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Статті в журналах з теми "Flower plants"
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Essenberg, Carla J., Paige E. Guevarra, Hadley M. Moreau, Cody J. Jordan, and Talia Zisman. "A benefit to providing information? Flower size cues, plant attractiveness, and plant visit length." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (May 3, 2019): 1168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz065.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In many plant species, flower size is correlated with the production of floral rewards such as nectar and pollen and, therefore, provides information to pollinators about flower quality. However, how relationships between flower size and rewards influence plant fitness is not well understood. In particular, it is unclear whether indicating to pollinators which flowers are unrewarding harms or benefits plants. We used a laboratory system with artificial flowers to examine bumblebees’ (Bombus impatiens) responses to plants that had flower size as an informative cue (with large flowers rewarding and small flowers unrewarding) as compared with “deceptive” plants that had a mixture of rewarding and unrewarding large flowers and plants with only large, rewarding flowers. Bees had previously foraged in a context in which only large flowers provided rewards. Small flowers were visited less often than large flowers. In comparing plants with different numbers of flowers, we found that small flowers, although they added less to a plant’s attractiveness than large flowers, did increase a plant’s attractiveness if present in sufficient number. Furthermore, plants with informative cues received substantially fewer flower visits per plant visit in comparison with deceptive plants, even when the plants with informative cues had a larger number of flowers. Cues identifying unrewarding flowers could, therefore, reduce rates of within-plant pollen movement, increasing the plant’s fitness gains per flower visit. Their contribution to whole-plant attractiveness and avoidance of inbreeding could help explain why many plants produce small, relatively unrewarding flowers even though pollinators avoid visiting them.
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Pemberton, H. Brent, Yin-Tung Wang, and Garry V. McDonald. "Increase of Easter Lily Postharvest Flower Longevity with PBA Application to Young Flower Buds." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 459A—459. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.459a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Case-cooled bulbs of Lilium longiflorum `Nellie White' were potted on 4 Dec. 1995 and forced to flowering using standard growing procedures. Plants were illuminated from shoot emergence to visible bud with supplemental high-intensity-discharge sodium vapor light at 70 μmol·m–2·s–1 from 1700 to 2200 HR each day. When the first primary flower bud (first initiated flower bud most proximal on the shoot) was 5 to 7 cm long, each plant was treated with 3 ml of either de-ionized water or 500 mg·liter–1 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA). Sprays were directed at the flower buds and associated bracts. When the tepals on the first primary flower bud split, plants were placed at 2°C in the dark for 0, 4, or 21 days. After storage, plants were placed in a postharvest evaluation room with constant 21°C temperature and 18 μmol·m–2·s–1 cool-white fluorescent light. The first three primary flowers on PBA-treated plants lasted significantly longer than corresponding flowers on control plants, but there was no difference between flowers at the fourth and fifth positions. Also, the total postharvest life of the five primary flowers on PBA treated plants was 3 days longer than those on control plants. Storage time inversely affected the postharvest longevity of the first three primary flowers, but had no effect on the longevity of the fourth or fifth primary flowers or total postharvest life of the five primary flowers. There were no significant interaction effects between PBA treatment and storage duration on primary flower longevity.
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Cushman, L. C., H. B. Pemberton, and J. W. Kelly. "FLOWER DEVELOPMENT OF MINIATURE POTTED ROSE PLANTS DURING SIMULATED SHIPPING." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1090a—1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1090a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orange end Red Sunblaze miniature rose plants were forced. to flower in a glasshouse in 10 cm pots. At harvest, flower stage (FST) 1 (tight bud), 2 (reflexed calyx), and 3 (petals starting to reflex) flowers were designated and tagged. The plants were then stored at 4, 16 or 28°C for 2, 4, or 6 days. Subsequent to the simulated shipping treatments, plants were evaluated in a simulated home interior environment (21° with 30 μmoles M-2 sec-1 cool-white fluorescent light). After summer forcing, flowers of both cultivars developed at least 1 FST during simulated shipping. Flower development increased as storage duration increased for FST 1 and 2, but storage duration did not affect development of FST 3 flowers. The higher the temperature the faster flowers developed, but development was less than 1 FST at 4°. After winter forcing, flowers developed less than 1 FST during simulated shipping. Flower development increased with increasing temperature. In summer, plants with FST 2 flowers could be shipped at up to 16°, but plants with FST 3 flowers should be shipped at 4°. In winter, plants can be shipped at up to 16° with FST 3 flowers.
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Lara, Carlos, and Juan Francisco Ornelas. "Flower mites and nectar production in six hummingbird-pollinated plants with contrasting flower longevities." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hummingbird flower mites and hummingbirds may compete intensely for the nectar secreted by their host plants. Here, we present the results from field experiments in which flower mites were excluded from flowers of six hummingbird-pollinated plants with contrasting flower longevities. Nectar measurements were taken on flowers from which mites were excluded and those without mite exclusion over their lifespans. The exclusion of mites had a significant positive effect on the amount of nectar available in plants with long-lived flowers. In contrast, nectar availability in short-lived flowers was not significantly reduced after mite exclusion. The significance of the mite-exclusion treatment was independent of floral morph and flower age. Results also suggest that the magnitude of the mite-exclusion treatment depends on the volume of nectar produced by the flower throughout its lifetime. The treatment effect was detected when nectar consumption, presumably by flower mites, exceeded 13% of the nectar produced by the flowers; nectar availability was not significantly reduced when nectar volume was < 7 µL per flower. It appears that flower mites consume proportionately more nectar in long-lived flowers than in short-lived flowers. Parasitic hummingbird flower mites seem to be preferentially taking advantage of plant-pollinator interactions in which flowers last several days and produce large volumes of nectar. The consequences of this finding concerning planthummingbirdmite interactions await further investigation. As a working hypothesis, we propose that nectar production has increased over evolutionary time not only by the selective pressures imposed by the pollinators, but also to compensate for the reduction they suffer after exploitation by nectar robbers and thieves such as flower mites.Key words: Ascidae, flower longevity, hummingbird pollination, multiple-species interactions, mutualism exploitation, nectar theft.
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Pobudkiewicz, Anna. "The influence of growth retardants and cytokinins on flowering of ornamental plants." Acta Agrobotanica 61, no. 1 (2012): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2008.018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Growth retardants are applied in order to obtain short and well compact plants. They usually inhibit stem elongation, but also can influence the flowering of plants. The aim of cytokinin application is to obtain well branched plants without removing the apical meristem. Cytokinins usually increase the number of axillary shoots but also can influence flowering. Growth retardants and cytokinins can affect flower size, pedicel length, number of flowers, flower longevity, abortion of flower buds and number of days from potting plants to the first open flower. Flowering of growth retardant and cytokinin treated plants might depend on the method of growth regulator used (foliar spray or soil drench), plant species or even a plant cultivar, but in the highest degree it depends on the growth regulator rate used. These growth regulators, when are applied at rates appropriate for height and habit control, very seldom influence flowering of ornamental plants, but applied at high rates can delay flowering, diminish flower diameter or flower pedicel length and also can decrease the number of flowers per plant. In cultivation of bulb plants, growth retardants, used at very high rates, also cause abortion of flower buds.
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Obolentseva-Krasivska, О. S. "FEATURES OF DETERMINATION OF THE COST OF PLANTS CERTAIN KINDS WHEN CARRYING OUT FORENSIC MERCHANDISING EXAMINATIONS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 17 (November 29, 2017): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2017.45.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Flowers, ornamental plants, planting material (saplings) and other plants with regard to which the market with possibility of carrying out independent adequate marketing was formed, are the subject of evaluation by the experts in field of forensic merchandising. With the development of the market and market relations such goods as flowers, planting material and others are increasingly encashed in the market of Ukraine and become the objects of forensic merchandising examinations and expert researches. Special feature of merchandising researches of the plant origin objects is the use of the comprehensive approach to the estimation of their quality and cost. Researches are carried out with the purpose of determination of properties, consumer value, conformity to standards and specifications of plants certain kinds. When studying a considerable variety of flower plants, one distinguishes scientific and industrial classifications. In merchandising flowers industrial classification of flower ornamental plants which provides distribution of flower plants to the separate groups similar on biological properties, the agricultural technician of cultivation and practical application in gardening is used. During carrying out merchandising examinations on an establishment of consumer properties of certain kinds plants, namely establishments organoleptic indicators of quality and quantity of flower decorative production given for research, the expert checks conformity of this production to requirements of normative and technical documents. Requirements to quality of flower production are normalised by standards depending on production kind – cutf lowers, pottery blossoming plants, pottery decorative sheet plants, sprouts of flower decorative production, planting material, seeds of flower ornamental plants. At carrying out merchandising researches of flower decorative production, plants and saplings it’s necessary for merchandising experts to pay special attention on definition of quality indicators and a grade of plants according to standards, and also to consider data concerning age of a plant, novelty of a grade and origin country of production.
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Arfa Hassan, Sarmad Zaheer Ahmad, and Qurat ul Ain. "Flower Detection in Digital Image Processing using Global Image Enhancement Method." Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgurjcsit.2019.030382.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Flowers are plays an important role on the planet as they contain the reproduction part of plants. The only flower parts of plants have ability to produce different kinds of fruit, vegetable, and seeds for humans. Flower seeds also are used to produce oil. Honey bees collect nectar from flowers to produce honey. In this paper a new approach is proposed for flower detection. The proposed algorithm is use Global image enhancement and thresholdging technique for flower detection in digital images.
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Niu, Genhua, Royal D. Heins, Arthur Cameron, and Will Carlson. "Temperature and Daily Light Integral Influence Plant Quality and Flower Development of Campanula carpatica 'Blue Clips', 'Deep Blue Clips', and Campanula 'Birch Hybrid'." HortScience 36, no. 4 (July 2001): 664–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.4.664.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effects of temperature on flower size and number of flower buds of Campanula carpatica Jacq. 'Blue Clips', 'Deep Blue Clips', and Campanula 'Birch Hybrid' were investigated in four temperature and light-transfer experiments. In year 1, 'Blue Clips' and 'Birch Hybrid' plants were grown initially at 20 °C and then transferred at visible flower bud (VB) to 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C until flower (Expt. 1). In Expt. 2, 'Blue Clips' and 'Birch Hybrid' plants were transferred from 14 to 26 °C or from 26 to 14 °C at various intervals after flower induction. Flower size of both species was negatively correlated with average daily temperature (ADT) after VB; flowers on plants grown at 14 °C were 35% larger than those on plants grown at 26 °C. In contrast, temperature before VB had only a small effect on final flower size in both species, although flower diameter of 'Birch Hybrid' plants grown at constant 26 °C was 20% smaller than that of the plants grown initially at 20°C and then transferred to VB to 26 °C. For both species, the longer the exposure to high temperature after VB, the smaller the flowers. Number of flower buds at flower in 'Birch Hybrid' decreased as ADT after VB increased. In year 2, 'Deep Blue Clips' plants were grown at constant 20 °C under high or low daily light integral (DLI, 17 or 5.7 mol·m-2·d-1) until VB, and then transferred to 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C under high or low DLI (Expt. 3). In Expt. 4, 'Deep Blue Clips' plants were grown at 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C until VB, and then transferred to constant 20 °C under high or low DLI until flower. Flower size (petal length) was negatively correlated with ADT both before and after VB, while flower bud number was negatively correlated with the ADT only after VB, regardless of DLI. In both experiments, petal length decreased by 0.3 to 0.5 mm per 1 °C increase in ADT before or after VB. Flowers were larger and more numerous under high than under low DLIs after VB, regardless of the DLI before VB.
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Nyankanga, R. O., and H. C. Wien. "Increased Plant Density and Shade Affects Flowering and Fruiting of Pumpkin (C. pepo)." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 526A—526. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.526a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increase in plant density often results in reduction in reproductive potential of individual plants in cucurbits. The reduction may be due to reduced female flower production or a reduction or a delay in fruit set or to decreased fruit size. To determine the cause of the reduction, flowering, and fruiting of two pumpkin cultivars was evaluated in four field experiments under four plant densities ranging from 4483 plants/ha to 23,910 plants/ha and in a greenhouse using three levels of shade. Weekly flower and flower bud counts were made in the field experiment starting at first anthesis. Flowers were determined to have either set or aborted or not have reached anthesis. Increasing plant population from 4483 plants/ha to 23,910 plants/ha resulted in an increase in number of flowers per unit area up to 11,955 plants/ha, beyond which there was a steep decline. Increased plant density also resulted in an increase in aborted female flower buds that did not reach anthesis. Increase in plant density only reduced fruit set at very high populations. Number of fruits per area increased linearly with plant density up to 11,955 plants/ha, but decreased at higher plant populations. Reducing incident light by 30%, 60%, and 80% in a greenhouse experiment resulted in reduction of both male and female flowers. At 80% shade, there was a complete suppression of female flowers, whereas male flowers were still being produced. The number of female flowers reaching anthesis was positively correlated with total shoot dry weight while floral buds and male flowers were not. Reduction of individual plant biomass under high-density plantings might therefore be limiting female flower production and yield.
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Serek, Malgorzata. "Ethephon and Silver Thiosulfate Affect Postharvest Characteristics of Rosa hybrida `Victory Parade'." HortScience 28, no. 3 (March 1993): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.3.199.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The postharvest quality of miniature pot roses is limited by bud abscission and premature flower senescence. Rosa hybrida `Victory Parade' plants were treated with ethephon to study their sensitivity to ethylene and with silver thiosulfate (STS) to investigate its inhibitory effects on ethylene action. Bud abscission and flower senescence were promoted by spraying plants with ethephon, and the longevity of individual flowers and whole plants was reduced. All STS concentrations (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 mM improved postharvest keeping quality. Bud abscission and flower senescence were decreased and the longevity of flowers and whole plants was improved by applying STS. Chemical name used: 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon).
Дисертації з теми "Flower plants"
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Glover, Beverley Jane. "Cellular differentiation in plants." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338247.
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Chan, Chi-chuen Nicholas. "International competitiveness of plastic plant/flower industry inHongkong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1987. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12335150.
Повний текст джерела
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Fultz, Jessica Erin. "Effects of shelterwood management on flower-visiting insects and their floral resources." Thesis, Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2005/fultz/FultzJ0805.pdf.
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Decani, Yol Betul. "Extension Of Flower Longevity In Transgenic Plants Via Antisense Blockage Of Ethylene Biosynthesis." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605135/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ethylene (C2H4) is a very simple molecule, a gas, and has numerous effects on the growth, development and storage life of many fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops. In higher plants, ethylene is produced from L-methionine in essentially all tissues and ACC Synthase and ACC Oxidase are the two key enzymes in the biosynthesis of ethylene.
The objective of the present study was to transform tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun) plant with partial sequence of torenia acc oxidase gene in antisense and sense orientations via Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer system, and to analyze its effect on ethylene production in transgenic plants.
Six antisense and seven sense T0 putative transgenic lines were obtained and were further analyzed with several assays. Leaf disc assay and chlorophenol red assay under selection (75 mg/L kanamycin) revealed positive results compared to the non-transformed plant. T1 generations were obtained from all putative transgenic lines. PCR analysis and Northern Blot Hybridization results confirmed the transgenic nature of T1 progeny. Furthermore, ethylene amount produced by flowers were measured with gas chromatography, which resulted in an average of 77% reduction in S7 line and 72% reduction in A1 line compared with the control flowers. These results indicated that, transgenic tobacco plants carrying torenia acc oxidase transgene both in antisense and sense orientations showed reduced ethylene production thus a possibility of flower life extension.
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Orvos, Andrea Reiser. "Examination of flower initiation and development of Streptocarpus x hybridus." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40971.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Effects of exogenously applied GA4+7 on floral and vegetative development of Streptocarpus x hybridus were investigated. S. x hybridus 'Hybrid Delta' petiolode tissue from plants treated with 25 μg GA4+7 were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Plants treated at 1 cm leaf lengths appeared unaffected by GA4+7 one week after treatment while 2 and 3 cm GAâ treated samples showed enhanced floral initiation.
Master of Science
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Wong, Sato Akira Armando. "Diverse adaptations to increase pollination success in zoophilous plants." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232377.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第21176号
人博第848号
新制||人||203(附属図書館)
29||人博||848(吉田南総合図書館)
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)教授 加藤 眞, 教授 市岡 孝朗, 教授 瀬戸口 浩彰
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Chan, Chi-chuen Nicholas, and 陳志傳. "International competitiveness of plastic plant/flower industry in Hongkong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31263690.
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Worley, Anne Catherine. "Flower size-number trade-offs and the evolution of floral display in animal-pollinated plants." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0026/NQ49827.pdf.
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Rech, André Rodrigo 1985. "Walking through the flower fields = the role of time and space on the evolution of pollination strategies." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315723.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orientadores: Marlies Sazima, Jeff OllertonTexto em português e inglês
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T19:39:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rech_AndreRodrigo_D.pdf: 2738650 bytes, checksum: 6bf617833a57ef7d0a29fdcd8d4cd53b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Os padrões encontrados em ecologia são resultado de processos contemporâneos interagindo com uma longa história de contingência. No entanto, poucos estudos têm buscado entender o papel relativo de fatores contemporâneos e pretéritos sobre padrões reprodutivos de plantas. No decorrer dessa tese foram consideradas essas duas dimensões (temporal e espacial) em estudos sobre polinização. A amplitude do estudo em relação ao tempo foi de horas até milênios, da mesma forma que para o espaço, para o qual se considerou desde metros até variações entre diferentes continentes na escala planetária. Os capítulos estão organizados em uma escala crescente de tempo e espaço. No primeiro capítulo foi considerada a variação fina de horas e metros no estudo sobre a polinização de algumas espécies de Davilla; nesse capítulo também são apresentados outros aspectos da história natural na família Dilleniaceae e uma abordagem filogenética para a evolução de algumas características florais. No capítulo 2, ao longo de vários anos, foi verificada a habilidade de visitantes florais depositar pólen, sua frequência e a importância de cada grupo de visitante nas flores de Knautia arvensis nesse período. O capítulo 3 demonstra variações no espaço tanto na morfologia floral e foliar como no crescimento do tubo polínico em diferentes testes de polinização, utilizando Curatella americana com populações distribuídas no Cerrado Brasileiro. No capítulo 4 é apresentada a variação espacial no sistema reprodutivo e a relação dos polinizadores com o nível de polinização cruzada e do passado climático com o nível de autopolinização espontânea, também tratando de C. americana. Para finalizar o capítulo 5 considera 50 inventários distribuidos ao redor do planeta categorizando as plantas em anemófilas ou zoófilas e demonstra o papel da precipitação (presente e passada) e da riqueza de espécies vegetais na prevalência de cada um dos modos de polinização. Como conclusão geral, fica clara a importância de se considerar as dimensões temporal e espacial nas interações entre plantas e polinizadores, a fim de entender como essas evoluem e como impactam na evolução da morfologia floral e nos sistemas de polinização
Abstract: Patterns in ecology are the products of current factors interacting with a longstanding history of contingency. Nevertheless, few studies have attempted to disentangle the contribution of past and current factors on plant reproduction patterns. Here we studied pollination considering both, spatial and temporal dimensions. Time variation goes from hours to millennia as well as space, whose importance was considered from meters to the whole planet. The chapter¿s sequence within the thesis is planned to go from the small to the large scale. We show the importance of fine grained variations such as hours and meters in the flower differentiation and pollination of two Davilla species in the chapter 1. In the chapter 2 we studied pollen deposition and visitation frequency in Knautia arvensis considering a year scale and showed the most important pollinator changing every year. In the Chapters 3 we used Curatella americana with populations studied across Brazilian Cerrado and show spatial variation in flower and leaf morphology and pollen tube growth. Chapter 4 also using C. americana shows the variation on the reproductive system across space, with cross-pollination related to pollinator availability and the level of autogamy underpinned by past climate. To finish, Chapter 5 deal with 50 community-based assessments of wind and animal pollination over the world and show the importance of precipitation (current and past) and plant species richness as major drivers of these proportion. As a general conclusion, it is clear that temporal and spatial factors cannot be ignored in spite to understand floral evolution and the interactions between plant and pollinators
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia
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Nel, Lyndre. "Effects of a highly invasive plant (Lantana camara) on an agricultural flower visitation network." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96778.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Invasive alien plants threaten natural and agricultural pollination systems as they integrate into and disrupt flower visitation networks. Mango (Mangifera indica) production on commercial mango farms in Hoedspruit, South Africa, is an important part of the local economy. Mangoes require pollination for fruiting success, and depend on the native insect community, facilitated by managed bee colonies (Apis mellifera), to pollinate flowers. Managed honeybees and wild insect flower visitors to mango have previously been observed visiting other flowering plants in surrounding natural vegetation, including the alien invasive plant Lantana camara. Lantana camara and mango share similar floral characteristics and co-occur in close proximity, so they may share pollinators/flower visitors. Here, I determined L. camara’s influence on mango flower visitation networks, specifically whether it facilitates visitation, through greater abundance and diversity of insect flower visitors (facilitation), or competes for flower visitors (competition), and whether it supports mango flower visitors when mango trees are not in flower. This study was conducted on the margins of three mango farms and bordering natural vegetation. Firstly, L. camara’s effect on mango flower visitation was investigated by comparing flower visitation to mango in plots with and without L. camara nearby. The presence of L. camara was associated with greater mango flower visitation, with increases in both flower visitor species abundance and richness. Secondly, the composition of flower visitor communities of mango orchard boundaries and bordering natural vegetation were evaluated. Although some flower visitors were shared between mango and naturally occurring plants, flower visitor community assemblages were significantly different between natural vegetation and mango orchard boundaries. In natural vegetation, flies, butterflies, wasps, wild bees and ants played a primary role in the visitation networks, whereas honeybees, wild bees and flies were the main visitors in mango orchards. The presence of L. camara significantly influenced community structure in both natural vegetation and orchards. Natural vegetation with L. camara had a more diverse flower visitor community than natural vegetation without L. camara. Lantana camara seems to facilitate mango flower visitation during mango flowering, attracting a larger visitor abundance and species richness where it occurs in bordering natural vegetation and nearby mango orchard boundaries. However, L. camara was seen to be visited by few species known to visit mango outside of mango flowering, suggesting that L. camara may benefit more from facilitation than mango. Given its extreme invasive nature and threat to local plants which sustain native pollinators, L. camara should be removed from mango orchards and bordering natural vegetation. Furthermore, farm managers are encouraged to plant and maintain indigenous flowering plants, especially plants with a facilitative value to mango, in land surrounding mango orchards to sustain native wild pollinators beneficial to mango pollination.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Indringerplante bedreig natuurlike- en landboubestuiwingsisteme deur blombesoekingsnetwerke binne te dring en te ontwrig. Mango (Mangifera indica) produksie op kommersiële plase in Hoedspruit, Suid-Afrika, speel 'n belangrike rol in die plaaslike ekonomie. Suksesvolle mangovrugproduksie is afhanklik van bestuiwing deur inheemse insekte, gefasiliteer deur bestuurde heuningbykolonies (Apis mellifera). Dit is vantevore waargeneem dat hierdie heuningbye en inheemse insekblombesoekers ook ander blomme besoek in die omliggende natuurlike plantegroei, veral Lantana camara wat in hierdie areas ook voorkom. Lantana camara en mango deel soortgelyke blomeienskappe en groei baie na aan mekaar op die buitenste rande van mango boorde. In hierdie studie bepaal ek L. camara se invloed op mangoblominsekbesoekers, en kyk spesifiek of dit mangoblombesoeking fasiliteer, deur om die aantal blombesoekers en blombesoekerspesies te verhoog (fasilitering), of mee kompeteer vir blombesoekers (kompetisie), en of dit mangoblombesoekers onderhou wanneer mango bome nie blom nie. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer op die grensgebied tussen die mangoboorde en natuurlike plantegroei van drie mangoplase. Eerstens is L. camara se effek op mango ondersoek deur mangoblombesoeking te vergelyk tussen plotte met en sonder L. camara. Daar is gevind dat L. camara mangoblombesoeking fasiliteer deur om die aantal blombesoekers en besoekerspesies te verhoog. Tweedens is die gemeenskapsamestelling van blombesoekers in mangoboordrande en aangrensende plantegroei geëvalueer. Alhoewel sommige blombesoekers by mango én ander plante gevind word, is hul gemeenskapsamestelling aansienlik verskillend tussen die mangoboordrande en aangrensende plantegroei. Vlieë, skoenlappers, wespe, bye en miere speel 'n primêre rol in die blombesoekingsnetwerke van natuurlike plantegroei, waar hierdie rol in mangoboord-besoekingsnetwerke vervul word deur heuningbye, wilde bye en vlieë. Die teenwoordigheid van L. camara het die gemeenskapstruktuur in beide gebiede beduidend beïnvloed. Die aangrensende natuurlike plantegroei, waar L. camara voorkom, het ‘n meer diverse blombesoekersgemeenskap as dié sonder L. camara. Mangoboorde wat grens aan plantegroei, wat L. camara insluit, het soortgelyk 'n groter blombesoekerspesierykheid en aantal blombesoekers gehad. Dit blyk dat, waar hierdie plant voorkom, Lantana camara mangoblombesoeking fasiliteer tydens mangoblomtyd sowel as om 'n groter aantal blombesoekersinsekte met ‘n groter spesierykheid te lok in beide die mangoboorde en aangrensende natuurlike plantegroei. Daar is egter geen bewyse gevind wat voorstel dat L. camara mangoblombesoekers ondersteun buite mangoblomtyd nie, wat aandui dat L. camara voordeel trek uit die fasiliterende verband met mango. Gegewe L. camara se uiterse indringende geaardheid en bedreiging aan die plaaslike inheemse plantgemeenskap wat inheemse bestuiwers onderhou, word L. camara se verwydering vanuit die aangrensende plantegroei aanbeveel. Dit word aanbeveel om L. camara se fasiliterende rol te vervang deur inheemse blomplante in dié areas aan te plant en natuurlike blomplantegroei te bewaar en te onderhou.
Книги з теми "Flower plants"
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Flower gardening. Twickenham: Hamlyn, 1986.
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Zuckerman, Andrew. Flower. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2012.
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Craigmyle, Marshall B. L. Long-flowering garden plants: Over 500 plants for all-year colour and interest. London: Salamander, 2001.
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Koch, Maryjo. Seed leaf flower fruit. New York: Smithmark Publishers, 1998.
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Seed leaf flower fruit. San Francisco: Collins Publishers San Francisco, 1995.
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Bruce, Lisa. Fran's flower. [New York]: HarperCollins, 2000.
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Kaatz, Debra. Wild flower plant spirits. Soudorgues, France: Petite Bergerie Press, 2005.
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Westrich, Josh. The iris: The rainbow flower. New York, N.Y: Thames and Hudson, 1989.
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Jack, Kramer. Winning at flower shows. Golden, Colo: Fulcrum Pub., 1995.
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The edible flower garden. Boston: Periplus Editions, 1999.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Flower plants"
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Kellogg, Elizabeth A. "Flower Structure." In Flowering Plants. Monocots, 39–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15332-2_3.
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Delph, Lynda F. "Flower Size Dimorphism in Plants with Unisexual Flowers." In Floral Biology, 217–37. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1165-2_8.
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Mulder-Krieger, Th, and R. Verpoorte. "Methods to Change Characteristics of Plants." In Anthocyanins as Flower Pigments, 26–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0906-2_2.
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De Martinis, D., I. Haenen, M. Pezzotti, E. Benvenuto, and C. Mariani. "Ethylene and Flower Development in Tobacco Plants." In Biology and Biotechnology of the Plant Hormone Ethylene II, 157–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4453-7_26.
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Brunke, E. J., F. J. Hammerschmidt, and G. Schmaus. "Flower Scent of Some Traditional Medicinal Plants." In ACS Symposium Series, 282–96. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1993-0525.ch020.
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Wagner, Johanna, Ursula Ladinig, Gerlinde Steinacher, and Ilse Larl. "From the Flower Bud to the Mature Seed: Timing and Dynamics of Flower and Seed Development in High-Mountain Plants." In Plants in Alpine Regions, 135–52. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0136-0_10.
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Rubinstein, Bernard. "Regulation of cell death in flower petals." In Programmed Cell Death in Higher Plants, 59–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0934-8_5.
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Aholainen, Katri. "Stamens and Pistils in the Same Flower." In Plants in Children's and Young Adult Literature, 31–42. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032066356-4.
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Kaska, N. "Bud, Flower and Fruit Drop in Citrus and other Fruit Trees." In Cell Separation in Plants, 309–21. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74161-6_29.
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Gerats, Anton G. M., and Cathie Martin. "Flavonoid Synthesis in Petunia Hybrida; Genetics and Molecular Biology of Flower Colour." In Phenolic Metabolism in Plants, 165–99. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3430-3_6.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Flower plants"
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Shalatonin, V. I. "Detection of the Endogenous Electromagnetic Field Around Flower Plants." In 2007 17th International Crimean Conference - Microwave & Telecommunication Technology. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/crmico.2007.4368944.
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Sulistiawati, Ni Putu, and Ni Komang Astiari. "Physiology of Flower Development Stages in Siam Citrus Plants." In Proceedings of the 2nd Warmadewa Research and Development Seminar (WARDS), 27 June 2019, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.13-12-2019.2298269.
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Shalatonin, V. "A study of the endogenous electromagnetic field into the space around the flower plants." In 2007 Joint 32nd International Conference on Infrared and Millimeter Waves and the 15th International Conference on Terahertz Electronics (IRMMW-THz). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icimw.2007.4516504.
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Ünsal, Tuğçe, and Kübra Yazıcı. "The Importance of Gerbera as a Cut Flower and Advances of It in Scientific Research." In International Students Science Congress. Izmir International Guest Student Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52460/issc.2021.010.
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Gerbera, a member of the Asteraceae family, has approximately 30 species known in nature. It has spread naturally in South Africa, Africa, Madagascar, and tropical Asia. The first scientific description of gerberas is J.D. Described by Hooker. It is also known as the Transvaal Daisy or Barberton Daisy. It is the second most produced cut flower after carnation as cut flower in our country. We can divide the scientific studies conducted on the gerbera plant into four groups. Studies in general; To produce 1st quality gerbera by providing the growth of plant height, flower diameter and flower stem with growth regulators, to obtain fast and many plants with tissue culture, to bring new products to the product range with breeding studies and to maintain the vitality of the plant in the process from harvest to consumer It is based on increasing the life of the vase and introducing new solutions to the market. This study was conducted to emphasize the importance of Gerbera as a cut flower and its developments in scientific research.
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Huertas, José Ignacio, and Julián D. Rodríguez. "Optimization of Sulfur Sublimators Used in the Colombian Flower Industry." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/aes-23662.
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Abstract The Oidio is considered one of the strongest diseases that attack the rose plantations. To control it, different alternatives are used, being the most common the application of fine sulfur powder over the leaves of the plant. To spray these powder, it is used a sulfur sublimator which warms the sulfur by electrical resistors up to the working temperature, where the sulfur is melted and evaporation takes place. The evaporated sulfur condenses forming very fine particles, which are transported by the natural convective airflow inside the greenhouse. Finally the fine powder is uniformly distributed over the leaves of the rose plants. Previous studies have found that the thermal efficiency of the commercial sulfur sublimators is less than 0.1% and that the use of these sublimators represent more than 60% of the total electrical consumption of the farm. Analytical and experimental work was conducted in order to find the optimum working temperature and the appropriate geometry of high efficiency sublimators. The work involved the characterization of commercial sublimators and the development of a mathematical model to describe the evaporation phenomena in the sublimator. Results showed that the working temperature should be 220°C, the appropriate geometry should be similar to a jar, and that the maximum attainable thermal efficiency working at 220°C is ∼2%. Based on these results, 2 prototypes of sublimators were manufactured. The new sublimators showed efficiencies close to 1%.
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Arjana, I. Gusti Made, and I. Nyoman Rudianta. "Development of Varieties of Spray from Production Plants and Utilization Waste in the Agribusiness Cultivation Chrysanthemum Cut Flower." In Proceedings of the 1st Warmadewa Research and Development Seminar (WARDS),30 October 2018, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.30-10-2018.2281484.
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Brovkina, T. Ya, and T. V. Fomenko. "Agrobiological characteristics, decorativity and productivity of flowering of tagetes hybrids on flower-garden of Krasnodar." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-169.
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To assess the effect when creating flower beds from tagetes in the open field, an indicator of flowering productivity was used. Based on the determination of this indicator in the phase of mass flowering of plants, it was revealed that in African Tagetes, in comparison with the rejected, the structure of the flower garden was formed due to larger spherical inflorescences, but with a lower density of planting. Due to the morphological features of African Tagetes hybrids, flower beds have been created from perfectly aligned terry baskets. The average productivity of flowering was 41.3 pcs / m². Analysis of variance showed that the variation in flowering productivity was more dependent on the species than on the studied Tagetes hybrid.
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Ustinova, E. N., and S. N. Lysenkov. "Flower constancy in Diptera visiting two close species of goldenrod (Solidago gigantea and S. canadensis): can flies distinguish between morphologically similar plants?" In XI Всероссийский диптерологический симпозиум (с международным участием). Санкт-Петербург: Русское энтомологическое общество, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47640/978-5-00105-586-0_2020_244.
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Bakumenko, A., E. Leontieva, and I. Lukina. "MODERN FLORAL DESIGN IN THE FACE OF CLIMATE CHANGE." In Modern problems of animal and plant ecology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mpeapw2021_94-97.
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This paper substantiates the relevance of using a mix of shrubs and resistant perennials, in particular, cereals and drought-resistant ground cover plants in modern urban flower decoration. An analysis was made of the modern floral decoration of urban social facilities in Voronezh and a search for the current assortment of perennials for mixborders and container compositions. When selecting the assortment, the authors were guided by the ecological requirements of plants and the main purpose of flower beds - to create color dominants of landscape compositions. Particular attention in the work is paid to container gardening. Some of the compositions have already been tested in practice last season on the example of the campus of the Voronezh State Forestry University named after G.F. Morozov. After a year, some adjustments were made to the range of plants. There is an opportunity to extend this experience to other social facilities of the city.
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Zakharchenko, N. S., O. V. Furs, S. V. Pigoleva, S. V. Tarlachkov, T. V. Funtikova, A. E. Filonov, O. V. Dyachenko, Yа I. Buryanov, and T. V. Shevchuk. "Resistance of plants colonized by associative microorganisms to xenobiotics and phytopathogens." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution "Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea", 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-110.
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The aim of our work was to study the colonization of potato, tomato, rapeseed and camelina by associative microorganisms Methylobacterium mesophilicum, Pseudomonas aureofaciens BS1393 and Pseudomonas putida BS3701; examine the resistance of colonized plants to biotic (phytopathogens Erwinia carotovora and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and abiotic (naphthalene, oil) stressors. Colonized plants were characterized by an increased growth rate (1.5–2.0 times higher) compared to non-colonized ones; flower-bud formation, flowering and fructification of the colonized plants also started earlier. An increased resistance of colonized plants to phytopathogens, naphthalene (100 mµ/ml) and oil (0.7 %) was noted, too. The level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in control plants on a medium with naphthalene or oil increased by 160–150%; in colonized plants – by 20–18 %. Colonized plants were more viable because of the presence of P. putida BS3701 on the roots.
Звіти організацій з теми "Flower plants"
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Tucker, Mark L., Shimon Meir, Amnon Lers, Sonia Philosoph-Hadas, and Cai-Zhong Jiang. Elucidation of signaling pathways that regulate ethylene-induced leaf and flower abscission of agriculturally important plants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597929.bard.
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The Problem: Abscission is a highly regulated process, occurring as a natural terminal stage of development, in which various organs are separated from the parent plant. In most plant species, the process is initiated by a decrease in active auxin in the abscission zone (AZ) and an increase in ethylene, and may be accelerated by postharvest or environmental stresses. Another potential key regulator in abscission is IDA (Inflorescence Deficient in Abscission), which was identified as an essential peptide signal for floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. However, information is still lacking regarding the molecular mechanisms integrating all these regulators. In our previous BARD funded research we made substantial progress towards understanding these molecular events in tomato, and the study is still in progress. We established a powerful platform for analysis of genes for regulatory proteins expressed in AZ. We identified changes in gene expression for several transcription factors (TFs) directly linked to ethylene and auxin signaling and several additional regulatory proteins not so obviously linked to these hormones. Moreover, we demonstrated using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay that several play a functional role in the onset of abscission. Based on these results we have selected 14 genes for further analysis in stably transformed tomato plants. All 14 genes were suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) using a constitutive promoter, and 5 of them were also suppressed using an abscission-specific promoter. Transformations are currently at different stages of progress including some lines that already display an abscission phenotype. Objectives: We propose here to (1) complete the functional analysis of the stably transformed tomato plants with T2 lines and perform transcriptome analysis using custom abscission-specific microarrays; (2) conduct an indepth analysis of the role of IDA signaling in tomato leaf and flower abscission; (3) perform transcriptome and proteome analyses to extend the earlier gene expression studies to identify transcripts and proteins that are highly specific to the separation layer (i.e., target cells for cell separation) prior to the onset of abscission; (4) extend and compliment the work in tomato using a winnowed set of genes in soybean. Methodology: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of mRNA will be used to further increase the list of abscission-associated genes, and for preparation of a custom tomato abscission microarray to test altered gene expression in transgenic plants. Tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of protein extracts from leaf petiole, flower pedicel and their AZ tissues will be used to identify the proteome of the AZ before and during abscission. AZ-specific gene promoters will be used in stably transformed tomato plants to reduce non-target phenotypes. The bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) plasmid vectors will be used for VIGS analysis in soybean. Expected Contribution: Our study will provide new insights into the regulation of ethylene-induced abscission by further revealing the role of key regulators in the process. This will permit development of novel techniques for manipulating leaf and flower abscission, thereby improving the postharvest performance of agriculturally important crops.
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Flaishman, Moshe, Herb Aldwinckle, Shulamit Manulis, and Mickael Malnoy. Efficient screening of antibacterial genes by juvenile phase free technology for developing resistance to fire blight in pear and apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613881.bard.
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Objectives: The original objectives of this project were to: Produce juvenile-free pear and apple plants and examine their sensitivity to E. amylovora; Design novel vectors, for antibacterial proteins and promoters expression, combined with the antisense TFL1 gene, and transformation of Spadona pear in Israel and Galaxy apple in USA. The original objectives were revised from the development of novel vectors with antibacterial proteins combined with the TFL-1 due to the inefficiency of alternative markes initially evaluated in pear, phoshomannose-isomerase and 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase and the lack of development of double selection system. The objectives of project were revised to focus primarily on the development additional juvenile free systems by the use of another pear variety and manipulation of the FT gene under the control of several promoters. Based on the results creation of fire blight resistance pear variety was developed by the use of the juvenile free transgenic plant. Background: Young tree seedlings are unable to initiate reproductive organs and require a long period of shoot maturation, known as juvenile phase. In pear, juvenile period can last 5-7 years and it causes a major delay in breeding programs. We isolated the TFL1 gene from Spadona pear (PcTFL1-1) and produced transgenic ‘Spadona’ trees silencing the PcTFL1 gene using a RNAi approach. Transgenic tissue culture ‘Spadona’ pear flowered in vitro. As expected, the expression of the endogenous PcTFL1 was suppressed in the transgenic line that showed precocious flowering. Transgenic plants were successfully rooted in the greenhouse and most of the plants flowered after only 4-8 months, whereas the non-transformed control plants have flowered only after 5-6 years of development. Major achievements: Prior to flower induction, transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ plants developed a few branches and leaves. Flower production in the small trees suppressed the development of the vegetative branches, thus resulting in compact flowering trees. Flowering was initiated in terminal buds, as described for the Arabidopsis tfl1 mutant. Propagation of the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ was performed by bud grafting on 'Betulifolia' rootstock and resulted in compact flowering trees. The transgenic flowering grafted plants were grown in the greenhouse under a long photoperiod for one year, and flowered continuously. Pollination of the transgenic flowers with ‘Costia‘ pear pollen generated fruits of regular shape with fertile F1 seeds. The F1 transgenic seedling grown in the greenhouse formed shoots and produced terminal flowers only five months after germination. In addition, grafted F1 transgenic buds flower and fruit continuously, generating hybrid fruits with regular shape, color and taste. Several pear varieties were pollinated with the transgenic TFL1-RNAi ‘Spadona’ pollen including `Herald Harw` that was reported to have resistance to fire blight diseases. The F-1 hybrid seedlings currently grow in our greenhouse. We conclude that the juvenile-free transgenic ‘Spadona’ pear enables the development of a fast breeding method in pear that will enable us to generate a resistance pear to fire blight. Implications: The research supported by this grant has demonstrated the use of transgenic juvenile free technology in pear. The use of the juvenile free technology for enhancement of conventional breeding in fruit tree will serve to enhance fast breeding systems in pear and another fruit trees.
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Meir, Shimon, Michael S. Reid, Cai-Zhong Jiang, Amnon Lers, and Sonia Philosoph-Hadas. Molecular Studies of Postharvest Leaf and Flower Senescence. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592657.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Original objectives: To understand the regulation of abscission by exploring the nature of changes of auxin-related gene expression in tomato (Lycopersicon esculatumMill) abscission zones (AZs) following organ removal, and by analyzing the function of these genes. Our specific goals were: 1) To complete the microarray analyses in tomato flower and leaf AZs, for identifying genes whose expression changes early in response to auxin depletion; 2) To examine, using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), the effect of silencing target genes on ethylene sensitivity and abscission competence of the leaf and flower AZs; 3) To isolate and characterize promoters from AZ-specific genes to be used in functional analysis; 4) To generate stable transgenic tomato plants with selected genes silenced with RNAi, under the control of an AZ-specific promoter, for further characterization of their abscission phenotypes. Background: Abscission, the separation of organs from the parent plant, results in postharvest quality loss in many ornamentals and other fresh produce. The process is initiated by changes in the auxin gradient across the AZ, and is triggered by ethylene. Although changes in gene expression have been correlated with the ethylene-mediated execution of abscission, there is almost no information on the initiation of the abscission process, as the AZ becomes sensitized to ethylene. The present project was focused on elucidating these early molecular regulatory events, in order to gain a better control of the abscission process for agricultural manipulations. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Microarray analyses, using the Affymetrix Tomato GeneChip®, revealed changes in expression, occurring early in abscission, of many genes with possible regulatory functions. These included a range of auxin- and ethylene-related transcription factors (TFs), other TFs that are transiently induced just after flower removal, and a set of novel AZ-specific genes. We also identified four different defense-related genes, including: Cysteine-type endopeptidase, α- DOX1, WIN2, and SDF2, that are newly-associated with the late stage of the abscission process. This supports the activation of different defense responses and strategies at the late abscission stages, which may enable efficient protection of the exposed tissue toward different environmental stresses. To facilitate functional studies we implemented an efficient VIGS system in tomato, and isolated two abscission-specific promoters (pTAPG1 and pTAPG4) for gene silencing in stable transformation. Using the VIGS system we could demonstrate the importance of TAPGs in abscission of tomato leaf petioles, and evaluated the importance of more than 45 genes in abscission. Among them we identified few critical genes involved in leaf and flower abscission. These included: PTRP-F1, PRP, TKN4, KNOTTED-like homeobox TF, KD1, and KNOX-like homeodomain protein genes, the silencing of which caused a striking retardation of pedicel abscission, and ERF1, ERF4, Clavata-like3 protein, Sucrose transporter protein, and IAA10 genes, the silencing of which delayed petiole abscission. The importance of PRPand KD1 genes in abscission was confirmed also by antisense–silencing using pTAPG4. Experiments testing the effects of RNAi silencing of few other genes are still in progress, The analysis of the microarray results of flower and leaf AZs allowed us to establish a clear sequence of events occurring during acquisition of tissue sensitivity to ethylene, and to confirm our hypothesis that acquisition of ethylene sensitivity in the AZ is associated with altered expression of auxin-regulated genes in both AZs. Implication, both scientific and agricultural: Our studies had provided new insights into the regulation of the abscission process, and shaded light on the molecular mechanisms that drive the acquisition of abscission competence in the AZ. We pointed out some critical genes involved in regulation of abscission, and further expanded our knowledge of auxin-ethylene cross talk during the abscission process. This permits the development of novel techniques for manipulating abscission, and thereby improving the postharvest performance of ornamentals and other crops.
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Grumet, Rebecca, Rafael Perl-Treves, and Jack Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Cucumis Reproduction - from Sex Expression to Fruit Set. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696533.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Reproductive development is a critical determinant of agricultural yield. For species with unisexual flowers, floral secualdifferentation adds additional complexity, that can influenec productivity. The hormone ethylene has long, been known to play a primary role in sex determination in the Cucumis species cucumber (C. sativus) and melon (C. melo). Our objectives were to: (1) Determine critical sites of ethylene production and perception for sex determination; (2) Identify additional ethylene related genes associated with sex expression; and (3) Examine the role of environment ami prior fruit set on sex expression, pistillate flower maturation, and fruit set. We made progress in each of these areas. (1) Transgenic melon produced with the Arabidopsis dominant negative ethylene perception mutant gene, etrl-1, under the control of floral primordia targeted promoters [AP3 (petal and stamen) and CRC (carpel and nectary)], showed that ethylene perception by the stamen primordia, rather than carpel primordia, is critical for carpel development at the time of sex determination. Transgenic melons also were produced with the ethylene production enzyme gene. ACS, encoding l-aminocyclopropane-lcarboylate synthase, fused to the AP3 or CRC promoters. Consistent with the etr1-1 results, CRC::ACS did not increase femaleness; however, AP3::ACS reduced or eliminated male flower production. The effects of AP3:ACS were stronger than those of 35S::ACS plants, demonstratin g the importance of targeted expression, while avoiding disadvantages of constitutive ethylene production. (2) Linkage analysis coupled with SNP discovery was per formed on ethylene and floral development genes in cucumber populations segregating for the three major sex genes. A break-through towards cloning the cucumber M gene occurred when the melon andromonoecious gene (a), an ACS gene, was cloned in 2008. Both cucumber M and melon a suppress stamen development in pistillate flowers. We hypothesized that cucumber M could be orthologous to melon a, and found that mutations in CsACS2 co-segregated perfectly with the M gene. We also sought to identify miRNA molecules associated with sex determination. miRNA159, whose target in Arabidopsis is GAMYB[a transcription factor gene mediating response to10 gibberellin (GA)], was more highly expressed in young female buds than male. Since GA promotes maleness in cucumber, a micro RNA that counteracts GAMYB could promote femaleness. miRNA157, which in other plants targets transcription factors involved in flower development , was expressed in young male buds and mature flower anthers. (3) Gene expression profiling showed that ethylene-, senescence-, stress- and ubiquitin-related genes were up-regulated in senescing and inhibited fruits, while those undergoing successful fruit set up-regulated photosynthesis, respiration and metabolic genes. Melon plants can change sex expression in response to environmental conditions, leading to changes in yield potential. Unique melon lines with varying sex expression were developed and evaluated in the field in Hancock, Wisconsin . Environmental changes during the growing season influenced sex expression in highly inbred melon lines. Collectively these results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression. The fact that both cucumber sex loci identified so far (F and M) encode isoforms of the same ethylene synthesis enzyme, underscores the importance of ethylene as the main sex determining hormone in cucumber. The targeting studies give insight into developmental switch points and suggest a means to develop lines with earlier carpel-bearing flower production and fruit set. These results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression to facilitate shorter growing seasons and earlier time to market. Field results provide information for development of management strategies for commercial production of melon cultivars with different sex expression characteristics during fruit production.
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Heinz, Kevin, Itamar Glazer, Moshe Coll, Amanda Chau, and Andrew Chow. Use of multiple biological control agents for control of western flower thrips. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613875.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a serious widespread pest of vegetable and ornamental crops worldwide. Chemical control for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on floriculture or vegetable crops can be difficult because this pest has developed resistance to many insecticides and also tends to hide within flowers, buds, and apical meristems. Predatory bugs, predatory mites, and entomopathogenic nematodes are commercially available in both the US and Israel for control of WFT. Predatory bugs, such as Orius species, can suppress high WFT densities but have limited ability to attack thrips within confined plant parts. Predatory mites can reach more confined habitats than predatory bugs, but kill primarily first-instar larvae of thrips. Entomopathogenic nematodes can directly kill or sterilize most thrips stages, but have limited mobility and are vulnerable to desiccation in certain parts of the crop canopy. However, simultaneous use of two or more agents may provide both effective and cost efficient control of WFT through complimentary predation and/or parasitism. The general goal of our project was to evaluate whether suppression of WFT could be enhanced by inundative or inoculative releases of Orius predators with either predatory mites or entomopathogenic nematodes. Whether pest suppression is best when single or multiple biological control agents are used, is an issue of importance to the practice of biological control. For our investigations in Texas, we used Orius insidiosus(Say), the predatory mite, Amblyseius degeneransBerlese, and the predatory mite, Amblyseius swirskii(Athias-Henriot). In Israel, the research focused on Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema felpiae. Our specific objectives were to: (1) quantify the spatial distribution and population growth of WFT and WFT natural enemies on greenhouse roses (Texas) and peppers (Israel), (2) assess interspecific interactions among WFT natural enemies, (3) measure WFT population suppression resulting from single or multiple species releases. Revisions to our project after the first year were: (1) use of A. swirskiiin place of A. degeneransfor the majority of our predatory mite and Orius studies, (2) use of S. felpiaein place of Thripinema nicklewoodi for all of the nematode and Orius studies. We utilized laboratory experiments, greenhouse studies, field trials and mathematical modeling to achieve our objectives. In greenhouse trials, we found that concurrent releases of A.degeneranswith O. insidiosusdid not improve control of F. occidentalis on cut roses over releases of only O. insidiosus. Suppression of WFT by augmentative releases A. swirskiialone was superior to augmentative releases of O. insidiosusalone and similar to concurrent releases of both predator species on cut roses. In laboratory studies, we discovered that O. insidiosusis a generalist predator that ‘switches’ to the most abundant prey and will kill significant numbers of A. swirskiior A. degeneransif WFTbecome relatively less abundant. Our findings indicate that intraguild interactions between Orius and Amblyseius species could hinder suppression of thrips populations and combinations of these natural enemies may not enhance biological control on certain crops. Intraguild interactions between S. felpiaeand O. laevigatus were found to be more complex than those between O. insidiosusand predatory mites. In laboratory studies, we found that S. felpiaecould infect and kill either adult or immature O. laevigatus. Although adult O. laevigatus tended to avoid areas infested by S. felpiaein Petri dish arenas, they did not show preference between healthy WFT and WFT infected with S. felpiaein choice tests. In field cage trials, suppression of WFT on sweet-pepper was similar in treatments with only O. laevigatus or both O. laevigatus and S. felpiae. Distribution and numbers of O. laevigatus on pepper plants also did not differ between cages with or without S. felpiae. Low survivorship of S. felpiaeafter foliar applications to sweet-pepper may explain, in part, the absence of effects in the field trials. Finally, we were interested in how differential predation on different developmental stages of WFT (Orius feeding on WFT nymphs inhabiting foliage and flowers, nematodes that attack prepupae and pupae in the soil) affects community dynamics. To better understand these interactions, we constructed a model based on Lotka-Volterra predator-prey theory and our simulations showed that differential predation, where predators tend to concentrate on one WFT stage contribute to system stability and permanence while predators that tend to mix different WFT stages reduce system stability and permanence.
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Gera, Abed, Abed Watad, P. Ueng, Hei-Ti Hsu, Kathryn Kamo, Peter Ueng, and A. Lipsky. Genetic Transformation of Flowering Bulb Crops for Virus Resistance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7575293.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Objectives. The major aim of the proposed research was to establish an efficient and reproducible genetic transformation system for Easter lily and gladiolus using either biolistics or Agrobacterium. Transgenic plants containing pathogen-derived genes for virus resistance were to be developed and then tested for virus resistance. The proposal was originally aimed at studying cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) resistance in plants, but studies later included bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). Monoclonal antibodies were to be tested to determine their effectiveness in interning with virus infection and vector (aphid) transmission. Those antibodies that effectively interfered with virus infection and transmission were to be cloned as single chain fragments and used for developing transgenic plants with the potential to resist virus infection. Background to the topic. Many flower crops, as lily and gladiolus are propagated vegetatively through bulbs and corms, resulting in virus transmission to the next planting generation. Molecular genetics offers the opportunity of conferring transgene-mediated disease resistance to flower crops that cannot be achieved through classical breeding. CMV infects numerous plant species worldwide including both lilies and gladioli. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements. Results from these for future development of collaborative studies have demonstrated the potential transgenic floral bulb crops for virus resistance. In Israel, an efficient and reproducible genetic transformation system for Easter lily using biolistics was developed. Transient as well as solid expression of GUS reporter gene was demonstrated. Putative transgenic lily plantlets containing the disabled CMV replicase transgene have been developed. The in vitro ability of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CMV to neutralize virus infectivity and block virus transmission by M. persicae were demonstrated. In the US, transgenic Gladiolus plants containing either the BYMV coat protein or antisense coat protein genes have been developed and some lines were found to be virus resistant. Long-term expression of the GUS reporter gene demonstrated that transgene silencing did not occur after three seasons of dormancy in the 28 transgenic Gladiolus plants tested. Selected monoclonal antibody lines have been isolated, cloned as single chain fragments and are being used in developing transgenic plants with CMV resistance. Ornamental crops are multi-million dollar industries in both Israel and the US. The increasing economic value of these floral crops and the increasing ban numerous pesticides makes it more important than ever that alternatives to chemical control of pathogens be studied to determine their possible role in the future. The cooperation resulted in the objectives being promoted at national and international meetings. The cooperation also enabled the technology transfer between the two labs, as well as access to instrumentation and specialization particular to the two labs.
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Lieth, J. Heiner, Michael Raviv, and David W. Burger. Effects of root zone temperature, oxygen concentration, and moisture content on actual vs. potential growth of greenhouse crops. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586547.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soilless crop production in protected cultivation requires optimization of many environmental and plant variables. Variables of the root zone (rhizosphere) have always been difficult to characterize but have been studied extensively. In soilless production the opportunity exists to optimize these variables in relation to crop production. The project objectives were to model the relationship between biomass production and the rhizosphere variables: temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and water availability by characterizing potential growth and how this translates to actual growth. As part of this we sought to improve of our understanding of root growth and rhizosphere processes by generating data on the effect of rhizosphere water status, temperature and dissolved oxygen on root growth, modeling potential and actual growth and by developing and calibrating models for various physical and chemical properties in soilless production systems. In particular we sought to use calorimetry to identify potential growth of the plants in relation to these rhizosphere variables. While we did experimental work on various crops, our main model system for the mathematical modeling work was greenhouse cut-flower rose production in soil-less cultivation. In support of this, our objective was the development of a Rose crop model. Specific to this project we sought to create submodels for the rhizosphere processes, integrate these into the rose crop simulation model which we had begun developing prior to the start of this project. We also sought to verify and validate any such models and where feasible create tools that growers could be used for production management. We made significant progress with regard to the use of microcalorimetry. At both locations (Israel and US) we demonstrated that specific growth rate for root and flower stem biomass production were sensitive to dissolved oxygen. Our work also identified that it is possible to identify optimal potential growth scenarios and that for greenhouse-grown rose the optimal root zone temperature for potential growth is around 17 C (substantially lower than is common in commercial greenhouses) while flower production growth potential was indifferent to a range as wide as 17-26C in the root zone. We had several set-backs that highlighted to us the fact that work needs to be done to identify when microcalorimetric research relates to instantaneous plant responses to the environment and when it relates to plant acclimation. One outcome of this research has been our determination that irrigation technology in soilless production systems needs to explicitly include optimization of oxygen in the root zone. Simply structuring the root zone to be “well aerated” is not the most optimal approach, but rather a minimum level. Our future work will focus on implementing direct control over dissolved oxygen in the root zone of soilless production systems.
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Jordan, Ramon L., Abed Gera, Hei-Ti Hsu, Andre Franck, and Gad Loebenstein. Detection and Diagnosis of Virus Diseases of Pelargonium. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568793.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pelargonium (Geranium) is the number one pot plant in many areas of the United States and Europe. Israel and the U.S. send to Europe rooted cuttings, foundation stocks and finished plants to supply a certain share of the market. Geraniums are propagated mainly vegetatively from cuttings. Consequently, viral diseases have been and remain a major threat to the production and quality of the crop. Among the viruses isolated from naturally infected geraniums, 11 are not specific to Pelargonium and occur in other crops while 6 other viruses seem to be limited to geranium. However, several of these viruses are not sufficiently characterized to conclude that they are distinct agents and their nomenclature and taxonomy are confusing. The ability to separate, distinguish and detect the different viruses in geranium will overcome obstacles te developing effective detection and certification schemes. Our focus was to further characterize some of these viruses and develop better methods for their detection and control. These viruses include: isolates of pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV), pelargonium ringspot virus (PelRSV), pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV), pelargonium leaf curl (PLCV), and tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV). Twelve hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies specific to a geranium isolate of TomRSV were produced. These antibodies are currently being characterized and will be tested for the ability to detect TomRSV in infected geraniums. The biological, biochemical and serological properties of four isometric viruses - PLPV, PelRSV, and PFBV (and a PelRSV-like isolate from Italy called GR57) isolated from geraniums exhibiting line and ring pattern or flower break symptoms - and an isolate ol elderbeny latent virus (ELV; which the literature indicates is the same as PelRSV) have been determined Cloned cDNA copies of the genomic RNAs of these viruses were sequenced and the sizes and locations of predicted viral proteins deduced. A portion of the putative replicase genes was also sequenced from cloned RT-PCR fragments. We have shown that, when compared to the published biochemical and serological properties, and sequences and genome organizations of other small isometric plant viruses, all of these viruses should each be considered new, distinct members of the Carmovirus group of the family Tombusviridae. Hybridization assays using recombinant DNA probes also demonstrated that PLPV, PelRSV, and ELV produce only one subgenomic RNA in infected plants. This unusual property of the gene expression of these three viruses suggests that they are unique among the Carmoviruses. The development of new technologies for the detection of these viruses in geranium was also demonstrated. Hybridization probes developed to PFBV (radioactively-labeled cRNA riboprobes) and to PLPV (non-radioactive digoxigenin-labeled cDNAs) were generally shown to be no more sensitive for the detection of virus in infected plants than the standard ELISA serology-based assays. However, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was shown to be over 1000 times more sensitive in detecting PFBV in leaf extracts of infected geranium than was ELISA. This research has lead to a better understanding of the identity of the viruses infecting pelargonium and to the development of new tools that can be used in an improved scheme of providing virus-indexed pelargonium plants. The sequence information, and the serological and cloned DNA probes generated from this work, will allow the application of these new tools for virus detection, which will be useful in domestic and international indexing programs which are essential for the production of virus-free germplasm both for domestic markets and the international exchange of plant material.
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Shapovalov, Viktor B., Yevhenii B. Shapovalov, Zhanna I. Bilyk, Anna P. Megalinska, and Ivan O. Muzyka. The Google Lens analyzing quality: an analysis of the possibility to use in the educational process. [б. в.], February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3754.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Biology is a fairly complicated initial subject because it involves knowledge of biodiversity. Google Lens is a unique, mobile software that allows you to recognition species and genus of the plant student looking for. The article devoted to the analysis of the efficiency of the functioning of the Google Lens related to botanical objects. In order to perform the analysis, botanical objects were classified by type of the plant (grass, tree, bush) and by part of the plant (stem, flower, fruit) which is represented on the analyzed photo. It was shown that Google Lens correctly identified plant species in 92.6% cases. This is a quite high result, which allows recommending this program using during the teaching. The greatest accuracy of Google Lens was observed under analyzing trees and plants stems. The worst accuracy was characterized to Google Lens results of fruits and stems of the bushes recognizing. However, the accuracy was still high and Google Lens can help to provide the researches even in those cases. Google Lens wasn’t able to analyze the local endemic Ukrainian flora. It has been shown that the recognition efficiency depends more on the resolution of the photo than on the physical characteristics of the camera through which they are made. In the article shown the possibility of using the Google Lens in the educational process is a simple way to include principles of STEM-education and “New Ukrainian school” in classes.
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Weiss, David, and Neil Olszewski. Manipulation of GA Levels and GA Signal Transduction in Anthers to Generate Male Sterility. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580678.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The original objectives of the research were: i. To study the role of GA in anther development, ii. To manipulate GA and/or GA signal transduction levels in the anthers in order to generate male sterility. iii. To characterize the GA signal transduction repressor, SPY. Previous studies have suggested that gibberellins (GAs) are required for normal anther development. In this work, we studied the role of GA in the regulation of anther development in petunia. When plants were treated with the GA-biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol, anther development was arrested. Microscopic analysis of these anthers revealed that paclobutrazol inhibits post-meiotic developmental processes. The treated anthers contained pollen grains but the connective tissue and tapetum cells were degenerated. The expression of the GA-induced gene, GIP, can be used in petunia as a molecular marker to: study GA responses. Analyses of GIP expression during anther development revealed that the gene is induced only after microsporogenesis. This observation further suggests a role for GA in the regulation of post-meiotic processes during petunia anther development. Spy acts as a negative regulator of gibberellin (GA) action in Arabidopsis. We cloned the petunia Spy homologue, PhSPY, and showed that it can complement the spy-3 mutation in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of Spy in transgenic petunia plants affected various GA-regulated processes, including seed germination, shoot elongation, flower initiation, flower development and the expression of a GA- induced gene, GIP. In addition, anther development was inhibited in the transgenic plants following microsporogenesis. The N-terminus of Spy contains tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR). TPR motifs participate in protein-protein interactions, suggesting that Spy is part of a multiprotein complex. To test this hypothesis, we over-expressed the SPY's TPR region without the catalytic domain in transgenic petunia and generated a dominant- negative Spy mutant. The transgenic seeds were able to germinate on paclobutrazol, suggesting an enhanced GA signal. Overexpression of PhSPY in wild type Arabidopsis did not affect plant stature, morphology or flowering time. Consistent with Spy being an O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), Spy expressed in insect cells was shown to O-GlcNAc modify itself. Consistent with O-GlcNAc modification playing a role in GA signaling, spy mutants had a reduction in the GlcNAc modification of several proteins. After treatment of the GA deficient, gal mutant, with GA3 the GlcNAc modification of proteins of the same size as those affected in spy mutants exhibited a reduction in GlcNAcylation. GA-induced GlcNAcase may be responsible for this de-GlcNAcylation because, treatment of gal with GA rapidly induced an increase in GlcNAcase activity. Several Arabidopsis proteins that interact with the TPR domain of Spy were identified using yeast two-hybrids screens. One of these proteins was GIGANTEA (GI). Consistent with GI and Spy functioning as a complex in the plant the spy-4 was epistatic to gi. These experiments also demonstrated that, in addition to its role in GA signaling, Spy functions in the light signaling pathways controlling hypocotyl elongation and photoperiodic induction of flowering. A second Arabidopsis OGT, SECRET AGENT (SCA), was discovered. Like SPY, SCA O-GlcNAc modifies itself. Although sca mutants do not exhibit dramatic phenotypes, spy/sca double mutants exhibit male and female gamete and embryo lethality, indicating that Spy and SCA have overlapping functions. These results suggest that O-GlcNAc modification is an essential modification in plants that has a role in multiple signaling pathways.