a Magnetospheric Compression During the Recovery Phase of a Geomagnetic Storm." In Solar Wind Sources of Magnetospheric Ultra-Low-Frequency Waves, 399–407. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm081p0399.

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Yamanaka, Ryoichi, and Kosuke Nakagawa. "Effectiveness and Sustainability of Coastal Hybrid Infrastructures for Low-Frequency Large-Scale Disasters: A Case Study of Coastal Disaster Assessment for a Complex Disaster." In Ecological Research Monographs, 305–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6791-6_19.

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AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the functioning of hybrid infrastructures in coastal areas and identify the factors influencing their sustainability. The hybrid infrastructure targeted in this study is in the Osato area in southern Tokushima Prefecture, Japan, and consists of a seashore, coastal embankment, coastal forest, rice paddles, and dune. Numerical analysis and field observations of tsunamis and storm surges were conducted in this study. In the tsunami analysis, the response of the inundation area to the reference water level was evaluated assuming a complex disaster involving a tsunami, storm surge, and sea-level rise. In the storm surge analysis, the mechanism of beach deformation and damage in the coastal forest caused by Typhoon Hagibis (No. 19 in Japan) in 2019 was evaluated, and the historical dune formation process was discussed in this case study. Finally, the design strategy required for hybrid infrastructure is discussed.

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Sousounis, Peter J., Roger Grenier, Jonathan Schneyer, and Dan Raizman. "Climate Change Impacts to Hurricane-Induced Wind and Storm Surge Losses for Three Major Metropolitan Regions in the U.S." In Hurricane Risk in a Changing Climate, 161–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08568-0_8.

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AbstractClimate change is expected to have increasingly significant impacts on U.S. hurricane activity through this century (Hayhoe et al., Our changing climate. In: Reidmiller DR, Avery CW, Easterling DR, Kunkel KE, Lewis KLM, Maycock TK, Stewart BC (eds) Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: fourth national climate assessment, volume II. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, pp 72:144. https://doi.org/10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH, 2018). A key concern for private insurers is how the relative contributions to loss from wind and water may change because damage from flood is not typically covered in the residential market. This study addresses the concern by considering how climate change by 2050 under an extreme climate scenario may impact hurricane frequency and damage. Using a stochastic catalog of 100,000 years of possible events that can occur in today’s climate, and available information on how hurricane frequency and intensity may change, multiple catalogs of events are created to reflect future hurricane activity. Climate change impacts on precipitation rate are not accounted for here, although sea level rise is included to understand how much worse storm surge may become. Relative changes to wind loss and coastal flood loss are examined for three economically significant and hurricane prone urban locations: Houston-Galveston, Miami, and New York. Results show that relative changes in wind loss may pale in comparison to relative changes in storm surge loss. Houston shows large increases in relative contribution of surge to total loss because the contribution is currently small, New York shows the least significant increases because contributions are currently large, and Miami is in the middle.

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Changnon, Stanley A. "Frequency Analysis of Snow Storms." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 302–3. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_166.

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Li, Yihong, Wenliang Guan, and Chao Niu. "Joint Time-Frequency Analysis of Magnetic Storms during February 1999." In Advances in Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, 493–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31528-2_78.

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Issanova, Gulnura, and Jilili Abuduwaili. "Dust Storms in Central Asia and Kazakhstan: Regional Division, Frequency and Seasonal Distribution." In Aeolian Processes in the Arid Territories of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, 87–109. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3190-8_5.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Frequency STORM"

Laface, Valentina, Felice Arena, Ioannis A. Kougioumtzoglou, and Ketson Roberto Maximiano dos Santos. "Joint Time-Frequency Analysis of Small Scale Ocean Storms via the Harmonic Wavelet Transform." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61761.

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The paper focuses on utilizing the Harmonic Wavelet Transform (HWT) for estimating the evolutionary power spectrum (EPS) of sea storms. A sea storm is considered herein as a non-stationary stochastic process with a time duration of the order of days. The storm evolution can be represented in three stages: the growth, the peak and the decay. Specifically, during growth the intensity of the wave increases with time until reaching the apex, and then decreases. The analysis is carried out by processing the time series of the free surface elevation recorded at the Natural Ocean Engineering Laboratory of Reggio Calabria, Italy. A peculiarity of the NOEL lab is that a local wind from NNW often generates sea states consisting of pure wind waves that represent a small scale model, in Froude similarity, of ocean storms (www.noel.unirc.it). The main focus of the paper is, first, to acquire a joint time-frequency representation of the storm via estimating the associated EPS, and second, to explore the variability in time of the spectrum and of the dominant frequencies of the storm. The EPS is estimated by utilizing a non-stationary record of the sea surface elevation during a storm recorded at NOEL lab. Further, in this paper, the standard representation of sea storms is also considered. That is, the non-stationary process is represented as a sequence of stationary processes (sea states or buoy records), each of them characterized by an intensity defined by a significant wave height Hs and by a duration Δt. During the time interval Δt the sea surface elevation is considered stationary and the frequency spectrum may be computed via the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Results obtained following this procedure, which can be considered essentially as a brute-force application of the short-time FT, are compared with those obtained via a HWT based joint time-frequency analysis.

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Bernardino, Mariana, Alexander Boukhanovsky, and C. Guedes Soares. "Alternative Approaches to Storm Statistics in the Ocean." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-58053.

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The classical approach to storm statistics in the ocean is an Eulerian analysis of wave time series at a given location, in which the wave data can be observations or results of wave models. The information obtained from this approach is storm frequency, duration and intensity, from which extremes at the particular location can be estimated. The availability of spatial information of wave characteristics at successive time intervals, which is available from large scale forecasts or hindcast allows the follow-up of storm evolution in space and time. Using this data it is possible to study the spatial evolution of storms, i.e to provide a Lagrangean description of storm characteristics. In this paper the principles for spatio-temporal identification and statistical analysis of storm variability are formulated. Using ten years of wave data the HIPOCAS North Atlantic hindcast data, storms were identified using both approaches and two different sets of storm characteristics were obtained. The enhanced information that is possible to obtain from the Lagrangean approach in comparison to the Eulerian is illustrated.

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Armstrong, C., Y. Drobyshevski, C. Chin, and I. Penesis. "Variability of Extreme Riser Responses due to Wave Frequency Motions of a Weather-Vaning FPSO." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61745.

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The variability of extreme responses of a flexible riser due to wave frequency motions of weather-vaning FPSO is investigated numerically. The objective of this study is to examine such variability in isolation from that caused by the low frequency (slow drift) vessel motions and vessel offsets. Investigation of the extreme value distributions of flexible risers provides the statistical foundation for flexible riser Response Based Analysis (RBA) for use in system design; the determination of the statistical properties of extreme flexible riser responses provides a method for the prediction of extreme responses of offshore systems in cyclonic conditions. A case study conducted in OrcaFlex included an FPSO vessel with a Lazy-S configured riser system. Five riser responses were selected in critical locations including tension, heave, and curvature responses. The environmental cases included two cyclonic storms consisting of multiple half-hour intervals. For each interval, time domain simulations included 40 wave realizations in order to provide a dataset for robust fitting of the extreme value distributions in the Gumbel format. Once the short term interval distributions were established, response distributions in a storm were generated by multiplying the short term distributions and the most probable maximum (MPM) response in a storm computed. A comparison of maximum interval, storm and 3-hour MPMs is presented, which indicates to what extent the MPM response in a storm exceeds the corresponding maximum interval response. Differences between the tension and heave responses are compared with those observed in the curvature responses. This study was limited to riser excitation by waves, current and wave frequency motions of a turret moored FPSO and it is expected that further inclusion of low frequency motions would contribute to the response variability. The inclusion of such variability will ultimately enable the storm-based statistical approach to be used for the development of long-term distribution of the riser responses.

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Agbley, Senanu K., and David R. Basco. "An Evaluation of Storm Surge Frequency-of-Occurrence Estimators." In Solutions to Coastal Disasters Congress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40968(312)17.

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Runnels, Pierce, and Tim J. Ward. "Characterizing Higher Frequency Storm Events in the Albuquerque Area." In Watershed Management Conference 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40763(178)136.

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van Wijngaarden, Martijn, Piet Meijers, Tim Raaijmakers, Richard de Jager, and Kenneth Gavin. "Gravity Based Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines: Cyclic Loading and Liquefaction." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77082.

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In current modelling of excess pore pressures (EPPs) below marine structures, the irregular nature of cyclic loads and the real storm development are not taken into account. The effect of the irregular cyclic loading in time is investigated in this paper. The wind, wave and turbine loads on a gravity based foundation (GBF) are derived in the frequency domain. The real storm development is based on the CoastDat dataset. The load input is used in a program which takes the generation and dissipation of pore pressures under cyclic loading into account. Also, densification is included. The results show that the first storm in the lifetime of the GBF results in the highest EPPs. The EPP decreases in time, due to significant dissipation and densification during the build-up of a storm. Therefore, not the storms with the largest cyclic loads but the storms with the fastest build-up result in the highest EPPs, since this limits the process of densification. A large scatter is found in the maximum values of EPPs due to the irregular nature of the loads.

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Dong, Sheng, and Jinjin Ning. "Applications of a Compound Distribution on Estimating Wind and Wave Parameters for Fixed Platforms Design." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92189.

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Based on the hindcast data of 21 storm processes, a Poisson bivariate Logistic extreme value distribution is proposed to estimate the joint probability of extreme wind speed and extreme significant wave height in the storms, the frequency of which can be described by a Poisson distribution. In order to calculate the structural response of an ocean platform, such as base shear, three methods are utilized, namely (I) traditional univariate frequency analysis method; (II) base shear return value method; (III) wind-wave joint probability method. Calculation results show that the proposed statistical model is suitable for the design of fixed platforms in the storm-influenced area.

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Harvey, Cassandra, and Jeffrey Connor. "History of the Application of Design Storm Frequency and Intensity." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480595.001.

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Allan, Jonathan C., Paul D. Komar, and Peter Ruggiero. "Storm Surge Magnitudes and Frequency on the Central Oregon Coast." In Solutions to Coastal Disasters Conference 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41185(417)6.

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Sultan, Nels J., Kenton W. Braun, Dempsey S. Thieman, and Ajay Sampath. "North Slope Trends in Sea Level, Storm Frequency, Duration and Intensity." In SNAME 9th International Conference and Exhibition on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice. SNAME, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2010-155.

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The tide gage at Prudhoe Bay provides the only continuous long term direct measurement of sea level on the Alaska North Slope. In addition to trends in mean sea level, it provides a record of storm surges and setdowns. Analysis of the sea level time series from 1993 to 2010 reveals no statistically significant trends in relative sea level, storm frequency, intensity and duration. The return period of sea level extremes are estimated.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Frequency STORM"

Braude, Ashwin, Emiliano Diaz, Daniel Okoh, Kenza Tazi, Paula Harder, Kara Lamb, Nis Meinert, and Duncan Parris-Watson. PYROCAST. SpaceML, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56272/fpib2524.

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More than 17 million people have been affected and USD144 billion lost through major wildfire events over the last 30 years. In addition, the degradation of air quality due to the creation of aerosols and ozone from fires resulted in between 260 000 and 600 000 premature deaths each year. The risk that wildfires pose to people and the environment is increasing due to climate change. By the end of the century, the frequency of wildfires, compared to a 2000-2010 reference period, is predicted to increase by a factor of 1.31 to 1.57 with the number of extreme wildfires increasing even further. Pyrocumulonimbus or pyroCbs are storm clouds produced by particularly large and intense wildfires that can produce storm clouds. These storm clouds create their own weather fronts which can make wildfire behaviour unpredictable through strong winds and ignite new fires through lightning. PyroCbs also convect wildfire aerosols into the stratosphere, where they remain for several months. These events, which can be on the scale of a volcanic eruption, have important impacts on the Earth's climate. PyroCbs could also hinder the recovery of the ozone layer.

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Berkowitz, Jacob, Christine VanZomeren, and Nicole Fresard. Rapid formation of iron sulfides alters soil morphology and chemistry following simulated marsh restoration. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42155.

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Many marshes show signs of degradation due to fragmentation, lack of sediment inputs, and erosion which may be exacerbated by sea level rise and increasing storm frequency/intensity. As a result, resource managers seek to restore marshes via introduction of sediment to increase elevation and stabilize the marsh platform. Recent field observations suggest the rapid formation of iron sulfide (FeS) materials following restoration in several marshes. To investigate, a laboratory microcosm study evaluated the formation of FeS following simulated restoration activities under continually inundated, simulated drought, and simulated tidal conditions. Results indicate that FeS horizon development initiated within 16 days, expanding to encompass > 30% of the soil profile after 120 days under continuously inundated and simulated tidal conditions. Continuously inundated conditions supported higher FeS content compared to other treatments. Dissolved and total Fe and S measurements suggest the movement and diffusion of chemical constituents from native marsh soil upwards into the overlying sediments, driving FeS precipitation. The study highlights the need to consider biogeochemical factors resulting in FeS formation during salt marsh restoration activities. Additional field research is required to link laboratory studies, which may represent a worst-case scenario, with in-situ conditions.

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Shalganov, Tchavdar, Milko Stoyanov, and Vassil Traykov. Outcomes following catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia in adult patients with structural heart disease and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: protocol for an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized studies. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0080.

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Review question / Objective: Does catheter ablation for scar-related monomorphic ventricular tachycardia improve outcomes (defined as any appropriate ICD therapy, appropriate ICD shocks, all-cause mortality, VT storm, cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular hospitalizations, complications) in adult patients with ischemic or non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator? Condition being studied: Ventricular tachycardia in patients with structural heart disease is usually an arrhythmia using the myocardial scar as a substrate for reentry. It poses a risk of syncope and sudden cardiac death, especially in patients with reduced ejection fraction. Most antiarrhythmic drugs are of little value and their use is restricted in patients with LV systolic dysfunction. Catheter ablation is a viable option for the treatment of ventricular tachycardia. In patients with previous myocardial infarction the arrhythmogenic scar is located most frequently subendocardially and is readily accessible using endocardial approach, while in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy the scar is frequently located in the midmyocardial or subepicardial layers. This is the reason endocardial catheter ablation to be less effective in those patients and to more often necessitate epicardial approach.

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O'Donnell, Emily. Delivering multiple co-benefits in Blue-Green Cities. Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55203/pclw1513.

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Global cities face a range of water challenges, driven by increasingly frequent and extreme storm events, drier summers, accelerating urbanisation and reductions in public green space. Blue-Green Infrastructure (BGI) and Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) are increasingly being used to address challenges across the full water spectrum while tackling social, economic and environmental issues. In April 2021, the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) hosted an online knowledge exchange event to explore the multiple co-benefits of Blue-Green Cities, and how these can overcome the biophysical, socio-political and societal barriers to innovation in urban flood and water management. This briefing paper draws together discussion from that event, framed by geographical research in the Blue-Green Cities (www.bluegreencities.ac.uk) and Urban Flood Resilience (www.urbanfloodresilience.ac.uk) projects, to give recommendations to enable greater implementation of BGI in policy and practice.

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DiGrande, Laura, Christine Bevc, Jessica Williams, Lisa Carley-Baxter, Craig Lewis-Owen, and Suzanne Triplett. Pilot Study on the Experiences of Hurricane Shelter Evacuees. RTI Press, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.rr.0035.1909.

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Community members who evacuate to shelters may represent the most socially and economically vulnerable group within a hurricane’s affected geographic area. Disaster research has established associations between socioeconomic conditions and adverse effects, but data are overwhelmingly collected retrospectively on large populations and lack further explication. As Hurricane Florence approached North Carolina in September 2018, RTI International developed a pilot survey for American Red Cross evacuation shelter clients. Two instruments, an interviewer-led paper questionnaire and a short message service (SMS text) questionnaire, were tested. A total of 200 evacuees completed the paper survey, but only 34 participated in the SMS text portion of the study. Data confirmed that the sample represented very marginalized coastline residents: 60 percent were unemployed, 70 percent had no family or friends to stay with during evacuation, 65 percent could not afford to evacuate to another location, 36 percent needed medicine/medical care, and 11 percent were homeless. Although 19 percent of participants had a history of evacuating for prior hurricanes/disasters and 14 percent had previously utilized shelters, we observed few associations between previous experiences and current evacuation resources, behaviors, or opinions about safety. This study demonstrates that, for vulnerable populations exposed to storms of increasing intensity and frequency, traditional survey research methods are best employed to learn about their experiences and needs.

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Weissinger, Rebecca, and Dana Witwicki. Riparian monitoring of wadeable streams at Courthouse Wash, Arches National Park: Summary report, 2010–2019. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287907.

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The goal of Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN) riparian monitoring is to determine long-term trends in hydrologic, geomorphic, and vegetative properties of wadeable streams in the context of changes in other ecological drivers, stressors, and processes. This information is intended to provide early warning of resource degradation and determine natural variability of wadeable streams. This report summarizes NCPN monitoring of Courthouse Wash in Arches National Park (NP) from 2010 to 2019. The focus of this report is to (1) present geomorphology and vegetation data from five reaches monitored in Courthouse Wash from 2010 to 2015, and (2) examine patterns in water availability at one monitoring reach from November 2010 to December 2019. Vegetation sampling and geomorphology surveys were suspended in 2016 due to budget cuts; this report presents baseline data for future comparisons. The NCPN has five monitoring reaches located between the inflow of Sevenmile Canyon, a major tributary, and the terminus of Courthouse Wash, at the Colorado River. Two reaches (2, 5) are located in Upper Courthouse Wash, and three (1, 4, 7) in Lower Courthouse Wash. Hydrologic monitoring wells are installed only at Reach 1. During our monitoring period, which included drought years in 2012 and 2018 and a wetter-than-average period from fall 2013 to 2014, groundwater levels showed steep declines corresponding to the start of the growing season each year. Hot, dry summers and falls in 2012, 2018, and 2019 showed the deepest troughs in groundwater levels. Active monsoon years helped elevate summer and fall groundwater levels in 2013 and 2014. Continued monitoring will help us better understand the relationship of climate and water availability at this reach. A geomorphic survey was completed once for reaches 2, 4, and 7, and twice for reaches 5 and 1. Powerful floods during our monitoring period resulted in aggradation of the channel in reaches 5 and 1, which were first surveyed in March 2013. Flooding in September 2013 resulted in an average of 0.24 meters of deposition found in the channel thalweg at Reach 1 in March 2014. Storm events in May 2014 caused additional aggradation. In March 2015, an average of 0.41 meters of deposition was recorded in the channel thalweg at Reach 5, with 0.32 meters of deposition between the vegetation transect headpins compared to the 2013 data. The riparian vegetation recorded at our monitoring reaches is consistent with an open-canopy Fremont cottonwood woodland with a diverse understory. Canopy closure ranged from 29% to 52%. Measurements were sensitive enough to detect a 10% reduction in canopy closure at Reach 5 during a pest infestation in June 2013. Canopy closure subsequently rebounded at the reach by 2015. Total obligate and facultative wetland cover ranged from 7% to 26%. Fremont cottonwood seedlings, saplings, and overstory trees were present at all reaches, indicating good potential for future regeneration of the canopy structure. These data can serve as a baseline for comparison with future monitoring efforts. One area of management concern is that exotic-plant frequency and cover were relatively high in all monitoring reaches. Exotic cover ranged from 2% to 30%. High exotic cover was related to years with high cover of annual brome grasses. High cover of exotic grasses is associated with increased wildfire risk in southwestern riparian systems, which are not well-adapted to fire. Managers should be prepared for this increased risk following wet winters that promote annual brome grass cover. Beaver activity was noted throughout bedrock-constrained reaches in Courthouse Wash. Beaver activity can reduce adjacent woody riparian vegetation cover, but it also contributes to maintaining a higher water table and persistent surface water. Climate change is likely to be an increasingly significant stressor in Courthouse Wash, as hotter, drier conditions decrease water levels and increase drought stress...

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Lempert, Robert J., Michelle Miro, and Diogo Prosdocimi. A DMDU Guidebook for Transportation Planning Under a Changing Climate. Edited by Benoit Lefevre and Ernesto Monter Flores. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003042.

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The effects of climate-related natural hazards pose a significant threat to sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region and in particular its transportation sector. Risk Management provides an appropriate framework for assessing and mitigating the impacts of climate change and other climate-related natural hazards on transportation systems and choosing actions to enhance their resilience. However, analysts and policymakers involved in transportation planning, policy, and investment face significant challenges in managing the risks triggered by the effects of climate change. Climate change impacts the lifespan of roads, airports, and railroads as they have time horizons that surpass 40 years, thus making it harder (if not impossible) to forecast with confidence all relevant future events that will affect such infrastructure. In addition, the climate has already changed, so the return frequency of storms, for example, and other extreme events may now be different than suggested by the historical record in ways that are not always currently well understood. Implementing Risk Management under conditions of such uncertainty can prove difficult. Decision Making Under Deep Uncertainty (DMDU) enables Risk Management under conditions of Deep Uncertainty, that is when risks cannot confidently be quantified. This guidebook is aligned with the Disaster and Climate Change Risk Assessment Methodology for IDB projects (IDB 2018) and introduces and provides guidance on applying methods for Decision Making Under Deep Uncertainty (DMDU) to transportation planning. It presents the methodological steps that are necessary for the implementation of DMDU methodologies and reviews several such methods, including scenario planning, Adaptive Pathways, and robust decision making (RDM). This review is geared towards supporting the incorporation of DMDU methods into IDBs transportation sector funding and planning processes.

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Hudgens, Bian, Jene Michaud, Megan Ross, Pamela Scheffler, Anne Brasher, Megan Donahue, Alan Friedlander та ін. Natural resource condition assessment: Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park. National Park Service, вересень 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2293943.

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Natural Resource Condition Assessments (NRCAs) evaluate current conditions of natural resources and resource indicators in national park units (parks). NRCAs are meant to complement—not replace—traditional issue- and threat-based resource assessments. NRCAs employ a multi-disciplinary, hierarchical framework within which reference conditions for natural resource indicators are developed for comparison against current conditions. NRCAs do not set management targets for study indicators, and reference conditions are not necessarily ideal or target conditions. The goal of a NRCA is to deliver science-based information that will assist park managers in their efforts to describe and quantify a park’s desired resource conditions and management targets, and inform management practices related to natural resource stewardship. The resources and indicators emphasized in a given NRCA depend on the park’s resource setting, status of resource stewardship planning and science in identifying high-priority indicators, and availability of data and expertise to assess current conditions for a variety of potential study resources and indicators. Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park (hereafter Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP) encompasses 1.7 km2 (0.7 mi2) at the base of the Mauna Loa Volcano on the Kona coast of the island of Hawaiʻi. The Kona coast of Hawaiʻi Island is characterized by calm winds that increase in the late morning to evening hours, especially in the summer when there is also a high frequency of late afternoon or early evening showers. The climate is mild, with mean high temperature of 26.2° C (79.2° F) and a mean low temperature of 16.6° C (61.9° F) and receiving on average 66 cm (26 in) of rainfall per year. The Kona coast is the only region in Hawaiʻi where more precipitation falls in the summer than in the winter. There is limited surface water runoff or stream development at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP due to the relatively recent lava flows (less than 1,500 years old) overlaying much of the park. Kiʻilae Stream is the only watercourse within the park. Kiʻilae Stream is ephemeral, with occasional flows and a poorly characterized channel within the park. A stream gauge was located uphill from the park, but no measurements have been taken since 1982. Floods in Kiʻilae Stream do occur, resulting in transport of fluvial sediment to the ocean, but there are no data documenting this phenomenon. There are a small number of naturally occurring anchialine pools occupying cracks and small depressions in the lava flows, including the Royal Fishponds; an anchialine pool modified for the purpose of holding fish. Although the park’s legal boundaries end at the high tide mark, the sense of place, story, and visitor experience would be completely different without the marine waters adjacent to the park. Six resource elements were chosen for evaluation: air and night sky, water-related processes, terrestrial vegetation, vertebrates, anchialine pools, and marine resources. Resource conditions were determined through reviewing existing literature, meta-analysis, and where appropriate, analysis of unpublished short- and long-term datasets. However, in a number of cases, data were unavailable or insufficient to either establish a quantitative reference condition or conduct a formal statistical comparison of the status of a resource within the park to a quantitative reference condition. In those cases, data gaps are noted, and comparisons were made based on qualitative descriptions. Overall, the condition of natural resources within Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP reflects the surrounding landscape. The coastal lands immediately surrounding Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP are zoned for conservation, while adjacent lands away from the coast are agricultural. The condition of most natural resources at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau NHP reflect the overall condition of ecological communities on the west Hawai‘i coast. Although little of the park’s vegetation...

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Beach-fx Version 1.1.9. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45980.

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Beach-fx is a Monte Carlo simulation model developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers that incorporates a new framework for performing engineering-economic analyses associated with storm damage reduction studies. This event-based framework replaces older frequency-based analyses that are derived from riverine flooding approaches, which are not as suitable for the coastal storm damage problem. Beach-fx utilizes a database that describes the coastal area under study, a suite of historically-based plausible storm events that can impact the area, an inventory of structures that can be damaged, and the estimated morphology response of the anticipated range of beach profile configurations to each storm in the plausible storm suite, together with the driving parameters for flooding and wave impact damages. This allows the model to be readily transportable between study areas, as the specification of the project area is contained in the database. Beach-fx features include: an interface to geographical information system data; a graphical user interface; extensive reporting and visualization; and the capability to import required input data sets from spreadsheets.

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Effects of storm-sampling frequency on estimation of water-quality loads and trends in two tributaries to Chesapeake Bay in Virginia. US Geological Survey, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri014136.

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