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Статті в журналах з теми "Forced settlements in the Soviet Union"

1

Zykin, Ivan V. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE SETTLEMENT NETWORK IN THE TIMBER INDUSTRY OF THE SOVIET UNION IN THE 1930s." Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education, no. 4(72) (December 28, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47055/1990-4126-2020-4(72)-14.

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The period of "socialist industrialization" of the late 1920s - early 1940s in the Soviet Union was associated with active construction of a settlement network, including in the forest industry. Active development of resources in the northern and eastern regions and in the European part of the country and construction and reconstruction of enterprises gave rise to a large number of working villages, some of which were given the status of town. Extensive operations across forestry areas and crisis in the industry in the last decades of the 20th and early 21st century led to the shrinking of the settlement network, especially in the timber harvesting sector, and the cities and towns for which timber enterprises were or still are a mono-employer have slipped into depression. This calls for turning attention to the experience of locating, planning and building worker villages in the timber industry in the late 1920s and early 1940s. This study of the settlement network revealed that settlements were set up close to timber production sites, worker villages tended to grow into towns, and several attempts were made to construct "socialist cities". Settlements near medium and large timber enterprises and those lying close to transport routes formed the framework of the settlement network of the industry, while the number of timber-logging villages began to decline since the late 1930s.
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Breslavskii, Anatolii Sergeevich. "The results of Soviet urbanization of Chita Oblast: structure, count and functional significance of urban settlements." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 5 (May 2020): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2020.5.34014.

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  The article is dedicated to the results of urbanization of Chita Oblast in the late Soviet period. The author examines the established structure of urban settlements, count of cities and industrial townships, as well as their functional designation in the late 1980s. A brief characteristic of production base formed in the Soviet period (organizations, enterprises, etc.) is given by each city and large worker’s settlement. Calculation is conducted on separate demographic parameters of urbanization of the region: share of the urban population, share of the population of cities and industrial townships in the urban population, etc. The research leans on the official results of the All-Union Census of 1989, as well as the data from the official websites of urban settlements in Zabaykalsky Krai. It is underlined that by the end of the 1980s, on the territory of Chita Oblast was formed a broad and dispersed network of urban settlements, which for the most part scattered along Trans-Siberian Railway and southward towards the border with China. Trans-Baikal Railway and mining industry played the leading role in formation of majority of cities and workers’ settlements. The structure of urban settlements highlighted the capita of the region – Chita by demographical and functional aspects. However, nine more cities and five large townships with over 12,000 population and developed infrastructure, smoothed out the territorial imbalances in urbanization of the region.  
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3

Tircsi, Richárd. "The History of the Germans from Mérk and Vállaj, Deported to the Soviet Union for Forced Labour 1945–1949." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 7, no. 1 (August 1, 2015): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auseur-2015-0006.

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Abstract The deportation - in German: Verschleppung - was a ‘taboo' for a long time. However, the works born since the change of regime provide an excellent and overall picture about this painful historical act. At the same time, it is desirable to get a more precise picture by examining the detailed history of the deportation in the case of the individual settlements. Merk and Valla), the Swabian settlements in the Szatmar region, in the eastern part of the country, lie on the periphery in several aspects. Still, considering the numerical proportion of their population, the most displaced persons were deported by the Soviets, as war criminals, from here in 1945 - a quarter of whom never saw their beloved ones and home country again. It is the particular tragedy of this fact that those deported were at least as much bound to their recipient country, the Hungarian nation, as to their German nationality. They are not criminals of war but victims of the war of racial discrimination. ‘Who will be responsible for these people suffering innocently?’ - puts the question Ferenc Juhasz, parish priest in Merk at that time. Giving an answer is the task of all of us. The paper seeks to explore a segment of the micro-texture of the country-wide, and even wider, regional trauma of this community, based on diary excerpts from the period as well as on individual, specialized literature research.
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Shnitser, Ihor. "The Soviet Union and the Slovak question during the second World War." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 34 (December 29, 2021): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2021-34.123-136.

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The purpose of the article is to study the Slovak question in the foreign policy of the Soviet Union during the Second World War. The methodological basis of the proposed article is the principles of historicism and objectivity, the application of which involves an unbiased depiction of past events in their historical context. To carry out a comprehensive scientifi c analysis of the article, the author has used the unique historical research methods – problematic, comparative-historical, retrospective, and diachronic. The scientifi c novelty lies in the systematic analysis of the place and the role of the Slovak question in the foreign policy of the Soviet Union in 1939–1945. Conclusion. The USSR considered the independent Slovak Republic an artifi cialentity, a product of German expansion. The establishment and development of Soviet-Slovak interstate relations in September 1939 – June 1941 were primarily dictated by the conjuncture of the short-lived German-Soviet partnership. After the Nazi Germany attacked on the USSR and the severance of Soviet-Slovak interstate relations, offi cial Moscow supported the idea of the continuity of the Czechoslovak Republic and the annulment of the Munich Agreements. In prac-tice, this meant that the USSR advocated the return of Slovakia to the Czechoslovak Republic, which was to become an infl uential leader of Soviet infl uence in Central and South-Eastern Europe. The Soviet Union considered the future state and legal system of the republic to be an internal aff air of Czechoslovakia and did not interfere in settlement of Czech-Slovak relations. On the positive side, the Soviet leadership recognized Slovaks as a separate people. This forced the Czechoslovak government and E. Beneš personally to partially reconsider their views on the issue and agree to the revival of the Czechoslovak Republic as a common state of equal Czech and Slovak nations but without a clear defi nition of the state and legal status of Slovakia.
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Shaydullaev, R. B., U. I. Abdimatov, and B. M. Mamatkadyrova. "ON ORGANIZATION OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN SMALL CITIES OF KYRGYZSTAN (on the example of Tash-Kumyr)." Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, no. 1-2021 (March 22, 2021): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2021.1.6-15.

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The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the organization of passenger transportation in small towns of Kyrgyzstan, since timely transport links between nearby settlements are of particular importance in settlements, as is the case in the city of Tash-Kumyr. The problems of the development of cities involved in the mining industry in America and Europe are considered, in these countries during the crisis there were also collapses. But in these countries, with the improvement of the country's economy, they left the stage of collapse, therefore, one of the ways out of the collapse of the city of Tash-Kumyr, we proposed to organize a tourist base. The main stages of the development of the city of Tash-Kumyr in the post-Soviet period and the ways of solving problems in organizing a new route of movement between the settlement of Kyzyl-Alma and the city have been studied, and chronometers of the movement of the direct route of the city of Tash-Kumyr have been made. In addition, the speed of movement, the consumption of fuels and lubricants (POL) and the economic effect of the newly opened route of public transport in comparison with the private transportation of passengers have been determined. The purpose of this work is to organize passenger transportation in small towns by the example in the city of Tash-Kumyr when changing the route of movement of vehicles within the city and creating favorable conditions for opening a tourist base. The city of Tash-Kumyr was formed in the process of opening, this settlement of a coal mine, in this regard, a city with all amenities appeared in a small place. With the opening of a coal mine, jobs were organized for engineers and technicians, miners, builders and other professions. Such a process of organizing work took place during the development of the former Soviet Union, but with the collapse of the Union, all ties with other republics of the former Union were destroyed. The article examines the existing routes in the city of Tash-Kumyr: direct and circular bus routes. The proposed route of movement facilitates transport links with. Kyzyl-Alma with the small town of Tash-Kumyr, and the population of the village has an opportunity to get relief during the trip to the city.
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Gerasimenko, Tatiana, and Natalia Sviatokha. "Transformation of the oikonyms of the Republic of Tajikistan: analysis and mapping." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 4 (2020): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-4-26-320-328.

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Toponymy of different epochs on the map of Tajikistan, as well as other complex ethno-cultural regions, coexists. It is explained by the dynamics of the ethnic composition of the population for millennia. Toponymy in a certain extent reflects the historical and geographical specifics of the region. Several toponymic layers are highlighted on the map of the republic. The “Soviet” layer reflects the processes of unification that were prevailing during this period of time throughout the entire Soviet space. As part of the project, supported by a grant from the Russian Geographical Society, it is planned to create a series of maps showing the change in toponymy in the post-Soviet space. The purpose of this stage of the study was to analyze the transformation of the oikonyms of the level of district centers throughout the 20th–21st centuries, and especially in the post-Soviet period. The scale of renaming is much wider and applies to oronyms, hydronyms and other toponyms. In the framework of the historical and geographical approach, we used a system of methods to identify transformation trends: comparison of multi-temporal maps, statistical, geoinformation. We have created a database based on an analysis of the dynamics of the oikonymy of sixty-five settlements of Tajikistan over the period of the 20th–21st centuries. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the processes of regionalization and transformation of the cultural and geographical space intensified and accelerated on the territory of the newly formed sovereign states. One of the indicators of these processes became a large-scale tendency to rename the names of geographical objects. In the Republic of Tajikistan, the renaming of districts, cities, rural settlements and individual objects is carried out in the several directions. They are: a replacement of “Soviet” (for the most part Russian) names, renaming some Turkic (Uzbek) place names, and renaming also some place names in Tajik. Most of the renamed settlements received historical names or the names of figures of Tajik history and culture. An analysis of the processes of change, in particular, desovetization, derusification, deturization and transformation of traditional Tajik toponyms, revealed the need to fix the current and lost toponymic system of Tajikistan, as well as other post-Soviet countries.
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Birzniece, Eva. "Construction of Resistance Discourse in Latvian Post-Soviet Literature about Deportations and Imprisonments." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 4, no. 2 (December 15, 2012): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v4i2_9.

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During the Soviet era there were no publicly available published literary representations of the Soviet deportations and imprisonment of civilians and Latvian Army officers to Siberia and the Far East. If there were any, these were very scarce and available to very few people. Deportations and imprisonments were marginalized and silenced themes in all possible respects – politically, socially and culturally. Many narratives (in books published in state publishing houses) emerged only in the beginning of the 1990ies when the Soviet Union collapsed and Latvia regained its independence. Those narratives were written secretly during the Soviet time, as the authors were or could be repressed for talking about forbidden topics. The female experience was not only totally silenced but it was also different from men’s experience of imprisonments and deportations as men and women with children were separated – men were sent to forced labour camps and women to places of settlement. Even when writing about deportations was dangerous, the narratives of that experience construct strong resistance to the Soviet repressions against Latvia and its people. Many female narratives about these experiences emerged later adding to the testimonials studies of archives and historical documents thus making resistance discourse more pointed and stronger.
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TAMPU, Stelian. "THE POLITICAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 1989 GDR REFUGEES PASSING THROUGH HUNGARY." Strategic Impact 79, no. 2 (October 7, 2021): 145–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/1841-5784-21-10.

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Raising awareness on the political-historical background of the popular movements of the 20th century is very important because behind the stories there were often ill-considered political decisions. It is interesting to see how the last century leaders of the great powers represented their self-interests, and what political games they had developed to achieve their political goals. The interests of nations living in countries were often not interesting to take into consideration. The Soviet Union was not a nation-state, but neither was the United States of America, while at that time most of the European states were nationstates, and along this were nations that sought to assert their national interests, by force when necessary. However, the post-World War II political settlements did not serve the interests of the German nation, but divided its population and turned them against one other. This is why the movement of German citizens within Germany has occurred.
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Yuvitsa, Nikolay. "Local government in Kazakhstan: an attempt to create a national model." Upravlenie 7, no. 1 (May 7, 2019): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-1-26-34.

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With the development of independence, all public institutions, including the Institute of local government, have undergone changes in Kazakhstan. In the preceding period of local control in the Soviet Union, which includes Kazakhstan, was carried out in forms of state control at the local level, the functions of which are realized in the framework of local councils of people’s deputies. Participation of the population in the management of territories and settlements was limited to the delegation of their powers to elected representatives – deputies of rural districts, district, city and regional councils. Elections of people’s deputies were carried out in accordance with the Constitution and the norms of Soviet law, which also reflected the rights and duties of local councils within the political system of the Union state. With the independence of the country within the framework of the national legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the constitutional status was acquired by local self-government. It is being radically reformed on a democratic basis in order to increase the self-organization of the population within the framework of the model of the national structure and political system of society. For this purpose, the bodies of public administration at the local level – akimats, headed by akims of regions, districts (cities), rural settlements. In addit ion, maslikhats were formed as representative bodies elected by the population - at the district (city) and regional levels. These structures, in accordance with the legislation, are partially endowed with the functions of self-government of the territories. At the same time, taking into account the world experience, the Republic is in the process of formation of self-government institutions of the territories. However, it is too early to talk about the effectiveness of the created national model of local self-government and its mechanisms. In reality, the population of Kazakhstan is not yet able to independently and responsibly solve issues of local importance; to monitor the work of local authorities, etc. The context of local governance in Kazakhstan is changing with the change of society under the influence of internal and external factors. These changes are ongoing and create some uncertainty, leading to the modernization of elements of existing institutions of local government. However, in view of the upcoming changes in the future, new challenges of global, regional and national character, it is necessary to move to more effective mechanisms and methods of managing society at different levels of government on a democratic basis.
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Marmazov, Vasyl, and Pavlo Pushkar. "The Right of Access to Non-State Dispute Resolution in the Legal Order of Larger Europe: A Yardstick to Harmonise Approaches to State and Non-State Dispute Settlement in Ukraine." NaUKMA Research Papers. Law 7 (July 20, 2021): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/2617-2607.2021.7.33-43.

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The Ukrainian legal thought has traditionally regarded the right of access to justice as a right of access to the State court, or to State managed or controlled procedures for dispute settlement. One of the main reasons for that was that the non-state, or uncontrolled by the State dispute settlement was not formally permitted, prohibition being imposed by the Soviet system and even to a certain extent during the period of domination on parts of the territory of the modern Ukraine, of the various externally imposed requirements of various legal systems in force at the material time. Non-state dispute settlement in its traditional forms, mainly based on the custom, was also left outside the attention in the pre-Soviet times and could not find its dignified place between accessible schemes and instruments for dispute settlement. Moreover, the understanding that justice delivery for the parties to the dispute should remain within State monopoly, became commonly accepted as from 1996. The adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine to a certain extent perverted approach to settlement of conflicts, focusing on the main role for the State courts, to these ends. In particular, the courts are having “direct jurisdiction” over any dispute, this led to perception of pre-trial settlements as unnecessary, even as regards those that remained in force, notably, the commissions on labour disputes that were recognized in the case-law of the European Court as equating in legal force to binding and enforceable legal instruments. Thus, the traditional historical approach to seeing judicial examination of disputes as an exceptional step in dispute settlement, in the absence of agreement or settlement by the parties, notably through mediation, arbitration or conciliation, variousforms of third party involvement, steadily disappeared. However, alternative examination of disputes is returning back to its original standing. It is gaining its place in the discussions on the judicial reform and reform of the system for settlement of disputes. This reform is far from being finalised and possibly has not even started in practice. The new approach to settlement of disputes, aimed at breaking the principle of State monopoly on examination of disputes and seeing State dispute settlement by court as an exception, is still not firmly entrenched into the mentality of lawyers, public servants, judges, law enforcement employees and politicians in Ukraine. Thus, the article suggests and points out to importance of taking into account with these changes of a wider European perspective. Such a perspective should relate not only to theoretical and practical advantages of the non-state dispute settlement, but also provides that the privatisation of the dispute settlement procedures and breaking the state monopoly on it, is a part of wider international obligations, also being a part of the supranational legal order of the European Union. This obligation of Ukraine is also seen as part of the requirements stemming from the Council of Europe law. Both the EU law and the Council of Europe provide for extensive soft law recommendations, legal principles, which are formed by the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. Such an approach provides that alternative means of dispute settlement, including arbitration, do not run contrary to the principles of human rights with regard to fair judicial proceedings. On the contrary, they could be seen as a highly relevant actual means of dispute settlement for any modern European society, built on the principles of respect to rule of law and human rights.
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Дисертації з теми "Forced settlements in the Soviet Union"

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Мусієнко, Ірина Володимирівна. "Депортації членів сімей учасників і пособників ОУН з території Чернівецької області в 1944-1950 рр". Thesis, Книги XXI, 2006. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/20623.

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Bingle, Jean C. "Labor for bread the exploitation of Polish labor in the Soviet Union during World War II /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=630.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 242 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 236-242).
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Osipova, Zinaida. "Engineering a Soviet Life: Gustav Trinkler's Bourgeois Revolution." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1588365551985983.

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Bone, Jonathan Andrew. "Socialism in a far country : Stalinist population politics and the making of the Soviet Far East, 1929-1939 /." 2003. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3077042.

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Книги з теми "Forced settlements in the Soviet Union"

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Fund, International Monetary. Forced savings and repressed inflation in the Soviet Union: Some empirical results. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, European Department, 1991.

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2

Natalʹi͡a︡, Voronina, ed. Forced displacement and human security in the former Soviet Union: Law & policy. Ardsley, N.Y: Transnational Publishers, 2000.

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3

The unknown gulag: The lost world of Stalin's special settlements. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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4

Smirnov, M. B. Łagry: Przewodnik encyklopedyczny : praca zbiorowa. Warszawa: Karta, 1998.

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5

Politarnyĭ ("aziatskiĭ") sposob proizvodstva: Sushchnostʹ i mesto v istorii chelovechestva i Rossii : filosofsko-istoricheskie ocherki. Moskva: Volshebnyĭ kli︠u︡ch, 2008.

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Semenov, I︠U︡ I. Politarnyĭ ("aziatskiĭ") sposob proizvodstva: Sushchnostʹ i mesto v istorii chelovechestva i Rossii : filosofsko-istoricheskie ocherki. Moskva: Volshebnyĭ kli︠u︡ch, 2008.

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7

Labor camp socialism: The Gulag in the Soviet totalitarian system. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2000.

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8

Deportation and exile: Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939-48. New York: St. Martin's Press in association with School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, 1994.

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Applebaum, Anne. Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps. London: Allen Lane, 2003.

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10

Jakobson, Michael. Origins of the gulag: The Soviet prison camp system, 1917-1934. Lexington, Ky: University Press of Kentucky, 1993.

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Частини книг з теми "Forced settlements in the Soviet Union"

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Benassi, Federico, Oliviero Casacchia, and Salvatore Strozza. "Demographic and Migratory Characteristics and Settlement Models of the Former Soviet Union Citizens Residing in Italy." In Societies and Political Orders in Transition, 423–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36075-7_19.

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Hasson, Shlomo. "From International Immigration to Internal Migration: The Settlement Process of Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union in Israel." In Immigration and Integration in Post-Industrial Societies, 166–84. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24945-9_10.

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Kosygina, Larisa. "‘Forced Re-Settlers’ in Post-Soviet Russia: Gender and Age Dimensions of Social Inequality in State Assistance with Permanent Housing." In The Palgrave Handbook of Women and Gender in Twentieth-Century Russia and the Soviet Union, 397–412. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54905-1_26.

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Pieralli, Claudia. "Poesia del Gulag o della zona? Problemi e prospettive di analisi per una descrizione del corpus poetico dei prigionieri politici in URSS." In Biblioteca di Studi Slavistici, 281–309. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-507-4.21.

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The present survey aims at creating the basis for an extensive study on poetry written by victims of political repressions in the whole area of Segregation in the Soviet Union: prisons, forced labour camps, Gulags and confinement. The research relies on evidence drawn from published and archive materials, concerning the 1918-1956 period. We propose a systematization of the corpus, based on a new methodology: the key-concept of ‘poetry of Zone’ as a literary track of testimony of political repression, which was synchronical to the imprisonment experience in the USSR.
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Heller, Joseph. "Was Johnson the ‘father’ of the US–Israeli alliance?: the Memorandum of Understanding (1964–65)." In The United States, the Soviet Union and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948-67. Manchester University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526103826.003.0013.

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This chapter shows how Israel persuaded the US to initiate the ‘memorandum of understanding’ which changed Israel’s deterrent capabilities. First, Israel insisted that the balance of power had changed dramatically in terms of heavy armaments and the construction of Arab forces, due to greater Soviet support. Khrushchev’s visit to Egypt aggravated anxiety of in Israel regarding a Soviet-Arab plot to destroy Israel in a surprise attack. The visit was not merely symbolic, but rather proofof Soviet solidarity with Arab intentions, including public support for the Palestinian cause. The US promised that the Sixth Fleet was ready to react to any Arab attack, but Israel had little faith in such promises, in view of the Arab summits which bid for military escalation. The Soviet made it clear that without the removal of the western bases in Turkey and the western courting of Iran, no settlement in the Middle East was possible.
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"TOWNS, SHTETLS, AND AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENTS IN THE SOVIET UNION." In The Jews in Poland and Russia, 274–98. The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvv4180c.16.

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Barenberg, Alan. "Forced Labor in Nazi Germany and the Stalinist Soviet Union." In The Cambridge World History of Slavery, 633–54. Cambridge University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781139046176.028.

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8

"Forced Migration and Treaty Arrangements in the Former Soviet Union." In Protection of Minority Rights Through Bilateral Treaties, 183–93. Brill | Nijhoff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004479333_012.

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9

Bullock, Lord, and William Deakin. "The Missing Party: The Soviet Union and the Post-War Settlements." In The Lights that Failed, 131–81. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198221142.003.0004.

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10

French, David. "Creating the New World Order, 1919–21." In Deterrence, Coercion, and Appeasement, 66–112. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863355.003.0003.

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Анотація:
By l921 British policy-makers had met with very mixed success in their efforts to create a new world order that would ensure the peace and security of their empire. Germany’s power was diminished, but it remained capable of revival and bent on revising the Versailles settlement, something the French would not countenance, and something that the League of Nations was unlikely to be able to deliver. The Middle Eastern settlement was also imperfect. Two other powers who had been excluded from meaningful participation in peace-making, Turkey and the Soviet Union, also rejected the legitimacy of the terms that the victors had imposed on them. The British were more successful in overcoming challenges from within their empire, partly because they were relatively much stronger than those groups who were challenging their paramountcy and partly because after they had failed to maintain their position by force, they opted to do so through negotiations.
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