Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Forced population transfers"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся зі списками актуальних статей, книг, дисертацій, тез та інших наукових джерел на тему "Forced population transfers".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Статті в журналах з теми "Forced population transfers":
1
Becker, Sascha O., Irena Grosfeld, Pauline Grosjean, Nico Voigtländer, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. "Forced Migration and Human Capital: Evidence from Post-WWII Population Transfers." American Economic Review 110, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1430–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181518.
Анотація:
We study the long-run effects of forced migration on investment in education. After World War II, millions of Poles were forcibly uprooted from the Kresy territories of eastern Poland and resettled (primarily) in the newly acquired Western Territories, from which the Germans were expelled. We combine historical censuses with newly collected survey data to show that, while there were no pre-WWII differences in educational attainment, Poles with a family history of forced migration are significantly more educated today than other Poles. These results are driven by a shift in preferences away from material possessions toward investment in human capital. (JEL I25, I26, J24, N34, R23)
2
Wolff, Stefan. "Can forced population transfers resolve self‐determination conflicts? a European perspective." Journal of Contemporary European Studies 12, no. 1 (April 2004): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1460846042000207132.
3
MAIDANIK, ІRYNA. "Remmitances in Ukraine During the Full-Scale War." Demography and social economy, no. 3 (October 30, 2023): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2023.03.018.
Анотація:
The article is dedicated to the study of the issues related to private money transfers to Ukraine from abroad and in the reverse direction after the onset of a full-scale invasion. The relevance of the research is explained by the dramatic changes in migration behavior of the Ukrainian population as a result of the full-scale attack by the aggressor country and the significant increase in population outflow beyond the country’s borders. As a result, it is necessary to identify the changes in the volumes and patterns of private transfers since these financial flows have been a source of well-being for their recipients and have significantly stimulated the development of the national economy. The aim of the article is to investigate money transfers to Ukraine from abroad and in the reverse direction after the full-scale invasion by the aggressor country. Methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, and selective observation were used. The novelty of the research lies in determining the significance of money transfers from Ukrainians during the full-scale war, identifying the resource potential of forced and voluntary migrants for conducting private transfers to Ukraine, and highlighting the theme of outbound financial flows from Ukraine. A full-scale war has led to a noticeable decrease in the overall volume of remittances to Ukraine. This has primarily occurred due to a reduction in the coverage area of data collection, as the aggressor occupied additional territories, and also due to possible changes in the remitters’ transfer behavior. Research has revealed a rapid decrease in the cost of conducting remittances to Ukraine following the onset of the full-scale invasion. Based on empirical data regarding the well-being of forced Ukrainian migrants abroad who left the country after the full-scale invasion, their potential for conducting private transfers to Ukraine is assessed as low. Migrants who left the country before the invasion have more opportunities for making transfers to Ukraine. The research has documented the widespread active use of funds accumulated in Ukraine abroad. This includes personal savings, pensions, and other types of payments, as well as infrequent remittances sent to forced migrants in their host countries.
4
Urushadze, Amiran. "The Caucasian War and Population Transfers in the Southern Outskirts of the Russian Empire." ISTORIYA 12, no. 10 (108) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016336-8.
Анотація:
The article examines the history of transfers (displacements) of the population during the years of the Caucasian War. Transfers are analyzed in the context of the Russian Empire's policy of establishing military and political control in the region. The article is based on the materials of several federal and regional archives, as well as published historical evidence and research literature. The author concludes that the history of colonization of the North Caucasus, which is widely represented in historiography, needs revision. The history of Russian colonization is a narrative about the adaptation of the Cossacks and peasants to the new conditions of life and interaction with the local population. However, new settlers came to the territories previously occupied by the indigenous population forced to leave them. In this respect, it is the history of transfers that allows us to understand the motives of the imperial administration, the mechanisms of organization of relocations, and the resettlement reflection of the population. Another conclusion of the article is that during the course of the Caucasian War, population transfers became one of the standard mechanisms of the Russian administration, and the large-scale eviction of the Adygs in 1862—1864 was a continuation of this policy.
5
Kim, Alexander. "Ethnic Cleansing as a Distinct Crime under International Law: Assessing the Case of Forcible Transfer of Ethnic Koreans in the Former USSR(1937)." Korea International Law Review 63 (October 31, 2022): 193–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.25197/kilr.2022.63.193.
Анотація:
The forcible transfer of ethnic Koreans in 1937 marked the first precedent of the policy of wholesale eviction and displacement of populations as an instrument of ethnic cleansing in the USSR and became a pattern during and after World War II, when different ethnic minorities amounting to around 6 million people have been uprooted from their homes, with 1 to 1.5 million estimated to have perished as a result of forced internal displacement.
The present research considers the forced internal displacement of the ethnic Korean population in the USSR to be an act of ethnic cleansing, which is a mass atrocity crime and a blatant human rights violation. Inability to bring the perpetrators to justice for forced displacement of the entire civilian population of ethnic Koreans in the USSR, which has caused the physical extermination of several thousand people and the destruction of their socio-economic infrastructures and culture, will remain in history as the most serious form of impunity and the most flagrant violation of the fundamental right of victims to justice. The state cannot be held accountable for this wrongful act since the Soviet Union, as a subject of international and geopolitical reality, no longer exists and ethnic cleansing has not yet been recognized as an independent crime under international law.
International law sets out the human rights and each State and other authorities have a prime responsibility and duty to protect, promote and implement all these rights and fundamental freedoms, and it is essential to carry out protection activities at the national and international level. While the prohibition of forced displacement itself has been a well-established feature of international criminal law since the Nuremberg trials following the Second World War, ethnic cleansing has not yet been written and signed in any UN treaty, which means Member States do not have to protect those who have fallen victim, since ethnic cleansing is still not a criminal charge in international law. But in 2005, a UN World Summit included ethnic cleansing along with genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity as four things from which each individual State has a duty to protect their populations.
Despite the fact that forcible transfer and other practices involving the coerced, arbitrary or involuntary displacement of the civilian population from their homes, lands, and communities constitute a specific phenomenon, there is no single legal principle in international law that can be applied to all kinds of population transfers. In some circumstances, deportation or internal displacement as well as other forms of involuntary population transfers may amount to a crime against humanity, a crime of genocide or a war crime, depending on the factual elements of the case and the specific requirements of a certain crime.
This study accordingly reviews population transfers as the constitutive element of such crimes as genocide and crimes against humanity, and transposes this comparative analysis into the context of ethnic cleansing.
Every state has the responsibility to protect its population from four mass atrocity crimes: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity (that have not yet been codified in a separate treaty of international law), and ethnic cleansing (that has not been recognized as an independent crime under international law). The term ‘ethnic cleansing’ itself has been acknowledged in judgments and indictments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, although it did not constitute one of the counts for prosecution. One aspect of the criticism of the terms ‘ethnic cleansing’ focuses primarily on the fact that many state governments use this term even when an incident can be classified as genocide in order not to use state resources or taking action against the perpetrating State.
6
Beer, Matthias. "Vertriebene und “Umsiedlerpolitik.” Integrationskonflikte in der deutschen Nachkriegsgesellschaft und die Assimilationsstrategien in der SBZ/DDR 1945-1961." Central European History 39, no. 1 (March 2006): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906370069.
Анотація:
Among forced population transfers in the twentieth century, the expulsion of the German population from East Central Europe at the end of World War II was remarkable. More than twelve million Germans were expelled from the eastern parts of the German Reich and some eastern European states. These refugees arrived in a defeated, occupied, destroyed, and divided country. Initially, the percentage of expelled persons in the Soviet Occupation Zone was much higher than in the western zones. With almost 4.5 million individuals, the expellees made up twenty-four percent of the total population in the Soviet Occupation Zone in 1949. By contrast, western Germany had eight million expellees, who comprised roughly sixteen percent of the total population.
7
Woodward, Susan L. "Genocide or Partition: Two Faces of the Same Coin?" Slavic Review 55, no. 4 (1996): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501235.
Анотація:
Robert Hayden is not alone in wondering why the expulsion of Serbs from Croatia in 1991 and 1995 was labeled a population transfer and even justified by the logic of nation-states, while the expulsion of Muslims by Serbs in 1992-96 from an area of Bosnia and Herzegovina that the Serbs claim for their state was labeled genocide and justified establishing an international war crimes tribunal. Hayden wants to protect the term genocide, and its legal standing internationally, for truly exceptional instances—to wit, the Holocaust, and nothing else until, God forbid, there should be another such instance. By contrast, he argues, population transfers, even on a massive scale and forced, are not pathological. "Ethnic cleansing" of territory in the former Yugoslavia, whether of Croatia or of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is unexceptional, a normal part of the history of the twentieth century. Although final solutions are not inevitable—Hayden criticizes Croatian President Tudjman for writings that seem to have justified the Serb expulsion as such—"ethnic cleansing" is a part of the history even of states that now sit in moral condemnation of the Balkan horrors and the Bosnian Serbs.
8
Hodzic, Sandra. "Government under pressure: investing in better outcomes through social impact bonds." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 3, no. 2 (October 17, 2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.75.
Анотація:
With shrinking resources and declining federal transfers, provincial governments across Canada are forced to provide increased levels of supports to vulnerable individuals with decreasing resources (Janssen & Estevez, 2013). Governments continue to face obstacles in meeting the needs of vulnerable populations such as children, single parents, and those who are homeless, to name a few. Manitoba, for instance, faces demographic challenges related to an influx of newcomers who are seeking refuge, resettlement, and housing supports, an aging baby boomer population that will need end-of-life supports, as well as a growing number of children in government care. Instead of funding programs based on their activities and outcomes, this paper presents outcomes-based financing, such as the social impact bond, that reward service providers who are able to demonstrate proof of outcomes and can show how the intervention improved the lives of the individuals it was meant to serve. Under a social impact bond, government engages non-traditional partners in the private and non-for-profit sectors, and the community as a whole becomes part of the solution to challenging social problems.
9
Kravchenko, I. S. "THE LABOR MARKET OF POLAND AND UKRAINE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE NEW MIGRATION WAVE." THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ISSUES OF ECONOMICS, no. 45 (2022): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/tppe.2022.45.13.
Анотація:
he new wave of migration caused by the full-scale war in Ukraine has caused massive forced displacement of the population, both within the country and outside its borders. The situation with large-scale external migration is becoming critical and, poses a threat to the national security of Ukraine due to the non-return of a part of migrants in the post-war period: demographic changes due to the rapid reduction of the population of Ukraine, threats to socio-economic development, aging of the population, excess of demand over supply of labor in the labor market, etc. In order to clarify the changes taking place in the labor markets of Poland and Ukraine under the influence of the new migration wave, the role and significance of Ukrainian labor migrants in Poland before the start of the war was analyzed: the volumes, causes, main growth trends and probable consequences of external labor migration were determined; an assessment of the impact of labor migration and transfers on the Ukrainian economy in the pre-war period was carried out. An analysis of the number of Ukrainian forced migrants to European countries, in particular, to Poland, after 02/24/2022 was carried out. The influence of the new wave of migration from Ukraine on the labor markets of Poland and Ukraine is studied. Difficulties and obstacles affecting the employment of Ukrainian migrants in recipient countries are analyzed. Consequences caused by mass labor migration for the economy of Poland and Ukraine are considered. It has been proven that the additional labor force from Ukraine contributes to the rejuvenation of the age structure of the population, supports the economy of Poland and contributes to economic growth. At the same time, it should be noted that for Ukraine, the growing volume of external migration leads to a loss of labor potential, a reduction in consumption within the country, the volume of production of goods and services and, accordingly, an even greater reduction in GDP. It was established that in the conditions of war, a new wave of migration creates a number of challenges for the state and requires the implementation of an effective social and economic policy.
10
Frątczak, Ewa Zofia. "The Demographic Crisis and Global Migration – Selected Issues." Papers on Global Change IGBP 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/igbp-2016-0006.
Анотація:
Abstract Currently the world is undergoing a serious demographic shift, characterised by slowing population growth in developed countries. However, the population in certain less-developed regions of the world is still increasing. According to UN data, as of 2015, (World… 2015), 244 million people (or 3.3% of the global population) lived outside their country of birth. While most of these migrants travel abroad looking for better economic and social conditions, there are also those forced to move by political crises, revolutions and war. Such migration is being experienced currently in Europe, a continent which is thus going through both a demographic crisis related to the low fertility rate and population ageing, and a migration crisis. Global migrations link up inseparably with demographic transformation processes taking place globally and resulting in the changing tempo of population growth. Attracting and discouraging migration factors are changing at the same time, as is the scale and range of global migration, and with these also the global consequences. The focus of work addressed in this paper is on global population, the demographic transformation and the role of global migrations, as well as the range and scale of international migration, and selected aspects of global migrations including participation in the global labour market, the scale of monetary transfers (remittances) and the place of global migration in the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Transforming… 2015) and the Europe of two crises (Domeny 2016).
Дисертації з теми "Forced population transfers":
1
Parisi, Chiara. "Déplacements forcés de population et droit international." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ0033.
Анотація:
Les déplacements forcés de population constituent un phénomène ancestral, qui a traversé les siècles et les espaces géographiques. Le droit international l'a appréhendé de manière progressive, notamment à partir de la création et du développement des mécanismes de justice pénale internationale. Les causes de déplacements forcés de population sont multiples, et en évolution constante. Parmi celles-ci figurent les conflits armés, les violations systématiques des droits de l'homme, les catastrophes naturelles et d'origine humaine, les effets des changements climatiques, ainsi que les grands travaux de développement. En fonction de ce classement, les règles et normes pertinentes se développent au sein des différents régimes spécialisés, ce qui a contribué à une intégration très fragmentée des déplacements forcés au sein du droit international. Cela a également conduit à un niveau de développement très diversifié, parfois véritablement déséquilibré entre les différents régimes spécialisés. Des cadres juridiques denses ont été adoptés pour les déplacements forcés de population en contexte de conflits armés et de violations de droits de l'homme, même si des insuffisances persistent ; cependant, en matière de déplacements causés par les changements climatiques et catastrophes environnementales, le constat de véritables lacunes s'impose. Cette thèse vise à analyser les obligations que le droit international fait peser sur les États et les acteurs qui peuvent être à l'origine des déplacements forcés, et se pose l'objectif d'établir une étude complète et globale de l'intégration des déplacements forcés de population dans le droit international. Pour ce faire, l'analyse des règles applicables procède de deux approches différentes, d'abord par l'étude des normes de prévention des déplacements forcés et, ensuite, par l'approfondissement des mécanismes d'engagement de la responsabilité individuelle et internationale, pour leur violationForced displacement constitutes an ancestral phenomenon, which has spanned centuries and geographical spaces. International law has incorporated it progressively, notably from the creation and development of international criminal justice mechanisms. The causes of forced population displacements are multiple and constantly evolving. These include armed conflicts, systematic violations of human rights, natural and man-made disasters, the effects of climate change, as well as major development projects. Depending on this classification, relevant rules and standards develop within the different specialized regimes, thus contributing to a very fragmented integration of forced displacement into international law. This has also led to a very diverse level of development, sometimes truly unbalanced between the different specialized regimes. Rather comprehensive legal frameworks have been adopted for forced population displacements in the context of armed conflicts and human rights violations, even if inadequacies persist; however, when it comes to displacements caused by climate change and environmental disasters, there are real gaps. This thesis aims to analyze the obligations imposed by international law on States and actors who may be at the origin of forced displacements, and aims to establish a complete and global study of the integration of forced displacement into international law. To this end, the analysis of the applicable rules proceeds from two different approaches, first by the study of the standards for preventing forced displacements and, secondly, by deepening the mechanisms for initiating individual and international responsibility in case of violation
2
Arevalo, Philip A. (Philip Alexander). "Horizontal gene transfer as a cohesive force in microbial populations." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113462.
Анотація:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 2017Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Populations are the central unit of evolution and ecology. In the context of evolution, populations are commonly defined as groups of organisms with a shared gene pool in which adaptive genes can spread freely through natural selection. Ecology takes a less abstract view of populations and conceives of them as members of a single species that occupy the same geographical area. Among sexual eukaryotes, gene pools are easily defined in terms of reproductive isolation and the geographical scales relevant for populations are well-matched to everyday human experience. Microbiologists, however, have faced a great challenge in applying these concepts to the microbial realm. Can closed gene pools form in the face of apparently rampant horizontal gene transfer? What exactly is a microbial species? And does the famous maxim that '"everything is everywhere" mean that the entire globe is to E. coli what Galapagos is to a finch? In this thesis, I hope to move closer to an answer to these large scale questions by asking two smaller ones. First, can ecologically cohesive microbial populations be identified using genomic information alone? Second, once such populations are identified, what are the relevant factors driving population-Ưlevel differentiation? Horizontal gene transfer plays a central role in answering both of these questions, acting both as a force that allows cohesive microbial populations to form and as a means by which new functions and capabilities are introduced into and spread within populations.
by Philip A. Arevalo.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology
3
Geoffroy, Agnès de. "Aux marges de la ville, les populations déplacées par la force : enjeux, acteurs et politiques : étude comparée des cas de Bogotá (Colombie) et de Khartoum (Soudan)." Paris 8, 2009. http://octaviana.fr/document/152360883#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Анотація:
Les personnes déplacées par la force ou déplacées de l'intérieur (Internally Displaced Persons, IDPs) sont des personnes qui ont "été forcées ou contraintes à fuir ou à quitter leur foyer ou leur lieu de résidence habituel, notamment en raison d'un conflit armé, de situations de violence généralisée, de violations des droits de l'homme ou de catastrophes naturelles ou provoquées par l'homme ou pour en éviter les effets, et qui n'ont pas franchi les frontières internationalement reconnues d'un État", selon les termes de l'Organisation des Nations Unies. Bien que l'Etat soit théoriquement le premier et le dernier responsable vis-à-vis de ses populations, l'intérêt de la communauté internationale n'a cessé de croître ces vingt dernières années à leur égard, élaborant un système de réponse humanitaire de plus en plus sophistiqué. L'étude comparée des cas de Khartoum et de Bogotá permet d'étudier dans un premier temps les problèmes et les questions posés par l'installation massive de déplacés en ville, et dans un deuxième temps, les enjeux qui se nouent autour de ces populations, les acteurs qui interviennent et les stratégies qu'ils adoptent. Si à Bogotá, les politiques et le système d'aide mis en place sont fondamentalement structurés autour du rétablissement des droits de l'homme, adoptant une approche sociale et individuelle, à Khartoum la réponse politique est profondément sécuritaire et spatiale. Quoi qu'il en soit, dans les deux situations, les déplacés représentent un fort enjeu de conflictualité et de tensions entre les différents types d'acteurs engagés, qu'ils soient politiques ou humanitairesPeople forcibly displaced or internally displaced (Internally Displaced Persons, IDPs) are persons "who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border", according to the United Nations. While the State is theoretically the first and the last responsible for those populations, the interest of the international community towards them has continuously grown during the last twenty years and an increasingly sophisticated humanitarian response system was elaborated. A comparative study between the situations in Khartoum and Bogotá analyses the problems and questions raised by the massive settlement of IDPs into urban areas, as well as the issues that form around these populations, the intervening actors and the strategies they adopt. If, in Bogotá, the policies and the aid system are deeply rooted in and structured by the restitution of human rights, adopting a social and individual approach, in Khartoum, the political response is intrinsically a security and spatial one. However that may be, in both situations, IDPs represent a strongly conflictive and tense issue between the different types of committed actors, whether they are political or humanitarian
4
Gün, Zübeyit. "Migration forcée, santé mentale, traumatisme et acculturation : une étude comparative." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05H109.
Анотація:
Dans cette recherche, nous avons étudié la santé mentale générale, le niveau d'état de stress post-traumatique et le processus d'acculturation d'une population - victime de la migration forcée - du fait du conflit interne qui, à partir de 1990, s'est déclenché dans le sud-est de la Turquie - qui a migré, dans trois contextes différents (Paris, Izmir, Diyarbakir). Notre échantillon est composé de 94 participants au total dont 32 à Paris, 32 à Izmir et 30 à Diyarbakir. Nous avons croisé, à des fins de complémentarité, des méthodes qualitatives (l'entretien clinique à visée de recherche) et quantitatives (les échelles). Les résultats de la recherche, montrent que la santé mentale générale des migrants forcés est très négativement influencée par le processus de la migration, et que même, de nombreuses années après, une grande partie de la population manifeste encore, des symptômes d'état de stress post-traumatique. Ils montrent aussi, que selon le contexte migratoire, l'état de santé mentale des migrants forcés, suit un cours très différentIn this research, we investigated mental health, level of posttraumatic stress disorder and acculturation process of a population - victims of forced migration - because of internal conflict, after 1990, broke out in south-eastern Turkey - which has migrated in three different contexts (Paris, Izmir, Diyarbakir). Our sample consists of 94 participants in total including 32 in Paris, 32 in Izmir and 30 in Diyarbakir. We crossed, for complementary, qualitative methods (clinical interview referred to research) and quantitative (scales). The research results show that mental health of forced migrants is negatively influenced by the process of migration, and that even many years after, much of the population still manifests the symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. According to the migration context of arrival, the mental health status of forced migrants follows a course very different
5
Leturcq, Guillaume. "Migrations forcées dans le sud du Brésil : les atingidos." Le Mans, 2010. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2010/2010LEMA3004.pdf.
Анотація:
La construction et l’installation d’un grand barrage hydroélectrique perturbent profondément les sociétés rurales, notamment dans le Sud du Brésil au tournant du siècle. Les atingidos, les familles victimes des barrages du fleuve Uruguay se caractérisent par une population historique (indiens et caboclos) métissée par une colonisation européenne tardive datant d’environ 150 ans. Les populations atingidas doivent se réapproprier un espace de vie et dans ce sens, la thèse étudie les relations entre espaces et sociétés. Les processus d’éviction et d’indemnisation et les mécanismes migratoires placent les familles dans des situations de vulnérabilité lorsqu’elles doivent d’adapter à de nouveaux territoires, où les interrelations sociales sont à reconstruire. Face à ces évolutions, les inégalités sociales sont mises en évidence et expliquent en partie les processus d’installation, manifestés sous trois formes : l'adaptation au nouveau cadre rural et communautaire ; l'insertion dans la nouvelle structure administrative et à ses aménagements ; et le maintien de liens avec l'ancien lieu de vieIn the context of economic growth and new environmental preoccupations Brazil is faced with, the electricity produced by dams is a key element. The dams of the factories disturb the environment and the rural societies that live nearby. Indeed, these dams are responsible for the migrations of their victims (atingidos) and also modify the space these communities live in. Atingidas families leave this space to settle in a new one, with the modifications – social, cultural, economic, and so on – that this implies. Three aspects are fundamental to better understand the migration of these families: the adaptation to the new rural and communal space, the new adminitrative structure, and the ongoing ties with the former space of life
A eletricidade, produzida pelas usinas hidrelétricas, é um elemento relevante para o Brasil, dentro de um contexto de crescimento econômico e de novas preocupações ambientais. As barragens das usinas perturbam o meio-ambiente e as sociedades rurais próximas. Forçam os atingidos à migrarem e à modificarem seus espaços de vida. As famílias atingidas deixam esses espaços para habitar um outro, com todas as modificações (sociais, culturais, econômicas, etc) que isto implica. A adaptação ao novo quadro rural e comunitário, a inserção à nova estrutura administrativa e a manutenção de laços com o antigo lugar de vida são três aspectos fundamentais para compreender o deslocamento dos atingidos
6
Londoño, Catalina Valladares Licia. "Les Nouvelles formes de violence urbaine en Colombie les déplacements forcés à Medellín et Barrancabermeja /." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2007. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0405148.pdf.
7
Moreno, Durán Álvaro. "Les déplacements forcés de population colombiennes et leurs effets à la frontière équatorienne." Paris 8, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA082509.
Анотація:
En étudiant les déplacements de populations colombiennes et leurs effets à la frontière équatorienne cette thèse analyse à la fois l'intensification des déplacements transfrontaliers suite aux politiques nationales dérivées du “Nouvel Ordre Mondial”. Et la manière dont les populations colombiennes regroupées dans une bourgade équatorienne s'engagent dans des stratégies de survie qui les conduisent à restructurer leurs stratégies identitaires, individuelles et collectives, sur base d'auto- reconnaissance, de reconnaissance de l'autre et d'identification des éléments de l'habitus primaireThe study´s time frame is 2002-3. How does the phenomenon of the forced transborder displacement of Colombian people to Sucumbíos (Ecuador) manifest itself? What is the social, economic and political impact among the displaced as well as the local (Ecuadorian) population? Are there basic elements of collective identity that influence its restructuring among the displaced and their livelihood strategies in the new milieu? The research uses two theoretical strands: one regarding international relations and the wider political arena; and sociological perspective focussing on livelihood patterns and a qualitative fieldwork method of observation, classification, comparison and analysis, selecting primary written sources and field interviews to collect fragments of life histories. The thesis concludes that: (a) the increase of the forced displacement phenomenon across the border is directly influenced by government policies derived from international plans in the context of the New World Order, and (b) the displaced are able to re-structure their collective identity in the new mileu on the basis of their strategy of self-recognition and recognition of the other, both expressed in social practices, with reference to their life paths and identifying the elements of the primary habitus
8
Thibault, Christel. "Conflits, refuges et enjeux frontaliers : les déplacements forcés de la population du Cambodge, 1970-2000." Paris 4, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA040225.
Анотація:
Les crises politico-militaires qui ont affecté le Cambodge depuis 1970 ont provoqué des déplacements de population de très grande ampleur. Des centaines de milliers de Cambodgiens furent ainsi contraints de se déplacer à l'intérieur du pays ou de chercher refuge, durant près de quinze ans, dans des camps dressés le long de la frontière khmero-thaïlandaise. Sous l'égide des nations unies, la mise en place d'une opération de maintien de la paix a finalement permis le retour au pays et la redistribution de l'ensemble des réfugiés, des personnes déplacées et des déplacés internes au sein de l'espace cambodgien. Mais leur réintégration socio-spatiale fut entravée par la persistance de l'instabilité politique interne, la guerilla khmere rouge et l'extension des champs de minesSince 1970, politico-militaries crisis in Cambodia caused a large scale forced migrations. Therefore several hundred thousands Cambodians were forced to move inside their country or to reach the refugee camps settled along the khmero-thaï border during about 15 years. The peace-keeping operation lead in Cambodia by the United Nations (Untac) finally enabled the refugees, the displaced persons and the internally displaced persons (IDPs) to go back home. But the long lasting internal political troubles, khmer rouge guerilla and the large spread of mine fields have been a major hindrance against the resettlement and the social reintegration of the whole displaced population of Cambodia
9
Goral, Ozgur sevgi. "Enforced disappearance and forced migration in the context of Kurdish conflict : loss, mourning and politics at the margin." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0088/document.
Анотація:
L’objet de cette recherche est d’examiner deux formes de violence d’Etat : la disparition forcée et la migration forcée, dans le contexte du conflit Kurde. Cette étude se fonde sur un travail de terrain conduit dans deux villes, représentatives du contexte des disparitions forcées, de la migration forcée et des projets de transformation urbaine, à savoir à İstanbul et à Şırnak. Ces formes de violence d’Etat sont examinées dans le contexte politico-historique des années 1990 en se centrant sur l’appareil d’Etat, l’espace juridique, la vie quotidienne et la mémoire. En outre, l’une des conséquences les plus importantes de la migration forcée, à savoir les projets de transformations urbaines, sont également étudiées afin d’approfondir l’analyse concernant les migrants Kurdes dans le milieu urbaine. La thèse principale de cette recherche est la suivante: les formes de violence d’Etat mise en œuvre pendant les années 1990 dans les marges spatiales et politiques de la Turquie offrent des informations cruciales permettant de procéder à une analyse approfondie de l’appareil d’Etat, de l’espace juridique et du débat sur la mémoire du centre-même de la Turquie. L’analyse de ces formes de violence d’Etat révèle également leurs dimensions holistiques, structurées et spatialisées qui façonnent les subjectivités et les performances de différentes parties prenantes, y compris des parents proches des disparus, des déplacés et des résidents des zones urbaines informelles. Les relations complexes, transformatrices et à multiples facettes entre la région kurde et le centre de la Turquie met en lumières l’interconnectivitée de ces entités géographiques, politiques et historiques qui sont beaucoup plus liées qu’elles n’y paraissentThis study aims to examine two forms of state violence, namely, enforced disappearance and forced migration, in the context of Turkey’s Kurdish conflict. The analysis will be mainly based on a field research on two cities representative in the context of the enforced disappearance, forced migration and urban transformation projects, İstanbul and Şırnak. These forms of violence are investigated in the broader historico-political momentum of the 1990s focusing on state apparatus, juridical field, quotidian life and memory. Moreover, one of the crucial effects of the forced migration on the urgan space, urban transformation projects will also be evaluated for a deepened analysis of Kurdish migrants in the urban milieu. The main argument of the dissertation is the forms of state violence implemented at the spatial and political margin of Turkey during the 1990s offer crucial insights for a deepened analysis of the state apparatus, juridical field and memory debate of the very center of Turkey. An analysis of these forms of state violence also reveals their holistic, structured and spatialized dimensions that shaped subjectivities and performances of different stakeholders, including relatives of the forcibly disappeared, internally displaced persons and inhabitants of the informal urban areas. Complicated, transformatory and multi-faceted relations between the Kurdish region and the center of Turkey highlight the interconnectedness of these geographical, political and histroical entities that are far related than it appears
10
Chen, Zhenduo. "Le mouvement migratoire provoqué par la construction du barrage de Xin’an Jiang en Chine : politique, acteurs, communauté." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0079.
Анотація:
Cette thèse traite les enjeux du mouvement migratoire provoqué par la construction des grands barrages en Chine, en englobant certains aspects de l’histoire chinoise et le contexte de la modernisation du 20e siècle par une méthodologie multidisciplinaire en sciences sociales. Elle interroge les domaines fondamentaux : politique, acteurs, communauté, en tant qu'éléments constitutifs de la migration de barrage, qui relève également du concept chinois de migration, des processus institutionnels de la gouvernance hydraulique, de l'État-nation moderne, et plus largement, du rapport entre l’État et la société par le biais de moyens institutionnels : les racines, la bureaucratie, la sovietisation, etc. Le mouvement migratoire lié à la construction du barrage dans le contexte chinois est un mouvement multisujets/acteurs, mobilisé principalement selon les dynamiques de la relation État-société. Une étude de terrain sur le site du barrage de Xin’an Jiang, un des trois grands barrages « construits indépendamment par les Chinois nous-même » vient nourrir notre recherche dans des dimensions historique et géographique, révélant entre autres l’institution d’ingénierie, la formation de la migration de barrage, le déracinement, la nouvelle communauté constituée par les mouvements, qui façonnent les subjectivités et les performances des différents acteurs des mouvements autour la migration de barrage du Xin’an Jiang. Cette analyse holistique, structurée et s morphologique cherche à comprendre les relations complexes et les transformations qui opèrent pendant la construction des grands barrages et la migration forcée qui l'accompagne dans l'objectif de mettre en place une économie planifiée nationale et une nation chinoise puissante et moderne. Cette thèse montre que la Chine en cours de modernisation se dirige vers une société déracinée et en suspension par rapport sa tradition de Xiangtu shehui. Le mouvement migratoire de barrage nous permet de saisir ce changement mu par une volonté d'autonomie, dont l'avenir semble incertain, et les enjeux d’autonomieThe doctoral thesis deals with the challenges of the emigrant movement caused by the construction of large dams and reservoirs in China, by including certain aspects of Chinese history and the context of modernization of the 20th century. We will study this subject through a multidisciplinary methodology in social sciences, and focus the questions on some fundamental areas: politics, actors, community. We study these constitutive elements of reservoir immigration, which also comes under the Chinese concept of migration, the institutional processes of hydraulic governance, the modern nation state, and more broadly, the relationship between the state and society through institutional means: roots in traditional society, bureaucracy, sovietization, etc. We think that the movement linked to the construction of the dam in the Chinese context is a multi-subject / actor movement, mobilized mainly according to the dynamics of the state-society relationship. A field study on the Xin'an Jiang dam and reservoir, one of the three large dams "built independently by the Chinese ourselves" comes to feed our research in historical and geographic dimensions, revealing among other things the engineering institution , the formation of the emigration and immigration, uprooting, the new community formed by the movements, which shape the subjectivities and the performances of the different actors of the movements around the the construction of dam and reservoir of Xin'an Jiang. This holistic, structured and social morphological analysis seeks to understand the complex relationships and transformations that operate during the construction of large dams and the forced migration that accompanies it with the objective of establishing a national planned economy and a powerful Chinese nation. Our research shows that China, which is in the process of modernization, is moving towards a society uprooted and suspended from its tradition of Xiangtu shehui. The movement by the construction of big dam and reservoir allows us to grasp this change driven by a future for autonomy, which seems uncertain but creates a new subject for modernisation
Книги з теми "Forced population transfers":
1
(Colombo, Sri Lanka) Centre for Human Rights and Development. Enforced disappearance in Sri Lanka: Lessons from CHRD's advocacy. Colombo: Centre for Human Rights and Development, 2015.
2
Bell, Andrew. Ethnic cleansing. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.
3
Bell, Andrew. Ethnic cleansing. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.
4
Olokesusi, Femi. Impact of forced population relocation on informal sector entrepreneurs: Lagos Island as case study. Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), 1999.
5
Wylegała, Anna. Przesiedlenia a pamięć: Studium (nie)pamięci społecznej na przykładzie ukraińskiej Galicji i polskich "Ziem Odzyskanych" = Displacement and memory : the study of (lack of) collective memory on the basis of the Ukrainian Galicia and the Polish "Recovered Territories". Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2014.
6
Grigoriantz, Alexandre. Les damnés de la Russie: Le déplacement de populations comme méthode de gouvernement. Chêne-Bourg: Georg, 2002.
7
Strobel, Thomas. Das Thema Vertreibung und die deutsch-polnischen Beziehungen in Forschung, Unterricht und Politik. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchh., 2008.
8
Dieter, Bingen, Borodziej Włodzimierz, and Troebst Stefan, eds. Vertreibungen europäisch erinnern?: Historische Erfahrungen, Vergangenheitspolitik, Zukunftskonzeptionen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003.
9
Madajczyk, Piotr. Czystki etniczne i klasowe w Europie XX wieku: Szkice do problemu. Warszawa: Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2010.
10
Badi︠a︡k, Volodymyr. Vyrvani z materynsʹkoï zemli. Lʹviv: "Rastr-7", 2020.
Частини книг з теми "Forced population transfers":
1
Barrientos, Armando. "Institutions." In Social Protection in Latin America, 97–136. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-49795-7_4.
Анотація:
AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the design, implementation, and outcomes of current social protection institutions in the region. It examines in turn the three core social protection institutions: occupational pensions, individual retirement savings plans, and social assistance. Occupational pensions in Latin America are restricted to selected groups of workers, mainly skilled workers in large firms. They are also highly fragmented and dependent on public subsidies, although the level of subsidies is increasingly contested. Recent trends in labour force participation in occupational pensions suggest stagnation during this century. Individual retirement savings plans are based on individual workers’ saving capacity. They were initially implemented in ten countries in the region, under different modalities. Individual retirement savings plans have not proved successful in the region, and it is fair to say their institutional structures are in transition. Social assistance greatly expanded in the new century. Most countries in the region have implemented large scale old age transfers and conditional income transfer programmes. By 2015, social assistance transfers reached around one third of the population in the region.
2
Jia, Peng, and Han Peiyu. "A Study on the Interactive Mechanism Between Population Urbanization and Transfer of Labor Force in Shanxi Province—Based on the Perspective of Industrial Agglomeration." In FOM-Edition, 153–75. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29340-6_12.
3
Ballard, Richard, and Christian Hamann. "Income Inequality and Socio-economic Segregation in the City of Johannesburg." In The Urban Book Series, 91–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_5.
Анотація:
AbstractThis chapter analyses income inequality and socio-economic segregation in South Africa’s most populous city, Johannesburg. The end of apartheid’s segregation in 1991 has been followed by both continuity and change of urban spatial patterns. There is a considerable literature on the transformation of inner-city areas from white to black, and of the steady diffusion of black middle-class residents into once ‘white’ suburbs. There has been less analysis on the nature and pace of socio-economic mixing. Four key findings from this chapter are as follows. First, dissimilarity indices show that bottom occupation categories and the unemployed are highly segregated from top occupation categories, but that the degree of segregation has decreased slightly between the censuses of 2001 and 2011. Second, the data quantifies the way in which Johannesburg’s large population of unemployed people are more segregated from top occupations than any of the other employment categories, although unemployed people are less segregated from bottom occupations. Third, over the same period, residents employed in bottom occupations are less likely to be represented in affluent former white suburbs. This seemingly paradoxical finding is likely to have resulted from fewer affluent households accommodating their domestic workers on their properties. Fourth, although most post-apartheid public housing projects have not disrupted patterns of socio-economic segregation, some important exceptions do show the enormous capacity of public housing to transform the spatial structure of the city.
4
"SEVEN. Forced Population Transfers and the Banishment of Undesirables." In Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571-1640, 212–39. New York University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814743744.003.0011.
5
"Repressive Population Transfers in Central, Eastern and South-eastern Europe: A Historical Overview." In Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950, 9–35. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315038681-5.
6
Douglas, R. M. "Reintegrating Veterans and Demobilizing Populations." In The Oxford Handbook of World War II, 580–99. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199341795.013.25.
Анотація:
Abstract The process of reversing wartime mobilization efforts and returning uprooted civilian populations home was always going to be fraught with difficulty. The victorious Allies made it considerably more so by the decisions they took in the immediate postwar years. Learning lessons from the Great War, they did surmount the challenge of demobilization with reasonable success. Their choice in 1945 to replace one prisoner-of-war population with another, however, was ill-advised. Retaining Axis POWs behind barbed wire prolonged the disruption caused by the war and undermined the ideals for which it had been fought. A still more destructive initiative was the postwar experiment in mass population transfers in central Europe even as the Allies struggled to repatriate the victims of the Nazis’ vicious precedent in this regard—the so-called “displaced persons.” Forced postwar migrations gave rise to an immense man-made refugee crisis whose damaging effects remain visible to the present day.
7
Delpech, Gastón, Leonardo García Allende, and Mónica Sparo. "Mobile Genetic Elements in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Population." In Pathogenic Bacteria. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88389.
Анотація:
Horizontal gene transfer constitutes a key driving force in bacterial evolution. The ability to acquire mobile genetic elements encoding antimicrobial resistance has contributed to the emergence of Enterococcus faecium as one of the main human nosocomial opportunistic pathogens. The deep analysis of the vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREfm) population’s mobilome, as the architecture and evolution of the core genome enables to observe VREfm plasticity and power of adaptation in animals, plants, environment and food. The persistence of VREfm is facilitated by the exchange of plasmids, phages and conjugative transposons that have allowed them to achieve a rapid adaptation to changes in environmental conditions. They can acquire resistance determinants from several species and transfer resistance genes to other potentially pathogenic bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.
8
Paiva, Luis Henrique, Tereza Cristina Cotta, and Armando Barrientos. "Brazil’s Bolsa Família Programme." In Great Policy Successes, 21–41. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843719.003.0002.
Анотація:
The first experiences with conditional cash transfers (CCTs) took place in the mid-1990s in Brazil, at the local level. They were later adopted at the national level in Mexico (in 1997, with the Prospera programme), in Brazil (by 2001, with several CCTs), as well as in other Latin American countries. In 2003, the Bolsa Família programme unified previous national CCTs and massively expanded their number of beneficiaries. It managed to reach almost a quarter of the Brazilian population and became the most progressive cash transfer made by the state. Over time, numerous evaluations measured the programme’s impacts on the reduction of poverty and inequality and the improvement of education and health indicators. Domestically, these impacts, together with strong support by researchers and multilateral organizations, eventually translated this ‘good policy’ (quality design and implementation) into ‘good politics’ (political support from beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries alike, and public commitment to the programme’s maintenance by all relevant political forces). The Bolsa Família ‘model’ is now adopted in sixty-seven different countries according to the World Bank in 2017.
9
Abio, Gemma, Concepció Patxot, and Guadalupe Souto. "Using National Transfer Accounts to Address Ageing." In Recent Trends in Demographic Data [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1002930.
Анотація:
Aging is one of the great challenges in modern societies after their demographic transition. Changes in population age structure affect socioeconomic organization and force a reconsideration of social structures consolidated under a pyramidal age composition, which is slowly vanishing. To study the impact of aging, National Transfer Accounts (NTA) and its natural extension, National Time Transfer Accounts (NTTA), are valuable data sources. They provide national cross-section age profiles of the main economic (market and nonmarket) variables, informing about how resources are produced, shared, and consumed by individuals of different ages co-living at the same moment. This chapter presents selected applications of NTA data to show its potential to study the generational economy, including both the demographic dividend—how aging affects economic growth—and the effects of aging on the welfare system. Overall, the NTA has proved to be a precious data source to enrich the analysis of the effects of aging on our societies.
10
Bronner-Fraser, Marianne. "Neural Crest Formation." In Neural Tube Defects, 5–14. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195166033.003.0001.
Анотація:
Abstract A central question in developmental biology is how a single cell, the fertilized egg, can give rise to multiple types of tissues in the complex adult organism. This is exemplified by the forming brain, where seemingly homogeneous neuroepithelial cells eventually differentiate into myriad of mature neurons and glia of the central nervous system. Equally intriguing is the neural crest, a population of cells that initially arises within the newly formed central nervous system. Subsequently, these cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition whereby they leave the neuroepithelium and transform into a migratory population that forms much of the peripheral nervous system. In addition, neural crest cells give rise to other diverse cell types as different as pigment cells, the craniofacial skeleton, adrenal chromaffin cells, and some vascular smooth muscle. This chapter serves as a general introduction to the formation, cell interactions, and migration pathways that are involved in generating this fascinating cell population.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Forced population transfers":
1
Chakraborty, Subhadeep, and Amarendra K. Sarma. "Coherent population transfer and optical dipole force by chirped Gaussian femtosecond pulses in four level 87Rb." In LIGHT AND ITS INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4898295.
2
Cassidy, Liam, and Nordica MacCarty. "A Computational Study of a Biomass Cookstove With Forced Secondary Air Injection." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20166.
Анотація:
Abstract The use of solid biomass as a primary energy source for cooking is common to nearly half of the world’s population. Household air pollution as a byproduct of biomass combustion creates powerful negative health impacts related to air quality and a strong influence on our global radiative balance. Despite efforts to improve biomass-fueled cooking technology, many current designs still fail to meet WHO guidelines for air quality and consume excessive fuel. One promising method to improve in both of these areas is through introduction of forced primary or secondary air to the combustion process to increase turbulence, mixing, and velocity. Incorporating computational fluid dynamics to the design process for this forced draft air flow can provide insights into the complex and interconnected thermophysical relationships which, otherwise, would require extensive experimentation. The objective of this work is to provide a preliminary computational fluid dynamics study of a secondary air forced draft biomass cookstove. Thermal efficiency and emissions concentrations are investigated relative to various combinations of secondary air flow rates and injection angles. The results from the case study suggest that thermal efficiency of the cookstove is a function of secondary air injection angle, with optimal angle being a function of the specific air-fuel ratio. Additionally, a design trade-off is evident when comparing the pollutant concentration data and thermal efficiency data. Lastly, analysis of the computational results suggests that large pressure gradients about secondary air vortices in the combustion chamber lead to improved thermal efficiency and more complete combustion. The continued development of this work into an open-source computational fluid dynamics tool is underway.
3
Mass, Paige N., Rohan N. Kumthekar, Charles I. Berul, and Justin D. Opfermann. "A Novel Tool for Improved Control and Maneuverability in Pediatric Cardiac Catheter Ablation Procedures." In 2020 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2020-9039.
Анотація:
Abstract Cardiac ablation catheters commonly used for the diagnosis and treatment of arrhythmias are small in diameter and require extensive finger grip and dexterity for safe maneuverability during procedures. This is especially important in the pediatric population where the cardiac structures are smaller and potentially more variable as a result of congenital anatomic anomalies. We developed a novel catheter grip accessory tool for improved control and maneuverability of cardiac ablation catheters. Mechanical testing of the tool demonstrated it could grip the catheter with an average force of 0.031 kN and transfer an average torque of 0.0392 N-m before slipping, both well above forces experienced in normal clinical use. During tensile testing, the tool fractured at an average force of 0.554 kN. At the point of failure, testing found that the electrical conduction and resistance of the catheter remained unchanged. In simulated use testing, the tool was able to translate torque more accurately to the catheter tip compared to manual manipulation of the catheter. This novel tool has the potential to reduce physician muscle exertion in ablation procedures and increase the safety profile when manipulating catheters within the heart.
4
Sloan, J. J. "Time-resolved FTS measurements of chemical kinetics and dynamics." In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/fts.1995.ffc2.
Анотація:
We have developed an instrument for carrying out submicrosecond time-resolved Fourier transform spectroscopic measurements on transient infrared spectra and have applied this to measurements of the spectra of intermediates and products from laser-initiated gas phase processes. We carry out the experiments in a low pressure flow reactor. Typically, we admit a molecular reagent and a precursor at the entrance of the reactor and photodissociate the precursor with an excimer laser, thereby creating a reactive fragment. The latter reacts rapidly with the molecular reagent, giving vibrationally and rotationally excited products. The excimer laser traverses the flowing gases at the centre of an observation region defined by a multipass Welsh optical cell which has its axis at right angles to the direction of the laser. The optical cell focuses the infrared chemiluminescence emitted by the reaction products into the entrance optics of a Michelson interferometer. We record the interferogram produced by the infrared detector of this interferometer at accurately known time intervals following the initiation of the reaction, using a data acquisition system which we have developed for fast time-resolved Fourier transform spectroscopy (TRFTS). Our implementation of TRFTS places no limit on the spectral resolution of the measurement, while providing a one microsecond time resolution. Typically, we use a spectral resolution which is adequate to resolve the vibrational - rotational spectra of hydrides and small molecules such as CO, NO, CO2, etc. Larger molecules are treated by using spectral simulation and deconvolution techniques to estimate the band intensities. In either case, the intensities of the transitions are used to calculate the populations of the vibrational-rotational states as a function of time after the initiation of the reaction. The dynamics of the process which forms the observed products are deduced from these data. The sum of the emission intensities gives a measure of the total amount of product formed, and the time dependence of the latter gives the overall kinetics of the process.
5
Johansson, Jonas, Ilja Belov, and Peter Leisner. "Investigating the Effect of Power Distribution on Cooling a Double-Sided PCB: Numerical Simulation and Experiment." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72549.
Анотація:
An experimental procedure for investigating the effect of power distribution on the cooling of a double-sided PCB is implemented. A number of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are validated by laboratory experiments performed in 19.5°C temperature environment. Case temperatures of surface-mounted components fully populating the PCB sides are measured and monitored in simulations. Different combinations of power distribution with other cooling methods, such as a heatsink tooled on a sealed or open enclosure, at natural or forced convection, are studied. Thermally efficient uniform and non-uniform power configurations are determined on a double sided PCB. It is concluded that managing power distribution on a double-sided PCB can be considered as a measure to improve the thermal performance of electronic modules.
6
McGrain, David, Gerald M. Angle, Jay P. Wilhelm, Emily D. Pertl, and James E. Smith. "Circulation Control Applied to Wind Turbines." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90076.
Анотація:
The recent rise in fuel costs and global warming concerns have re-invigorated the search for alternative energy sources. Harnessing energy from the wind is a logical alternative; however the cost and efficiency of current wind turbines is a limiting factor. The use of an augmented Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) may become the superior choice to the more common Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs) that are usually associated with the harvesting of wind energy. HAWTs operate on the same principles as large airplane propellers, while VAWTs operate on lift and/or drag principles like an airplane wing or a sail on a boat. VAWTs are currently being investigated for use with circulation control to increase their potential power output. In this paper, two topics will be presented, a comparison between VAWTs and HAWTs for rotor diameter versus key turbine aspects and the impact of VAWTs on environmental concerns, such as bat and bird populations. The Center for Industrial Research Applications (CIRA) at West Virginia University (WVU) is currently developing a concept utilizing circulation control to increase the lift to drag ratio, maximizing the beneficial forces on the VAWT blade, allowing for improved wind energy production. For the comparison between VAWTs and HAWTs, there are currently 14 companies with a total of 34 wind turbines variations representing VAWTs and 11 companies with a total of 40 wind turbines representing HAWTs. Trend studies of VAWT and HAWT diameters to cut-in-speed, rated velocity, max velocity, power output (<100 kW), and power output (≥100 kW) were created to show the potential of VAWTs. A growing concern with wind energy is the impact on bat and bird populations. It is currently believed that VAWTs reduce the impact of wind energy by altering the interaction with the wind. If these benefits can be proven, then not only are VAWTs potentially more economical, but even more eco-friendly.
7
Mack, J. A., J. M. Price, and Alec M. Wodtke. "Stimulated Emission Pumping (SEP)1 Studies of Energy Transfer in Highly Vibratonally Excited Oxygen." In High Resolution Spectroscopy. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/hrs.1993.mb5.
Анотація:
Recent results have shown that highly vibrationally excited O2 is formed in significant quantities from the ultraviolet photolyis of ground state ozone. An important question for understanding the balance of O3 in the upper atmosphere is the lifetime of these highly vibrationally excited molecules which are proposed2 to be a photolytic source of odd oxygen atoms. In this work we report the rate constants for the collisional deactivation of SEP prepared O2(v"=18-25) by O2(v"=0), at temperatures of 295 and 395 K. The experiments are analogous to the "Pump", "Dump" and "Probe" studies carried out by Yang et al on NO.3 A pulsed tunable Argon Fluoride laser is used to "PUMP" O2 from X 3 Σ u − ground electronic state to a specific rovibrational level of the B 3 Σ g − excited electronic state via the well known Schumann-Runge bands4. A Xenon-Chloride pumped tunable dye laser system then stimulates, or "DUMPS" the O2 back to a specific excited rovibrational level of the ground electronic state. A second tunable dye laser system then "PROBES" the vibrationally excited O2 population by Laser Induced Fluorescence. By varying the time delay between the DUMP and PROBE lasers, the time dependant occupation of the prepared vibrational level is monitored. The collisional quenching rate constant for a given vibrational level is then determined from the pressure dependance of the lifetime. Implications of the measured rates for atmospheric chemical reactions are discussed.
8
Henderson, Jonathan T., Garrett Shannon, Alexander I. Veress, and Corey P. Neu. "Newly Synthesized RNA and Intranuclear Strain Measurements in Living Cells Maintained Within Native Tissue." In ASME 2013 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2013-14202.
Анотація:
The nucleus is a regulation center for cellular gene expression 1. Mechanical forces transfer to the nucleus directly and indirectly through cellular cytoskeletal structures and pathways 2, 3. The transmitted strains often cause nuclear deformation which is thought to trigger mechanosensitive gene expression within the nucleus 4. Protein dynamics inside the nucleus are additionally important for maintaining the nuclear structure and in facilitating gene expression at the transcription level 5. Probing spatiotemporal relationships between mechanical forces and localized gene expression (i.e. biophysical and biochemical factors) in the nuclei of cells is important in order to clarify variability observed in large and heterogeneous cell populations within complex tissues. This requires the development of innovative methods for intranuclear strain measurements of cells in situ, and the further capability to quantify associated biochemical responses. This abstract describes a method combining the simultaneous measurement of newly synthesized RNA with spatiotemporal intranuclear strain mapping in single cells embedded in native tissue.
9
Niringiyimana, Egide, and Celestin Nkundineza. "Effect of Train Energy Consumption on the Wear of Railroad Catenary Contact Conductor." In ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2021-62881.
Анотація:
Abstract With current rise of climate change worldwide, transport industry contributes up to 21% of the world’s total Green House Gases (GHG). In addition to that developing cities are facing great changes in urbanization, population growth and environmental concerns. In these instances, railway transportation is a top contender on land transport mode to achieve sustainable mobility in fast growing cities. For railway operation, apart from wheel-rail contact, the catenary system has a very high initial investment cost as well as associated maintenance cost. It is important to monitor the damage evolution of the catenary components for developing better maintenance strategies. This study utilizes a co-simulation between the railway catenary system dynamics and electrical power flow. With reference to Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit Service (AALRTS), the power and current drawn by the running train were calculated. Then the heat losses in the conductor wire were obtained with respect to train location on the line. This procedure was followed by thermal analysis that allowed us to obtain temperature rise in the conductor. The temperature results were used as some of the inputs in the dynamic explicit finite element model of the coupled catenary and sliding pantograph. From the finite element analysis, different quantities such as contact forces and pressures, temperature rise because of friction between sliding parts, and deflections of conductor were obtained. Furthermore, the fluctuations of train loads were taken into consideration in the calculation of power consumption and hence in temperature rise. Increase in loads resulted in increase of current drawn which increases the temperature of the mating parts, which in-turn affected frictional stresses and forces. The latter were the input parameters in Archard wear model for calculating wear volume from the catenary contact conductor. It was observed that at different scenarios of train passenger loadings, the train experiences an increase in energy consumption, which results in slight increase of contact conductor wear by material removal.
10
Ardava-Āboliņa, Laura. "30 Years after the Barricades of January 1991: Media Event for the Transfer of Collective Memory and Knowledge of History." In 80th International Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2022.74.
Анотація:
In the middle of pandemic, January 2021 marked the 30th anniversary of the Barricades of January 1991. Media events have the function of transmitting social memory and teaching history to an audience of children, young people, and people who do not have these memories in their personal experience. Sociologist John Thompson introduced the concept of ‘mediated historicity’ almost two decades ago. He explained that most individuals in Western societies gained their knowledge on 20th century history primarily from media products (Thompson, 2004). The study analyzes the discourses of remembrance of the Barricades in the most popular media in Latvia: “Latvian Television”, www.delfi.lv, Channel TV, www.tvnet.lv, “Latvian Radio 1” (Media Literacy of the Population of Latvia: Quantitative Research, 2020), paying particular attention to the content of the remembrance (exhibitions, concert programs, memories, documentaries, photo competitions for young people, book openings, etc.). The theoretical basis of the research is formed by the theoretical approaches of media event and mediated historicity. Media messages was analyzed with the discourse historical method by Ruth Wodak. The research results confirm the impact of the current epidemiological situation on the sense of the commemoration forms and the emotions of the participants, new educational dimension and orientation towards the past.
Звіти організацій з теми "Forced population transfers":
1
Becker, Sascha, Irena Grosfeld, Pauline Grosjean, Nico Voigtländer, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. Forced Migration and Human Capital: Evidence from Post-WWII Population Transfers. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24704.
2
Stampini, Marco, Pablo Ibarrarán, Carolina Rivas, and Marcos Robles. Adaptive, but not by design: cash transfers in Latin America and the Caribbean before, during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003795.
Анотація:
The socioeconomic crisis associated with the pandemic put cash transfer programs back at the top of the policy agenda. It showed that the Latin American and Caribbean regions income support systems were both fundamental and insufficient. In this paper, we present novel estimates of the coverage and beneficiary distribution of all non-contributory cash transfers both before and during the COVID-19 crisis. The former is useful to show the degree of preparedness of the region. The latter analyzes the magnitude of the policy response. While the literature presents estimates of coverage and leakage of conditional cash transfers and non-contributory pensions, our results are novel because they are the first to analyze coverage and leakage implemented in response to the COVID-19 crisis. In addition, we are the first to expand the focus to all non-contributory cash transfer programs, including those that are quasi-universal and/or unconditional. This is the most appropriate focus when the goal is to assess the ability to provide protection to larger population groups (including the vulnerable) and against transitory poverty caused by systemic shocks (such as pandemic or extreme weather events, which may become more and more frequent due to climate change). Using data from the Inter-American Development Bank “Harmonized Household Surveys from Latin America and the Caribbean”, which now provide a more comprehensive coverage of Caribbean countries, we show that before the pandemic non-contributory cash transfers covered 26% of the population of 17 countries with available data. Average coverage of the extreme poor, moderate poor and vulnerable population was 56%, 43% and 28% respectively. During the crisis, LAC governments implemented 111 new cash transfer interventions, increasing coverage to 34% of the population in 12 countries with available data. Average coverage increased among the moderate poor (50%) and vulnerable population (37%), while it remained unvaried amongst the extreme poor. Moving forward, the countries of the region are called to reform their social protection systems to make them more flexible, efficient, and sustainable, and including strategies that provide protection against shocks. In this way, resilient and responsive social protection systems can contribute to the fight against climate change and support a just transition towards net-zero emission societies. These efforts must also include measures to close the historical coverage gap amongst the poorest.
3
Hertel, Thomas, Maros Ivanic, Paul Preckel, and John Cranfield. The Earnings Effects of Multilateral Trade Liberalization: Implications for Poverty in Developing Countries. GTAP Working Paper, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp16.
Анотація:
Poverty reduction is an increasingly important consideration in the deliberations over multilateral trade liberalization. However, the analytical procedures used to assess the impacts of multilateral trade liberalization on poverty are rudimentary, at best. Most poverty studies have focused on a single country using detailed household survey data. When it comes to multi-country, global trade liberalization analyses, researchers are often forced to resort to a discussion of average, or per capita effects, suggesting that if per capita real income rises, then poverty will fall. As we show in this paper, such an inference can be misleading. Our paper combines results from a new international, cross-section consumption analysis, with earnings data from household surveys, to analyze the implications of multilateral trade liberalization for poverty in Indonesia. This method could readily be extended to analysis of poverty impacts in the other thirteen countries in our sample. By emphasizing the earnings-side of the poverty story, we complement earlier studies of poverty that have tended to emphasize consumption determinants, often to the exclusion of earnings impacts. Specifically, we stratify households according to their primary source of income, identifying those that are specialized (95% or more of their income) in agriculture enterprises, non-agriculture enterprises, wage/salary labor, and transfers. Together, these account for more than half of the population. All other households are considered to be diversified, and therefore less vulnerable to trade shocks. We find that, following global trade liberalization, the national headcount measure of poverty in Indonesia is reduced by a small amount in the short run, and significantly more in the long run. We also decompose the poverty changes in Indonesia associated with different countries’ trade policies. We find that liberalization in other countries’ policies leads to a reduction in national poverty in Indonesia, while liberalization of Indonesia’s own trade policies leads to an increase in the poverty headcount. However, the aggregate reduction in Indonesia’s national poverty headcount masks a more complex set of impacts among different groups. In the short run, the poverty headcount actually rises slightly for self-employed, agricultural households, as agricultural profits fail to keep up with increases in consumer prices. In the long run, the poverty headcount falls for all earnings strata in Indonesia, as the increased demand for unskilled workers lifts incomes for the formerly self-employed, some of whom move into the wage labor market.
4
Gertler, Paul, Sebastián Galiani, and Rosangela Bando. Non-contributory pensions. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011635.
Анотація:
The creation of non-contributory pension schemes is becoming increasingly common as countries struggle to reduce poverty. Drawing on data from Mexico's Adultos Mayores Program (Older Adults Program) --a cash transfer scheme aimed at rural adults over 70 years of age-- we evaluate the effects of this program on the well-being of the beneficiary population. Exploiting a quasi-experimental design whereby the program relies on exogenous geographical and age cutoffs to identify its target group, we find that the mental health of elderly adults in the program is significantly improved, as their score on the Geriatric Depression Scale decreases by 12%. We also find that the proportion of treated individuals doing paid work is reduced by 20%, with most of these people switching from their former activities to work in family businesses; treated households show higher levels of consumption expenditures (on average, an increase of 23%). Very importantly, we also rule out significant anticipation effects that might have been associated with the program transfers. Thus, overall, we find that non-contributory pension schemes target to the poor in developing countries can improve the well-being of poor older adults without having any indirect impact (through potential anticipation effects) on the earnings or savings of future program participants.
5
Lind, Jeremy, Rachel Sabates-Wheeler, and Carolina Szyp. Cash-Plus Programming in Protracted Crises: A Review of Programmes in Contexts of Overlapping Conflict, Forced Displacement and Climate-Related Shocks. Institute of Development Studies, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2023.001.
Анотація:
This paper explores the nature and effectiveness of cash-plus programmes in protracted crisis settings characterised by conflict, displacement and recurrent climate shocks. Despite limited evidence on their suitability or sufficiency in such contexts, where high-quality supply-side services are lacking, cash-plus programmes aim to improve the wellbeing and livelihoods of chronically poor and food-insecure populations by providing cash transfers alongside services and assets to enhance opportunities in local economies. The paper reviews 97 cash-plus programmes in 16 countries, considering their design features and outcomes. It finds that cash-plus programmes in protracted crises, with some technical adjustments, resemble those in stable settings. For instance, objectives rarely explicitly address wider transformative agendas and drivers of vulnerability (such as economic structures rooted in conflict), often focusing on the micro-level – on households and individuals. Evaluation data on programme outcomes and impacts is limited, thus restricting the availability of evidence on better approaches. The paper concludes that cash-plus programmes need to address the specific dynamics and drivers of vulnerability in different protracted crisis contexts, going beyond interventions focused on individuals to tackle structural causes of weakened livelihoods. Furthermore, it highlights the need for more evidence on the effectiveness and long-term sustainability of cash-plus programmes in these challenging contexts.
6
Yagci Sokat, Kezban. Understanding the Role of Transportation in Human Trafficking in California. Mineta Transportation Institute, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2108.
Анотація:
Human trafficking, a form of modern slavery, is the recruitment, transport, and/or transfer of persons using force, fraud, or coercion to exploit them for acts of labor or sex. According to the International Labor Organization, human trafficking is the fastest growing organized crime with approximately $150 billion in annual profits and 40.3 million individuals trapped in slave-like conditions. While it is not compulsory to involve transportation for human trafficking, the transportation industry plays a critical role in combating human trafficking as traffickers often rely on the transportation system to recruit, move, or transfer victims. This multi-method study investigates the role of transportation in combatting human trafficking in California by conducting a survey followed up with semi-structured in-depth interviews with key stakeholders. The expert input is supplemented with labor violations and transit accessibility analysis. Experts emphasize the importance of education, training, and awareness efforts combined with partnership, data, and analysis. Screening transportation industry personnel for human trafficking is another step that the industry can take to combat this issue. Particularly, sharing perpetrator information and transportation related trends among transportation modalities and local groups could help all anti-trafficking practitioners. In addition, the transportation industry can support the victims and survivors in their exit attempts and post/exit life. Examples of this support include serving as a safe haven, and providing transportation to essential services. Transportation should ensure that all of these efforts are survivor-centric, inclusive for all types of trafficking, and tailored to the needs of the modality, population, and location.
7
Doorley, Karina, and Mark Regan. The impact of Irish budgetary policy by disability status. ESRI, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/bp202301.
Анотація:
Existing research has shown that disability is costly and can result in an increased risk of living in poverty and a decrease in living standards. In this paper, we expand a framework of equality budgeting, previously applied from a gender perspective, to the population of households affected by disability. Using a microsimulation model linked to data from the EU Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), we show how tax-benefit policy and other market income changes between 2007 and 2019 impacted households affected by disability and households not affected by disability. We find that disposable (or post-tax and transfer) income grew for both types of households but at a faster rate for households affected by disability than households not affected by disability. This income growth was driven by two counteracting forces. On the one hand, tax and welfare policy failed to keep pace with market income growth, reducing the living standards of households affected by disability by more than households not affected by disability. On the other hand, despite having lower average wage levels, wage growth for workers affected by disability outpaced wage growth for workers not affected by disability, while the labour supply of households affected by disability also increased. Future attempts to equality-proof budgetary policy should consider that changes to welfare disproportionally affect households with disabilities.
8
Nosova, Olga. Structural Changes and the Ukrainian Labour Market Organisation. Publishing House - Vilnius Business College, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57005/ab.2023.1.1.
Анотація:
The article aims to analyze the structural changes and the Ukrainian labor market organization in the condition of military aggression against Ukraine. The Ukrainian economy encounters the devastating destructions and losses of economic entities, enormous capital, and labor under the effect of military aggression. Structural changes include a change in the industrial structure of production, the destruction of large enterprises, and supply chains, the loss of part of the labor force, and fluctuations between skilled and unskilled jobs. Thus, SMEs in the service sector suffer due to the reduction of the population in cities, which causes both a reduction in demand for certain types of services (hotel and restaurant business, beauty salons, providers of extracurricular educational services, etc.) and a reduction in the supply of highly qualified specialists (IT sector, experts in financial, design and consulting services). Small business because of the war feels caught between the minimum possible sale of their products and reduced demand. The basic research questions are identifying and estimating the urgent needs of the labor market and capital. It will be directed to define sectors that can speed up the process of rebuilding the economy. Diversifying the economy, increasing product/service sophistication, using comparative advantages and transfer of resources (both labor and capital) leads to more productive activities and a rise in well-being.
9
Megersa, Kelbesa. Financial Inclusion in a Refugee Response. Institute of Development Studies, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.122.
Анотація:
The growing scope, frequency, and complexity of forced displacement, both inside and outside of countries, has pushed donors and other development groups to rethink their approaches to humanitarian crises, particularly on refugee response. Financial inclusion is widely regarded as a particularly critical tool that development organisations can employ to mitigate the catastrophic impact of humanitarian crises on refugees. Financial inclusion would provide a wide range of financial products – such as savings, remittances, loans, and insurance – to both refugees and citizens of host countries, which are critical for disadvantaged populations seeking to mitigate shocks, acquire assets, and support local economic development. Changes in how humanitarian aid is distributed are opening the path for greater financial inclusion. Donors and humanitarian organisations are shifting away from emergency cash transfers and toward digital payments via electronic cards. This opens new opportunities to connect refugees and displaced people to a bigger pool of financial services. This rapid literature review summarises the available evidence on toolkits that assist the response by humanitarian and development agencies to financial inclusion of refugees. In addition to the documents defined explicitly as “toolkits”, it also includes reports and online articles which contain useful guidance, since there were few “toolkits” available. Generally, there is lack of resources that directly address the query, i.e., “financial inclusion” in a “refugee response” context. Although there is a growing literature and evidence on the financial inclusion theme, much of it does not directly relate to refugees. Furthermore, most guidance notes and toolkits prepared for refugee response by humanitarian/development agencies do not directly and explicitly deal with financial inclusion, but rather focus on operational and programming issues of wider relief responses. The review is presented as an annotated bibliography format and includes toolkits, guidance notes, technical reports, and online articles by humanitarian and international development agencies.
10
Sessa, Guido, та Gregory Martin. MAP kinase cascades activated by SlMAPKKKε and their involvement in tomato resistance to bacterial pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, січень 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699834.bard.
Анотація:
The research problem: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) and Xanthomonas campestrispv. vesicatoria (Xcv) are the causal agents of tomato bacterial speck and spot diseases, respectively. These pathogens colonize the aerial parts of the plant and cause economically important losses to tomato yield worldwide. Control of speck and spot diseases by cultural practices or chemicals is not effective and genetic sources of resistance are very limited. In previous research supported by BARD, by gene expression profiling we identified signaling components involved in resistance to Xcvstrains. Follow up experiments revealed that a tomato gene encoding a MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKKe) is required for resistance to Xcvand Pststrains. Goals: Central goal of this research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which MAPKKKεand associated MAP kinase cascades regulate host resistance. Specific objectives were to: 1. Determine whether MAPKKKεplays a broad role in defense signaling in plants; 2. Identify components of MAP kinase cascades acting downstream of MAPKKKε; 3. Determine the role of phosphorylation-related events in the function of MAPKKKε; 4. Isolate proteins directly activated by MAPKKKε-associatedMAPK modules. Our main achievements during this research program are in the following major areas: 1. Characterization of MAPKKKεas a positive regulator of cell death and dissection of downstream MAP kinase cascades (Melech-Bonfil et al., 2010; Melech-Bonfil and Sessa, 2011). The MAPKKKεgene was found to be required for tomato resistance to Xcvand Pstbacterial strains and for hypersensitive response cell death triggered by different R gene/effector gene pairs. In addition, overexpression analysis demonstrated that MAPKKKεis a positive regulator of cell death, whose activity depends on an intact kinase catalytic domain. Epistatic experiments delineated a signaling cascade downstream of MAPKKKεand identified SIPKK as a negative regulator of MAPKKKε-mediated cell death. Finally, genes encoding MAP kinase components downstream of MAPKKKεwere shown to contribute to tomato resistance to Xcv. 2. Identification of tomato proteins that interact with MAPKKKεand play a role in plant immunity (Oh et al., 2011). We identified proteins that interact with MAPKKKε. Among them, the 14-3-3 protein TFT7 was required for cell death mediated by several R proteins. In addition, TFT7 interacted with the MAPKK SlMKK2 and formed homodimersin vivo. Thus, TFT7 is proposed to recruit SlMKK2 and MAPKKK client proteins for efficient signal transfer. 3. Development of a chemical genetic approach to identify substrates of MAPKKKε-activated MAP kinase cascades (Salomon et al., 2009, 2011). This approach is based on engineering the kinase of interest to accept unnatural ATP analogs. For its implementation to identify substrates of MAPKKKε-activated MAP kinase modules, we sensitized the tomato MAP kinase SlMPK3 to ATP analogs and verified its ability to use them as phosphodonors. By using the sensitized SlMPK3 and radiolabeled N6(benzyl)ATP it should be possible to tag direct substrates of this kinase. 4. Development of methods to study immunity triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in tomato and N. benthamiana plants (Kim et al., 2009; Nguyen et al. 2010). We developed protocols for measuring various PTI-associatedphenotypes, including bacterial populations after pretreatment of leaves with PAMPs, induction of reporter genes, callose deposition at the cell wall, activation of MAP kinases, and a luciferase-based reporter system for use in protoplasts. Scientific and agricultural significance: Our research activities discovered and characterized a signal transduction pathway mediating plant immunity to bacterial pathogens. Increased understanding of molecular mechanisms of immunity will allow them to be manipulated by both molecular breeding and genetic engineering to produce plants with enhanced natural defense against disease. In addition, we successfully developed new biochemical and molecular methods that can be implemented in the study of plant immunity and other aspects of plant biology.