Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Food habits Australia"

AbstractObjectiveA simple FFQ which ranks young children's dietary habits is necessary for population-based monitoring and intervention programmes. The aim of the present study was to determine the reliability and validity of a short FFQ to assess the dietary habits of young children aged 2–5 years.DesignParents completed a seventeen-item FFQ for their children by telephone on two occasions, two weeks apart. Sixty-four parents also completed 3 d food records for their children. The FFQ included daily servings of fruit and vegetables, frequency of eating lean meat, processed meats, take-away food, snack foods (biscuits, cakes, doughnuts, muesli bars), potato crisps and confectionery, and cups of soft drinks/cordials, juice, milk and water. Weighted kappa and intra-class correlation coefficients were used to assess FFQ reliability and the Bland–Altman method was used to assess validity of the FFQ compared with the 3 d food record.SettingSeven pre-school centres in metropolitan Sydney, Australia.SubjectsSeventy-seven children aged 2–5 years.ResultsThe majority of questions had moderate to good reliability: κw ranged from 0·37 (lean meat) to 0·85 (take-away food consumption). Validity analysis showed a significant increase in mean values from the food record with increasing ordered categories from the FFQ for servings of vegetables and fruit and cups of drinks (all trend P ≤ 0·01). Spearman rank correlation coefficient was >0·5 for vegetables, fruit, diet soft drinks and fruit juice.ConclusionsThe FFQ provides reliable and moderately valid information about the dietary intakes and habits of children aged 2–5 years, in particular for fruit, vegetables and beverages.

The conifer species-group of the ant genus Iridomyrmex is defined and revised at the species level. The species I. conifer Forel, I. setoconus, sp. nov. and I. turbineus, sp. nov. are placed in the group, which is limited to south-western Australia. A key to species is provided and distributions are summarised. These ants show unusual nesting habits in that thatched mounds are used during the cooler winter months and subterranean nests are constructed during the hot summer months. This habit is not known to occur in any other ant. These ants are opportunistic feeders utilising a variety of food sources and will readily relocate nest sites in response to changing resources.

Brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) are medium to large colubrid snakes that are relatively common within the eastern and northern parts of tropical Australia. An invasive population on Guam in the western Pacific has resulted in B. irregularis being one of the most studied snakes on earth. However, no field studies have ever been conducted on Australian populations. During a seven-year period we collected data on 265 field-caught specimens in north Queensland. These snakes were from three populations and provided data on body sizes, activity times, food habits and reproduction. B. irregularis were found to attain larger body sizes in the Wet Tropics populations than in the Townsville and Magnetic Island populations. More snakes were encountered during the wet and warm season than during the dry and cool season. Sexual size dimorphism was not detected in any population. The diet included a wide range of vertebrates. Reproductive data were scant from the populations examined.

Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Australian Government policy, consumerism and beef quality. Major ‘shocks’ to beef marketing include the development of successful shipments of chilled carcases to Britain in the 1930s, the widespread trade disruption caused by World War II, expansion (early 1950s) and then a reduction in beef exports to Britain (1956), the introduction and then proliferation of Bos indicus derived cattle in northern Australia (1960s), licensing and upgrading of Australian abattoirs to export to USA and the consequential brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign leading to record export tonnages of Australian processing beef to USA (1960–70). In 1980, increased beef trade to Japan began, leading in the late 1980s to expansion of high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, beef exports to Japan (280.5 kt) exceeded those to USA (274.4 kt), signalling the significant shift in beef exports to Asia. Commencing in about 1986, the USA recognised the value of beef exports to Asian markets pioneered by Australia. Australia’s share of the Japanese and South Korean markets has been under intense competition since that time. Another major influence on Australia’s beef market in the early 1990s was growth in live cattle exports to Asian markets in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Live exports accounted for 152000 heads in 1992 and 858000 heads in 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) and consequent regulation of cattle supply even in the wet season, a by-product of the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign, were indirect drivers of the growth in live exports. Throughout the period 1940–2000, domestic consumption of beef and veal declined from 68 to 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting competition from other foods, perceptions of health risks, price of beef, periodic food safety scares, vegetarianism, changes in lifestyle and eating habits and lack of consistency of eating quality of beef. Despite this decline, the domestic Australian beef market still consumes a significant component (37%) of total Australian beef production. In 1984–85, the reform of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation set in train a major directional change (‘New Direction’) of the beef sector in response to beef market trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation changed the industry’s culture from being ‘production-driven’ to being ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began in Australia, Japan and Korea to establish consumer preferences and attitudes to price, beef appearance and eating quality. Definite consumer requirements were identified under headings of consistency and reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors were introduced and a decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat colour, meat texture, taste, smell, and muscle size were addressed. These historical ‘shocks’ that shaped the Australian beef markets have all been accompanied by modification to production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, processing procedures, advertising and promotion, meat retailing and end-use. The increasing importance of the food service sector and the ‘Asian merge’ influence on beef cuts usage in restaurant meals and take-away products are the most recognisable changes in the Australian food landscape. The Cooperative Research Centre¿s research portfolio was built around the changing forces influencing beef markets in the early 1990s. Australia needed to better understand the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting beef quality. One example was the poor success rate of cattle being grain-fed for the Japanese premium markets. Another was the relative contribution of pre- and post-slaughter factors to ultimate eating quality of beef. The Meat Standards Australia scheme was launched in 1997 to address this problem in more detail. The Cooperative Research Centre contributed significantly to this initiative. In the year 2001, Australia, with only 2.5% of world cattle numbers retains the position of world number one beef trader. We trade to 110 countries worldwide. The Australian beef sector is worth A$6 billion annually. The diversity of Australian environments, cattle genotypes and production systems provides us with the ability to meet diverse specifications for beef products. A new set of market forces is now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply to Australian producers seeking access to the lucrative European Union market. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are a continuing food safety concern in Europe. This and the foot and mouth disease outbreak in Britain early in 2001 have potentially significant indirect effects on markets for Australian beef. And the sleeping giant, foot and mouth disease-free status of Latin American countries Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina continues to emerge as a major threat to Australian beef markets in Canada and Taiwan. As in the past, science and technology will play a significant role in Australia¿s response to these market forces.

Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Australian Government policy, consumerism and beef quality. Major ‘shocks’ to beef marketing include the development of successful shipments of chilled carcases to Britain in the 1930s, the widespread trade disruption caused by World War II, expansion (early 1950s) and then a reduction in beef exports to Britain (1956), the introduction and then proliferation of Bos indicus derived cattle in northern Australia (1960s), licensing and upgrading of Australian abattoirs to export to USA and the consequential brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign leading to record export tonnages of Australian processing beef to USA (1960–70). In 1980, increased beef trade to Japan began, leading in the late 1980s to expansion of high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, beef exports to Japan (280.5 kt) exceeded those to USA (274.4 kt), signalling the significant shift in beef exports to Asia. Commencing in about 1986, the USA recognised the value of beef exports to Asian markets pioneered by Australia. Australia’s share of the Japanese and South Korean markets has been under intense competition since that time. Another major influence on Australia’s beef market in the early 1990s was growth in live cattle exports to Asian markets in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Live exports accounted for 152000 heads in 1992 and 858000 heads in 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) and consequent regulation of cattle supply even in the wet season, a by-product of the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign, were indirect drivers of the growth in live exports. Throughout the period 1940–2000, domestic consumption of beef and veal declined from 68 to 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting competition from other foods, perceptions of health risks, price of beef, periodic food safety scares, vegetarianism, changes in lifestyle and eating habits and lack of consistency of eating quality of beef. Despite this decline, the domestic Australian beef market still consumes a significant component (37%) of total Australian beef production. In 1984–85, the reform of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation set in train a major directional change (‘New Direction’) of the beef sector in response to beef market trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation changed the industry’s culture from being ‘production-driven’ to being ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began in Australia, Japan and Korea to establish consumer preferences and attitudes to price, beef appearance and eating quality. Definite consumer requirements were identified under headings of consistency and reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors were introduced and a decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat colour, meat texture, taste, smell, and muscle size were addressed. These historical ‘shocks’ that shaped the Australian beef markets have all been accompanied by modification to production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, processing procedures, advertising and promotion, meat retailing and end-use. The increasing importance of the food service sector and the ‘Asian merge’ influence on beef cuts usage in restaurant meals and take-away products are the most recognisable changes in the Australian food landscape. The Cooperative Research Centre¿s research portfolio was built around the changing forces influencing beef markets in the early 1990s. Australia needed to better understand the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting beef quality. One example was the poor success rate of cattle being grain-fed for the Japanese premium markets. Another was the relative contribution of pre- and post-slaughter factors to ultimate eating quality of beef. The Meat Standards Australia scheme was launched in 1997 to address this problem in more detail. The Cooperative Research Centre contributed significantly to this initiative. In the year 2001, Australia, with only 2.5% of world cattle numbers retains the position of world number one beef trader. We trade to 110 countries worldwide. The Australian beef sector is worth A$6 billion annually. The diversity of Australian environments, cattle genotypes and production systems provides us with the ability to meet diverse specifications for beef products. A new set of market forces is now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply to Australian producers seeking access to the lucrative European Union market. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are a continuing food safety concern in Europe. This and the foot and mouth disease outbreak in Britain early in 2001 have potentially significant indirect effects on markets for Australian beef. And the sleeping giant, foot and mouth disease-free status of Latin American countries Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina continues to emerge as a major threat to Australian beef markets in Canada and Taiwan. As in the past, science and technology will play a significant role in Australia¿s response to these market forces.

Both brown (detrital-based) and green (algal-based) food pathways support freshwater food webs, although the importance of either source may vary within species, regions and different phases of the flow regime. The bony bream (Nematalosa erebi Clupeidae: Dorosomatinae) is one of Australia's most widely distributed freshwater fish species and is a key component of freshwater food webs, especially in northern Australia. We sought to better define the feeding habits of this species, previously classified as a detritivore, algivore or zooplanktivore (or combinations thereof), by undertaking meta-analyses of published accounts based on stomach content analysis and 13C and 15N stable isotope analysis. Stomach content analysis clearly indicated that detritus was the dominant food item, although benthic algae could be an important dietary component in some habitats (inland river flood plains) and during the wet season. Zooplankton were important for small fish (i.e. juveniles 13C enriched, indicating the latter source was not the dominant contributor to the biomass of this species. However, using site-specific data and a regression approach, a significant relationship was revealed between algal carbon and that of large fish, suggesting that carbon derived from benthic algae contributed ~20% of the carbon of adult bony bream. Zooplankton contributed a similar amount. Zooplankton provided the majority of carbon for small fish. We contend that detritus derived from terrestrial vegetation is the likely remaining carbon source for large bony bream, and this interpretation was supported by the outcomes of multiple regression analyses. Although previous studies of aquatic food webs in northern Australia have emphasised the importance of high-quality algal basal resources, this study indicates that terrestrial sources may be important for some species and demonstrates the need to better consider the circumstances that cause biota to switch between different food sources.

Migration is one of life events that may change lifestyle, including new cultural norms, language and community systems as well as dietary patterns. Changing dietary patterns from traditional eating patterns to those typical of a western lifestyle has been associated with increased risk of disease. Furthermore, new food use patterns develop through the rejection of traditional and the acceptance of culturally new food habits. The purpose of this study is to identify the food habits and meal patterns of Koreans living in Australia, and any relationship between length of residence and change in eating habits. The method used for this research was a self reported questionnaire, administered in an interview and 3 day food records. One hundred adults living in the Korean community in Sydney were surveyed. The collected data were coded and analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 10. Descriptive analyses, for example mean and standard deviation, were carried out to determine the respondents’ attitudes toward food habits. The personal information data were also analysed by SPSS using frequency tables to describe the study sample. The results indicated that food habits had no significant differences dependent upon length of residence. Food habits were slightly affected by availability of income, occupation and religious beliefs. Food consumption frequency showed increased meat and dairy products. However, the consumption of rice and fish products decreased.
Master of Science (Hons)

This study examined the foraging ecology and habitat selection of the Western Yellow Robin in Wandoo Woodland at Dryandra Woodland, Western Australia. The foraging ecology component was comprised of an examination of foraging behaviour, perch-use selection and pounce-site characteristics. The habitat selection component was comprised of an examination of habitat characteristics of site occupancy and general nesting ecology. The implications of current management at Dryandra Woodland to the ecology of the Western Yellow Robin are discussed in reference to the findings of the present study. Ground-pouncing was the dominant foraging behaviour throughout all seasons, with dead branches of live subcanopy Wandoo trees (Eucalyptus wandoo) and dead fallen timber as the dominant perch substrate throughout all seasons. However, interseasonal shifts were detected, exemplified by a decrease in proportion of ground pouncing, and an increase in foraging height and perching height during the warmer months. These results reflect seasonal changes in foraging behaviour influenced by the seasonality of invertebrate prey abundance, with lower abundance of leaf litter invertebrates and increased abundance of flying invertebrates in warmer months. Intraseasonal shifts in foraging behaviour reflect climatic differences between years. Pounce site characteristics showed selection at multiple spatial scales. At the microhabitat scale, pounce sites had significantly more leaf litter and log material, and less bare ground than random points. At the macrohabitat scale, the distance of pounce sites to logs was significantly less than expected. Associations between foraging sites and logs represents selection for sites with a greater abundance of invertebrate prey associated with dead fallen timber. This pattern of selection is consistent throughout the year, indicating characteristics of ground pounce foraging locations remain the same year round regardless of the shift in foraging behaviours. The habitat selection component of the study showed that sites occupied by Western Yellow Robins had higher canopy density, higher leaf litter and log density, higher proportions of Wandoo trees and Gastrolobium plants and higher fragment coefficients (indicating occupation of sites away from the woodland/agricultural ecotone). These results reflect selection of variables at multiple spatial scales; namely, selection for sites with abundant invertebrate prey habitat (microhabitat scale), selection for highly productive habitat (macrohabitat scale), and selection for sites with a reduced edge effect (landscape scale). Nest site characteristics showed selection at specific spatial scales. Although nest sites were located at a variety of heights, they were largely associated with the basal crown height of trees, affording them relatively unobstructed views of the ground to spot potential predators. Nesting trees were similar in height to surrounding trees, although nesting trees were almost always shorter than the highest of the surrounding trees. At a macrohabitat scale, habitat surrounding nest sites was no different to habitat at non-nest sites, indicating no selection for nest site habitat measured. Territory boundaries varied spatially and temporally, with a contraction of territory boundaries during the breeding season. Nests were normally located with the vicinity of the centre of the breeding territory. The present study indicates the strong association of the Western Yellow Robin with the ground environment, with selection for dense leaf litter and logs at numerous spatial scales. The current Dryandra Management Plan strategies have the potential to detrimentally alter the ground environment on which the resource requirements of the Western Yellow Robins revolve. The impact of the proposed changes in land tenure of Dryandra Woodland to National Park would result in additional human pressure on the environment. The impact of an influx in weed invasion, introduction of the Phytophthora dieback fungus and vehicle disturbance by an increase in visitors, has the potential to detrimentally alter the ecology of the habitats occupied by Western Yellow Robins. Furthermore, the implementation of the current fire management plan and the push for tourism development has the potential to internally fragment Dryandra Woodland to the detriment of the Western Yellow Robin. Future research needs to examine reasons for the continued decline in the distribution and abundance of the Western Yellow Robin in the wheatbelt. Such research should be undertaken at the landscape scale, by examining the effects of agricultural practices on the ecology of the species, such as the effect of remnant area, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and isolation, grazing, weed invasion, altered ecosystem processes and inappropriate fire regimes. Research should also be undertaken on the impact of agricultural practices on the ground invertebrates of remnant native vegetation of the wheatbelt, as many of the above effects of agricultural practices has the potential to greatly disturb the ground environment. Such disturbance has the potential to alter the abundance of ground invertebrates; an important foraging resource of the Western Yellow Robin.

Conservation planning for animal species inhabiting modified landscapes requires understanding of where animals occur and how they utilise both natural and modified habitats. In this study the distribution and foraging behaviour of the forest red-tailed cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus banksii naso), Baudin’s cockatoo (C. baudinii) and Carnaby’s cockatoo (C. latirostris) was investigated in three study areas which each contained a different combination of modified habitats. Pickering Brook contained native forest and orchards, Wungong contained a mosaic of native forest and revegetation, while Karnet contained primarily native forest and paddocks. The relationship between cockatoo distribution and land use types was examined by constructing Generalised Linear Models based on bird counts and land use data along 90.5 km of road transects. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to select a set of the most parsimonious candidate models. Models were constructed at two scales: Regional models incorporated the datasets of all three study areas, while study area models used the datasets of single study areas. Models for the forest red-tailed cockatoo indicated selection against young post-1988 revegetation. This response was apparent at both the regional scale and within the Wungong study area. Baudin’s cockatoo selected in favour of orchards at the regional scale, but their distribution was unrelated to any land use variable within the (orchard-rich) Pickering Brook study area. No models were constructed for Carnaby’s cockatoo due to a limited number of observations for this species. Feeding observations demonstrated the importance of the native eucalypts marri (Corymbia calophylla) and jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) as a food source for the forest red-tailed cockatoo and Baudin’s cockatoo. In contrast Carnaby’s cockatoo fed most frequently in plantations of introduced pine (Pinus spp.). Contrary to model predictions, Baudin’s cockatoo was never observed feeding in apple orchards during the study. This discrepancy may be due to timing of the surveys outside the hours when Baudin’s cockatoo fed in orchards, or it could indicate that orchards are of limited importance as a food source. Forest red-tailed cockatoos consistently fed on particular marri trees while ignoring others, but this selectivity was unrelated to fruit morphology or seed nutrient content. Instead, foraging patterns may have been driven by ingrained habits, or by variation in the concentration of secondary compounds. iv In conservation efforts, identification of critical habitats is an important first step. This study highlighted the importance of studying habitat selection and constructing management plans at an appropriate scale, relative to the range of the target species. Wide ranging species like black cockatoos require regional scale protection of important broad vegetation types such as the northern jarrah forest, combined with landscape scale protection and restoration – for instance during postmining revegetation – of specific feeding habitat and food species, such as pine for Carnaby’s cockatoo and possibly Fraser’s sheoak (Allocasuarina fraseriana) for the forest red-tailed cockatoo.

自十九世紀末期，中式餐館已成為悉尼食味景觀 ( foodscape) 的一部分。近年中餐廳所提供的菜式，更由以廣東菜為主流，演變為一系列不同的地方風味，如上海菜、四川菜及北京菜等。中菜的全球化不能簡單定義為中國移民將自己的家鄉菜帶到移居地的一個過程。本文旨在闡述移民身份的餐館東主以及廚師怎樣在燒菜和營運餐館的過程中，改變了悉尼的食味景觀。一向以來，移民總是運用他們的民族文化資源謀生，使自己及家人有更佳的生活，而餐館正正為他們提供了適切的場地。本文亦審視中國新移民怎樣通過經營餐館，從而改變了當地西方人對中餐的觀念；即從中國菜即是廣東菜，演變為包括其他中國地方的風味菜。在這演變的過程中，餐館東主和廚師們都要不斷面對一個議題：怎樣與不同類形的顧客對何謂地道中國菜的觀念達至共識。較年輕的餐館東主通常會懂得因應社會上的話題以及利用對悉尼西方人的喜好的認識，為餐館營造時尚的格調來吸引他們。經過訓練的廚師以他們的專業成功移民澳洲，而僱用他們的餐館則以他們的專業作為餐館水準的保證。本文通過闡述上述人士改變悉尼的食味景觀的過程，展示人類學所提供的那種由下而上的角度如何為屬於宏觀層次的食物研究，如餐館東主對食味景觀的影響，作出貢獻。
Chinese restaurants have been a part of the Sydney foodscape since the late nineteenth century. Recently, Chinese food in Sydney has changed from being Cantonese based to including a range of regional cuisines such as Shanghainese, Sichuanese and Beijing cuisines. The globalisation of Chinese cuisine is not simply the process of Chinese migrants bringing their cuisines with them to a new place. This study sheds light on how migrant restaurant owners and chefs have transformed the Sydney foodscape by cooking in and running their restaurants. Migrants have long used their ethnic resources to make a living and create better lives for themselves and their families. Restaurants are a means for them to achieve these aims. This study also examines how new Chinese migrants run restaurants that have changed notions of Chinese food in Sydney from being mainly based on Cantonese cuisine to including other regional Chinese cuisines. Throughout this process, restaurant owners and chefs have had to negotiate different ideas of authentic Chinese food held by different customers. Younger restaurant owners use their knowledge of public discourse and preferences of Caucasians in Sydney to create stylised spaces to appeal to Caucasian customers. Professionally trained chefs use their training as vehicles for migration and the restaurants that hire them use their professional training to maintain their standards. By illustrating how these individuals have changed the Sydney foodscape, this study shows how anthropology can contribute to food studies by providing a ground up perspective of how individuals such as restaurant owners can have an impact on macro level issues such as changing foodscapes.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Pang, Leo.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-163).
Abstracts also in Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
論文摘要 --- p.ii
Acknowledgements --- p.iii
List of Figures --- p.vii
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
The Globalisation of Chinese Food --- p.4
Chinese Migration and Restaurants --- p.15
Methodology --- p.21
Thesis Organisation --- p.26
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Chinese Migration and Chinese Restaurants in Sydney: Historical Background --- p.29
Pre-Gold Rush Migration: The Need for Labour --- p.31
New Gold Mountain: The Gold Rush Era --- p.35
The End of the Gold Rush and the Move towards a White Australia --- p.37
The end of the White Australia Policy and Multiculturalism --- p.43
Chinese and their Restaurants in Australia --- p.47
Conclusion --- p.51
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Changing their Lives and Changing the Foodscape: Chinese Migrants and Their Restaurants in Sydney --- p.54
Untrained cooks --- p.58
Professional Chef-Migrants --- p.64
Younger and More Corporate Owners --- p.72
Location, Location: Where to Open Restaurants and Aspirations for their Children --- p.75
Conclusion --- p.80
Chapter Chapter 4 --- To Compromise or Not To Compromise: Chinese Restaurant Menus in Sydney --- p.85
Reproducing Chinese Food in Sydney --- p.89
Local Favourites --- p.91
Authenticity and Cultural Reproduction --- p.94
Pleasing the Locals: Modifying Dishes and Adding Dishes to Menus --- p.102
Conclusion --- p.107
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Restaurant Chains and the Expansion of Chinese Restaurants in Sydney --- p.112
From Ethnoburbs to the Suburbs: Chinese Restaurants in New Locations --- p.116
Corporatisation: Increasing Professionalism --- p.119
Décor and Presentation: Creating a New Image for Chinese Food --- p.123
Conclusion --- p.134
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.138
Negotiating Multiple Authenticities --- p.145
Making and Staging Authenticity --- p.147
Changing Tastes and Foodscapes: The Future of Chinese Food in Sydney --- p.150
Bibliography --- p.155
Chapter Appendix 1 --- : Restaurants Visited and Interviewed --- p.164
Chapter Appendix 2 --- : List of Restaurant Owners and Staff Interviewed --- p.166
Chapter Appendix 3 --- : Glossary --- p.167

The major assumption of currently accepted fish recruitment hypotheses (e.g. flood pulse concept and flood recruitment model) is that in the absence of overbank flows the main river channel does not provide adequate food and habitat for larvae and juveniles. However, periods of low flows are common throughout floodplain rivers, and there are a wide diversity of life history strategies exhibited by riverine fish. Therefore, the broad applicability of these assumptions to the management of all fish species and floodplains rivers has been questioned. The low flow recruitment hypothesis pioneered the concept that some fishes can successfully spawn and recruit during low flows by utilising main channel habitats. Characteristics of the river channel, flow regime and level of regulation are often distinctly different both within and between rivers, and many of the recruitment models and indeed the life history strategies of fishes, remain untested in alternative floodplain river systems. River regulation has resulted in altered flow regimes in river systems throughout the world, and in turn, has a range of negative impacts on the fish populations. The Murray-Darling Basin is Australia’s largest river catchment and has been severely affected by river regulation. To test some of the assumptions of the previously described recruitment models larval fish and zooplankton sampling was conducted in the main channel environments of the Lower River Murray, South Australia. In comparison to the rest of the Murray-Darling Basin, the Lower River Murray is unique due to the combination of four distinct geomorphologic regions, the absence of significant tributaries, and the high degree of regulation. Extensive river regulation has drastically reduced the natural flow variability of the Lower River Murray. Furthermore, there has been little work on the spawning and larval assemblages within this region. Larval fish sampling is often used for studying the early life history of fishes, but sampling gear and diel timing of sampling can bias results. Pelagic plankton tows were the single most effective method for collection of most species. Diel variation was identified for many species; with most exhibiting higher abundances during the night, although one species occurred in higher abundances during the day. Given these results the sampling regime for this project utilised both day and night pelagic plankton tows. Annual differences in the larval assemblages in relation to variations in hydrology and environmental variables were investigated across four years, including a year of increased flow and a water level raising, and three years of low regulated flow with stable water levels. The main channel environment of the Lower Murray supported larvae from all life history strategies. The larval assemblage differed between years; the flow pulse year was consistently different from the subsequent three low flow years. Three responses to varying hydrology were identified in the larval assemblage: larvae that were 1) positively correlated to increased flow, 2) negatively correlated to the increased flow and 3) correlated to temperature. The low flow recruitment hypothesis was supported, with a number of smallmedium bodied native species spawning under low flow conditions in the river channel. However, golden perch and silver perch (flow cued spawners), were only present during the flow pulse year. Environmental flows are therefore vitally important for the management and restoration of some native fish species. Strong within year variability was inherent in the data due to the seasonal variation in spawning time of fishes. The timing of peak spawning in the Lower River Murray was compared to other studies throughout the Basin. The broad spawning patterns identified for individual species were similar to seasonal spawning guilds identified for Australian species in previous studies. These spawning guilds were spring/summer and summer spawners. Understanding the timing of spawning of key species within a region will ensure that management actions can be targeted at providing benefits for species of interest. The key assumption of many recruitment models is that the main river channel is an area of low productivity, and therefore it does not provide adequate food for developing larvae, which is particularly pronounced in years of low flow. Zooplankton sampling was conducted during the spring/summer of 2006 in the pelagic zone of the main river channel in a typical low flow year. Although temporally and spatially restricted, results indicated that during a low flow year an abundant prey source does exist in the main river channel in the Lower River Murray. Furthermore the prey was abundant in the pelagic zone of the open water, where traditionally pelagic zooplankton abundances have been documented to be relatively low. This suggests that in the absence of floodplain inundation developing larvae have adequate access to food in this lowland temperate system. The inundated floodplain is generally recognised as important habitat for developing, larvae, consequently the importance of the main channel environment is frequently overlooked despite many studies highlighting the importance of shallow, still littoral zones. Larval fish were sampled in three main channel habitats: backwaters, open water and still littoral zones. Larvae of key species successfully spawned and utilised these main channel habitats during a low flow year. Specifically, still littoral zones and backwaters were important main channel habitats for developing fish larvae, providing support for the applicability of the low flow recruitment hypothesis to the Lower River Murray. Some species (namely the small – medium bodied natives were able to spawn and recruit in the Lower River Murray under low flow conditions, but these were also able to spawn under the higher flow conditions. However, during the low flow years there were no larvae golden perch or silver perch collected, suggesting that these species were not spawning under the low flow conditions. This study has highlighted that a number of species will spawn and develop as larvae in the heavily regulated weir pool environment. In addition, adequate food and habitat were available for developing fish larvae in the absence of floodplain inundation in the Lower River Murray. However, for species with specific flow requirements (such as golden perch and silver perch, and potentially Murray cod and freshwater catfish) continued low flow conditions may pose a significant threat. In heavily regulated systems, environmental water allocations should be considered to manage and potentially restore declining fish populations, and the benefit of within channel flow pulses should not be underestimated.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2010

Once perceived as a colonial backwater shaped by convicts, bushmen, laconic working class, and ANZACs, Australia has now asserted itself as a nation with strong and admired cultural attributes; home to world-class cities, globally recognised personalities, citizens of growing sophistication and a range of admired cultural institutions. One intriguing observation is that this accumulation of cultural capital has been mobilised by Australia’s emerging reputation in the realms of food and drink. Is Australia’s cultural ‘coming out’ indebted to its contemporary food and beverage professionals? Australia’s European heritage, and consequent worldwide exposure, began in the late 18th century. Before European contact, Australia’s knowledge of the world beyond its seaboards was limited to visits by the Macassan Indonesians fishing for trepang, or sea cucumber. In 1788, under pressure to alleviate pressure on their groaning penal system, exacerbated by the loss of the American colonies in the previous decade, the British sent Arthur Phillip to Sydney Cove to establish the first permanent European settlement in Terra Australis. Within a few decades, penal colonies were founded in all the other current Australian states – in or near their capitals; Hobart, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth. The military, free settlers and emancipated convicts brought with them their largely Anglo-Celtic heritage, habitus and culture – architecture, agricultural and later industrial economies, political, religious and social institutions, clothing, social mores and rituals, and of course food and drink. Many of these, arguably, were ill suited to the remote, sparse and harsh antipodean environment. Yet little changed and the tyranny of distance ensured that what change there was would be tediously slow.

Being able to fly opens up a whole new range of habits and lifestyles. A flyer can seek food from the tops of trees and airborne insects. It can avoid ground-based predators and rear its young safely out of reach. But flying is the most demanding form of locomotion, requiring a lot of power. ‘Flying mammals’ describes the single mammalian Order that has evolved flight—Chiroptera—with almost 1,200 species of bat worldwide, often living in colossal colonies. It also describes other airborne mammals that glide passively (using a membrane stretched between the limbs) rather than by actively flapping wings (e.g. colugos of Southeast Asia, Australian opossums, and flying squirrels).

The chapter outlines the design of a game to raise nutritional awareness within primary school-aged children. The game uses a blend of simulated and pervasive elements using ubiquitous technologies to enhance children’s capacity to make informed choices with regard to their own eating habits. Nute’s Adventures in Nomland is a project currently being undertaken at an Australian university to explore the potential of a casual game can be used to help parents and children understand the different nutritional values of the food they eat. The game contains both pervasive and simulation elements. The pervasive nature of the game is evident in the use of mobile phones to scan nutrition labels as part of a shopping activity. This shopping is then brought into a simulation game that allows learners to explore the effects of their decisions on a virtual pet, Nute, and then identify strategies to address shortfalls in that decision-making.

Soil ecosystem is a living and dynamic environment, habitat of thousands of microbial species, animal organisms and plant roots, integrated all of them in the food webs, and performing vital functions like organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling; soil is also where plant roots productivity represent the main and first trophic level (producers), the beginning of the soil food web and of thousands of biological interactions. Agroecosystems are modified ecosystems by man in which plant, animal and microorganisms biodiversity has been altered, and sometimes decreased to a minimum number of species. Plant diseases, including root diseases caused by soil-borne plant pathogens are important threats to crop yield and they causes relevant economic losses. Soil-borne plant pathogens and the diseases they produce can cause huge losses and even social and environmental changes, for instance the Irish famine caused by Phytophthora infestans (1845–1853), or the harmful ecological alterations in the jarrah forests of Western Australia affected by Phytophthora cinnamomi in the last 100 years. How can a root pathogen species increase its populations densities at epidemic levels? In wild ecosystems usually we expect the soil biodiversity (microbiome, nematodes, mycorrhiza, protozoa, worms, etc.) through the trophic webs and different interactions between soil species, are going to regulate each other and the pathogens populations, avoiding disease outbreaks. In agroecosystems where plant diseases and epidemics are frequent and destructive, soil-borne plant pathogens has been managed applying different strategies: chemical, cultural, biological agents and others; however so far, there is not enough knowledge about how important is soil biodiversity, mainly microbiome diversity and soil food webs structure and function in the management of root pathogens, in root and plant health, in healthy food production, and maybe more relevant in the conservation of soil as a natural resource and derived from it, the ecosystem services important for life in our planet.