Готові списки джерел за темами / Fragile Countries

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Fragile Countries"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 8 червня 2024

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Зміст

  1. Статті в журналах
  2. Дисертації
  3. Книги
  4. Частини книг
  5. Тези доповідей конференцій
  6. Звіти організацій

Статті в журналах з теми "Fragile Countries":

1

Harttgen, Kenneth, and Stephan Klasen. "Do Fragile Countries Experience Worse MDG Progress?" Journal of Development Studies 49, no. 1 (January 2013): 134–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2012.713471.

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2

KOVACI, Süreyya, and Süleyman ŞEN. "Central Bank Policies of Fragile Five Countries in the Covid-19 Process." Journal of Yaşar University 17, no. 68 (November 1, 2022): 838–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.1002021.

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The Covid-19 pandemic has been a trouble and deeply affected the economic conditions of countries. Economy administrators and particularly central banks have been tested seriously in this period. In this period, one of the essential tasks of central banks is to provide the need of liquidity of markets. However, the main objective of Central Banks is price stability. Monetary policies should be applied sensitively by central banks, especially in crisis periods. While liquidity needs of markets taking place, central banks intervene and effort to support declining liquidity. This study examined central banks' monetary policies in the fragile five countries (Turkey, Brasil, India, Indonesia, and South Africa). We investigated these countries' central bank policies, including interest rate, inflation, central bank reserve, exchange rate, and fragile states index in the pandemic period. We determined that the most fragile country among the five countries is Turkey according to the fragile states index, inflation, interest rate, and central bank reserve in the pandemic period.
3

Cheng, Po-Keng. "Fragile by Design." International Journal of Applied Behavioral Economics 5, no. 1 (January 2016): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabe.2016010103.

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This paper provides review for which demonstrates the links between politics and banking. In addition to the perspective in , several recent studies relating to financial crisis are also introduced here. Issues about illiquidity, insolvency, credit boom, accuracy of credit rating, and neglected risk are discussed. Banking system is the bridge connecting households and sectors in the economy, where the design of the banking system has significant influence on the developments of countries.
4

Goldstone, Jack A., Monty G. Marshall, and Hilton Root. "Demographic growth in dangerous places: Concentrating conflict risks." International Area Studies Review 17, no. 2 (June 2014): 120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2233865914535596.

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If one merely counts countries becoming democratic, progress in the international system looks impressive. However, more relevant for future stability is whether countries—whether democratic or not—are fragile, having ineffective and/or illegitimate governments. Moreover, the size of fragile countries, not merely their number, will be important for the future. Recent data shows that fertility has stalled at very high levels in many fragile states, including several of the largest, creating a situation in which almost all the growth in the world’s future labor force in coming decades will occur in fragile states. Indeed, the world seems likely to go from a situation in which two-thirds of workers are employed in stable states to the reverse, in which the majority of the global working-age population is found in fragile states with a weak ability to provide education, investment and jobs to ensure their productivity. Unless this trend can be reversed, both global economic growth and regional political stability will be at risk because projected global population growth is overwhelmingly concentrated in fragile states.
5

Kwon, Huck-ju, Suyeon Lee, and Ye Eun Ha. "Policy analysis of Korea’s development cooperation with sub-Saharan Africa: a focus on fragile states." International Development Planning Review ahead-of-print (October 1, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2021.23.

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It has been ten years since the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States was endorsed by the global community. The government of South Korea set out development initiatives to put fragile states at the top of its development agenda and substantially increased its bilateral aid to them. This study analyses the policy orientations of South Korea’s aid to fragile states by exploring the determinants of Korea’s official development assistance to forty-eight sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the period 2010-2019 with reference to the top ten OECD donors to SSA countries as a group. The study found that South Korea does not give special consideration to the needs of fragile states. Unfortunately, this result is not only for South Korea but for the top ten OECD donors as well. While South Korea’s aid has been responsive to post-natural disaster displacement in SSA countries, the overall results indicate that donors in general have failed to embrace their commitment to state-building and peacebuilding in the New Deal for Fragile States and the 2030 Agenda. Given that pursuing ‘development and peace’ is a collective and enduring process with shared obligations and responsibilities across countries, donors shall prioritise development efforts on countries that need most assistance.
6

De Tray, Dennis N. "Improving Governance in Developing Countries, Especially in Fragile States." European Journal of Development Studies 1, no. 3 (September 20, 2021): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdevelop.2021.1.3.34.

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The world is increasingly aware that climate change could eventually destroy the earth as we know it – but over decades if not centuries. Fragile states – the poorest and weakest developing countries – should be of the same order of concern to the international community as global warming, and their downside is likely to be much more immediate. Fragility cost the world more than USD 13 trillion in 2015 [1], and research suggests that fragility is predicted to get worse in the coming decade (op. cit.), underscoring that the international development community needs to rethink the way it works in fragile states. This paper contributes to this rethinking by analyzing why the international community performs badly in fragile states and showing how it could do better through two case studies. The paper is in two parts. It begins with an overview of fragility, its causes and consequences, and why the international community has a poor track record in reducing fragility. In the second part, the paper turns to two case studies, of East Timor and of Afghanistan, to show how the principles set out in the first section can be applied on the ground and in detail.
7

Dushku, Elona. "Evidence on household financial fragility in Western Balkan countries before COVID-19." Ekonomski anali 68, no. 239 (2023): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka2339007d.

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This paper seeks to investigate household financial fragility in Western Balkan countries using household-level data from the third wave of the Life in Transition Survey . We used the ability of households to cope with an unexpected expenditure shock as a measure of household financial fragility and analysed how sociodemographics and economic characteristics are related to the probability of households being financially fragile. Understanding household financial fragility in Western Balkan countries is important to properly address policy challenges in terms of household welfare and financial stability. Our findings show that almost half the households in the Western Balkans could not cope with an unexpected expenditure event and are considered financially fragile. Estimated results based on probit regressions show that the probability of Western Balkan households being financial fragile is, in addition to socio-demographic factors, related to households? portfolio choices.
8

BAYKAL, Muhammet Melikşah, and Erdem TURGAN. "Macroeconomic Effects of Foreign Direct Investments on Fragile Five Countries." İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 9, no. 1 (April 28, 2022): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.766173.

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9

KUTLU, Melih, and Diler TÜRKOĞLU. "Volatility Interaction Between VIX (Fear Index) and Fragile Five Countries." Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 15, no. 2 (June 23, 2023): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52791/aksarayiibd.1146489.

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Bu çalışmada kırılgan beşli ülkeler ile VIX endeksi arasında asimetrik getiri ve volatilite yayılımı araştırılmıştır. Kırılgan ülkelerin kırılganlıkları makroekonomik faktörler nedeniyle oluşmaktadır ve bu örtük volatiliteye neden olmaktadır. Örtük volatilite yatırımcı duyarlılığını ve gelecekteki nakit akışlarını yansıttığı için makroekonomik şoklardan ve temettü politikalarından etkilenmektedir. BİST 100 (Türkiye), BOVESPA-BVSP (Brezilya), IDX (Endonezya), JSE(Güney Afrika), NIFTY50(Hindistan) ve VIX endekslerinin 2014 ve 2021 tarihleri arası haftalık kapanış verileri DCC GARCH yöntemi ile test edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre VIX ile IDX endeksi hariç diğer endeksler arası kısa ve uzun dönemli etkileşim mevcuttur VIX’deki değişime karşı endekslerin gösterdiği reaksiyon açısından en çok etkilenen IDX endeksidir. BİST 100 hem geçmiş volatilite hem de VIX’den gelen volatilite etkileşimi noktasından kırılgan ülkeler arasından en az etkilenendir.
10

Javidiar, Arsya, and Irwan Adi Ekaputra. "The Dynamics of Exchange Rate and Stock Return Before and After the Fed Policy Normalization: Evidence from Fragile Five Countries." International Journal of Business Studies 3, no. 2 (December 18, 2019): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32924/ijbs.v3i2.63.

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Abstract: This research aims to examine the correlation between exchange rate and stock price return in each fragile five countries; Indonesia, Brazil, India, Turkey and South Africa. Using daily data, we investigate and then divide it into two periods; before Fed funds rate normalization (2013-2015) and after normalization (2016-2018), to find out whether the Fed funds rate hike caused a difference in the correlation between the two variables in each fragile five country. The methods used for this analysis are granger causality test and Vector Autoregression (VAR) using Eviews 9 program. Further investigation by analyzing the Dynamic Conditional Correlation-Multivariate GARCH (DCC MGARCH) method using Stata 15 program, which aims to find out the dynamic correlation between stock markets and also between currencies in fragile five countries. Granger test results found a difference in the relationship between variable exchange rates and stock price returns in Indonesia, India, and Turkey after the Fed normalization. Additionally, we learn that exchange rate lead stock price return in these three countries. Furthermore, the results of the DCC MGARCH test show that there is a significant positive dynamic correlation on the stock price index returns between markets. Moreover, we found similar results in testing positive and significant dynamic correlations between the exchange rates of each country. Key words: fragile five, exchange rate, stock return, VAR, DCC MGARCH
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Дисертації з теми "Fragile Countries":

1

Guggenheim, Cordelia Barbara Ursula. "Lost Daughters and Fragile Sons: Patterns of Differential Parental Investment Across Thirty-five Countries." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195938.

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Survivorship of children is unsurprisingly dependent upon numerous variables, not least of which is the role that preferential treatment plays in biasing the birth and survival of sons and daughters across cultures. This study draws upon an evolutionary approach by examining the "Trivers-Willard hypothesis" concerning condition-dependent sex allocation and differential parental investment. The central idea is that within a polygynous social mating structure - where reproductive variance is higher for males than for females as an intrinsic function of polygyny - mothers in optimal condition (defined by high status, good health, and abundant resources) are more likely to produce and invest in male offspring whereas mothers in poor condition (defined by low status, poor health, and resource deprivation) are more likely to produce and invest in female offspring so as to maximize potential lifetime reproductive success. Previous research on humans concerning this hypothesis tends to be restricted to one cultural group and thereby limited in sample size. For this study, nationally representative household survey data collected by the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS+) program across 35 countries was used to test biological, resource-oriented, and behavioral aspects affecting maternal condition, sex allocation, and parental investment in humans. Country samples ranged from 732 to 21,839 women interviewed within South Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean/Latin America, and the Near East/North Africa. The units of analysis were the mothers and their lastborn child (N = 128,039 woman-child pairs). A sequence of hierarchical regressions theoretically pre-specified a causal model concerning four constructed scales measuring maternal socioeconomic resources, maternal biological condition, prenatal care for the lastborn child, and health-seeking for the lastborn child. In startling contrast to the predictions of the original hypothesis, analysis of the overall model revealed small, yet stable, cross-regional main effects suggesting that - for all four regions – maternal biology predicts lastborn daughters while maternal resources predict lastborn daughters for each region, with the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, protective/preventative health-related behaviors predict lastborn sons within South Asia and the Near East/North Africa, while prenatal care and health-seeking are differentially attributed to the prediction of sons and daughters within Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean/Latin America.
2

Apedo-Amah, Dedevi S. Marie Christine. "Modelization and analysis of NGOs impact in developing countries." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0234.

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Cette thèse traite des mesures à prendre afin d'assurer le succès de projets de développement exécutés par des firmes privées, et plus particulièrement les Organisations Non Gouvernementales (ONGs). Les ONGs sont des firmes à but non lucratif qui sont semblables aux gouvernements dans leur préoccupation pour le bien-être des bénéficiaires et aux firmes privées standard sur le plan organisationnel. Leur participation aux projets de développement soulève la question de savoir si elles sont plus efficaces que ces entités similaires. Malgré la croissance rapide du secteur ONG, surtout des multinationales basées dans les pays riches avec des branches implantées dans les pays pauvres, peu de recherches en économie de développement se sont intéressées à comment la nature d’une organisation peut affecter son comportement dans l’implémentation des projets de développement. Les trois chapitres de cette thèse soulignent des différences entre Les ONG, les firmes privées et les gouvernements et examinent comment la nature même de chaque type d'organisation affecte sa fourniture de services publics. Les deux questions-clés sont donc pourquoi et sous quelles des conditions choisir une ONG comme fournisseur de biens et services dans le cadre d'un projet de développement, et comment s’assurer que les normes culturelles des bénéficiaires n’affectent négativement la réussite desdits projets
This thesis addresses the question of how to ensure the success of development projects executed by private firms, especially Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). NGOs are non-profit firms that are similar to governments in their concern about beneficiaries' welfare and to standard private firms in their organizational form. Their involvement in development projects raises the issue of how well they perform in service provision compared to alternative entities. Despite the rapid growth of the non-profit sector, especially international firms based in high-income countries that operate in low-income countries, the existing literature on economic development has hardly investigated the issue of non-profit performance and regulation. The three chapters of this thesis emphasize differences between NGOs and either private for-profit firms or governements, and examine how the very nature of each type of organization affects service provision. The two key questions are why and under which conditions to choose an NGO as goods or services provider in the framework of a development project, and how to ensure beneficiaries' cultural norms do not undermine the success of development projects
3

Pereira, Marta Manuel Amaral Marques. "Can entrepreneurship boost sustainable development in fragile countries?" Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/15536.

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Fragile countries pose an intricate challenge for governments and traditional aid approaches: they continue to struggle overtime with low resilience and vulnerability, and are now accounting for a growing share of the world’s poor. When every other method has failed, can entrepreneurship be the key ingredient for turnaround? For countries trapped in fragility, little has been researched or elaborated upon. We studied what current authors said about entrepreneurship and fragility, and which diagnoses could we take from the (short) available data. We ran a multiple linear regression that uses three World Bank Doing Business Indicators for “Starting a Business” – number of required procedures, cost and starting days- plus seven coded dummy variables accounting for years and type of country to predict the State Fragility Index (SFI from the Center for Systemic Peace). The data sample includes fragile countries, countries that managed to recover out of fragility, and low-income countries that have never experienced fragility for the years between 2004 and 2010. Along with this analysis we conducted several interviews with field experts in the subject. We discovered that according to the SFI there are 28 highly and extremely fragile countries, which have warily shown any progress in the past two decades. For these countries aid methods should focus on technical assistance rather than on financial, and in improving local capability and easing the business environment: in our regression we found that the SFI variability can be explained in 86% by the predictor variables, which led us to conclude that policy-making in fragile countries should definitely focus in easing entrepreneurial activity. We were successful in constructing a sequential process through which these entrepreneurial activities would lead to development in fragile settings with the help of a framework. To construct this framework we worked upon the findings from a model recently created, applying the principles of Expeditionary Economics for the specific case of Pakistan, by the Kauffman Foundation, whilst integrating the Entrepreneurship Framework Conditions from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, and the Entrepreneurship Model from Carre and Thurik (2002). From this research we draw one conclusion: is high-time both international bodies and governments regarded entrepreneurship as a key driver of sustainable development in fragile settings.
Os países frágeis representam um desafio complexo para os governos e para os tradicionais modelos de ajuda externa: estes estados continuam a lutar com a sua condição de vulnerabilidade e pouca resiliência. Quando todas as abordagens têm falhado, será que o empreendedorismo pode constituir a chave para o problema? Pouca pesquisa tem sido realizada à luz deste tema. Nós estudámos o que a presente literatura cobre sobre empreendedorismo e fragilidade, e fomos ver que diagnósticos conseguiamos adiantar com os dados disponíveis. Fizémos uma regressão linear múltipla usando três indicadores do World Bank Doing Business Indicators da secção de “Starting a Business”- número de procedimentos, custos e tempo necessário para abrir um negócio-, mais sete variavéis dummy referentes aos anos e tipo de país, para prever o State Fragility Index (SFI do Center for Systemic Peace). A amostra incluiu países fragéis, países que conseguiram recuperar e países de baixo rendimento que nunca experienciaram fragilidade no período de tempo entre 2004 e 2010. A par deste exercício realizámos várias entrevistas com professionais cuja área se relaciona com o nosso tema. Descobrimos que existem actualmente 28 países fragéis (de acordo com o SFI) e que estes têm mostrado pouco ou nenhum progresso nas últimas duas décadas. Para estes países a ajuda externa deveria focar-se em assitência técnica em vez de dispensar apoio financeiro. Esta assistência deveria ter como prioridade o mellhoramento da capacidade governativa local assim como o facilitamento do clima empresarial: na nossa regressão encontrámos que a variabilidade do SFI podia ser explicada em 86% pelas variavéis independentes, o que nos ajudou a concluir que deveria haver uma atenção redobrada em facilitar actividades empreendedoras. Com sucesso conseguimos construir um processo sequencial através do qual o fenómeno de empreendedorismo pode levar ao desenvolvimento sustentável de países frag+eis, e fizémo-lo com a ajuda duma framework. Para desenhar esta framework recuperámos ensinamentos de três modelos: o do Kauffman Foundation desenvolvido para o caso do Paquistão, o do Global Entreprneeurship Monitor e o trabalhado por Carre e Thurik (2002). Desta nossa pesquisa e framework construída retiramos uma conclusão que consideramos basilar para os novos tipos de abordagem a países fragéis: grande parte da resposta para estes estados reside na capacidade que a força empreendedora da população tem de levar o país em frente.
4

McIver, Lachlan. "Fragile Paradise: Health Impacts of Climate Change in Pacific Island Countries." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/107301.

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Pacific island countries are among the most vulnerable in the world to the impacts of climate change, including the many and varied effects on human health. The vast majority of these health impacts are expected to be negative and the burden of climate change-attributable ill-health will be maldistributed, with the greatest suffering likely to be experienced by the poor. The objectives of the research described in this thesis were: a) To critically appraise various methods of assessing climate change and health vulnerabilities in Pacific island countries; b) To establish the key climate-sensitive health risks in each country; and c) To develop an evidence base for health systems adaptation to climate change in the Pacific region. Thirteen countries participated in this regional climate change and health vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning project between 2011 and 2013: Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. This project, supported by the World Health Organization South Pacific office, employed a range of quantitative and qualitative techniques in the assessment and stratification of climate change and health risks for each country and the development of regional and country-specific adaptation strategies. The thesis presents the results of these analyses and describes in detail the predominant risks to health posed by climate change in the Pacific. These include: injuries and trauma; compromised safety and security of water and food (leading to malnutrition and gastrointestinal infections); vector-borne diseases; heat-related illnesses; zoonoses; respiratory ailments; psychological and emotional ill-health; increasing morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases; population pressures; and increased strain and pressure on health systems in these small island developing states. Correspondingly, the adaptation themes common across the region relate to improving the safety and security of food supplies and water, sanitation and hygiene facilities; enhancing infectious disease surveillance and response capabilities; building resilience within health systems and of health infrastructure; and increasing the accuracy and efficiency of communication and collaboration between the health sector and other agencies. The results of these assessments have been compiled into national climate change and health adaptation plans for each country, and synthesised in a World Health Organization report published in late 2015. The thesis summarises the main categories of adaptation strategies planned around the region and the health systems and policy landscape within which adaptation is taking place. In doing so, the thesis combines overviews of the vulnerabilities and adaptation plans from a regional perspective, along with examples of specific countries, including Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati and Vanuatu. The overall aim of this work is to enhance the ability of individuals, communities and health systems in the region to withstand the pressures and hazards posed by climate change, by providing a body of scientific evidence and a basis for sound policies aimed at protecting the health of Pacific Island people. It is clear that this will necessarily involve substantial support from wealthier countries – the messages are increasingly clear; the audience is global; and the timing is urgent.
5

Cook, Kealani R. "The fragile masculinity of Jack Tar : gender and English-speaking sailors, 1750-1850." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/11651.

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6

BESANCENOT, Sophie. "No security without development : no development without security : European donors and fragile states in Africa." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/32126.

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Defence date: 12 June 2014
Examining Board: Professor Pascal Vennesson, S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies (previously European University Institute), Supervisor Professor Ulrich Krotz, European University Institute Professor Stephan Klingebiel, German Development Institute Professor Ann Fitz-Gerald, Cranfield University.
In recent years, international donors have steadily increased their focus on fragile states, defined by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as “those failing to provide basic services to poor people because they are unwilling or unable to do so”. An indication of this shift is the nature of the policies promoted by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the OECD, which encourages bilateral donors that work with fragile states to adopt a whole-of-government approach, i.e. to develop cross-departmental cooperation between defence, diplomacy and development administrations. The question as to why some bilateral donors implement such integrated approaches to confront challenges in fragile states, while others only do so marginally or not at all still remains. Neither the existing literatures on security or development cultures nor the current securitization theories are able to explain the different levels and patterns of implementation of these specific OECD/DAC recommendations. In this thesis, I use the concept of “the organization of hypocrisy” to understand the complex relationship, and often the discrepancy, that exists between “talk” and “action” in the policy attempts to link security and development. Donor organizations are routinely confronted with the security and development demands of various actors. They need to act to produce results, and include such activities as contributing to UN peacekeeping missions to increase the country in question’s chances for development, or deciding who should be the beneficiaries of aid without fostering conflict. Producing these desired outcomes is not always possible however. Consequently, donor organizations “talk” about coherence, but are unable to “act” coherently and therefore to adapt their strategies and their policies. I compare France, Germany, the UK and the EU as donors – in particular in their roles in North and South Sudan, but also in selected West African countries – in an attempt to understand which factors favour a higher level of “action” with regard to the security-development nexus. I argue that bureaucracies cannot be studied in isolation from their complex and often inconsistent environment. The ability of the diplomacy, defence and development sectors to integrate their administrations and policies depends on the consistency of their environment and on their institutional ability to collectively find an acceptable convention that is capable of balancing development, diplomacy and defence norms. Protecting the normative aims of development policy is the key to achieving a higher level of integration in some OECD/DAC donor countries as well as to cultivating the formation of synergies between security and development policies.
7

Tsai, Pei-Chun, and 蔡佩均. "A Study of the Macroeconomic Factors Influencing Foreign Exchange Rates Markets：Evidences for Fragile Five Countries." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89934708408400214998.

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碩士
東海大學
財務金融學系碩士在職專班
102
This paper is to investigate the five indexes of real aspect and currency aspect among “Fragile Five” of Brazil, India, Indonesia, Turkey and South Africa: the consumer price index, export-import ratio, industrial production index, domestic and international rate ratio and the impact of stock price index of each country against exchange rate of each country. Furthermore, the impact level of exchange rate against the full time period from January, 2000 to December, 2013 and five indexes of late QE time are observed. Besides, ADF unit root test, Johansen cointegration test, Granger causality test and multiple linear regression analysis are applied to investigate if the obvious impact relationship exists between the index of real aspect and currency aspect and the exchange rate of “Fragile Five”. The analysis result shows that the export-import ratio, consumer price index, stock price index during the full time period and late QE time create obvious impact towards the foreign exchange market. Moreover, the change of consumer price index of late QE time even plays a more leading role, which can explain the consumer price index is one important impact factor towards the foreign exchange market of “Fragile Five” during late QE time.

Книги з теми "Fragile Countries":

1

Deen, Robert P. Fragile Mideast countries: Afghanistan and Yemen. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Kaplan, Seth D. Fixing fragile states: A new paradigm for development. Westport, Conn: Praeger Security International, 2008.

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3

W, Brinkerhoff Derick, ed. Governance in post-conflict societies: Rebuilding fragile states. London: Routledge, 2007.

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4

Samli, A. Coskun. International entrepreneurship: Innovative solutions for a fragile planet. New York: Springer, 2009.

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5

Visman, Emma. Cooperation with politically fragile countries: Lessons from EU support to Somalia. Maastricht: ECDPM, 1998.

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6

Cox, Marcus. Development effectiveness review 2012: Fragile states and conflict-affected countries : thematic review. Tunis: African Development Bank Group, 2012.

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7

Calì, Massimiliano. Trading away from conflict: Using trade to increase resilience in fragile states. Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2015.

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8

M, Nelson Joan. Fragile coalitions: The politics of economic adjustment. New Brunswick, USA: Transaction Books, 1989.

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9

Chollet, Derek H. A steep hill: Congress and U.S. efforts to strengthen fragile states. Washington, D.C: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2008.

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10

Trebilcock, M. J. Rule of law reform and development: Charting the fragile path of progress. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2008.

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Частини книг з теми "Fragile Countries":

1

Pigozzi, Mary Joy, Bidemi Carrol, Jacqueline Hayden, and Susy Ndaruhutse. "Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations." In Learning and Education in Developing Countries, 58–73. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137455970_4.

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Zinni, Anthony C. "The “Responsibility to Protect” and the Dangers of Military Intervention in Fragile States." In Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries, 171–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71204-8_10.

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Hilmarsson, Hilmar þór. "Fragile Baltic democracy and the challenges posed by outbound migration." In The Economic Crisis and its Aftermath in the Nordic and Baltic Countries, 128–47. First Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Europa economic perspectives Identifiers: LCCN 2018018364 (print) | LCCN 2018034198 (ebook) | ISBN 9781351046831 (master) | ISBN 9781857439649 (hardback) | ISBN 9781351046831 (ebk): Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351046831-11.

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Bayat-Renoux, Fiona, and Yannick Glemarec. "Addressing the Financing Gap for Adaptation in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries." In Climate Change Management, 345–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25814-0_24.

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5

Fukuchi, Takao. "Technological retard in small least developed countries — small is beautiful but fragile?" In The Global Dimension of Economic Evolution, 117–32. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag HD, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48870-2_8.

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Furness, Mark. "EU Engagement in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries: Comprehensive Policy, Fragmented Operations." In The Fragmentation of Aid, 107–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55357-7_8.

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Viterbo, Annamaria. "The Role of the International Financial Institutions in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Countries." In Peace Maintenance in Africa, 111–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72293-1_5.

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Abegunde, Albert Ayorinde, Jacob Wale Mobolaji, Lasun Mykail Olayiwola, Akanni Akinyemi, Adeyemi Adewale Alade, Ore Fika, and Ifeoma Betty Ezike. "Determining Variation in Women's Labor Force Participation in a Fragile Region of Sub-Saharan Africa Using Cochran's Q Statistic." In Promoting Statistical Practice and Collaboration in Developing Countries, 193–218. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003261148-20.

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Pachauri, Saroj, and Ash Pachauri. "Learnings from Asia." In Health Dimensions of COVID-19 in India and Beyond, 335–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7385-6_19.

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AbstractThe authors draw learnings from Asia by examining the strategies employed by governments in countries that have successfully contained the pandemic. They study the policies and strategies implemented in Taiwan, South Korea, Vietnam, Singapore, East Timor, and Mongolia, countries that successfully countered the ravages of COVID-19.The experience of these countries demonstrates the importance of strong leadership in mitigating the pandemic by harnessing the power of rapid response, evidence-based approaches, transparent communication, and partnerships in building a sustainable and successful pandemic response. The leaders of these countries acted decisively in the COVID-19 response with a whole of government approach. The presence of robust public health systems along with national institutions that can act swiftly to prevent the spread of infection was an essential prerequisite for containing the pandemic. The process of enforcing top-down programs was shifted to a multi-stakeholder, participatory approach. Strong and compassionate leadership was undoubtedly the defining trait of nations to navigate time-sensitive issues in today’s pandemic era. Their experiences showed that policies that addressed equity issues and were compatible with the cultural context had a more enduring impact. In countries, where large numbers of infections are still being reported, it is time that leaders acknowledge the importance of acting rapidly on the best available evidence, with transparency and responsibility that is particularly critical in low-income, fragile settings.
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Adebajo, Adekeye. "The Dog That Did Not Bark: Why Has Sierra Leone Not Returned to War After Peacekeepers Left?" In The State of Peacebuilding in Africa, 343–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46636-7_19.

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Abstract This chapter sets out to solve the mystery of why Sierra Leone has remained relatively stable 14 years after peacekeepers left the country in 2006, and 18 years after the end of a devastating 11-year civil war in which an estimated 70,000 people died. In doing so, Sierra Leone has defied the fate of so many fragile and conflict-prone states: it has not returned to war, as do more than half of all countries within only five years of a peace settlement. This despite myriad socio-economic challenges, of the kind that often leads to a recurrence of violence and unrest. In investigating this mystery, the chapter highlights how domestic, subregional, and external actors muddled through and improvised one of the rare peacebuilding success stories in Africa.

Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Fragile Countries":

1

Islam, Rafikul, and Shafie Sharif Mohamed. "MEASURING PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITIES IN FRAGILE COUNTRIES USING ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS." In The International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Creative Decisions Foundation, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.13033/isahp.y2018.036.

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2

Sarbayev, Grigory, and Yuliya Ivanova. "ECOLOGY OF THE ARCTIC: CURRENT PROBLEMS." In Development of legal systems in Russia and foreign countries: problems of theory and practices. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02090-6-0-121-129.

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The Arctic is one of the most fragile ecosystems on the planet. Few animals and plants have managed to adapt to life in such extreme, uncomfortable conditions. Even small ecological changes in this area can lead to the disappearance of a number of species of animals and plants.
3

Tushaj, Arjan, Elona Dushku, and Valentina Sinaj. "Nexus Amongst Remittances and Inequality in Western Balkan Countries: Global Pandemic Crisis vs. Financial Crisis." In 7th FEB International Scientific Conference. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.3.2023.62.

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This paper examines the impact of remittances on income inequality measured through Gini index, particularly, during the adverse external shocks, global financial crisis of 2008 and global pandemic crisis of Covid -19, in Western Balkan countries. Data highlight the fragile economic progress of these countries through fostering the income inequality during the long transition. However, migrants’ remittances sustained to remain a significant source of foreign income in Western Balkan countries. The empirical results demonstrated a U-shape relationship between remittances and inequality related to Western Balkan countries, thus remittances have contributed on increased inequality. Meanwhile, the linear relationship amongst remittances and inequality demonstrated the negative impact of remittances towards inequality. Additionally, we found that remittances reduced significantly the inequality during pandemic crisis of Covid-19, serving as a shock absorber during adverse shock, but the remittances demonstrated the non – significant and positive impact on inequality during recent global financial crisis. We suggest that the policy makers should adopt regarding effective income distribution to reduce income inequality
4

Kurdiumov, V. R., K. L. Timofeev, I. L. Subbotina, R. S. Voinkov, and S. A. Krayukhin. "ADVANCED DEVELOPMENTS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENTERPRISES." In XVI INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE "METALLURGY OF NON-FERROUS, RARE AND NOBLE METALS" named after corresponding member of the RAS Gennady Leonidovich PASHKOVA. Krasnoyarsk Science and Technology City Hall, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47813/sfu.mnfrpm.2023.229-249.

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Industrial wastewater treatment is definitely a crucial problem and not only the state of fragile aquatic ecosystems, but also food security and public health depend on its successful solution. In developed countries, the problem of wastewater treatment is not so acute due to strict laws and a high degree of environmental awareness of society and owners of industrial enterprises. However, the developing countries do not pay due attention to this issue. For example, Russia annually discharges 19 billion m3 of wastewater into water bodies, of which only 2 billion m3 is sufficiently treated. This is a consequence of the use of outdated technologies and worn-out equipment, as well as the lack of qualified water treatment specialists.
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Hysa, Eglantina, Minhas Akbar, Ahsan Akbar, Iges Banda, and Simona Andreea Apostu. "Renewable Energy through the Lenses of Financial Development and Technological Innovation: The Case of CEE Countries." In 3rd International Conference Global Ethics -Key of Sustainability (GEKoS). Lumen Publishing House, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2022/07.

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Central and Eastern Europe countries are considered as a fragile group of economies compared to European Union countries. Furthermore, against the backdrop of rapid industrial growth, this study examines the spillover effects of financial development (FD) and technological innovation (TI) on levels of consumptions with regard to CEE countries renewable energy. Hence, by considering proxies for technological innovation such as trademarks, patents, and grants received for innovation, we assess the stimulus of technological advancement on the consumption of renewable energy. While broad money stock ratio is used for financial deepening. The empirical outcomes of this research will explicate whether advancement in innovation capacity and financial development stimulates the demand for renewable energy. This research will target CEE countries, and the period of examination will be for 2000–2019. Therefore, our model will employ the following explanatory variables; technological innovation, capital formation, and income inequality to test their influence on taking advantages of applying different technologies in renewable energy. Lastly, our study will provide important policy prescriptions for the regulators to ensure an enabling appropriate environment to support renewable energy for pollution abatement.
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A, Al Hinai, and Jayasuriya H. "Agricultural Sustainability through Agritourism in Oman and Potentials for Adoption." In 2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Food Security and Safety. iConferences (Pvt) Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32789/agrofood.2021.1008.

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Most Middle Eastern countries are geographically located in arid or semi-arid climatic conditions. Agricultural practices have not been impressive in achieving sustainability in these countries. With the changing geopolitical undercurrents, these countries with the GCC countries as part of the Middle East are facing fluctuating economies as the oil price has become fragile and unstable. Oman's economy is heavily depending on hydrocarbons, and looking at other contribution sectors is necessary. The contribution from the agricultural sector is comparatively insignificant, but it explicitly diversified arid cropping systems and unique to the country. The agricultural production activities are often done with unique cultural practices, and this sector can be attractive to tourists. The tourism industry is considered a potential sector for boosting the economy that is aligned with Oman Vision 2040 strategy. This paper aims to investigate the potential of agritourism in different regions in Oman for adoption as a new venture. Different agricultural sites and products for promoting agritourism are selected for the study. The farm characteristic and activities at different agricultural sites are identified. The prediction number of agritourists and the farm income are calculated. The results of this study show that the selected agricultural sites in this study indicated highly potential for agritourism. Salalah is the best agritourism destination with predicated annual agritourists 188,000 and US$5 m of farm income. Agritourism would assist in achieving agricultural sustainability through product value-addition, which would open access to global markets and improve the livelihood of farmers
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N Schrage, Burkhard. "Natural Catastrophes and Sovereign Bond Prices." In InSITE 2017: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Vietnam. Informing Science Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3784.

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Aim/Purpose: This study investigates effects of natural catastrophes on the cost of sovereign debt in developing countries and discusses MNC financing strategies. Background: Over the last decades, natural disasters have increased in both number and severity. The combination of higher event frequency and intensity, coupled with fragile economic conditions in emerging market countries, may affect sovereign bond prices—particularly in developing countries—and consequently may have effects on the financing strategy of MNCs Methodology: Parametric and non-parametric analyses and event study method. Contribution: The current literature in International Business research has overlooked natural catastrophes as a source of heterogeneity across countries for investment decisions. We develop the theory and demonstrate empirically that both researchers and practitioners should take into account natural disasters when making internationalization decisions. Findings: We find that natural disasters have a material impact on the bond returns issued by developing country governments and consequently on MNCs’ host-country financing costs. Recommendations for Practitioners: Practitioners may consider the likelihood of natural disasters when making investment decisions in foreign countries. Recommendation for Researchers: Researchers may consider including natural disasters when in internationalization research; our research adds in particular a new dimension to the location choice literature. Impact on Society: Governments—in particular those in emerging markets—may rethink their strategies of how to “insure” themselves against natural disasters. Not being insured against these disasters result in negative secondary effects on economic development through higher cost of capital, and possible through lower FDI activities. Future Research: Future research can be done. There are several avenues: using our insights and applying them to governmental reinsurance strategies would be a worthwhile topic. On a different level, one could also investigate further the contingencies of our findings and extend the theoretical framework towards developed markets.
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Janay, Abdullahi Ibrahim, and Bülent Kılıç. "The World Bank and its Roles toward Health: Common Criticisms." In 6th International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2022.053.

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The World Bank (WB) was established in 1944 for the purpose of issuing long-term loans to governments for reconstruction and economic development following the Second World War (1). Over the time perspectives on development have changed dramatically. In particular, the WB’s focus began to shift to investments in health, energy, telecommunication, transport and infrastructure to earn more profit. In the field of health, the WB has focused on three areas, especially in developing countries: health, nutrition, and population. WB now has a more sophisticated view of well-being, living standards, and poverty and is committing more than 1 billion USD annually for new health projects. (2). The WB’s roles include financing, provision of information, surveillance, technical assistance and training and policy advice (3). The WB has achieved some gains in the fight against poverty. Reducing poverty focuses in part encompassing policies to promote equality but inequalities are still increasing all over the World, especially in the developing countries (4). However, the WB has faced a lot of critiques related to health. Some critiques related to health sector polices and say the bank's conditions on borrowing countries emphasize privatization and public sector contraction. This involved reducing government expenditures (in some cases for health) which have deleterious health effects (2). Other critiques related to the way of raising funds called a user charge for using public sector health services and point to evidence showing that user charges result in a decline in the uptake of services, especially among the people who are most socioeconomically deprived. The bank is also criticized for introducing DALYs to global health assessments. Critics point out that the introduction of DALYs was not based on sound methodology and that the underlying assumptions for their usefulness are weak (2, 5). Finally, the WB is also accused of bribing or conniving top government officials in the developing countries where it projects (6). There is a need for strengthening across the WB in several areas. A critical area is for the WB to strengthen its ability to work on multi-stakeholder solutions through engagement with the public sector, private sector, and citizens, and support primarily the public sector for health services. Similarly, about half of low-income countries are classified as fragile and conflict-affected, posing particular challenges. Furthermore, progress in fighting against poverty and sharing prosperity is accompanied by rising inequality in many countries. So, the WB should increase its efforts to address these issues (4). Introducing evidence into policy making is also a key issue to be strengthened for the future (5). It is also needed to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation methods in the countries.
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Demollari, Elton. "TODAY'S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, AT THE CRUCIAL POINT?" In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2023/sv01.02.

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International relations are in a not very comfortable situation due to the general state ofhonor in today's world arena. The balances between countries and the policies of thesecountries have been disrupted. These relations, as it seems, are taking a wrong direction,because the states are not yielding up on many issues of common interest. Anotherreason is because globalism is leading to the degradation of the situation of internationalrelations, it is degenerating the relations between the states themselves. States, once"insignificant" and "small" are raising their heads and looking for their role in today'sinternational chess field. Therefore, in this article, i talk extensively about the currentsituation of these relations, where the actors of yesterday and today have played and stillplay their primary role in these relations. We will talk specifically about some of theseactors with specific and important weight, we will talk about today's situation and theirprognosis in the future. The breakdown of decades-old balances between states andpolitical actors came from Russia's unprecedented war on Ukraine. There it becameclear how fragile these relations between states and organizations had become.Relations between the West and Iran will also be discussed. And that these relations arecurrently in decline, towards the last grasp of the current status quo. In the end, i brieflytalk about the ways to a stable and acceptable solution for the future.
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Fırat, Emine. "Structural Changes in the Banking Sector in Turkey after 2001 Crisis: A Comparasion between before 2001 and after 2001." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00715.

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Globalization movements around the word caused countries to be faced with crisises successive. The financial sector has seen major losses from economic crises. Developments in the aftermath of the economic crisis has led to some changes especially in the banking sector, furthermore leading to the growth of the financial sector. In recent years, after the international economic, financial, technological and social developments, activities of banks have increased. Banks, in line with improving economic conditions and changing customer demands have been restructured in order to provide the best service to customers. First, banks increased product, service, quality, variety, technological advances, demand for advertising expenditures, customer satisfaction and efforts on risk management. After 1980, the Turkish banking sector entered a rapid change period in technology, by taking advantage of the facilities to be brought. However, when crises in November 2000 and February 2001 have been added to the previous problems in the banking system, sector has become more fragile. After the 2001 crisis the banking sector has entered the configuration process. The aim of this study is to investigate in detail the process of rapid change after the 2001 crisis, by comparing with the pre-crisis and after the crisis of Turkish banking sector in 2001. In this study, banks in the market will be examined within the framework of a lot of different topics. The changing face of the banking sector after the 2001 crisis in Turkey will form the basis of the study.

Звіти організацій з теми "Fragile Countries":

1

Bove, Margherita, Eva-Maria Egger, Sam Jones, Patricia Justino, and Ricardo Santos. Inequality and voting in fragile countries: Evidence from Mozambique. UNU-WIDER, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2024/467-0.

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2

Longhurst, Daniel, and Rachel Slater. Financing in Fragile and Conflict Contexts: Evidence, Opportunities, and Barriers. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.015.

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Interconnecting, compounding and protracted crises affect a growing number of countries. Globally, 1.5 billion people – one in five of the world’s population – live in fragile and conflict affected situations (FCAS), yet financing to key sectors is not keeping pace with need. Regular social protection financing and programme coverage in FCAS are far below the global average, and levels of financing to humanitarian assistance, while growing in overall terms in the past decade, have remained static when compared to levels of need. Risk and climate finance face a series of barriers to their application in FCAS, where the potential for ‘non-traditional’ financial sources – such as remittances – to connect the most vulnerable to social protection have traditionally been underexplored. The Covid-19 pandemic has again exposed these fault lines and highlighted the need both for more investment in regular social protection systems and programmes, and for more ‘shock-responsive’ forms of support that can scale flexibly when faced with a diversity of risk factors. This paper provides a summary of the main trends and issues regarding both regular and risk financing in FCAS. It considers the main lessons observed in financing social assistance in FCAS and provides reflections on further avenues of research for the Better Assistance in Crises (BASIC) Research programme. It identifies useful examples now emerging from countries developing risk-informed programmes for the most vulnerable, but argues that a lack of comparable data is hampering research and learning, requiring more detailed in-country engagement. The paper notes that answers to a range of political economy questions are needed. This is both to make risk-aware financing, policymaking and programming more effective in FCAS; and to strike a balance between financial instrument requirements on the one hand, and programmatic and institutional capacity on the other. Likewise, new forms of risk ownership and client-facing accountability are needed to reframe the financing landscape and its applicability to FCAS.
3

Cantens, Thomas, and Gaël Raballand. Taxation and Customs Reforms in Fragile States: Between Bargaining and Enforcement. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.009.

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In the last decade, African authorities and the international community have called for support to increase taxation capacity in order to reduce reliance on aid flows. This commitment to support tax administrations was reflected in the 2015 Addis Tax Initiative (ATI), which advocated ‘to double assistance to developing countries in order to strengthen their tax systems and administrations’ by the year 2020 (IMF 2017: 6). Increasing domestic resource mobilisation is even more salient for state-building in fragile states, in terms of providing costly services to citizens, including security, across national territory. There is a rich literature (Acemoglu and Robinson 2012; Besley and Persson 2009) arguing that robust and inclusive fiscal institutions are essential for state-building and economic growth. This is not the situation in fragile states.
4

Hossain, Naomi, John Agbonifo, Martin Atela, John Gaventa, Euclides Gonçalves, Umair Javed, Neil McCulloch, et al. Demanding Power: Do Protests Empower Citizens to Hold Governments Accountable over Energy? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.056.

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Energy protests are becoming increasingly common and significant around the world. While in the global North concerns tend to centre around climate issues, in the global South the concerns are more often with affordable energy. Both types of protests, however, have one issue in common: the undemocratic nature of energy policymaking. This paper draws together findings from research conducted in three countries, Mozambique, Nigeria, and Pakistan to ask how and under which conditions do struggles over energy access in fragile and conflict affected settings empower the powerless to hold public authorities to account? In exploring this theme, the study examines what factors support protests developing into significant episodes of contention within fragile settings, and whether these energy struggles promote citizen empowerment and institutional accountability.
5

Longhurst, Daniel, and Rachel Slater. Shock-Responsive Social Protection: What is Known About What Works in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Situations? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2022.005.

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While shock-responsive social protection (SRSP) has become popular in global and national development discourses, its operationalisation in fragile and conflict-affected situations (FCAS) remains more limited, yet it is arguably here where it could meaningfully contribute to wider nexus approaches. By exploring experiences in a range of countries, the paper explores what is known about the use of SRSP in FCAS, and identifies further areas of potential research for the BASIC Research programme. It also assesses the state of knowledge regarding a number of key questions being raised among stakeholders, namely: What is known about navigating the ethical and political dilemmas around attempting SRSP in FCAS? What is known about the specific requirements for displaced populations and other excluded or vulnerable groups? What is known about when it might be ill-advised to attempt SRSP in FCAS?
6

Rosenblatt, David, Henry Mooney, Khamal Clayton, Cloe Ortiz de Mendívil, Ariel McCaskie, Victor Gauto, Monique Graham, Jeetendra Khadan, and Nirvana Satnarine-Singh. Open configuration options Caribbean Economics Quarterly: Volume 11: Issue 1, February 2022: Year in Review in Graphs: Economic Story of 2021 in a Series of Graphs. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004018.

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Last year ended with incipient but fragile economic recoveries in most Caribbean economies. Relatively low vaccination rates remain a concern in the six countries covered by the Caribbean Country Department of the IDB. The sharp rise in commodity prices bolster prospects for commodity exporters in the region, but they also dampen prospects for tourism dependent economies. This edition of the Caribbean Quarterly Bulletin provides a “Year in Review in Graphs” for the overall region and each of the six countries. The graphs cover the evolution of key macroeconomic variable during the course of 2021.
7

Ahairwe, Pamella, and San Bilal. Boosting EU climate finance: Mitigate more without neglecting adaptation in poorer countries. European Centre for Development Policy Management, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/casc001.

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The 25th session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in Madrid called for the full operationalisation of the Paris Agreement. Europe is committing to green its policies both within and beyond the European Union (EU). Boosting green finance will be critical. European top financial institutions such as the European Central Bank (ECB), the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), which are in a position to advance the European agenda, are joining the battle to curb climate change. This decision follows calls for a Climate Bank at the European level and the recommendation by the High-Level Group of Wise Persons that the EU should adopt a common approach to its external financial architecture and establish a single entity, the so-called European Climate and Sustainable Development Bank. Although global climate financing has increased by 60% over the period 2013-2018, this is not enough. Besides, more resources should be dedicated to climate adaptation, which has been neglected, in particular by European finance institutions. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), including EIB and EBRD, allocated only 30% of their 2018 climate financing to adaptation. EBRD and EIB allocated as low as 11.8% and 7.6% respectively to adaptation in developing countries. The consequences of climate change, including droughts, floods, plummeting biodiversity and the loss of human lives, are undermining low-income and fragile countries’ development prospects. EU efforts to boost its climate action and finance should encompass not only the vital mitigation endeavour, but also greater attention to climate adaptation, as a means to foster climate justice and to achieve the SDGs also in low-income countries, and in Africa in particular. The new European Green Deal will have to live up to this challenge.
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Herbert, Siân. Maintaining Basic State Functions and Service Delivery During Escalating Crises. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.099.

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This rapid literature review explores how to maintain essential state functions and basic service delivery during escalating conflict situations. It draws on literature and ideas from various overlapping agendas including development and humanitarian nexus; development, humanitarian and peacebuilding nexus (the “triple nexus”); fragile states; state-building; conflict sensitivity; resilience; and conflict prevention and early warning. There has been an extensive exploration of these ideas over the past decades: as the international development agenda has increasingly focussed on the needs of fragile and conflict-affected contexts (FCAS); as violent conflicts have become more complex and protracted; as the global share of poverty has become increasingly concentrated in FCAS highlighting the need to combine humanitarian crisis strategies with longer-term development strategies; as threats emanating from FCAS increasingly affect countries beyond those states and regions e.g. through serious and organised crime (SOC) networks, migration, terrorism, etc; and as global trends like climate change and demographic shifts create new stresses, opportunities, and risks.
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Anderson, Colin, John Gaventa, Jenny Edwards, Anuradha Joshi, Niranjan Nampoothiri, and Emilie Wilson. Against the Odds: Action for Empowerment and Accountability in Challenging Contexts. Institute of Development Studies, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/a4ea.2022.001.

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How and under what conditions does citizen-led social and political action contribute to empowerment and accountability? What are the strategies used, and with what outcomes, especially in settings which are democratically weak, politically fragile and affected by legacies of violence and conflict? The A4EA programme has explored these questions in Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria and Pakistan over five years between 2016-2021. This paper presents the key findings and policy and practice implications from this research across the themes of space for citizen action; citizen-governance relations; women’s political participation and collective action; citizen-led strategies for empowerment and accountability; and enabling citizen action. It also shares important lessons drawn from A4EA experience on conducting and communicating research in complex political contexts like these, and for research consortia. Whilst the research conclusions are drawn from A4EA’s four focus countries, in an increasingly fragile and authoritarian world, the findings are becoming pertinent for more and more contexts across the globe.
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McCulloch, Neil. Energy Protests and Citizen Voice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.062.

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Recent years have seen energy protests erupt in many countries around the world. Globally, countries are wrestling with the need to achieve a just transition away from fossil fuels while at the same time ensuring access to affordable energy. Protests often have a common root cause: the undemocratic nature of energy policymaking. This Policy Briefing describes findings from research conducted in Mozambique, Nigeria, and Pakistan, as well as from a global, cross-country study, and the insights from an International Roundtable. It asks how and under which conditions do struggles over energy in fragile and conflict-affected settings empower citizens to hold public authorities to account?

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