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Статті в журналах з теми "Formal imperatice":
1
De Carvalho, Luiz Fernando, and Márcia Cristina De Brito Rumeu. "As construções imperativas de 2ª pessoa do singular no português brasileiro escrito dos séculos XIX e XX: rastros históricos do imperativo abrasileirado / The Imperative Constructions of the 2nd Person Singular in Brazilian Portuguese Written in the 19th and 20th Centuries: Historical Traces of the Brazilian Imperative." Caligrama: Revista de Estudos Românicos 27, no. 1 (August 12, 2022): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2238-3824.27.1.150-173.
Анотація:
O imperativo de 2a pessoa do singular manifesta-se no português brasileiropor formas verbais no indicativo (deixa) e no subjuntivo (deixe). Neste estudo, à luz dos princípios da sociolinguística histórica (ROMAINE, 1982 [2010]; HERNÁNDEZ-CAMPOY; CONDE SILVESTRE, 2012), a expressão variável do imperativo de 2a pessoa do singular é analisada a partir de cartas pessoais autógrafas, produzidas por brasileiros (mineiros), entre os séculos XIX e XX. Conduzidos pelo Programa GoldVarbX (SANKOFF, TAGLIAMONTE & SMITH, 2005) para a geração de índices percentuais e probabilísticos, identificamos não só a prevalência do imperativo com formas de subjuntivo (paradigma de você), mas também levantamos evidências do imperativo abrasileirado (PAREDES SILVA et alii, 2000; SCHERRE, 2007).Palavras-chave: imperativo de 2a pessoa do singular; imperativo abrasileirado, variação tu/você; sociolinguística histórica.The imperative of 2nd person singular is manifested in Brazilian Portugueseby the verbal forms in the indicative (deixa) and in the subjunctive (deixe). In this study, in light of the principles of historical sociolinguistics (ROMAINE, 1982 [2010]; HERNÁNDEZ-CAMPOY; CONDE SILVESTRE, 2012), the variable expression of the imperative of 2nd person singular is analyzed in autograph personal letters, produced by Brazilians (specifically writers from the state of Minas Gerais), between the 19th and 20th centuries. Conducted by the GoldVarbX Program (SANKOFF, TAGLIAMONTE & SMITH, 2005) in order to generate percentage and probabilistic indices, we have identified not only the prevalence of the imperative with subjunctive forms (paradigm of você), but we have also raised evidences of the brazilian imperative (PAREDES SILVA et alii, 2000; SCHERRE, 2007).Keywords: imperative of 2nd person singular, brazilian imperative, tu/você variation, historical sociolinguistics.
2
AnderBois, Scott. "An illocutionary account of reportative evidentials in imperatives." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 27 (December 21, 2017): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v27i0.4172.
Анотація:
This paper provides a detailed analysis of reportative evidentials in imperative sentences, drawing on original fieldwork in Tagalog and Yucatec Maya. Previous literature presents two distinct views of such sentences, which we dub `imperative-by-proxy' and `neutral report' views. Based on a range of data across different sorts of imperatives uses in different sorts of contexts, we argue for a version of the `imperative-by-proxy' theory and proposal a formal analysis with theory of illocutionary updates.
3
Kleiber, Judit, and Gábor Alberti. "Compositional analysis of interrogative imperatives in Hungarian." Linguistics Beyond and Within (LingBaW) 3 (December 30, 2017): 117–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/lingbaw.5654.
Анотація:
The paper investigates utterances which combine imperative and interrogative elements in Hungarian. We intend to explore the scope of the hypothesis that the pragmatico-semantic content of mixed-type sentences can be obtained compositionally. We present four types of interrogative imperative. The imperative factor is indicated by subjunctive morphology on the verb. The interrogative character is represented by (1) rise-fall intonation which marks polar questions, (2) the discourse marker ugye expressing bias, (3) the particle vajon expressing self-reflection or hesitation, and (4) wavy intonation which indicates surprise. We claim that such sentences are primarily questions with their main function being ‘request for instruction’. For the analysis, we take a formal pragmatico-semantic point of view. Our goal is to demonstrate how these sentences can be analyzed compositionally within a belief–desire–intention frame. We apply the formal dynamic discourse- and mind-representation theory ReALIS. We have found that the pragmatico-semantic content (intensional profile) of each type can be constructed via using two formal operations: concatenation and pragmasemantic blending. The composition produces the required output, namely that the interrogation / bias / speculation / surprise which pertains to an eventuality in the case of a simple question, pertains to the “commanding” of this eventuality in the case of interrogative imperatives.
4
Klinger‐Vartabedian, Laurel C. "Formal group communication with older adults: A research imperative." Journal of Applied Communication Research 15, no. 1-2 (March 1987): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00909888709365260.
5
Bernander, Rasmus. "On the “Atypical” Imperative Verb Form in Manda." Studia Orientalia Electronica 8, no. 3 (November 20, 2020): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23993/store.69737.
Анотація:
This paper accounts for the atypical Imperative verb form found in Manda, a Bantu language spoken along the shores of Lake Nyasa in southern Tanzania. Unlike the vast majority of Bantu languages, Manda lacks a reflex of the so called “morphologically specialized” imperative. Instead, Imperatives (as well as other directives) are expressed with the suffixation of a marker of the form -ayi. Based on the form-meaning variation found both language-internally and in comparative data, this study reconstructs the functional and formal pathways of change leading to the highly unusual situation encountered in today’s Manda. The study shows that the Manda Imperative originates from a construction consisting of a reflex of the pre-final morpheme *-a(n)g-, an imperfective marker originally recruited into the directive domain to add pragmatic overtones of emphasis. However, at some point in time the meaning of this erstwhile emphatic construction became neutralized and conventionalized as the regular imperative, while the marker itself became decategorialized and morphophonologically opaque.
6
Chen, Yupin. "Children’s formal division of labor in requests." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.23.2.02che.
Анотація:
This study aims to shed a light on children’s pragmatic development by examining Mandarin-speaking children’s requests in interactions with their parents. It is found that children between 24 and 36 months old appear to use various request forms, primarily with simple imperatives and WANT statements. A closer examination reveals that children prefer to use simple imperatives in activity-based interactions while both primary forms are found in unstructured daily conversations. The findings suggest that children’s preference for simple imperatives may be driven by their awareness of parents’ cooperativeness in interactional situations. It is thus speculated that simple imperatives and WANT statements may be children’s two primal request forms, but they may pivot on one request form when the situation is right.
7
Coffey, Tom, Reiner Dojen, and Tomas Flanagan. "Formal verification: an imperative step in the design of security protocols." Computer Networks 43, no. 5 (December 2003): 601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-1286(03)00292-5.
8
Knoll, Carsten, Julius Fiedler, and Stefan Ecklebe. "Imperative Formal Knowledge Representation for Control Engineering: Examples from Lyapunov Theory." Machines 12, no. 3 (March 8, 2024): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines12030181.
Анотація:
In this paper, we introduce a novel method to formally represent elements of control engineering knowledge in a suitable data structure. To this end, we first briefly review existing representation methods (RDF, OWL, Wikidata, ORKG). Based on this, we introduce our own approach: The Python-based imperative representation of knowledge (PyIRK) and its application to formulate the Ontology of Control Systems Engineering (OCSE). One of its main features is the possibility to represent the actual content of definitions and theorems as nodes and edges of a knowledge graph, which is demonstrated by selected theorems from Lyapunov’s theory. While the approach is still experimental, the current result already allows the application of methods of automated quality assurance and a SPARQL-based semantic search mechanism. The feature set of the framework is demonstrated by various examples. The paper concludes with a discussion of the limitations and directions for further development.
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Asistido, Randolf L., and Wilfredo O. Hermosura. "Imperatives Evident in the EVP’s Special Message during the General Assembly and Alumni Homecoming of 2018." Kalamboan 1 (October 31, 2021): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.61864/kalamboan.v1i1.7.
Анотація:
This paper analyzed the imperatives found on the special message of the Executive Vice President (EVP) to the Alumni and Employees of STI West Negros University during the General Assembly and Alumni Homecoming at the University Gymnasium on February 17, 2018. After getting the informed consent, needed linguistic data in MP3 format were obtained from the University Alumni Foundation, transcribed into its written form, forwarded for review and validation to the EVP, and thereafter analyzed using Freeman and Murcia’s (2016) textbook entitled The Grammar Book: Form, Meaning and Use for English Language Teachers. Initial data analyses were subjected to research rigors involving three (3) language majors in reputable schools in Bacolod City. They reviewed accuracy of translation from L1 to L2, as well as the accuracy of the analyses and interpretation of data in response to those five (5) specific objectives. Final data analyses found declarative sentences, and not bare imperative sentences, as the most prevalent imperatives recording an enormous frequency of 62%. The same data provide evidence of offer/invitation and advice/suggestion as the dominant linguistic function, the prevalence of diffuse imperative illustrating requests/commands frequently addressed to everyone or anyone in attendance, the negligible occurrence of negative imperatives, and the use of “Please…” and the emphatic auxiliary do as a proven strategy of increasing politeness. These findings call attention on the need to review and possibly enrich the University’s existing ESL curricula by giving a balanced emphasis on the use of imperatives both in pure talk or institutional talk.
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Holvoet, Axel, Anna Daugavet, and Liina Lindström. "Insubordinated concessive imperatives." Baltic Linguistics 10 (December 31, 2019): 307–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.367.
Анотація:
The article deals with a constructional idiom attested in both Baltic languages as well as in the neighbouring Slavonic and Fennic languages and in Yiddish, containing as its central component what is argued to be an insubordinated imperatival concessive clause and characterising a situation by hyperbolically describing the consequences conceivably flowing from it or a course of action it could be imagined to induce. This construction, which is clearly an areal feature, has a stable constructional meaning but its formal shape is extraordinarily fluid and differentiated. It also displays a considerable degree of cross-linguistic variation partly resulting from separate developments and partly from interaction with other constructional idioms as well as with other languages. The article deals with the structure and origin of the construction and gives an overview of its variation across languages.
Дисертації з теми "Formal imperatice":
1
PeÌrez, RamiÌrez Miguel. "Formal pragmatic model for imperatives interpretation." Thesis, University of Essex, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268700.
2
Mohamed, Rafsandjani Hassani. "Les révisions constitutionnelles en Afrique et la limitation des mandats présidentiels. : Contribution à l'étude du pouvoir de révision." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022TOUL0147.
Анотація:
On constate une inflation des révisions constitutionnelles en Afrique qui touchent essentiellement la clause de limitation du nombre des mandats présidentiels. Les chefs d’État qui en sont à l’initiative cherchent à faciliter leur réélection. Ces velléités réformistes provoquent des crises politiques et sociales importantes. Pour les acteurs politiques, les organisations de la société civile ou encore les mouvements citoyens, la clause de limitation des mandats présidentiels est un élément fondamental des constitutions et ne peut pas, à ce titre, faire l’objet de révision constitutionnelle. Cette thèse entend démontrer que le pouvoir de révision n’est pas souverain. Il est soumis à deux impératifs. Le premier, d’ordre formel, impose de suivre la procédure régulière de révision fixée par la constitution. Le second impératif est finaliste et met à la charge du pouvoir de révision une obligation de consolider le système institutionnel en préservant ses principes fondateurs. Ces derniers forment la structure basique de la constitution. Il apparaît que ces deux impératifs ne sont pas toujours observés par les révisions en Afrique. La présente étude permet également de montrer qu’il existe, tant au niveau national que régional, un ensemble de mécanismes politiques et juridictionnels originaux, mais encore balbutiants, d’encadrement et de contrôle du pouvoir de révisionAfrican countries have been experiencing an increasing number of constitutional amendments, mainly affecting the presidential term limit clause. Leaders, who initiate them, seek to facilitate their re-election. Such reformist inclinations lead to major political and social crises. From the political actors, civil society organisations and citizen movements point of view, the presidential term limit clause is a key feature of constitutions and as such it should not be the subject of constitutional amendments. This thesis aims at demonstrating that constitutional amendment power is not absolute power. It must comply with two requirements. The first is formal. The amendment process provided by constitutions needs to be followed. The second is an objective. The duty of constitutional amendment power is to consolidate the institutional system by preserving its founding principles. These form the basic structure of constitutions. In Africa, it appears that these two requirements are not always observed when amending constitutions. This research also highlights that at both national and regional levels, there is a set of original mechanisms supervising constitutional amendment power, which are political and jurisdictional, but still in their infancy
3
Fávaro, Gisela Sequini [UNESP]. "Estudo morfológico das formas verbais do modo imperativo nas Cantigas de Santa Maria." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138946.
Анотація:
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Este estudo objetiva realizar o mapeamento e a análise da estrutura morfológica no processo da flexão verbal das formas imperativas em Português Arcaico (PA), a partir das Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM), com a finalidade de mostrar se a situação que encontramos hoje (ou seja, variação entre formas indicativas e subjuntivas para expressar ordens e pedidos), que leva à dúvida quanto ao imperativo ser um modo independente ou não, já ocorria no PA. A metodologia constitui-se no mapeamento das formas verbais do imperativo nas CSM. Contamos, também, com glossários e vocabulários como auxílio na categorização das formas verbais. Após a coleta dos dados, são analisadas as estruturas morfológicas das formas verbais imperativas encontradas, comparando-as com a estrutura morfológica das formas verbais do presente do indicativo e do subjuntivo mapeadas no corpus, a fim de explicar se critérios, tais como ordem, presença ou ausência do sujeito e contextos relacionados a atos de fala (ordem ou pedido), podem ser utilizados para considerar uma forma imperativa ou não. Foram coletadas 189 formas verbais imperativas conjugadas nas 2ªpp e 2ªps. Verificamos a alta produtividade da supressão da vogal temática em um estágio inicial da língua. Podemos comprovar que o modo imperativo preservava sua estrutura morfológica no PA, já que os indíces de variação começam a surgir apenas em meados do século XVIII, quando há as primeiras manifestações do processo de substituição do pronome tu por você nas relações de tratamento. Discorremos, também, a partir de uma perspectiva diacrônica, sobre os fatores de natureza linguística e social que interferiram e continuam interferindo no processo de variação das formas pronominais de tratamento em PB e como este fenômeno está associado à provável perda da morfologia do modo imperativo. Assim, esta tese visou a contribuir para a compreensão da história do português, no sentido de que a retomada de fatos do passado linguístico da língua portuguesa pode trazer uma maior compreensão da estrutura do português atual.
This study aims to map and analyze the morphological structure in the process of verb inflection of imperative forms in Archaic Portuguese (AP) in the Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM). The objective of the study is to show if the situation we find today (i.e., variation among indicative and subjunctive forms to express orders and requests), which leads to the question if the imperative was an independent mood or not, already occurred in the AP. The methodology consists in mapping the imperative verb forms in the CSM. We have also used glossaries and vocabularies as a support in categorization of verb forms. After data is collected, the morphological structure of the imperative verb forms found are analyzed in comparison with the morphological structure of the simple present and subjunctive mapped in the corpus, in order to explain if criteria, such as order, presence or absence of the subject and contexts related to speech acts (order or request), can be used to consider if a form is imperative or not. One hundred eighty-nine imperative verb forms conjugated in the secondperson plural and second-person singular were collected and at the end of the analysis of the data we verified the high productivity of the suppression of the thematic vowel at an early stage of the language. We can prove that the imperative form preserved its morphological structure in the AP, since the variation indices start to emerge only in mid-eighteenth century, when there are the first manifestations of the process which replaces tu by você in treatment relations. We have also discussed, from a diachronic perspective, by the factors of linguistic and social nature that interfered and continue to interfere in the process of change in pronoun forms of address in BP and how this phenomenon is associated with the probable loss of the morphology of the imperative form. Thus, this thesis aimed to contribute to the history of the Portuguese language, considering that the resumption of facts of the linguistic past of the Portuguese language can bring greater understanding of the structure of the current Portuguese.
4
Mallon, Ryan Peter Kingsley. "The Semantics, Formal Correctness and Implementation of History Variables in an Imperative Programming Language." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1173.
Анотація:
Storing the history of objects in a program is a common task. Web browsers remember which websites we have visited, drawing programs maintain a list of the images we have modified recently and the undo button in a wordprocessor allows us to go back to a previous state of a document. Maintaining the history of an object in a program has traditionally required programmers either to write specific code for handling the historical data, or to use a library which supports history logging. We propose that maintaining the history of objects in a program could be simplified by providing support at the language level for storing and manipulating the past versions of objects. History variables are variables in a programming language which store not only their current value, but also the values they have contained in the past. Some existing languages do provide support for history variables. However these languages typically have many limits and restrictions on use of history variables. In this thesis we discuss a complete implementation of history variables in an imperative programming language. We discuss the semantics of history variables for scalar types, arrays, pointers, strings, and user defined types. We also introduce an additional construct called an 'atomic block' which allows us to temporarily suspend the logging of a history variable. Using the mathematical system of Hoare logic we formally prove the correctness of our informal semantics for atomic blocks and each of the history variable types we introduce. Finally, we develop an experimental language and compiler with support for history variables. The language and compiler allow us to investigate the practical aspects of implementing history variables and to compare the performance of history variables with their non- history counterparts.
5
Favaro, Gisela Sequini. "Estudo morfológico das formas verbais do modo imperativo nas Cantigas de Santa Maria /." Araraquara, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138946.
Анотація:
Acompanha CD-ROM com: Apêndice 2. Formas Verbais Imperativas Mapeadas - Apêndice 3. Ocorrências Mapeadas na 2.ps e 2.pp - Apêndice 4. Formas verbais mapeadas com pronomes clíticosOrientador: Gladis Massini-Cagliari
Banca: José Sueli de Magalhães
Banca: Paulo Chagas de Souza
Banca: Cristina Martins Fargetti
Banca: Daniel Soares da Costa
Resumo: Este estudo objetiva realizar o mapeamento e a análise da estrutura morfológica no processo da flexão verbal das formas imperativas em Português Arcaico (PA), a partir das Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM), com a finalidade de mostrar se a situação que encontramos hoje (ou seja, variação entre formas indicativas e subjuntivas para expressar ordens e pedidos), que leva à dúvida quanto ao imperativo ser um modo independente ou não, já ocorria no PA. A metodologia constitui-se no mapeamento das formas verbais do imperativo nas CSM. Contamos, também, com glossários e vocabulários como auxílio na categorização das formas verbais. Após a coleta dos dados, são analisadas as estruturas morfológicas das formas verbais imperativas encontradas, comparando-as com a estrutura morfológica das formas verbais do presente do indicativo e do subjuntivo mapeadas no corpus, a fim de explicar se critérios, tais como ordem, presença ou ausência do sujeito e contextos relacionados a atos de fala (ordem ou pedido), podem ser utilizados para considerar uma forma imperativa ou não. Foram coletadas 189 formas verbais imperativas conjugadas nas 2ªpp e 2ªps. Verificamos a alta produtividade da supressão da vogal temática em um estágio inicial da língua. Podemos comprovar que o modo imperativo preservava sua estrutura morfológica no PA, já que os indíces de variação começam a surgir apenas em meados do século XVIII, quando há as primeiras manifestações do processo de substituição do pronome tu por você nas relações de tratamento. Discorremos, também, a partir de uma perspectiva diacrônica, sobre os fatores de natureza linguística e social que interferiram e continuam interferindo no processo de variação das formas pronominais de tratamento em PB e como este fenômeno está associado à provável perda da morfologia do modo imperativo. Assim, esta tese visou a contribuir...
Abstract: This study aims to map and analyze the morphological structure in the process of verb inflection of imperative forms in Archaic Portuguese (AP) in the Cantigas de Santa Maria (CSM). The objective of the study is to show if the situation we find today (i.e., variation among indicative and subjunctive forms to express orders and requests), which leads to the question if the imperative was an independent mood or not, already occurred in the AP. The methodology consists in mapping the imperative verb forms in the CSM. We have also used glossaries and vocabularies as a support in categorization of verb forms. After data is collected, the morphological structure of the imperative verb forms found are analyzed in comparison with the morphological structure of the simple present and subjunctive mapped in the corpus, in order to explain if criteria, such as order, presence or absence of the subject and contexts related to speech acts (order or request), can be used to consider if a form is imperative or not. One hundred eighty-nine imperative verb forms conjugated in the secondperson plural and second-person singular were collected and at the end of the analysis of the data we verified the high productivity of the suppression of the thematic vowel at an early stage of the language. We can prove that the imperative form preserved its morphological structure in the AP, since the variation indices start to emerge only in mid-eighteenth century, when there are the first manifestations of the process which replaces tu by você in treatment relations. We have also discussed, from a diachronic perspective, by the factors of linguistic and social nature that interfered and continue to interfere in the process of change in pronoun forms of address in BP and how this phenomenon is associated with the probable loss of the morphology of the imperative form. Thus, this thesis aimed to contribute to the...
Doutor
6
Cintra, Fernando Vogel. "A universalizabilidade lógico-ética na fundamentação do princípio jurídico da igualdade e da vinculatividade dos precedentes judiciais : contribuicao para uma interpretação kantiana da teoria do discurso prático racional geral." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/181187.
Анотація:
O objetivo principal da tese é examinar se, na filosofia prática de Immanuel Kant, estariam já contidas distintas variantes da ideia de universalizabilidade, mais especificamente as variantes de Richard Mervyn Hare, Kurt Baier, Marcus George Singer e Jürgen Habermas, com vistas a determinar se a teoria do discurso prático racional de Robert Alexy poderia ser designada como kantiana. O objetivo secundário da tese é examinar se a ideia de universalizabilidade, tal como desenvolvida na lógica formal e na ética de orientação kantiana, pode ser empregada com sucesso na fundamentação filosófica do princípio jurídico da igualdade e da vinculatividade dos precedentes judiciais, bem como apresentar argumentos baseados na universalizabilidade e nos precedentes para a solução de três recursos extraordinários, com repercussão geral reconhecida, que estão pendentes de julgamento pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal brasileiro: Recursos Extraordinários no 611.874, no 639.138 e no 710.293. Os métodos empregados foram o lógico-analítico, o hermenêutico e o comparativo, incluindo também pesquisa bibliográfica, jurisprudencial e legislativa. Os principais resultados obtidos foram estes: (i) do ponto de vista da lógica formal, a universalizabilidade pode ser situada no âmbito das regras de operação do cálculo de predicados de primeira ordem; (ii) com relação às diferentes formulações do imperativo categórico de Kant, a Fórmula IIIa (Reino dos Fins) parece a mais abrangente, ao compreender a forma da ação moral (a lei universal) e a matéria da ação moral (as pessoas como fins em si mesmas); (iii) em seus aspectos essenciais, as variantes da universalizabilidade de Hare, Baier, Singer e Habermas podem ser reconduzidas ao imperativo categórico kantiano; (iv) na filosofia do direito e do estado de Kant, a doutrina da dação de leis dupla explica a diferença entre a dação de leis ética e a dação de leis jurídica com base na diferença da “mola propulsora” (Triebfeder); (v) a existência de uma estreita ligação entre os conceitos de direito (incluindo a possibilidade de coerção externa), de universalizabilidade e de igualdade (na aplicação do direito e no estabelecimento do direito) foi demonstrada; (vi) os dois conceitos fundamentais da teoria do precedente – stare decisis e ratio decidendi – podem ser reconduzidos à ideia de universalizabilidade; (vii) tanto os argumentos baseados na utilização de precedentes, quanto o argumento da universalizabilidade, podem oferecer importantes contribuições para a solução de casos concretos, pendentes de julgamento nos tribunais brasileiros. As conclusões alcançadas a partir dos resultados são que as variantes da ideia de universalizabilidade de Hare, Baier, Singer e Habermas podem, em seus aspectos essenciais, ser reconduzidas à filosofia prática de Kant, demonstrando também a compatibilidade da teoria do discurso prático racional de Alexy com esta filosofia.The main objective of the thesis is to examine whether in Immanuel Kant’s practical philosophy distinct variants of the idea of universalizability are already contained, in particular Richard Mervyn Hare’s, Kurt Baier’s, Marcus George Singer’s and Jürgen Habermas’ variants, with a view to determine whether Robert Alexy’s theory of rational practical discourse could be construed as Kantian. The secondary objective of the thesis is to examine whether the idea of universalizability, such as developed in formal logic and ethics of Kantian orientation, can be employed successfully in the philosophical foundation of the legal principle of equality and of the binding character of judicial precedent, as well as to present arguments based on universalizability and precedent for the solution of three extraordinary appeals, with recognized general repercussion, which are pending judgment in the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court: Extraordinary Appeals n. 611.874, n. 639.138 and n. 710.293. The methods employed were the logical-analytic, the hermeneutic and the comparative, including also bibliographical, case law and legislative review. The main results obtained were as follows: (i) from the viewpoint of formal logic, universalizability can be located within the domain of operation rules of first order predicate calculus; (ii) in relation to the different formulas of Kant’s categorical imperative, the Formula IIIa (Kingdom of Ends) seems the more inclusive, by comprehending the form of moral action (the universal law) and the matter of moral action (the people as ends in themselves); ( (iii) in their essential aspects, Hare’s, Baier’s, Singer’s and Habermas’ variants of universalizability can be reduced to the Kantian categorical imperative; (iv) in Kant’s philosophy of law and state, the double law-giving doctrine explains the difference between the ethical law-giving and legal law-giving based on the difference between “incentive” (Triebfeder); (v) the existence of a close link between the concepts of law (including the possibility of external coercion), universalizability and equality (in the application of law and in the establishment of law) was demonstrated; (vi) the two fundamental concepts of the theory of precedent – stare decisis and ratio decidendi – can be reduced to the idea of universalizability; (vii) both arguments based on the utilization of precedent and the argument of universalizability can offer an important contribution to the solution of concrete cases, pending judgment in Brazilian courts. The conclusions obtained from the results are that Hare’s, Baier’s, Singer’s and Habermas’ variants of the idea of universalizability can, in their essential aspects, be reduced to Kant’s practical philosophy, also demonstrating the compatibility between Alexy’s theory of rational practical discourse and that philosophy.
7
Costa, Rodrigo de Campos. "Formas de enfrentamento à criminalidade organizada." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5647.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-09The purpose of this paper is to analyse Criminal Law in relation to the fight against organized crime. The evolution of Criminal Law was outlined, starting with the main penal schools and also with the dogmatic lines of thought, from Causalism to Functionalism. Considering the legal interest as Criminal Law's main objective, parameters based on constitutional values were established for its definition. The analysis of the legal interest was double folded, having been classified as being of both individual and universal nature, thus enabling the defence of the constitutionality of crimes of abstract danger. The warrants of criminalization, whose fundamentals oblige the infra-constitutional legislator to protect the legal interest elected by the Constitution, were object of analysis. As for organized crime, its evolution as a social and legal phenomenon was analysed, focusing on the history of Brazilian legislation, from the Imperial Penal Code to today's Law 9.034/95. The analysis of the concept of organized crime was based on the concept taken from the Palermo Convention, more open and permissive, so as not to restrict legislation on the account of the effects of the advance of globalization. Thus, in order to establish the concept of organized crime, its characteristics were identified insisting on the need for legal definition. The investigation tools of the Law 9.034/95 were also analysed, following legitimizing arguments. Lastly, the Enemy's Criminal Law and the Right to Safety were analysed as ways to interpret and provide justification for legislations both from penal as well as processual order in the fight against organized crime. From the research done, we conclude for the interpretation of the Right to Safety as a fundamental right, in its objective acception, based on imperatives of tutelage. The collision between constitutional principles must be solved through the application of the principle of proportionality
O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste na análise do Direito Penal, no que diz respeito ao enfrentamento da criminalidade organizada. Foi delineada evolução do Direito Penal, com início nas principais escolas penais e também através das linhas do pensamento dogmático, do causalismo ao funcionalismo. Com norte no bem jurídico, como finalidade do Direito Penal, foram estabelecidos parâmetros para sua definição, ancorado nos valores constitucionais. O bem jurídico foi cindido em sua análise, sendo classificado como de natureza individual e universal, classificação essa que permitiu defender a constitucionalidade dos crimes de perigo abstrato. Foram objeto de análise os mandados de criminalização, cuja fundamentação, obriga o legislador infraconstitucional à proteção do bem eleito pela Constituição. Quanto ao crime organizado, foi analisada sua evolução enquanto fenômeno social e jurídico. Foi objeto de análise a história da legislação brasileira, desde o Código Penal do Império até a atual Lei 9.034/95. Na análise do conceito do crime organizado, levou-se em consideração o conceito previsto pela Convenção de Palermo, mais aberto e permissivo, de modo a não engessar a legislação, devido aos efeitos do avanço da globalização, de modo que para estabelecer o conceito foram identificadas suas características, firmando ainda posicionamento pela necessidade de definição legal. Os instrumentos de investigação da Lei 9.034/95 também foram analisados, firmando-se por argumentos legitimadores. Por fim, foram analisados o Direito Penal do Inimigo e o Direito à Segurança, como formas de se interpretar e fundamentar legislações tanto de ordem penal como processual no enfrentamento à criminalidade organizada. Pela pesquisa feita, posicionamo-nos no sentido de interpretar o Direito à Segurança, como um direito fundamental, na acepção objetiva, com base nos imperativos de tutela. A colisão de princípios constitucionais deve ser sanada através da aplicação do princípio da proporcionalidade
8
Braga, Henrique Santos. "Desaparecimento da flexão verbal como marca de tratamento no modo imperativo - um caso de variação e mudança no português brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-05012009-141440/.
Анотація:
A partir de um corpus composto por textos dramáticos, produzidos na região sudeste brasileira entre 1850 e 1975, nossa pesquisa se destina a estudar o uso que os falantes fizeram, ao longo desse período, das formas do singular do modo imperativo. A motivação para esse estudo se deve ao fato de que, em certas variantes do português brasileiro nas quais se trata o interlocutor primordialmente pelo pronome você, é já constatado um processo de variação entre a forma imperativa oriunda do indicativo associada ao tratamento em segunda pessoa do singular e a forma oriunda do subjuntivo tida como terceira pessoa do singular. Dada essa sincronia, já analisada por alguns trabalhos, nosso intuito foi investigar usos de épocas anteriores, visando a identificar se, ao longo do tempo, além da variação é possível ainda observar um processo de mudança lingüística envolvendo essas formas verbais. Para tratar do fenômeno em questão, optamos pela Teoria Multissistêmica (cf. CASTILHO, 2006), uma abordagem funcionalista que assume a língua como um sistema complexo, no qual os subsistemas gramatical, lexical e semântico-pragmático, embora sejam correlacionados, não estabelecem relações determinísticas. Buscamos ainda sugestões metodológicas da sociolingüística variacionista para quantificar os dados em análise.From a corpus comprised of dramatic texts produced in Brazils southeast region between 1850 and 1975, our research aims to study speakers usage of the imperative mood in the singular form. The motivation of this thesis is due to the fact that among certain variations of brazilian Portuguese language the interlocutor is treated mainly by the pronoun você. Moreover, a process of variation has already been noticed between the imperative form derived from the indicative mood associated with the treatment in the second-person singular and the form derived from the subjunctive mood considered as the third-person singular. Given this synchrony that has already been analyzed in other papers, our target was to investigate the usage in previous times aiming to identify if besides the variation it is still possible to observe a language changing process involving this verbal forms. To treat the phenomenon in question we have opted for the multisystemic theory (cf. CASTILHO, 2006), a functional linguistics approach that assumes language as a complex system in which the grammatical, lexical and semantic-pragmatical subsystems, in spite of being correlated, dont establish a deterministic relationship. We have still searched for methodological suggestions from the variacionist sociolinguistic to quantify the data being analyzed.
9
CIANI, SCIOLLA JACOPO. "¿SEGNI DISTINTIVI E PUBBLICO DOMINIO: IL RUOLO DELL¿IMPERATIVO DI DISPONIBILITA¿ NELLA REGISTRAZIONE E NELLA TUTELA DEL MARCHIO¿." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/351166.
Анотація:
La filosofia del diritto occidentale, mentre si è ampiamente preoccupata di indagare i fondamenti giustificativi dei diritti di proprietà intellettuale, raramente si è occupata di quelli del loro antagonista concettuale, ovvero del pubblico dominio.
Lo scarso interesse manifestato dalla letteratura scientifica trova plausibile spiegazione nella concezione largamente diffusa che identifica il pubblico dominio nel concetto opposto e contrario di “proprietà”, finendo per cadere nell’equazione che considera una risorsa valorizzabile e meritevole di attenzione e tutela solo ciò che è appropriabile e tratta ciò che non lo è come scarto privo di intrinseco interesse.
Oggi, a questa visione se ne è sostituita un’altra, che vede il pubblico dominio non più come res nullius, ma come res publici iuris, ovvero proprietà collettiva, comune, di tutti.
Riconoscere che sul pubblico dominio insiste un interesse proprietario comune, equivale a dire che ciascun membro della collettività vanta un interesse a rivendicarne la comune proprietà, ovvero ad opporsi a tentativi di loro privata appropriazione.
In relazione al diritto dei marchi tale interesse si contrappone al fenomeno di appropriazione indebita dei segni distintivi che devono considerarsi patrimonio comune, sottratto a qualsiasi diritto di privativa e liberamente disponibile per la collettività.
Il capitolo introduttivo affronta i problemi definitori del pubblico dominio con riferimento alle principali privative industrialistiche, per poi concentrarsi, in particolare, sul rapporto con il diritto dei marchi.
Esso dà conto delle principali iniziative mosse a livello internazionale per studiare le interazioni tra diritto dei marchi e pubblico dominio e si conclude con l’individuazione degli interessi collegati alla salvaguardia di un pubblico dominio ricco ed accessibile e delle minacce a tale interesse, ravvisabili nella tendenza all’espansione e al cumulo delle tutele.
La durata tendenzialmente illimitata del diritto e la revocabilità dello status di pubblico dominio di un segno, caratterizzano il diritto di marchio rispetto alle altre privative industrialistiche per non avere una struttura di per sé favorevole e predisposta alla salvaguardia del dominio pubblico.
Tale limite strutturale è però temperato dal legislatore mediante la previsione di limiti alla possibilità di acquisizione del diritto, nonché alla sua portata una volta acquisito.
I capitoli II e V si occupano dei meccanismi che il diritto dei marchi prevede al fine di garantire spazi di pubblico dominio cui gli operatori del mercato possono liberamente attingere senza perciò interferire con l’area dei diritti di esclusiva dei titolari di marchio.
Il capitolo II, in particolare, si occupa dei meccanismi di salvaguardia del pubblico dominio costituito dai segni esclusi dalla registrazione.
I singoli impedimenti alla registrazione sono presi in esame evidenziandone la scarsa capacità escludente anche alla luce della tendenza all’estensione dell’oggetto della tutela di marchio, evidenziata attraverso una rassegna dei principali marchi-non convenzionali cui negli anni è stata concessa tutela.
Tra tali meccanismi di salvaguardia del pubblico dominio spazio centrale è dedicato al principio dell’imperativo di disponibilità dei segni distintivi. Tale dottrina è stata elaborata dal formante giurisprudenziale tedesco sotto il nome di “Freihaltebedürfnis” (letteralmente “necessità di mantenere libero”) e fatta propria dalla dottrina anglosassone come “right to keep free” e sostiene, almeno nel suo impianto originale, la necessità di subordinare la registrazione di un marchio ad una previa valutazione di opportunità che il segno per cui si domanda tutela debba rimanere in pubblico dominio, ovvero liberamente appropriabile dalla collettività.
Oggi è più che mai in dubbio quale sia il ruolo di questo principio all’interno del diritto comunitario dei marchi.
Il capitolo III illustra l’iter della giurisprudenza comunitaria con riferimento alla questione del riconoscimento e della rilevanza dell’imperativo di disponibilità nel giudizio di registrazione.
L’analisi evidenzierà come la Corte sia giunta a conclusioni differenti a seconda del diverso impedimento alla registrazione oggetto di interpretazione, con risultati considerati irragionevoli da larga parte della dottrina e non banali difficoltà e incertezze applicative per gli Uffici di registrazione.
Nonostante ciò si evidenzierà l’emergere di una linea interpretativa comune alla maggior parte delle decisioni analizzate, tesa a riconoscere un ruolo effettivo all’imperativo di disponibilità nel giudizio di registrazione, seppur solo di carattere strumentale alla valutazione di distintività di un segno.
Il capitolo IV illustra come il recente progetto di riforma di Direttiva e Regolamento comunitari non abbia colto l’opportunità di positivizzare tale principio, restando insensibile alla proposta originaria formulata dallo Studio del Max Planck Institut diMonaco di Baviera di inserire un riconoscimento espresso del suo operare all’interno del giudizio di registrazione.
Conclusa la prima parte del lavoro dedicata alle interazioni tra il principio di disponibilità dei segni distintivi e la registrazione di marchio, nel capitolo V si entrerà nel terreno meno battuto dei riflessi che lo stesso principio dispiega nei confronti del giudizio di contraffazione.
Dopo aver analizzato i diversi meccanismi previsti dal legislatore al fine di salvaguardare il pubblico dominio costituito dalle libere utilizzazioni di un segno registrato, si darà conto della loro scarsa capacità escludente e delle conseguenti minacce che la tutela assoluta prevista per i casi di contraffazione per doppia identità e quella aggravata del marchio che gode di rinomanza pongono alla salvaguardia dello spazio di pubblico dominio, specialmente con riguardo ai numerosi casi in cui il marchio altrui è utilizzato per scopi “atipici”, ovvero non chiaramente distintivi dell’attività imprenditoriale e dei beni o servizi dell’avente diritto.
Con riferimento ad essi, l’interprete ha l’arduo compito di capire, di volta in volta, se sia maggiormente meritevole di tutela il titolare di marchio nel suo interesse di escludere i terzi dall’utilizzo del proprio segno, o i terzi stessi nell’interesse antagonista di fare uso del segno per finalità descrittive, espressive, decorative ecc.
La giurisprudenza non ha offerto alcuna interpretazione univoca di questo bilanciamento, stentando a tracciare lo spartiacque tra usi leciti ed illeciti del marchio altrui. Molti di questi casi sono allora stati risolti dalla giurisprudenza ricorrendo, per sancirne la liceità, ad un principio di “necessità dell’uso” che porta nel giudizio di contraffazione gli stessi interessi di libera disponibilità presenti in sede di registrazione.
Anche all’interno del giudizio di contraffazione, tuttavia, tale interesse resta sostanzialmente un oggetto misterioso per la Corte di Giustizia, che resta ancorata alla contraddizione che vede tale interesse confinato ad operare come principio interpretativo generale della normativa, privo però di qualsiasi implicazione concreta ed effettiva nel giudizio di registrazione e di contraffazione.
In conclusione si suggerisce la necessità di sciogliere questo paradosso e si individua nella proposta del Max Planck un’occasione inspiegabilmente mancata per farlo.Among the 45 Recommendations adopted under the WIPO Development Agenda, two indicate the preservation of public domain as a key task for firms, individuals and Member States. This study explores the notion of “public domain” in relation to trademark law, with particular reference to the challenging issue of how safeguarding it, avoiding misappropriation of signs which should remain usable by the public. Some studies have shown that legal instruments provided by trademark law to keep signs and certain forms of use free, risk not being appropriate counterbalances to prevent the misappropriation of public domain. A general exclusion from registration does not exist for many signs which are part of a communal heritage and even if a refusal for registration may be grounded on the lack of distinctiveness, this requirement may still be overcome, showing that the sign has acquired a “secondary meaning”. Furthermore, a look into the registers reveals that trademark right is often used as a vehicle to extend prior patent, design or copyrights, with great public domain’s concerns. At last, the space of public domain is endangered by the expanded protection of new types of marks and by the anti-dilution enhanced protection, which gave the registered trademark’s owner more general control over his sign, making it unavailable for socially and culturally valuable use, such as news reporting, criticism, review and parody. German case law was the first to address the issue of the safeguard of this room for free signs and uses, suggesting that trademark registration should be subject to a prior assessment of the opportunity that a sign remain public available (Freihaltebedürfnis). This interest raises from the observation of the negative impact that granting rights to certain types of trademark may have on market competition and led most countries to refrain from recognising trademark rights to descriptive and generic signs and functional shapes. Otherwise, by choosing these signs, right holders may acquire strategic competitive advantages on competitors whose marketing strategies and communication, deprived of the opportunity to use them, would result much less effective than that allowed to the trademark’s holder. This advantage has nothing to do with the essential function to guarantee the trade mark as an indication of origin and is therefore not justified in the light of the objectives underlying trade mark law. The ECJ, requested to preliminary ruling on whether this “need to keep free” should play any role in the European trademark law, answered contradictorily. Notwithstanding, courts still rely on public policy concerns in order to preclude or limit the trademark protection, such as the “color depletion” and the “functionality” doctrine used by U.S. Courts for granting protection to color or shape marks. This work suggests that public interest should still play a role as a key-factor in order to assess the distinctive character relevant both in registration and infringement proceedings and shares the view that wording should be added in the Trademark Directive and Regulation, that the assessment of distinctive character should take into account the “right to keep free”. This proposal becomes particularly actual in the light of the works in progress for reforming the European trademark legislation, which appear to have ignored the problem of striking the proper balance between trademark right and public domain.
10
Savi, Neto Pedro Savi. "Educa??o e mem?ria do sofrimento em T. W. Adorno." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2017. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/7283.
Анотація:
Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-05-18T17:40:17Z
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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
The present thesis aims at the adequate understanding of the memory duty from the categorical imperative formulated by T.W. Adorno, that events like Auschwitz mustn?t be repeated, as an educational foundation for the de-barbarization of society from its fundamental dimension: the subject. For this, the research starts from the analysis of bourgeois society as a social organization that appropriated and reinforced the logic of domination of nature to structure a society managed by economic interests and marked by the coldness in personal relations. The context in which the pedagogical character of the memory of suffering does not find its place in human development, reduced to mere training for the labor market, of two fundamental dimensions: negativity and mimesis. The research goes through the understanding of the negative moral philosophy of Adorno exposed relationally with the moral philosophy of Kant, with the purpose of explaining the type of moral conscience that must be formed by the education to resist the barbarism. Memory raised to the moral category is not confused with history; memory is related to the perspective to face history, a political position in front of history, committed to the past suffering erected to the condition of foundation to think the moral philosophy and, consequently, to define the values that humanity understands fundamental to conserve to the future generations. The constant presence of barbarism in the history of mankind is analyzed from the critique of the conception of history as progress, present in Hegel's philosophy. The educational importance of the elaboration of the past is founded with support in the work of Reyes Mate. From these theoretical-philosophical elements, the duty of memory is defended as an ethical stance and political conviction necessary to enable the construction of a just society from an education committed to an adequate understanding of the causes that have made possible so much suffering in the past and that remain present in the world to enable a different future. The thesis, then, is that the humanization of the human, understood as the main objective of the educational process, only occurs when the memory of suffering is the basis of its structuring.
A presente tese tem como objetivo a compreens?o adequada do dever de mem?ria a partir do imperativo categ?rico formulado por T.W. Adorno, de que eventos como Auschwitz n?o se repitam, como fundamento educacional para a desbarbariza??o da sociedade a partir de sua dimens?o fundamental: o sujeito. Para tanto, a pesquisa parte da an?lise da sociedade burguesa, enquanto organiza??o social que se apropriou e refor?ou a l?gica de domina??o da natureza para estruturar uma sociedade administrada pelos interesse econ?micos e marcada pela frieza nas rela??es pessoais. Contexto no qual, o car?ter pedag?gico da mem?ria do sofrimento n?o encontra lugar pelo n?o desenvolvimento na forma??o humana, reduzida a mero treinamento para o mercado de trabalho, de duas dimens?es fundamentais: negatividade e mimese. A pesquisa passa pela compreens?o da filosofia moral negativa de Adorno exposta de forma relacional com a filosofia moral de Kant, com o objetivo de explicitar o tipo de consci?ncia moral que deve ser formado pela educa??o para resistir ? barb?rie. A mem?ria elevada ? categoria moral n?o se confunde com a hist?ria; a mem?ria est? relacionada ? perspectiva para encarar a hist?ria, uma posi??o pol?tica diante da hist?ria, comprometida com o sofrimento passado erigido ? condi??o de fundamento para pensar a filosofia moral e, por consequ?ncia, definir os valores que a humanidade entende fundamentais para conservar ?s gera??es futuras. A presen?a constante da barb?rie na hist?ria da humanidade ? analisada a partir da cr?tica ? concep??o de hist?ria como progresso, presente na filosofia de Hegel. A import?ncia educacional da elabora??o do passado ? fundamentada com apoio na obra de Reyes Mate. A partir desses elementos te?rico-filos?ficos, o dever de mem?ria ? defendido como postura ?tica e convic??o pol?tica necess?ria para viabilizar a constru??o de uma sociedade justa a partir de uma educa??o comprometida com a adequada compreens?o das causas que possibilitaram tanto sofrimento no passado e que permanecem presentes no mundo para possibilitar um futuro diferente. A tese, ent?o, ? de que a humaniza??o do humano, entendida como objetivo principal do processo educacional, somente se d? quando a mem?ria do sofrimento est? na base de sua estrutura??o.
Книги з теми "Formal imperatice":
1
Norris, Christopher. Derrida, Badiou, and the formal imperative. New York: Continuum International Pub. Group, 2012.
2
Norris, Christopher. Derrida, Badiou, and the formal imperative. New York: Continuum International Pub. Group, 2012.
3
O, Barclay Rebecca, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. NASA/DOD aerospace knowledge diffusion research project.: A strategic imperative for improving U.S. competitiveness. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.
4
O, Barclay Rebecca, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. NASA/DOD aerospace knowledge diffusion research project.: A strategic imperative for improving U.S. competitiveness. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1998.
5
Durakova, Irina, Larisa Matasova, Ekaterina Mayer, Ivan Grigorov, Tat'yana Rahmanova, Elena Mitrofanova, Anna Bagirova, et al. Personnel management in Russia: reboot. Book 11. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2035498.
Анотація:
The monograph contains the results of research concerning, firstly, new ideas about employees and about human resource management in the context of a reset of the labor market and sanctions restrictions. In the context of these directions, the competition factor is considered as an imperative to reset the supply and demand of labor, the specifics of the modern psyche and existential reality, the role of human capital in the sustainable development of the corporation. Secondly, the actual role of continuing education as a basis for the competitiveness of workers in a period of economic instability, its inclusive scenario and, as a consequence, knowledge, formed, including taking into account the policy of digitalization. Thirdly, issues of well—being, the content of which is a culture of caring and psychological safety of employees, including conditions of crisis economic development, an inclusive environment, family-friendly policy of the organization. Fourth, the problems of managing older workers in the concepts and practice of personnel management: professional success in aging societies, technology for achieving active longevity, training, productivity and remuneration. Fifth, resetting approaches to personnel management: the formation of an organization's culture in the context of the development of information and communication technologies, the development of a system of documentation support for personnel management in order to reduce personnel and legal risks.
For students, postgraduates and teachers of economic universities and faculties, as well as a wide range of readers interested in personnel management issues.
6
Norris, Christopher. Derrida, Badiou and the Formal Imperative. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350251816.
7
Norris, Christopher. Derrida, Badiou and the Formal Imperative. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2014.
8
Sarvasy, Hannah S. Imperatives and commands in Nungon. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0011.
Анотація:
The two dedicated positive imperative paradigms of the Papuan language Nungon cover all subject person/number combinations. The Immediate Imperative and Delayed Imperative differ semantically, pragmatically, and formally. The Immediate Imperative demands immediate compliance, rings peremptorily, and shares morphology with the Counterfactual and medial verb Different-Subject marking. The Delayed Imperative anticipates delayed compliance and is polite; it may have originated through iconic vowel alteration of the Future Irrealis. The time distinction between the positive Immediate and Delayed Imperatives is neutralized under negation; a single dedicated Prohibitive likely arose from the combination of an attention-getting suffix and the positive Future Irrealis. Nungon also has eight imperative strategies, which may be coordinated with dedicated imperative forms; conventional verbless directives exist as well. Dedicated imperatives can function in questions. Children show early acquisition of canonical and non-canonical imperative forms. Finally, this hunting society also has dog commands that are unrelated to usual imperative forms.
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de Vries, Lourens. The imperative paradigm of Korowai, a Greater Awyu language of West Papua. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0012.
Анотація:
The imperative paradigm of Korowai, a Papuan language of West Papua, is the richest independent verb paradigm of Korowai: it makes the same distinctions as all other independent verb paradigms but makes more distinctions in grammatical person: three grammatical persons rather than conflation of second and third person as in all other Korowai and Greater Awyu verb paradigms. This formal richness is matched by functional richness: imperatives are used in a typologically striking range of contexts, for example in bridging constructions (tail–head linkage), in the domain of inner states (through quotative framing of emotion, thoughts, and intentions) and in both addressee-inclusive and addressee-exclusive contexts (in the case of first person plural imperatives). Diachronically, the Korowai imperative paradigm developed from a basic injunctive zero paradigm of proto Greater Awyu that has reflexes in all branches and languages of the Greater Awyu family.
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Amha, Azeb. Commands in Wolaitta. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803225.003.0014.
Анотація:
This chapter examines expressions of commands (imperatives) in Wolaitta and the ways in which the imperative is distinguished from statements and questions. Although each sentence type is formally distinct, imperatives and questions share a number of morpho-syntactic properties. Similar to declarative and interrogative sentences, imperatives in Wolaitta involve verbal grammatical categories such as the distinction of person, number, and gender of the subject as well as negative and positive polarity. In contrast to previous studies, the present contribution establishes the function of a set of morphemes based on -árk and -érk to be the expression of plea or appeal to an addressee rather than politeness when issuing a command. Instead, politeness in commands is expressed by using plural (pro)nominal and verbal elements. The imperative in Wolaitta is a robust construction which is also used in formulaic speeches such as leave-taking as well as in blessing, curses, and advice.
Частини книг з теми "Formal imperatice":
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Lau, Kung-Kiu. "A Beginner’s Course on Reasoning About Imperative Programs." In Teaching Formal Methods, 1–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30472-2_1.
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Pirvulescu, Mihaela, and Yves Roberge. "Objects and the Structure of Imperatives." In Formal Perspectives on Romance Linguistics, 211. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.185.16pir.
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Fernández, Maribel, and Ian Mackie. "A Reversible Operational Semantics for Imperative Programming Languages." In Formal Methods and Software Engineering, 91–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63406-3_6.
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Maingaud, Séverine, Vincent Balat, Richard Bubel, Reiner Hähnle, and Alexandre Miquel. "Specifying Imperative ML-Like Programs Using Dynamic Logic." In Formal Verification of Object-Oriented Software, 122–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18070-5_9.
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Nikolić, Đurica, Corrado Priami, and Roberto Zunino. "A Rule-Based and Imperative Language for Biochemical Modeling and Simulation." In Software Engineering and Formal Methods, 16–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33826-7_2.
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Lamraoui, Si-Mohamed, and Shin Nakajima. "A Formula-Based Approach for Automatic Fault Localization of Imperative Programs." In Formal Methods and Software Engineering, 251–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11737-9_17.
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Blazy, Sandrine, and Xavier Leroy. "Formal Verification of a Memory Model for C-Like Imperative Languages." In Formal Methods and Software Engineering, 280–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11576280_20.
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Gomes, Leandro, Alexandre Madeira, Manisha Jain, and Luis S. Barbosa. "On the Generation of Equational Dynamic Logics for Weighted Imperative Programs." In Formal Methods and Software Engineering, 154–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32409-4_10.
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Daudier, Dorian, Trinh Ngoc Quoc Bao, and Kazuhiro Ogata. "A Proof Score Approach to Formal Verification of an Imperative Programming Language Compiler." In Structured Object-Oriented Formal Language and Method, 200–217. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90104-6_13.
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Beyer, Dirk, Martin Spiessl, and Sven Umbricht. "Cooperation Between Automatic and Interactive Software Verifiers." In Software Engineering and Formal Methods, 111–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17108-6_7.
Анотація:
AbstractThe verification community develops two kinds of verification tools: automatic verifiers and interactive verifiers. There are many such verifiers available, and there is steady progress in research. However, cooperation between the two kinds of verifiers was not yet addressed in a modular way. Yet, it is imperative for the community to leverage all possibilities, because our society heavily depends on software systems that work correctly. This paper contributes tools and a modular design to address the open problem of insufficient support for cooperation between verification tools. We identify invariants as information that needs to be exchanged in cooperation, and we support translation between two ‘containers’ for invariants: program annotations and correctness witnesses. Using our new building blocks, invariants computed by automatic verifiers can be given to interactive verifiers as annotations in the program, and annotations from the user or interactive verifier can be given to automatic verifiers, in order to help the approaches mutually to solve the verification problem. The modular framework, and the design choice to work with readily-available components in off-the-shelf manner, opens up many opportunities to combine new tools from existing components. Our experiments on a large set of programs show that our constructions work, that is, we constructed tool combinations that can solve verification tasks that the verifiers could not solve before.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Formal imperatice":
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Gibbons, Hugh. "Declarative View of Imperative Programs." In 2nd Irish Workshop on Formal Methods. BCS Learning & Development, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/ewic/fm1998.3.
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Xu, Bo, Baojian Hua, and Ying Gao. "An imperative formal calculus for Java." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Future Computer and Communication. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfcc.2010.5497813.
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Larraz, Daniel, Albert Oliveras, Enric Rodriguez-Carbonell, and Albert Rubio. "Proving termination of imperative programs using Max-SMT." In 2013 Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design (FMCAD). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fmcad.2013.6679413.
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Sinn, Moritz, Florian Zuleger, and Helmut Veith. "Difference constraints: an adequate abstraction for complexity analysis of imperative programs." In 2015 Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design (FMCAD). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fmcad.2015.7542264.
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Demongeot, Thomas, Julien Mallet, and Yves Le Traon. "Runtime verification of declassification for imperative programs: Formal foundations." In 2009 Fourth International Conference on Risks and Security of Internet and Systems (CRiSIS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/crisis.2009.5411980.
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Olsson, O., and A. Wallenburg. "Customised induction rules for proving correctness of imperative programs." In Third IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering and Formal Methods (SEFM'05). IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sefm.2005.15.
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Gemünde, Mike, Jens Brandt, and Klaus Schneider. "A Formal Semantics of Clock Refinement in Imperative Synchronous Languages." In 2010 10th International Conference on Application of Concurrency to System Design. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acsd.2010.25.
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Gemunde, Mike, Jens Brandt, and Klaus Schneider. "Compilation of imperative synchronous programs with refined clocks." In 2010 8th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for Codesign (MEMOCODE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memcod.2010.5558633.
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Li, Xian, and Klaus Schneider. "Control-flow guided property directed reachability for imperative synchronous programs." In 2016 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for System Design (MEMOCODE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memcod.2016.7797742.
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Werner, Marcel Christian, and Klaus Schneider. "Translation of continuous function charts to imperative synchronous quartz programs." In MEMOCODE '21: 19th ACM-IEEE International Conference on Formal Methods and Models for System Design. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3487212.3487338.
Звіти організацій з теми "Formal imperatice":
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Rosenfeld and Kiefner. L52270 Basics of Metal Fatigue in Natural Gas Pipeline Systems - A Primer for Gas Pipeline Operators. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010154.
Анотація:
The natural gas pipeline industry is rapidly implementing comprehensive integrity management practices to meet the demands of new regulatory imperatives and public interests. These new demands require formal integrity management planning programs be developed and applied where pipeline failures could affect High Consequence Areas�. A formal integrity management plan (IMP) incorporates some process for identifying threats to a pipeline's integrity. Such threats come in many forms and are uniquely dependent on a wide range of attributes associated with an individual pipeline segment. Interest (or concern) has arisen regarding metal fatigue as one such possible integrity threat. We know from some pipeline failures that occasionally and under certain circumstances, fatigue may constitute a potential threat. The cumulative body of knowledge derived by theory, test, and experience on the subject of fatigue and its effects on piping, pressurized equipment, and welded structures is vast in scope and detail, and it is not the intention of this document to summarize that. Rather, it is intended that this document provide natural gas pipeline operators and others interested in natural gas pipeline safety with a useful understanding of the extent to which fatigue could pose a legitimate and actionable safety threat, as well as to demonstrate the author's opinion that in most respects, fatigue remains a comparatively minor risk component of the overall spectrum of threats to natural gas pipeline safety.
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Canto, Patricia, ed. Marcos para la construcción de una gobernanza colaborativa. Universidad de Deusto, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/fwjo3694.
Анотація:
La colaboración se ha convertido en un imperativo ante la complejidad y relevancia de los retos a los que se enfrenta la sociedad, y son cada vez más los gobiernos que están tratando de construir nuevas formas de gobernanza en el desarrollo de sus políticas y estrategias. Sobre la base de la experiencia en el acompañamiento a gobiernos regionales y locales durante más de una década a través de la investigación acción para el desarrollo territorial, este cuaderno identifica dimensiones clave en procesos de construcción de gobernanza colaborativa y propone una selección de marcos y preguntas para acompañar dichos procesos. El cuaderno tiene el objetivo de contribuir con una herramienta para responsables políticos e investigadores para pensar en la acción, sobre la acción y para la acción en los procesos de gobernanza.
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Pacheco Pinilla, Claudia Marcela, and Lina Shirley López Hernández. Técnicas de integración: fracciones parciales. Ediciones Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/gcnc.75.
Анотація:
El cálculo integral es una línea de las matemáticas que requiere la aplicación extensa de preconceptos matemáticos, lo cual constituye un punto de desafío para muchos estudiantes. Además, la integración de funciones se revela como una destreza indispensable para la implementación efectiva de diversos conceptos disciplinares en ingeniería. En consecuencia, resulta imperativo contar con una fundamentación adecuada y pertinente que respalde la aplicación de estos conocimientos en contextos específicos. Las fracciones parciales se presentan como una técnica de integración que abarca diversos conceptos fundamentales de matemáticas, entre ellos la factorización, el despeje de ecuaciones y la división de polinomios. Esta metodología no solo constituye un recurso preciso por sí misma, sino que también sirve como apoyo eficaz para aprovechar las tablas de integración disponibles. De esta manera, los estudiantes no solo desarrollan la competencia necesaria para identificar y aplicar las fracciones parciales, sino que también mejoran su destreza en la utilización de otras estrategias, como la integración por sustitución en su forma más elemental.
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Pexas, Georgios, Ilias Kyriazakis, and Bob Doherty. The Future of Animal Feed. Food Standards Agency, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.gzi586.
Анотація:
The feed-food competition for environmental and economic resources raises increasing concerns about the production and supply of protein for the global livestock sector. Risks to food-security and approaching deadlines for global sustainable development, means exploring the potential for alternative protein feeds is imperative. However, as the use of alternative feeds for livestock production is still at its infancy, it is critical that potential direct or indirect food safety risks are evaluated before implementation at commercial scales. This Rapid Evidence Assessment (REA) offers a lens that focuses on the potential opportunities and threats of such alternatives for the sustainability and food safety of the global livestock sector. Four potential alternative protein sources for livestock feeds are identified and evaluated through this REA: genetically modified / engineered protein crops and alternative cultivation methods cellular agriculture former foods, food waste and industry by-products and waste streams animal by-products and insects Through this analysis, a strategic policy roadmap and research agenda are synthesised to facilitate higher-level policy making, supporting local solutions for global sustainable development and a more food-secure future. The four broad directions for policy making and research the REA proposes are: decoupling protein production from fossil fuel developing sustainable economic strategies for alternative proteins at a subnational level supporting circular livestock feed solutions further enhancing the feed and food regulatory system
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Clement, Timothy, and Brett Vaughan. Evaluation of a mobile learning platform for clinical supervision. University of Melbourne, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46580/124369.
Анотація:
Context: This report details a formative evaluation of the Clinical Supervision Online (CSO) course, a fee-paying, fully online ‘light touch’ program of study for clinical supervisors offered by the Melbourne Medical School, which was developed in conjunction with the University’s Mobile Learning Unit. The course requires between six to ten hours of self-directed study and is designed for any clinicians who teach. Methods: Evaluation of the course was guided by Rossi, Lipsey and Freeman’s (2004) approach to program evaluation, addressing the need for the course, its design, implementation, impact, and return on investment. Data were collected through interviews with key informants, document analysis, an embedded student survey, learning analytics data, financial data, and an audit against ‘best practice’ standards for online course design. Findings: The findings suggest that course development was driven by both a financial imperative and genuine concern to meet training needs of clinical supervisors. Two hundred and four students enrolled on the course in its first 18 months. This has been enough to cover its developmental costs. In relation to 64 quality standards for online course design, the level of performance was rated as ‘meets’ for 44 items; ‘exceeds’ for one item; ‘developing for 13 items’; and, ‘non-existent’ for six items. An additional 33 items were identified as ‘not applicable’ for the ‘light touch’ course design. Significance: From a learning design perspective there is much to like about the CSO course and the outcome of assessing it against the standards for ‘best practice’ online course design suggests that an evolutionary approach - making incremental changes - could improve the course whilst retaining its existing ‘light touch’ format. The CSO course on its own is unlikely to realise the depth of achievement implied in the course aims and learning outcomes. The CSO course may best be seen as an entrée into the art of clinical supervision.
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Haslam, Divna, Ben Mathews, Rosana Pacella, James Graham Scott, David Finkelhor, Daryl Higgins, Franziska Meinck, et al. The prevalence and impact of child maltreatment in Australia: Findings from the Australian Child Maltreatment Study: Brief Report. Queensland University of Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.239397.
Анотація:
The Australian Child Maltreatment Study (ACMS) is a landmark study for our nation. The ACMS research team has generated the first nationally representative data on the prevalence of each of the five types of child maltreatment in Australia, and their associated health impacts through life. We also identified information about the context of maltreatment experiences, including how old children are when it occurs, and who inflicts it. This knowledge about which children are most at risk of which types of abuse and neglect, at which ages, and by whom, is needed to develop evidencebased population approaches required to reduce child maltreatment in Australia. The concerning prevalence of maltreatment and its devastating associated outcomes present an urgent imperative for nation-building reform to better protect Australian children and reduce associated costs to individuals, families, communities and broader society. The ACMS collected data from 8500 randomly selected Australians aged 16-65 years and older. We included an oversample of 3500 young people 16-24 years of aged to generate particularly strong data about child maltreatment in contemporary Australian society, to assess its associated impacts in adolescence and early adulthood, and to allow future prevalence studies to detect reductions in prevalence rates over time. Our participants aged 25 and over enabled us to understand prevalence trends at different times in Australian history, and to measure associated health outcomes through life. Participants provided information on childhood experiences of each of the five types of child abuse and neglect, and other childhood adversities, mental health disorders, health risk behaviours, health services utilisation, and more. Our findings provide the first nationally representative data on the prevalence of child maltreatment in Australia. Moreover, the ACMS is the first national study globally to examine maltreatment experiences and associated health and social outcomes of all five forms of child maltreatment. Taken together, our findings provide a deep understanding of the prevalence, context and impact of child abuse and neglect in Australia and make an important contribution to the international field. This brief report presents the main findings from the ACMS for a general public audience. These main findings are further detailed in seven peer-reviewed scholarly articles, published in a special edition of the Medical Journal of Australia, Australia’s leading medical journal. Forthcoming work will examine other important questions about the impacts of specific maltreatment experiences to generate additional evidence to inform governments and stakeholders about optimal prevention policy and practice. There is cause for hope. In recent years, there have been reductions in physical abuse, and in some types of sexual abuse. These reductions are extremely important. They mean that fewer children are suffering, and they indicate that change is possible. Policies and programs to reduce these types of maltreatment are having an effect. Yet, there are other concerning trends, with some types of maltreatment becoming even more common, including emotional abuse, some types of sexual abuse, and exposure to domestic violence. And new types of sexual victimisation are also emerging. As a society, we have much work to do. We know that child maltreatment can be reduced if we work together as governments, service sectors, and communities. We need to invest more, and invest better. It is a moral, social and economic imperative for Australian governments to develop a coordinated long-term plan for generational reform. We have found that: 1. Child maltreatment is widespread. 2. Girls experience particularly high rates of sexual abuse and emotional abuse. 3. Child maltreatment is a major problem affecting today’s Australian children and youth – it is not just something that happened in the past. 4. Child maltreatment is associated with severe mental health problems and behavioural harms, both in childhood and adulthood. 5. Child maltreatment is associated with severe health risk behaviours, both in childhood and adulthood. 6. Emotional abuse is particularly harmful, and is much more damaging than society has understood.