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Статті в журналах з теми "Framing (Building) Design and construction"
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Bluestone, Daniel. "Framing Landscape While Building Density:." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 76, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 506–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2017.76.4.506.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Chicago developers, architects, and residents defined a new residential vernacular: brick courtyard apartments, which massed units in low-rise buildings around landscaped courtyards, often open to the street. These buildings accommodated higher levels of residential density and seemingly did the opposite as well—preserved and cultivated nature. The Chicago courtyard apartment creatively negotiated the social and cultural tension between reverence for the iconic single-family house and an urban society increasingly occupying multiple-unit dwellings. The designs drew upon the interest in sunlight, air circulation, and natural landscape that influenced contemporary tenement house reform, urban hospital design, the small park and playground movement, and the rethinking of the dimensions and possibilities of residential lawns and gardens. In Framing Landscape While Building Density: Chicago Courtyard Apartments, 1891–1929, Daniel Bluestone looks closely at specific Chicago courtyard apartments, unpacking the design and cultural logic at play in their construction.
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Quiel, Spencer, and Shalva Marjanishvili. "Progressive Collapse Mitigation in Multistory Tilt-up Structural Systems." Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (July 2011): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.698.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Low-rise office buildings constitute a large portion of the building inventory that is governed by criteria published by the US government. In recent efforts to save costs, building owners and others in this construction sector have explored the use tilt-up construction for these facilities, which eliminates the perimeter steel framing and integrates the concrete façade into the load bearing structure. According to the criteria, many of these buildings meet the height and occupancy thresholds for which progressive collapse resistant design is required. Two major US government agencies, DoD and GSA, provide methodologies for progressive collapse analysis of common structural systems. However these guidelines include limited guidance for the design of tilt-up construction. This paper outlines a methodology for progressive collapse resistant design of tilt-up structures and discusses the increases in reinforcement needed for a prototype building.
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Baleshan, Balachandren, and Mahen Mahendran. "Experimental study of light gauge steel framing floor systems under fire conditions." Advances in Structural Engineering 20, no. 3 (September 26, 2016): 426–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216653508.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cold-formed steel members can be assembled in various combinations to provide cost-efficient and safe light gauge floor systems for buildings. Such light gauge steel framing floor systems are widely accepted in industrial and commercial building construction. Light gauge steel framing floor systems must be designed to serve as fire compartment boundaries and provide adequate fire resistance. Floor assemblies with higher fire resistance rating are needed to develop resilient building systems for extreme fire events. Recently, a new composite panel system based on external insulation has been developed for light gauge steel framing floors to provide higher fire resistance rating under fire conditions. This article presents the details of an experimental investigation of light gauge steel framing floors made of both the conventional (with and without cavity insulation) and the new composite panel systems under standard fires. Analysis of the fire test results showed that the thermal and structural performance of externally insulated light gauge steel framing floor system was superior than conventional light gauge steel framing floors with or without cavity insulation. Details of the experimental results including the temperature and deflection profiles measured during the tests are presented along with the joist failure modes. Such fire performance data can be used in the numerical modelling of light gauge steel framing floor systems to further improve the understanding of their fire behaviour and to develop suitable fire design rules.
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Dixit, Manish K., and Pranav Pradeep Kumar. "Analyzing the impact of the aspect ratio of a building on concrete use in its structure." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 33 (March 3, 2022): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2022.33.0133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Buildings consume over half of annual energy supply as embodied and operating energy in their construction and operation releasing harmful emissions to the atmosphere. Over 90 % of the embodied energy is attributed to construction materials used in building structure, envelope, and interiors that must be reduced to minimize material use. Concrete is one of the major materials that contributes significantly to the energy and carbon footprint of buildings, as it is responsible for 5-9 % of global carbon emission. Because most of the concrete use in the building sector occurs in building structures, assessing how building design parameters influence its environmental sustainability is important. One of the design parameters that impact the sustainability of buildings is the aspect ratio, which is defined as the ratio of horizontal to vertical surface area of a building. A building with the same floor area can be designed horizontally or vertically with different aspect ratios, which will influence its structural design and eventually the amount of concrete used in the building. In this paper, we examine how aspect ratio may affect the environmental sustainability of a buildings foundation, structural framing, and slab. We model the structure of a generic building with different aspect ratio to analyze if aspect ratio can help reduce the energy and carbon embodied in reinforced concrete structures.
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Zeng, Xin Cheng, Ai Rong Liu, Xin Sheng Zhao, and Jiang Dong Deng. "Mechanics Study on the Leaning-Type Arch Bridge during the Construction Process Based on Building Materials." Advanced Materials Research 676 (March 2013): 166–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.676.166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the constructing project of Shengli Bridge as the background, this paper presents the measured stress and deformation data of main arch rib during the process of full framing scheme. The measured data are compared with the computation results.And the mechanical behaviors of the arch bridge were studied to reveal the changing tendency of stress and displacement of the main arch construction completed to completion stage. The analysis results show that the stress and the displacement of the key structures are in a reasonable range and meet the design requirements during the process of the construction process.
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Khosakitchalert, Chavanont, Nobuyoshi Yabuki, and Tomohiro Fukuda. "Development of BIM-based quantity takeoff for light-gauge steel wall framing systems." Journal of Information Technology in Construction 25 (December 18, 2020): 522–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36680/j.itcon.2020.030.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Quantity takeoff based on building information modeling (BIM) is more reliable, accurate, and rapid than the traditional quantity takeoff approach. However, the quality of BIM models affects the quality of BIM-based quantity takeoff. Our research focuses on drywalls, which consist of wall framings and wall panels. If BIM models from the design phases do not contain wall framing models, contractors or sub-contractors cannot perform quantity takeoff for purchasing materials. Developing wall framing models under a tight schedule in the construction phase is time-consuming, cost-intensive, and error-prone. The increased geometries in a BIM model also slow down the software performance. Therefore, in this research, an automatic method is proposed for calculating quantities of wall framings from drywalls in a BIM model. Building elements that overlap with the drywalls are subtracted from the drywall surfaces before calculation. The quantities of wall framings are then embedded into the properties of drywall in the BIM model and hence they can be extracted directly from the BIM model. A prototype system is developed and the proposed method is validated in an actual construction project. The results of the case study showed that the prototype system took 282 s to deliver accurate quantities of wall framings with deviations of 0.11 to 0.30% when compared to a baseline, and the file size of the BIM model after applying the proposed method was increased very slightly from 47.0 MB to 47.1 MB. This research contributes to developing an approach for quantity takeoff of wall framings that are not present in a BIM model. Accurate quantities of wall framings can be obtained while the time and cost of developing wall framings for quantity takeoff can be saved. The proposed method does not increase the geometries in the BIM model; therefore, the file size of the model does not increase greatly, which stabilizes the software performance.
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SMOLINA, Olesya O. "ARBORARCHITECTURE: MODERN TRENDS." Urban construction and architecture 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2020.02.12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Arborarchitecture is a promising direction in architecture and construction, the technology of which is to form a three-dimensional composition of buildings and structures from growing trees. The results of this study are the proposed classifi cation of arborarchitecture by design features of their formation. We found that the cultivation of artistic and architectural forms of buildings and structures, it is possible to use a frame, which will later be removed, or to use the principle layout of the building structural framing in conjunction with bionic; or to use the most time-consuming way to generate data object types - growing «wood» frame of the building.
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Killingsworth, John, Mohammed Hashem Mehany, and Hana Ladhari. "General contractors’ experience using off-site structural framing systems." Construction Innovation 21, no. 1 (May 18, 2020): 40–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ci-05-2019-0038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose This paper aims to examine general contractors’ experiences of using off-site manufactured structural framing systems. This engaged a single-case study using a qualitative methodology to identify expected benefits, actual benefits and challenges of such systems. Design/methodology/approach A single-case study approach evaluated general contractors’ experience of using a manufactured structural framing system. Qualitative data were collated and analyzed from industry domain experts to determine commonalities and thematic thinking. Findings The study revealed that the reasons behind considering off-site building systems were: accelerating the project schedule, overcoming site constraints and having a better end-product. The top expected benefits were: saving time (schedule), saving cost and improving quality. The top actual observed benefits were: saving erection time, reducing waste generation, reducing project costs, reducing safety risks and improving construction site logistics. The main challenges encountered were: unfamiliarity of different project parties with the off-site framing system, difficulty with reducing the overall project schedule, heavy site logistics and complicated off-site system design and standards requirements. The findings include solutions to overcome the challenges associated with using a manufactured structural system. Research limitations/implications This paper was a case study and therefore inherently limited in its generalizability. The study was conducted with general contractors in the mountain-west region of the USA. However, the implications of the study may have a broad application, as contractors across the globe seek to find similar solutions to using off-site or manufactured construction methods. Practical implications Construction labor shortages around the world are forcing the construction industry to find creative solutions to meet the demand for their services. Manufactured or off-site construction methods provide a possible solution to that labor shortage. However, builders need to be aware of the immediate challenges and actual benefits of using a manufactured structural framing system. Social implications Manufactured structural framing systems have the potential to impact lean and sustainable practices in construction. Reduced waste, reduced on-site man-power requirements, reduced construction schedules and reduced injuries each improve the lives of construction workers and the communities around these buildings. Originality/value An extensive literature review was performed to guide the design of this case study. Much has been written about off-site construction practices, but there is a significant research gap on the topic of structural framing systems. This study contributes to expanding the knowledge of off-site construction and specifically helps researchers and practitioners understand the challenges and benefits of this systematic approach to construction.
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Macieira, Mónica, Paulo Mendonça, and João Miranda Guedes. "Membrane Sunspace for Old Buildings Refurbishment: Environmental Impact, Economic and Building Technology's Comparison to Conventional Solutions." MATEC Web of Conferences 278 (2019): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927804002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study presents a state of the art and design proposal for membrane sunspaces, as alternative to conventional ones, in glass, commonly used in the functional refurbishment of old buildings. Sunspaces are passive solar systems that can be easily integrated in existing buildings. Enclosing balconies with glazing has an impact on existing building functional performance (useful area, thermal performance and acoustic improvement) and it may even postpone the renovation need of the intervened building. However, inevitably, many of old buildings are located in areas with access restrictions and other physical constraints on the movement of materials, components and equipment - that limits its construction and maintenance processes and thus demand for alternative solutions. Glass is being applied in all types of sunspaces, so architects and engineers take for granted that it has to be inevitably used. However, a major weakness of glass is its weight and cost, specially associated with installation complexity, framing systems and accessories needed. The fact that membrane requires less substructure, changes the architectural approach - giving more freedom to design options. Membrane construction technology and installation process could be a practical alternative to traditional construction methods for closing balconies in old buildings. For this research, a full-scale Membrane Alternative Sunspace prototype was implemented into an old building (taken as case study) to evaluate the real construction process aspects and compare it with the common glazed solutions. Results were examined from an environmental, economic and building technology's point of view - regarding production, construction and maintenance phases.
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Yakovchuk, R., A. Kuzyk, O. Yemelyanenko, T. Skorobagatko, and O. Dobrostan. "ANALYSIS OF FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES IN CONSTRUCTION OF EXTERIOR WALLS FIT WITH FAÇADE HEAT INSULATION AND FINISHED WITH PLASTER." Scientific bulletin: Сivil protection and fire safety 1, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33269/nvcz.2019.2.67-73.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the work is to analyze fire prevention measures in structures of external walls with facade thermal insulation and plastering, as well as to analyze the features of their arrangement, taking into account the experience of neighboring countries. The application of exterior wall designs with facade thermal insulation with plaster finish, as well as problems related to their fire hazard, are substantiated. The works are analyzed to investigate the problems of fire safety of exterior wall structures with facade thermal insulation and plastering, as well as hinged facade systems. The types, design features, purpose and functions of fire belts and framing of window (door) openings made of non-combustible materials, which are arranged in exterior wall designs with facade thermal insulation and plaster finish, are considered and analyzed. The role of floor fire belts and the framing of window (door) openings made of non-combustible mineral wool boards have been established.
It is concluded that the use of structures of the exterior walls of residential buildings with facade thermal insulation with a combustible insulation and plastering significantly increases their level of fire danger. This danger will depend both on the properties of the individual materials (in particular the insulation), and on the design features of the entire thermal insulation system and the building as a whole. For plaster systems of thermal insulation of facades, the rapid spread of fire on the higher and lower floors of the building is a big threat. Frequent causes of fire of thermal insulation systems of external walls is the tipping of fire from a window opening of a building as a result of intense fire indoors. Materials of decorative and protective finishing of walls should meet requirements of normative documents on designs of external walls with facade thermal insulation and plaster finish, and their constructive execution will depend on the height of the building and functional purpose of the object. Fire-fighting measures, foreseeing in the construction of exterior walls with facade thermal insulation and plastering, intended to ensure their fire safety during the time necessary for the safe evacuation of people from the building, the arrival of units of fire and rescue units and extending the fire throughout its distribution.
Дисертації з теми "Framing (Building) Design and construction"
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Subaaharan, S. S. "Improved modelling and design of portal frame building systems." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36068/7/Subaaharan%20Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The traditional approach for the design of steel portal frame building systems is based
on the idealised two-dimensional behaviour of a bare internal frame in the system. This
approach totally ignores the integral action of other structural components in the
system. In order to design the portal frame building system based on its 'true' threedimensional
behaviour, it is necessary that other structural components such as steel
roof and wall cladding systems and end frames (or their effects) are included in the
analysis. In the UK and USA, this has been achieved using the principles of stressedskin
(diaphragm) action. However their design is limited to valley-fixed cladding
systems and therefore, their results can not be used for crest-fixed cladding systems
used in Australia. This thesis describes an improved three dimensional modelling using
an equivalent truss member method to simulate steel cladding systems and an improved
design method which includes the shear strength of crest-fixed cladding system. It also
includes the development of essential cladding data for this process.
In the first stage of this research program, a total of 19 shear/racking experiments was
carried out on large- scale profiled steel claddings and sandwich panel systems up to a
size of 6 m x 6 m. These experiments produced the shear strength and flexibility data
required for the improved three dimensional modelling. Despite the use of crest fixing
with screw fasteners, the conventional profiled thin steel claddings provided reasonably
good shear capacit\~s. The failure was ductile in the case of conventional cladding
systems whereas it was brittle and the capacity was the same in the case of stronger
sandwich panel systems. Therefore, an improved fastening system was developed
which resulted in approximately 2.5 times larger shear strength and improved ductility.
The new system had sufficient shear capacity that eliminated the conventional cross
bracing members used in portal frame buildings:
Analytical formulae were developed to predict the shear strength of these cladding
systems and the simple connection tests to obtain the basic tearing loads are described.
The results obtained using these formulae agreed well with the corresponding
experimental results. The shear strengths of the cladding systems not considered in this
investigation can be predicted using these analytical formulae, and the basic tearing loads of connections using the simple connection tests.
An improved three-dimensional computer modelling was developed by considering
columns, rafters, purlins and girts as beam elements and roof and wall claddings as
equivalent truss (tension only) members. Shear flexibility values found
experimentally for the steel cladding and sandwich panel systems were used to
determine the equivalent truss member sizes required in the improved three
dimensional analysis using 'MicroStran'. This model was validated using available
full-scale experimental data of a typical portal frame building. This investigation
clearly indicated that there are considerable differences between the design actions
obtained from the two and three-dimensional modelling and analyses. It revealed the
reduction in design action effects when the latter method was used.
An improved design method was developed considering the design action effects from
the improved three-dimensional computer modelling and the shear strength of the wall
and roof cladding system in the bracing design. A typical medium size portal frame
building with conventional steel cladding systems was designed using the improved
method which showed that reduction in member sizes was small and that cost saving in
building was only 4 %. This is mainly because the shear strength and stiffness of the
profiled steel cladding systems are not large enough; however, they will be adequate for
smaller buildings such as garage and farm sheds.
Finally, an innovative port~l frame system incorporating the conventional steel frames,
sandwich panels as roof and wall claddings and steel rectangular hollow sections as
purlins and girts at wider spacing was developed. The conventional roof and wall cross
bracing members were eliminated because of the greater shear capacity of sandwich
panel systems. The portal column size was also reduced. The use of improved
modelling and design methods thus led to a cost saving of approx. 8 % for the new
system. The new system appears to be very efficient and has the potential of becoming
the future portal frame system.
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Cahill, Jaspar. "A CAD system for steel-framed housing." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2000.
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Abbaker, Abdelfattah Elnur. "Behavior of lightweight framing systems for buildings." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2006. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/81109/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Presented in this thesis are the results from two distinct investigations on the behaviour of lightweight framing systems for buildings. One investigation concerns the characterisation of cold-formed steel sections of novel shape for the design of columns in modular construction, and this is reported in the first part of thesis. The second new investigation is for a theoretical analysis to determine the elastic critical buckling load for shear-flexible frames of fibre reinforced polymer sections. This work is detailed in the second part to the thesis. Modular 2000 Ltd. fabricated the column specimens that were characterized for the research on lightweight steel modular construction. To determine the reSistance of nine different column types a series of nominal concentric strength tests were conducted on specimens of 2.7 m length having a new E-section shape. The novelty to the shape is that it has no flat elements and is continuously curved in plan. Open E-sections are of S350 structural grade steel, are nominally 100x43 mm in plan, and have wall thicknesses of either 1.5 or 2 mm. Various bracket and enclosure combinations were the variables in the nine column types tested. These were connected to the E-sections by MIG plug-welding. Except for the 100x40x1.5 mm C-enclosure of S350, the other attachment components were of steel grade CR4, at 1.5 mm thickness. There were five column types with E-sections of 2.0 mm thickness and four with 1.5 mm thickness. Reported are the salient results from 54 strength tests, where the mode of failure was global buckling about the minor-axis of the E-column. To also determine the local buckling strength, and the effective area, a small series of stud column tests were performed on 200 mm long specimens of the 1.5 mm open E-section only. To support the understanding gained from the series of full-sized physical tests on E-columns, a programme of theoretical work is presented which is used to determine the design strengths of the column types and to predict the elastic and inelastic critical loads of a curved panel. Theory is also used to find a plasticity reduction factor for the E-section, which is required to "establish the effective area for local buckling. BS 5950-5: 1998 gives a code of practice for the design of cold-formed thin gauge sections. This current guidance is specific to steel sections comprising Simple shaped members that are of flat elements bounded either by free edges or by bends. The new results from the combined theoretical and eXperimental studies to characterise E-columns are evaluated and used to make recommendations on how SS 5950-5: 1998, and, in particular, Section 6 for members in compression, can be used with E-sections to design modular units. In the second part of the thesis the author shows how a static analysis for plane frames of shear-flexible members, written by a previous Warwick University PhD student, can be modified to calculate the elastic critical buckling load for overall instability. The modified sframe programme provides a practical analysis tool that, importantly, includes non-linearity by way of second-order P-L1 effects with shear-flexible functions and semi-rigid joint action. In conventional frame analysis shear-flexibility is ignored when members are of isotropic material (steel), and by way of a preliminary parametric study the author shows why the influence of shear deformation on reducing the buckling load of shear-flexible frames should not be neglected when the material is of fibre reinforced polymer. By studying the change in critical load in simple frame problems it is found that there is an interaction between shear-flexibility and the torsional stiffness given to the beam-to column joints. Moreover, the study on the instability of shear-flexible frames provides evidence to suggest that the relative stiffness values for joint classification boundaries are likely to be lower than those for steel frames by Eurocode 3 (BS EN 1993-1: 2005). This is an important finding for when a structural Eurocode or other code of practice is drafted for lightweight framed structures of fibre-reinforced polymer materials. Although the work presented in this thesis is from two distinct investigations the deliverables are important to the sustainable development of lightweight framing systems for buildings.
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Fallah, M. H. "The potential use of lightweight steel framing for residential building construction in Iran." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392924.
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GRAHN, ANTON, and ADAM THÅLIN. "FraMe : Design and construction of an automatically framing camera mount." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279830.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The scope of this bachelor’s thesis was to investigate the use of infrared light to track an object in an image. The goal of the report was to build a full-scale prototype of a camera mount to understand what type of setup is ideal for delivering good tracking performance with infrared (IR) light, an IR-camera and a reflector. The tracker used IR-lights that shines light on the reflector which makes it the brightest spot in the image. Visible light was removed with an analog filter in front of the camera. A microcomputer, in this case a Raspberry Pi 3B+ was used to process the image from the camera, find the brightest spot and then turn the camera with two servo-motors. This resulted in a twoaxis motion that made sure that the brightest spot always stays in the middle of the frame. The testing of the system was done in two steps. First of all, five different shapes of reflector was tested to establish which shape ensures the best tracking performance, in all lighting conditions. The results from the testing was then compared to other visionbased tracking methods covered in other bachelorss thesis’ at KTH. The results showed that IR-tracking perform well in conditions with low ambient light while other visionbased tracking methods, like color tracking works better in conditions with lots of light.I den här rapporten undersöks användningen av infrarött ljus för att spåra ett objekt i en bild. Målet med rapporten var att bygga en fullskalig prototyp av ett kamerafäste för att undersöka vilken typ av uppsättning som kunde leverera god prestanda gällande bildspårning med hjälp av infrarött (IR) ljus, en IR-kamera och en reflex. För spårningen användes IR-lampor som lyste på reflexen i syfte att göra den till den ljusaste punkten i bilden. Synligt ljus filtrerades bort med ett analogt filter som sattes framför kameran. En mikrodator i form av en Raspberry Pi 3B+ användes för att behandla bilden från kameran, identifiera ljusaste punkten och sedan rotera kamerafästet med hjälp av två servomotorer. Rotationen skedde kring två axlar för att se till att reflexen alltid befann sig mitt i bild. Testningen av uppsättningen gjordes i två steg. Först analyserades fem olika former på reflexen för att undersöka vilken form som bäst försäkrade att reflexen alltid är ljusaste punkten i bilden, även vid olika ljusförhållanden. Testresultaten från det andra testet kunde sedan jämföras med tidigare kandidatuppsatser som skrivits vid KTH. Det konstaterades att IR-spårning ger bättre prestanda vid ljusförhållanden med svagt ljus, medan spårning med hjälp av färgigenkänning ger bättre prestanda vid förhållanden med mycket ljus.
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Robinson, Adrian C. "ISBU modular construction and building design prototypes." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27480.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the use of industrialised construction increasing, Buro Happold (BH) commissioned this research as part of on-going initiatives to address the lack of efficiency in design and construction. The research considers two major case studies where modularisation has been used to minimise complexity and increase standardisation. Referred to in this thesis as construction product prototypes and building design prototypes , the two studies examine firstly the product development of an Intermodal Steel Building Unit (ISBU) used in multi-storey construction and secondly a modular station pre-design used and repeated on four station buildings. The ISBU is based on a standard ISO dry-freight container and its use in modular construction maximises the use of factory based off-site methods (OSM); this should improve consistency of product outcome with minimised impact on site. Very little academic work has been published on ISBU modular construction. The research therefore looks in detail at the process of ISBU modular product development and its engineering performance. It also compares production and procurement of the units on supplier-driven accommodation buildings in comparison to similar but non-modular client-led projects. Using multiple stages of project team interviews and project document analysis, the research data is coded, measured and analysed to describe the processes of product and design prototyping. The research demonstrates that the ISBU product was developed and refined through several major building projects and has reasonable engineering performance characteristics but may be more suited to temporary buildings. The principle of modular pre-designs as found in stations has benefits for rationalising the design process and simplifying and internalising complexities of construction. The research considers solutions for problems that are ill defined and a design process that is difficult to assimilate. This part of the research uses models for framing and problem/solution co-evolution to solve problems of ill definition and linear/non-linear design processes by building on Gero s (1990) design prototyping theory model. Modularisation of the station designs was successful in reducing design effort and allowed a repeatable pre-design to be refined, but the design team struggled with the bespoke nature of the project designs. The comparison of case study data to models for manufacturing, procurement and design prototype development has led to a better understanding as to how these designs were achieved and how these same approaches could be applied in future.
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Jones, Andrew M. "Design and construction for traditional house building." Thesis, Aston University, 1990. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14272/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study is concerned with quality and productivity aspects of traditional house building. The research focuses on these issues by concentrating on the services and finishing stages of the building process. These are work stages which have not been fully investigated in previous productivity related studies. The primary objective of the research is to promote an integrated design and construction led approach to traditional house building based on an original concept of 'development cycles'. This process involves the following: site monitoring; the analysis of work operations; implementing design and construction changes founded on unique information collected during site monitoring; and subsequent re-monitoring to measure and assess Ihe effect of change. A volume house building firm has been involved in this applied research and has allowed access to its sites for production monitoring purposes. The firm also assisted in design detailing for a small group of 'experimental' production houses where various design and construction changes were implemented. Results from the collaborative research have shown certain quality and productivity improvements to be possible using this approach, albeit on a limited scale at this early experimental stage. The improvements have been possible because an improved activity sampling technique, developed for, and employed by the study, has been able to describe why many quality and productivity related problems occur during site building work. Experience derived from the research has shown the following attributes to be important: positive attitudes towards innovation; effective communication; careful planning and organisation; and good coordination and control at site level. These are all essential aspects of quality led management and determine to a large extent the overall success of this approach. Future work recommendations must include a more widespread use of innovative practices so that further design and construction modifications can be made. By doing this, productivity can be improved, cost savings made and better quality afforded.
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Aeck, Richard Hull. "Cannoli Framing: The Turnstijl Houses and Configure-to-Order." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19727.
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Fox, Stephen John. "Application of design for manufacture principles to building design and construction." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2001. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19207/.
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The aim of this thesis is to answer the two research questions: how can design for manufacture be applied during building component design and building design?; and how can the application of design for manufacture be successful in improving the productivity and quality of building component production and building construction? These two questions emerged during exploratory research focused on the use of design to improve construction industry productivity and quality. Subsequent review of manufacturing literature revealed that the two key principles of design for manufacture are standard production design improvement rules and standard production design evaluation metrics. Review of construction literature, and a survey involving over one hundred and fifty industry practitioners, revealed that, whilst rules and metrics for building components and buildings do not currently exist, there are no fundamental reasons why they could not be developed and applied successfully. These findings led to the generation of the research hypothesis: design for manufacture principles can be applied successfully to building components and buildings. The research hypothesis was tested by two interventions, action research within a private business which manufactures and installs building components, and a case study with a multi-national company which designs and constructs buildings. These interventions resulted in significant business benefits. Further, they confirmed that it is both technically feasible and economically viable to apply rules and metrics to building component design and building design, and that doing so can improve the productivity and quality of building component production and building construction. Following analysis of research findings, strategic plans were developed for the successful application of rules and metrics. These were validated through interviews with senior construction industry practitioners. Contributions to knowledge include the strategic plans for successful application of rules and metrics. These cover the full range of organisations working in the construction industry and, together with the detailed descriptions of the interventions, offer practical guidance for industry practitioners seeking to improve productivity and quality. The research also makes a contribution in the area of research methodology. It has shown that threats to research validity in the construction industry can be counteracted by applying a quasi-experimental perspective to action research interventions and case studies.
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Knight, Kevin Brian. "The Effect of Green Insulation Standards on Moisture Accumulation within Framing of Residential Structures." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31027.
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Green building standards recommend use of a variety of new thermal insulation products. However, durability of wooden framing used in conjunction with new insulation materials has not been thoroughly examined, specifically in reference to interstitial condensation. This research used a single-sided hot-box design to measure moisture content of wood framing during a 60-day period. The resulting moisture content of the wood framing was compared as tested with spray-applied cellulose and polyurethane versus fiberglass batt insulation. The average moisture content of framing insulated with cellulose and polyurethane was greater than framing insulated with fiberglass. Based on the results from this research, the use of spray-applied cellulose and polyurethane insulation materials may increase the risk of structural durability.
Green building standards, such as LEED for Homes or the National Green Building Standard, emphasize creating energy efficient structures to limit negative impact on the environment. Green building practices employed to increase energy efficiency of the building enclosure may overlook possible adverse effects that these practices may have on structural durability. Because spray-applied cellulose and polyurethane insulation increase moisture content of wooden framework within building enclosures, it can be deduced that energy efficient insulation may increase risk of moisture-related biodeterioration of the building enclosure. After review of points awarded for insulation materials within LEED for Homes and the National Green Building Standard, results from this study imply that the National Green Building Standard does not emphasize durability of wooden structures in their guidelines at the present time.Master of Science
Книги з теми "Framing (Building) Design and construction"
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Green framing: An advanced framing how-to guide. Mount Vernon, WA: ConstructionCalc, 2010.
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S, Colvin Thomas, and Smith George W. 1940-, eds. Floor framing. Athens, Ga: American Association for Vocational Instructional Materials, 1988.
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Graphic guide to frame construction. 3rd ed. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 2009.
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Mindham, C. N. Roof construction fordwellings. Oxford: BSP Professional, 1988.
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Roof construction for dwellings. London: Collins, 1986.
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Advanced framing methods: The illustrated guide to complex framing techniques, materials & equipment. Kingston, MA: R.S. Means Co., 2002.
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Scott, Wolf, ed. Graphic guide to frame construction: Details for builders and designers. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 1991.
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Graphic guide to frame construction: Details for builders and designers. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 2002.
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Press, Taunton, ed. Framing roofs: The best of Fine homebuilding. Newtown, Conn: Taunton Press, 1996.
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The complete book of framing: An illustrated guide for residential construction. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J: RSMeans/John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Framing (Building) Design and construction"
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Brandberg, Björn. "2. Design and construction." In Latrine Building, 25–34. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445281.002.
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Ambrose, James. "Construction Elements." In Building Construction and Design, 83–163. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6583-3_7.
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Ambrose, James. "Construction Systems." In Building Construction and Design, 177–207. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6583-3_9.
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Ambrose, James. "Enhancement of the Construction." In Building Construction and Design, 165–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6583-3_8.
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Wang, Xiaoming, and Sayanthan Ramakrishnan. "Sustainable Building Design." In Environmental Sustainability in Building Design and Construction, 119–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76231-5_7.
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Ambrose, James. "Sources for Design Information." In Building Construction and Design, 19–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6583-3_3.
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Ambrose, James. "Introduction." In Building Construction and Design, 1–9. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6583-3_1.
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Ambrose, James. "Case Studies." In Building Construction and Design, 209–366. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6583-3_10.
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Ambrose, James. "Building Design Issues and Criteria." In Building Construction and Design, 11–17. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6583-3_2.
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Ambrose, James. "Building Codes and Industry Standards." In Building Construction and Design, 33–36. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6583-3_4.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Framing (Building) Design and construction"
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Sarkisian, Mark, Eric Long, Alessandro Beghini, Rupa Garai, David Shook, Abel Diaz, and Ricardo Henoch. "Efficient Post-Tensioned Slab Design Informed Through Topology Optimization." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1043.
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<p>Post-tensioned (PT) flat-plate gravity framing systems are highly efficient and reduce embodied carbon, improve construction speed, and reduce seismic mass when compared to conventional reinforced concrete framing systems. While efficiency is especially apparent in multi-span applications with regular orthogonal support arrangement, single-span or irregular support applications are common in high-rise buildings.</p><p>A novel approach to determining PT tendon arrangements has been applied to several buildings informed by topology optimization results. Topology optimization is an optimization method which determines optimal load paths in a finite element continuum. By orienting PT tendons along the optimal load paths suggested by topology optimization, several applications have consistently demonstrated reductions in post-tensioned tendon quantities while the amount of mild reinforcement is maintained unchanged. Many of the observed tendon layouts do not follow traditional uniform/banded layouts. Also, the deflection performance is enhanced since tendons are placed in a manner consistent with the load demands.</p><p>This new design method has been applied to three buildings and coordinated with construction teams. This presentation will discuss the design procedure which was developed through construction documents as applied to three buildings.</p>
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Pendleton, Ian. "NHNY Via Verde – A New Design Standard For Affordable Housing." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0271.
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<p>NHNY Via Verde is a global model of sustainable housing development. Located in a Bronx brownfield, the 294,000 SF structure contains 222 residential units with 40,000 SF of green roofs and open space. Cascading buildings surrounding a central courtyard consists of a 21 story tower, 16- to 7-story midrise and 5 to 3-story low-rise. Interconnected, accessible green roofs provide continuous access from the courtyard to 12<span>th</span> level roof: the “via verde” or “green way”. Primary structure consists of cast-in-place concrete at the tower and concrete masonry bearing walls with precast concrete plank at mid- and low-rises. These conventional materials are arranged in unconventional ways to maximize efficiency, generating the architectural unit layout from optimal plank spans and eliminating façade bearing walls for prefabricated façades with sunshades and balconies. Secondary structural steel framing supports low rise storefronts, extensive roof PV panel arrays and a rainwater catchment system. Fly ash replacement was maximized in all concrete, and the time effect on strength gain was managed in construction. The large building volume required internal building separations with three independent structures engineered for drift compatibility. Foundation pile capacities vary to optimize efficiency to wide-ranging building heights.</p>
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Cleary, Andrew, Edward M. DePaola, and Christopher R. Horch. "One Vanderbilt: Unprecedented Project Delivery Through Integrated Innovation." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.1851.
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<p>One Vanderbilt Avenue, currently under construction in midtown Manhattan, will be one of the tallest buildings in New York. By collaborating with the construction teams in the early stages of the design, the foundations and the superstructure were able to proceed well in advance of a typical project. For example, the structural steel was erected to the 6th floor, was fabricated to the 32nd Floor, and the shop drawings were checked up to the 45th floor on the day that the 100% Construction Documents were issued.</p><p>The structural steel frame was designed so that its core columns only carried 12 levels of framing and construction loads during the tower’s erection. A concrete shear wall system followed the steel framing, permitting the steel erection to proceed without regard to the concrete operations. When complete, the project will stand 1,401 feet tall and contain 26,000 tons of structural steel, and 93,000 cubic yards of concrete.</p><p>The presentation focuses on the challenges and technological requirements for vertical construction in dense urban environments. It explains the amount of detail, thought, and knowledge of construction that must happen earlier in the design process and the participants will appreciate how the fast‐track process can be applied to complex architectural, mechanical and structural designs.</p><p>It describes the integration of design team parametric modelling with the construction process early in the design schedule. Fast‐track projects with complex designs like One Vanderbilt can be successfully completed by understanding and integrating an IPD process, even with competing objectives. The presentation discusses the challenges and technological requirements for vertical construction in dense urban environments, including the importance of direct links to mass transportation.</p><p>This type of team structure is the future of the industry, and One Vanderbilt is the first of its kind to illustrate how innovative design ambitions are being realized through the use of increasingly refined and advanced technology.</p>
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Miller-Yeaman, Renee. "Producing the House: The Commonwealth Experimental Building Station and Housing Research." In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a3995ptgqb.
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Established during the Second World War, the Commonwealth Experimental Building Station (CEBS) researched new building technologies with an emphasis on housing construction. The CEBS experimented with materials and design prototypes in collaboration with both industry and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which later became the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Based in North Ryde, Sydney, the CEBS was associated with the Department of Post-War Reconstruction during the Second World War and then moved to the Department of Works and Housing. The paper introduces the CEBS’s initial aims through its housing research and design experimentation with built prototypes in Sydney during the 1940s. This research into house design, positioned at the edge of innovation, is situated in the wider housing context of the period. Federally funded building research was predicated by the Commonwealth of Australia’s housing shortage during and extending beyond the Second World War. Due to a lack of traditional materials such as bricks and timber from the war effort, the agency trialled developing low-cost, prefabricated concrete and steel houses. These housing experiments are considered in connection to cultural framings of home and its physicality in circulation at the time. After the Second World War, the detached suburban house gained momentum in the political and cultural vernacular as the ideal house for ownership. By examining the CEBS’s activities in connection to this background, the paper asks how the nation-state developed mass-production systems to enable government-sponsored agencies to produce more housing for more people but also how understandings of house and home surround and influence innovation in design.
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Wu, Wei, and Ricardo Loza. "Exploring the Cost Benefit of Building Information Modeling Implementation in Metal Stud Framing—A Central Valley Specialty Contractor’s Perspective." In Construction Research Congress 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482889.087.
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Pikas, Ergo, Lauri Koskela, Josef Oehmen, and Bhargav Dave. "From Checklists to Design Process Support Systems: Initial Framing." In 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC). International Group for Lean Construction, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24928/2019/0173.
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Magent, Chris S., David R. Riley, and Michael J. Horman. "High Performance Building Design Process Model." In Construction Research Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40754(183)80.
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Nguyen, Tang-Hung, and Amr A. Oloufa. "An Automated Building Design System with Topological Information." In Construction Congress VI. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40475(278)3.
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Fathi, Medya, and Pramen P. Shrestha. "Design-Build Project Performance: Comparison between Commercial Building and Health Care Building Projects." In Construction Research Congress 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482889.116.
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Ge, Q. J., and B. Ravani. "Geometric Construction of Bézier Type Motion Interpolants." In ASME 1992 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1992-0335.
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Abstract This paper deals with discrete computational geometry of motions and develops geometric construction algorithms for interpolating in-between rigid displacements. It combines concepts from the fields of kinematics and computational geometry and develops a computational framework for constructing motion interpolants useful in mechanical systems animation, robot trajectory planning and key framing in computer graphics. A de Casteljau type algorithm is presented for constructing Bézier and rational Bézier motion interpolants. In addition, the problem of achieving higher order of continuity in piecing together motion interpolants is studied. A geometric construction algorithm is presented for designing C2 continuous motion interpolants.
Звіти організацій з теми "Framing (Building) Design and construction"
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Jackson, J. G. Y-12 Sustainable Design Principles for Building Design and Construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/969028.
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McGarrigle, M. Embedding Building Information Modelling into Construction Technology and Documentation Courses. Unitec ePress, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/rsrp.005.
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The aim of this research is to generate a resource to assist construction lecturers in identifying opportunities where Building Information Modelling [BIM] could be employed to augment the delivery of subject content within individual courses on construction technology programmes. The methodology involved a detailed analysis of the learning objectives and underpinning knowledge of the course content by topic area, within the residential Construction Systems 1 course presently delivered at Unitec on the National Diplomas in Architectural Technology[NDAT], Construction Management [NDCM] and Quantity Surveying [NDQS]. The objective is to aid students’ understanding of specific aspects such as planning controls or sub-floor framing by using BIM models, and investigate how these could enhance delivery modes using image,animation and interactive student activity. A framework maps the BIM teaching opportunities against each topic area highlighting where these could be embedded into construction course delivery. This template also records software options and could be used in similar analyses of other courses within similar programmes to assist with embedding BIM in subject delivery.
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McGarrigle, M. Embedding Building Information Modelling into Construction Technology and Documentation Courses. Unitec ePress, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/rsrp.005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this research is to generate a resource to assist construction lecturers in identifying opportunities where Building Information Modelling [BIM] could be employed to augment the delivery of subject content within individual courses on construction technology programmes. The methodology involved a detailed analysis of the learning objectives and underpinning knowledge of the course content by topic area, within the residential Construction Systems 1 course presently delivered at Unitec on the National Diplomas in Architectural Technology[NDAT], Construction Management [NDCM] and Quantity Surveying [NDQS]. The objective is to aid students’ understanding of specific aspects such as planning controls or sub-floor framing by using BIM models, and investigate how these could enhance delivery modes using image,animation and interactive student activity. A framework maps the BIM teaching opportunities against each topic area highlighting where these could be embedded into construction course delivery. This template also records software options and could be used in similar analyses of other courses within similar programmes to assist with embedding BIM in subject delivery.
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Hostick, Donna J., Antoinette L. Slavich, Lars E. Larson, Cody J. Hostick, Marina Skumanich, Marjorie A. Crawford, and Tami M. Weber. Characterizing Building Construction Decision Processes to Enhance DOE Program Design. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15007919.
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Kasi, Muthiah, and Robert E. Chapman. Benefits of using ASTM building economics standards for the design, construction, and operation of constructed facilities. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.1098.
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Bjella, Kevin, Yuri Shur, Misha Kanevskiy, Paul Duvoy, Bruno Grunau, John Best, Stephen Bourne, and Rosa Affleck. Improving design methodologies and assessment tools for building on permafrost in a warming climate. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38879.
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The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) operates numerous Arctic and Subarctic installations, including Alaska. Changes to permafrost can threaten critical built infrastructure. It is critical to accurately characterize and compare site conditions in permafrost regions to enable the efficient, cost-effective design and construction of an infrastructure well suited to the permafrost environment and that meets DoD requirements. This report describes three research efforts to establish (1) field investigation approaches for ground ice detection and delineation, (2) methods and modeling for early warning detection of thawing permafrost under infrastructure, and (3) an outline of a decision support system that determines the most applicable foundation design for warming and degrading permafrost. Outcomes of these interrelated efforts address needs to improve construction of DoD mission critical infrastructure on Arctic and Subarctic permafrost terrains. Field investigation processes used systematic methodologies including borehole data and geophysical measurements to effectively characterize subsurface permafrost information. The Permafrost Foundation Decision Support System (PFFDSS) tool implements and logically links field survey information and foundation type assessments. The current version of PFFDSS is designed to be accessible to design-engineers of a broad range of experience, that will reduce the effort and cost, and improve the effectiveness of site assessment.
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Iverson, James, and Donald Pfeiffer. Criteria for Design of Bearing Pads. Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/tr-4-85.
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This report is based on a research study conducted by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc., including both site surveys and testing of bearing pads used in building construction. Recommendations are given for design of various types of pads.
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Patel, Yusef. File to Factory: A case study of automated prefabrication house-building methods for small-to-medium enterprises. Unitec ePress, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.0823.
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The Eco-Digital Fabrication (EDFAB) research project aimed to investigate how automated prefabrication technologies and off-the-shelf construction products can be employed to disrupt building industry norms. The aim of this research – conducted at the University of Auckland and Unitec Institute of Technology from 2014 onward – was to provide small-to-medium enterprises in the construction industry with a pathway to upskill and increase construction productivity through the use of these processes. The availability of automated machines and easy-to-use fabrication software is increasing dramatically and this can be paired with readily available construction products to produce novel mass-customised housing solutions. The application of basic automated technologies – such as CNC (Computer Numerical Control) routers – allowed researchers to create ‘recipes’ that can be adopted and adapted relatively easily. By no means did the research favour digital manufacture or assembly processes over traditional analogue construction techniques – the goal was to provide logical, productive and accessible blended solutions for greater affordability and flexibility in design. For example, the designed experiments were required to be built from readily available products, and used simple readymade screw fixings rather than digitally produced custom fixings or joining mechanisms. The research project aimed to generate discussion and provide recommendations on how the construction industry might support the adoption of automated prefabrication technology in small-to-medium enterprise (SME).
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Adams, Sunny E., Megan W. Tooker, and Adam D. Smith. Fort McCoy, Wisconsin WWII buildings and landscapes. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38679.
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The U.S. Congress codified the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (NHPA) mostly through the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), which requires federal agencies to address their cultural resources. Section 110 of the NHPA requires federal agencies to inventory and evaluate their cultural resources, and Section 106 requires them to determine the effect of federal undertakings on those potentially eligible for the NRHP. This report provides a World War II development history and analysis of 786 buildings, and determinations of eligibility for those buildings, on Fort McCoy, Wisconsin. Evaluation of the WWII buildings and landscape concluded that there are too few buildings with integrity to form a cohesive historic district. While the circulation patterns and roads are still intact, the buildings with integrity are scattered throughout the cantonment affecting the historic character of the landscape. Only Building 100 (post headquarters), Building 656 (dental clinic), and Building 550 (fire station) are ELIGIBLE for listing on the NRHP at the national level under Criterion A for their association with World War II temporary building construction (1942-1946) and under Criterion C for their design, construction, and technological innovation.
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PCI Standard Design Practice Ref ACI-318-05. Precast/Prestressed Concrete institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15554/sdp-318-05.
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PCI Standard Design Practice Ref ACI-318-05 Precast and prestressed concrete structures have provided decades of satisfactory performance. This performance is the result of the practices reported herein, conformance with ACI 318-05, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete,1 incorporation of industry-specific research programs, and a plant certification program that provides an industry-wide quality control system beyond those found in onsite construction.