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Статті в журналах з теми "FARMERS’ PROTEST"
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Suthar, Sudhir Kumar, and Manish Kumar. "Contemporary Farmer’s Movements in India: Hybrid Political Agenda and Modernisation of Protests." Sociological Bulletin 71, no. 4 (September 28, 2022): 495–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00380229221116981.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study attempts to argue that the farmer’s encirclement of Delhi in 2020–2021 was not merely a sporadic form of protest or agitation as widely argued. Instead, it indicates the emergence of a new form of farmer movement in contemporary India. Formation of a hybrid political agenda is at the core of this movement. Temporally, organisationally and ideologically, this movement has been able to bring agrarian politics to the forefront of Indian politics after a gap of three decades. Temporally, there has been a continuity of protests by farmers since 2017 involving diverse issues which concern the rural economy and society. Organisationally, farmers adopted traditional as well as modern forms of mobilisation. Coming together of farmer unions from various parts of India is also an indicator of the innovative organisational methods. Ideologically, the current movements are an outcome of a hybrid agrarian politics that includes formation of an inclusive agenda, and a participatory form of farmer identity. The three sections of the article deal with each of these indicators.
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De Weerd, Marga, and Bert Klandermans. "Group identification and political protest: farmers' protest in the Netherlands." European Journal of Social Psychology 29, no. 8 (December 1999): 1073–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199912)29:8<1073::aid-ejsp986>3.0.co;2-k.
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Singh, Lakhwinder, and Baldev Singh Shergill. "Separating Wheat from the Chaff: Farm Acts, Farmers’ Protest and Outcomes." Millennial Asia 12, no. 3 (November 26, 2021): 390–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09763996211063600.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The farmers’ protest at the outskirts of Delhi has completed one year and still continuing. It was triggered after the Government of India enacted three farm Acts in September 2020 (now repealed) that strive to initiate sweeping reforms in agricultural produce selling, procurement, and storage and public distribution of essential commodities. In this context, an attempt has been made in this article to examine the claim of both the government and the farmers’ unions leading the protest movement. The contribution of this study is manifold: in terms of tracing the evolution of the current farmers’ protest movement, farmer unions’ negotiations with the government, loss of human lives, and outcomes. It is found that farm Acts are structurally flawed and risk the food security of the country besides preparing ground for eviction of smallholders from agriculture altogether. The analysis of the field survey based on characteristics of 460 deceased farmers during the participation in the protest reveals that they belonged to the lowest rung of the farmers. The support to the family members left behind has come from various quarters but is inadequate. The article argues that the state autonomy to take policy decisions regarding farm Acts should be protected. The union government should develop institutional mechanism to take along all stakeholders for resolving the international and inter-state issues concerning agriculture sector.
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Mangonnet, Jorge, and María Victoria Murillo. "Protests of Abundance: Distributive Conflict Over Agricultural Rents During the Commodities Boom in Argentina, 2003–2013." Comparative Political Studies 53, no. 8 (January 16, 2020): 1223–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414019897417.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Whereas the scholarship on rural contention mostly focuses on austerity and busts, we study protests by agricultural export producers in times of high agricultural prices. Aware of price volatility, farmers seek to take advantage of cycles’ upswings to maximize their income and resist sharing the rents generated by higher prices. When farmers lack the formal political influence to avert redistribution, they are more likely to protest as their tax burden increases although they benefit from higher prices. Their strongest protest tool is lockouts, which halt commercialization activities and have significant economic consequences, but require coordination by farmer associations. Membership homogeneity and lower exposure to state retaliation by these organizations heightens contention. We test this argument using a local-level data set on rural lockouts across Argentine departments between 2003 and 2013, a time of high prices for Argentina’s key export commodity: soybeans. We complement our empirical strategy with in-depth, semi-structured elite interviews.
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Badgujar, Mr Prathamesh, Mr Aditya Kamble, Mr Anuj Kadam, Mr Dhruv Shah, and Mr Anilkumar Kadam. "A Survey Paper on Stance Detection of Tweets on Farmers Protests in India." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 2771–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42959.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: Protests are a critical part of democracy and a crucial medium for people to deliver their needs and/or dissatisfaction to the authorities. As farmers felt a threat to their rights, there were more and more protests all around the nation. With the development of this technology, additionally there has been a sudden rise in the use of social network sites to trade facts and ideas. In this study, we collected information from the social networking internet site Twitter regarding the Farmers’ protest to apprehend the feelings that the twitter users shared on a worldwide platform. In the midst of this protest, social media users had been very lively in voicing their opinion about the matter using the "#FarmersProtest". With lots of people tweeting with the hashtag daily. Through the Stance Prediction of over 850,000 tweets and over 150,000 Users, We intend to decide the Inclination of Common Citizen in addition to Influential People on the now repealed Laws. Keywords: Stance Detection, ULMFIT, Language Model, Farmers, Twitter
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BERLAN, MARTINE. "FARMERS‘ WIVES IN PROTEST; A THEATRE OF CONTRADICTIONS." Sociologia Ruralis 26, no. 3-4 (December 1986): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1986.tb00788.x.
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Nam, Taehyun. "The Broken Promises of Democracy: Protest-Repression Dynamics in Korea 1990-1991." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 427–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.11.4.85182005l51k5440.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Korean democratization began in 1988, but by the early 1990s had failed to bring tranquility to the streets or to replace protest with institutionalized political participation. Using data taken from daily Korean sources for 1990 and 1991, I analyze the intimate interaction between coercion and protest. I apply the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model to test competing hypotheses explaining the interaction. Regarding national protests in general, the results demonstrate that protests and coercion are closely and dynamically related. Unexpectedly, results show that, overall, protests do not necessarily decrease with coercion but do when no coercion at all is applied. My analysis also uncovers variation in the dynamics of state coercion and protest according to types of dissident groups. Of the groups assessed, workers were particularly active in protest. Farmers were the least active, and the Korean regime responded with the least repressive approach toward them. These findings emphasize the importance of daily subnational data. They also show how dynamic analytical models can improve our understanding of the protest-repression relationship.
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Anand, Abhijit, and Parth Sharma. "How India's mainstream media report on the farmers' protest." Asian Politics & Policy 14, no. 1 (January 2022): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aspp.12622.
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EVANS, ELIZABETH S. "PROTEST AND REPRESENTATION AMONG FRENCH MOUNTAIN-ZONE DAIRY FARMERS." Sociologia Ruralis 27, no. 2-3 (August 1987): 149–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1987.tb00997.x.
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Hidayatullah, Putra. "COLONIALISM AND PEASANT RESISTANCE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA." Indonesian Journal of Islamic History and Culture 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/ijihc.v3i1.1668.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Colonialism in Southeast Asia was marked by the response of local communities, especially farmers, in various forms of protest. The protests were rooted in problems with the economic system. The colonial rulers brought a different economic logic with a new mode of production for traditional farmers. In response to these protests, the colonial government was assisted by the presence of local elites. This article will describe peasant resistance in Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines with the argument that although local elites were involved, they had different ways of dealing with resistance. In addition to the problems of the economic system, colonialism also brought modernity which had an impact on the disintegration of the social system.
Дисертації з теми "FARMERS’ PROTEST"
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Olsson, Margareta. "Patterns of protest : Swedish farmers in times of cereal surplus crisis /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pho52.pdf.
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Sama, Semie. "Harnessing Environmental Justice to Protect Against Land-grabbing in Cameroon." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35861.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
I am submitting this thesis to the Faculty of Law, the University of Ottawa in fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in August 2016. The thesis examined the issue of land-grabbing through an environmental justice lens. The thesis first reviewed the concept of environmental justice and the threats that land-grabbing by powerful transnational corporations pose to subsistence communities in Africa. Additionally, this study investigated the adequacy of international guidelines to regulate against land-grabbing, including the Minimum Human Rights Principles, the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure, and the Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investments. Using Cameroon as my case study, the study also examined the adequacy of Cameroon’s land tenure rules and environmental impact assessment (EIA) system to protect vulnerable communities against land-grabbing.
Drawing on examples from Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda, this thesis argues that subsistence communities who failed to have their customary land rights formalized or failed to adequately participate in environmental decision-making end up dispossessed of their means of surviving and thriving. There were three key findings: first, international guidelines regulating against global land-grabbing lack the binding force to coerce host states to take the necessary action to enforce the guidelines and, hence promote responsible agricultural investments. Next, the land rights of subsistence Cameroonians are not formally recognized under Cameroon`s land tenure system, making it difficult for vulnerable populations to contest these allocations or receive compensation in the event of expropriation. Thirdly, EIA follow-up in Cameroon is driven entirely by the investor: the EIA system does not encourage a joint follow-up activity initiated by all groups of stakeholders involved in EIA. Without an independent environmental oversight body that can provide expert evaluation and monitor the Cameroon government and (agricultural) corporations, there is no guarantee that proposed mitigation measures will be translated into specific actions by Herakles Farms. Based on the evaluation results, the following recommendations are made to the Cameroon Government to promote environmental justice in communities that are vulnerable to land-grabbing: (1) formalize customary land tenure, (2) promote environmental contracting; (3) encourage sustainability assessments.
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Spencer, Freeze Rixa Anne. "French Food vs. Fast Food: José Bové Takes on McDonald’s." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1029182528.
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Geldenhuys, Megan. "The Effectiveness of competition law as a merchanism for the protection of the right to food in an African context." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41516.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This dissertation aims to provide a study on the right to food in an African context and to determine whether or not African states may effectively adopt competition law as a mechanism to protect against hunger. The study begins by examining the right to food and the obligations which flow from this right. Given that the predominant reason that people suffer from hunger is because they lack the ability to economically access adequate food, the dissertation examines the obligations of states to protect this right against abuse from non-state parties. In the framework of the food supply chain, this equates to providing protection against companies such as commodity traders and retailers that have gained a dominant position in the food market and are consequently in a position where they are able to abuse this position of power over the smaller producers and suppliers. The dissertation analyses the importance of the right to food by looking at the key role which smallholder farmers play in their communities. This is central to an African based study because smallholders make up the majority of the world’s hungry people, and it is also the foremost means through which people in Africa gain an income. The study looks at the traditional purpose of competition law and examines whether it would be an effective means to regulate the food market in order to guard against the abusive practices committed by large food companies that threaten the livelihoods of African smallholders. The dissertation concludes with an investigation into the international best practices that can be drawn from competition law regimes across the globe, in order to provide recommendations for a competition regime that is particular to an African context and which would provide the best possible protection for smallholder farmers to ensure that the right to food is upheld.Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
gm2014
Centre for Human Rights
unrestricted
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Woolpert, Melissa Elizabeth. "Management Practices and Communication Strategies to Improve Milk Fat and Protein Content on Dairy Farms." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/594.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dairy farmers in the Northeastern Unites States are paid based on the amount of fat and protein in their cows' milk, and improving fat and protein production is linked with improved financial sustainability for dairy farms. However, not all farmers are motivated to make changes to increase milk fat and protein production. Previous research has identified a positive correlation between a group of fatty acids, known as the de novo fatty acids, and the fat and protein content of bulk tank milk from commercial dairy farms. Therefore, the first objective of this research was to explore the relationship of farm management, the cow's diet, and lactation performance with de novo fatty acid content on Northeastern US dairy farms. Results from the first objective were communicated with dairy farmers; therefore, the second objective was to understand how to communicate with farmers to influence their behavior. We hypothesized that farms with high de novo fatty acids in bulk tank milk would manage and feed their cows to optimize rumen fermentation conditions.
The first (Chapter 2) and second (Chapter 3) studies were methodologically very similar. Farms were categorized as either high de novo (HDN) or low de novo (LDN) based on the concentration of de novo fatty acids in their bulk tank milk for the 6 months prior to the farm visit. Farms were then visited once in March or April, 2014 (Chapter 2) or between February and April, 2015 (Chapter 3) to assess management practices and collect samples of the cows' diet.
There were no differences in days in milk in Chapter 2 or Chapter 3. Yield of milk, fat, and true protein per cow were higher for HDN versus LDN farms in Chapter 2. In both chapters, HDN farms had higher milk fat and true protein content and higher de novo fatty acid yield per day. The HDN farms had lower freestall stocking density in Chapter 2 and provided more feedbunk space per cow in Chapter 3. Additionally, tiestall feeding frequency was higher for HDN than LDN farms. No differences were detected for dietary chemical composition, except ether extract was lower for HDN than LDN farms in both chapters.
Chapter 4 explored how to communicate the results of Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 through eleven qualitative, semi-structured interviews and insight from the 83 farm visits. Farmers identified the cooperative, expert consultants (nutritionist, veterinarian, and agronomists), financial advisers, print publications, and other farmers as principal sources of information. However, barriers to the transfer of information included family dynamics, lack of access to high speed internet, and difficulties evaluating divergent recommendations from experts. Several farmers expressed an incorrect perception of their farms' fat and protein production compared with cooperative averages which reduced their motivation to incorporate management changes. Recommendations to overcome these barriers include integrating management team meetings and facilitating informal discussion groups between farmers.
This research is correlational in nature, and future research is needed to verify a causal relationship between de novo fatty acids and milk fat and protein content. However, the results of this research can be used to help farmers increase their cows' milk fat and protein content, improve the transfer of knowledge to dairy farmers, and ultimately support the financial sustainability of dairy farms in the Northeastern US.
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Zhang, Yajie. "Multimodal Imaging PLGA Nanocapsules as Protein Carrier for Potential Neurorepair in Ischemic Brain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671000.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Els avenços en sistemes nanoparticulats capaços de proporcionar les funcionalitats necessàries a les noves nanomedicines i oferir la possibilitat de combinar la detecció no invasiva de malalties amb tractaments individualitzats estan convertint en realitat la medicina personalitzada. A més, els progressos en teranòstica estan configurant el desenvolupament de l’ administració de fàrmacs guiats per imatge que milloren l’eficiència en el tractament, visualitzant les seves biodistribucions, efectes sobre les dianes moleculars i cel·lulars específiques i els efectes terapèutics corresponents. Aquesta tesi té com a finalitat el disseny i síntesis de nano-biomaterials teranòstics dirigits a la neuroreparació en el context d’un ictus isquèmic per tal d’estimular l’angiogènesi en la zona d’afectació. Per aconseguir-ho, s’han encapsultat factors de creixement secretats per cèl·lules progenitores endotelials (EPCs-secretoma), amb potencial demostrat per induir angiogènesi, en nanocàpsules magnètiques biocompatibles i biodegradables de poli (D, L àcid co-glicòlic) (PLGA). D’altra banda, les càpsules de PLGA s’han funcionalitzat amb diversos agents de contrast permetent tant la retenció magnètica com la seva visualització in vitro o in vivo. Els principals objectius aconseguits en aquesta tesi són: 1) optimització de nanocàpsules magnètiques de PLGA per afavorir la seva retenció en la zona a tractar i l’encapsulació i alliberament controlats de proteïnes terapèutiques; 2) funcionalització modular de les nanocàpsules amb agents de contrast per: ressonància magnètica d’imatge, fluorescència a quatre longituds d’ona diferents i tomografia d’emissió de positrons i 3) noves aproximacions per millorar l’acumulació cerebral de les nanocàpsules en ratolins i augmentar-ne la càrrega del secretoma encapsulat en les mateixes.El desarrollo de sistemas nanoparticulados capaces de proporcionar las funcionalidades necesarias a las nuevas nanomedicinas ofreciendo la posibilidad de combinar la detección no invasiva de enfermedades con tratamientos individualizados están convirtiendo en realidad la medicina personalizada. Además, los progresos en teranóstica están configurando el progreso de la administración de fármacos guiados por imagen que mejoran la eficiencia del tratamiento visualizando su biodistribución, el efecto sobre las dianas moleculares y celulares específicas y los efectos terapéuticos correspondientes. Esta tesis tiene como finalidad el diseño y la síntesis de nano-biomateriales teranósticos dirigidos a la neuroreparación en el contexto de un ictus isquémico con el objetivo de estimular la angiogénesis en la zona de afectación. Para ello, se han encapsulado factores de crecimiento secretados por las células progenitoras endoteliales (EPCs-secretoma), con demostrado potencial para inducir angiogénesis, en nanocápsulas magnéticas biocompatibles y biodegradables de poli (D, L ácido co-glicólico) (PLGA). Por otra parte, las cápsulas de PLGA se han funcionalizado con varios agentes de contraste permitiendo tanto la retención magnética como su visualización in vitro o in vivo. Los principales objetivos conseguidos en esta tesis son: 1) optimización de nanocápsulas magnéticas de PLGA para favorecer su retención en la zona a tratar y la encapsulación y liberación controlados de proteínas terapéuticas; 2) funcionalización modular de las nanocápsulas con agentes de contraste para: resonancia magnética de imagen, fluorescencia a cuatro longitudes de onda diferentes i tomografía de emisión de positrones y 3) nuevas aproximaciones para mejorar la acumulación cerebral de las nanocápsulas en ratones y aumentar la carga de secretoma encapsulado en las mismas.
Advancements in nanoparticulated systems capable of providing the necessary functionalities to new nanomedicines and offering the possibility to combine non-invasive disease detection with individualized treatments are facilitating personalized medicine to become a reality. Besides, the progress in theranostics is shaping the development of image-guided drug delivery improving the efficiency of pharmaceuticals by visualizing their biodistributions, effects on specific molecular and cellular targets, and the corresponding therapeutic effects. This thesis is devoted to engineering theranostic magnetic nano-biomaterials to address neurorepair in the context of an ischemic stroke by enhancing local angiogenesis. Growth factors secreted by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs-secretome), with proved potential to induce angiogenesis, were encapsulated into magnetic poly(D,L lactic co glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocapsules. Additionally, this PLGA-drug delivery system was functionalized with versatile imaging reporters allowing magnetic retention and in vitro/in vivo product tracking. The main accomplished objectives of the thesis are: 1) optimization of PLGA nanocapsules for magnetically targeted delivery and controlled encapsulation and release of proteins, 2) modular functionalization of PLGA nanocapsules with versatile imaging reporters: magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence at four different wavelengths and positron emission tomography and 3) improved approaches to enhance mice brain accumulation of the nanocapsules and to increase EPCs-secretome loading.
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Cesaro, Giacomo. "Emerging issues in animal husbandry: effects of reduced protein supply in animal farms and methodologies for fatty acid analysis in biological samples." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423701.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aim of this thesis was to explore the effects of suboptimal N supplies on animals of different species on production performances to achieve an effective reduction of N excretion avoiding, or limiting, the economic losses due to impairment of performance or reduced quality of products. As aside different methods of fatty acid analysis were evaluated to identify an accurate and repeatable methodology of extraction of fatty acids that prevents isomerisation of PUFA and conjugated linoleic acid. All the contributions of this thesis have been published or submitted to international peer reviewed journals. This thesis was also reviewed by foreign referees and all their suggestions were accepted and included in the present version of this thesis. The first two contributions were aimed to verify the effect of suboptimal dietary crude protein supply on growing cattle and lactating cows. In lactating cows the effect of a supplementation with rumen protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was also explored. The third contribute regards an experiment conducted to evaluate the effect of different fecal sample preparation procedures to determine the fatty acid profile of ruminants feces, including CLA. The fourth and the fifth contributions were aimed to evaluate the effects of reduced dietary crude protein and amino acid levels on growth performance of heavy pigs (4th contribute) and on growth performance and intramuscular lipid deposition on fast growing pigs (5th contribute). Overall, the results suggests that considerable reduction of dietary crude protein, compared to conventional standard, can be applied with small or null impairment of production response, but with a notable reduction of N excretion. Within the framework of the nitrate directive of the European Community, the strong reduction of N excretion achieved with the use of suboptimal protein supplies would result in the possibility of increasing the number of animals reared per unit of land available for manure disposal, and to reduce the feeding costs because of less use of expensive dietary protein sources. From the third contribute it resulted that fecal sample preparation method has an influence on fecal fatty acid profile, and in particular on the CLA component, stronger than that was previously evidenced in the literature that indicated the methylation as a critical step for an accurate analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography. Analytical methods applicable on different biological substrates (feeds, feces, and animal products) are needed for a better knowledge of lipid digestion and metabolism of farm animals.Scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di esplorare gli effetti conseguenti ad una somministrazione subottimale di proteina ad animali di diverse specie sulle performance produttive per poter ottenere una riduzione effettiva della escrezione di N ed evitare, o limitare, le perdite economiche dovute al peggioramento delle prestazioni o alla riduzione della qualità dei prodotti. Un capitolo a parte della tesi è stato di valutare diversi metodi di analisi degli acidi grassi per identificare una metodologia accurata e ripetibile di estrazione degli acidi grassi in grado di prevenire l’isomerizzazione degli acidi grassi polinsaturi in particolare dei coniugati dell’acido linoleico. Tutti i contributi presentati in questa tesi sono stati pubblicati o sottoposti riviste scientifiche internazionali. Questa tesi è stata valutata da due docenti stranieri e i loro suggerimenti sono stati accettati e inclusi nella versione finale di questa tesi. I primi due contributi sono stati finalizzati a verificare l'effetto di diete contenenti concentrazioni subottimali di proteina grezza, somministrate a bovini da carne e vacche in lattazione. Nelle vacche in lattazione è stato anche valutato l'effetto conseguente alla somministrazione di acido linoleico coniugato (CLA) rumino protetto. Il terzo contributo riguarda un esperimento condotto per valutare l' effetto di differenti procedure di preparazione dei campioni fecali per determinare il profilo degli acidi grassi, compresi i CLA, nelle feci dei ruminanti. Il quarto ed il quinto contributo sono finalizzati a valutare gli effetti della riduzione nella dieta dei livelli di proteina grezza e degli amminoacidi sulle performance di crescita dei suini pesanti (4° contributo) e sulle performance di crescita e di deposizione lipidica intramuscolare in suini selezionati per una crescita rapida e magra (5° contributo). Complessivamente, i risultati suggeriscono che una notevole riduzione del livello proteico della dieta, rispetto a standard tradizionali, può essere applicato compromettendo lievemente o per nulla la risposta produttiva, ma con una notevole riduzione di escrezione azotata. Nell'ambito della direttiva nitrati della Comunità Europea, la forte riduzione dell'escrezione di N ottenuto grazie all' impiego di diete ipoproteiche può comportare la possibilità di aumentare il numero di animali allevati per unità di superficie disponibile per lo smaltimento del letame, o di ridurre i costi di alimentazione a causa di un minor uso di costose fonti proteiche. I risultati del terzo contributo indicano che il metodo di preparazione del campione ha un'influenza sul profilo di acidi grassi delle feci, ed in particolare sulla componente dei CLA, maggiore rispetto a quella precedentemente evidenziata in letteratura che indicava la metilazione come tappa critica per un'analisi accurata degli acidi grassi mediante gascromatografia. L’individuazione di metodi di analisi applicabili a differenti substrati biologici (foraggi e alimenti, feci e prodotti di origine animale) è necessaria per migliorare le conoscenze sulla digestione dei lipidi ed il metabolismo degli animali da allevamento.
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Wallace, Janielle L. "Potential of exogenous enzymes in low fish meal diets to improve nutrient digestibility and sustainability of farmed tilapia in Thailand." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Intensive and semi-intensive aquaculture systems are dependent on nutrient input either in the form of supplemental or complete feeds. Most complete diets still include high fish meal (FM) levels (≥10%). However, as the industry attempts to reduce its reliance on FM, feeds must now be formulated with much lower levels especially for omnivorous species such as tilapia. By 2015, mean FM inclusion in tilapia diets was projected to fall below 3% and be further reduced to 1% by 2020. In the global context of competition for crops, finding suitable plant-based replacers for FM and meeting the increasing demand for seafood, lower-cost and under-utilised plant feedstuffs are now receiving greater attention. The study was divided into three distinct components – field survey, growth experiments, and life cycle assessment. Field surveys were used to contextualise the growth experiments and assess commercialisation opportunities for multi-enzyme inclusion in tilapia feeds. Two sets of digestibility and growth experiments were designed to evaluate the feasibility of using high inclusions of plant-based ingredients sourced from locally available feedstuffs in Thailand to substitute FM at low inclusion levels (0 – 5%). The research evaluated the hypothesis regarding the potential of exogenous enzymes (protease, xylanase and phytase) to minimize anti-nutritional effects on nutrient digestibility of proteins, polysaccharides and phosphorus in tilapia. The research also assessed the secondary effects of enzyme supplementation on economic efficiency and life cycle environmental impacts. Tilapia is the second most cultured finfish globally and Thailand is the sixth largest producer. Based on the findings of the field survey, feeding practices of Thai tilapia farmers were confirmed to be diverse. Feed inputs included, but were not limited to, agro-industrial by-products (e.g. rice bran, corn bran etc.) and commercial diets. Commercial diets contained 15 – 30% crude protein and lower protein livestock diets (i.e. pig ration) were often used for supplemental feeding or “fattening”. The experimental low FM diets were therefore formulated as grow-out or “fattening” diets for semi-intensive green-water systems, a prominent feature (>60%) of Thai tilapia farming. In Phase 1, the digestibility experiment assessed the digestibility and growth in tilapia fed 0%, 3% and 5% FM diets with and without xylanase (0.385 g kg-1) and phytase (0.075 g kg-1). Performance decreased significantly with declining FM levels. No differences in feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain were observed between the enzyme and control diets. Nevertheless, tilapia fed the enzyme supplemented 3% FM and control 5% FM performed similarly (P < 0.05). No enzyme-related effects were noticed for protein digestibility but phosphorus (P) digestibility improved by 9%, except at 0% FM level (P > 0.05). The enzymes had no apparent influence on nitrogen (N) retention contrary to previous studies, however, higher retention for P was observed. Villus length decreased with declining FM levels yet no improvements were seen in tilapia fed enzyme diets. In a simultaneous grow-out experiment, the six experimental diets were compared to an industry 10% FM standard. Conversion ratio was the lowest (1.66) in adult tilapia fed 10% FM diet however the enzyme supplemented 0% FM fed fish had a comparatively low FCR of 1.67. There were no significant enzyme-related effects on weight gain¸ SGR and protein efficiency. Proximal villi results were inconsistent. The cost of feed decreased with declining FM levels but increased with enzyme inclusion. Nevertheless, the economic returns per kg of whole fish produced were better using enzyme supplemented diets compared to the controls. Though the size of the effects on growth and nutrient utilisation were modest, the findings suggested that xylanase and phytase had some level of synergistic action on the targeted anti-nutrients. However, further research was required. In Phase 2, two control diets (2% FM, negative control (NC) and 10% FM, positive control (PC)) were compared with three enzyme supplemented 2% FM diets (NO-PRO, 0.385 g kg-1 xylanase and 0.075 g kg-1 phytase only; LO-PRO, xylanase + phytase + 0.2 g kg-1 protease and HI-PRO, xylanase + phytase + 0.4 g kg-1 PRO). Growth performances improved with enzyme supplementation compared to the NC (P < 0.05). Of the enzyme supplemented diets, the LO-PRO diet showed the highest improvements in weight gain (26%) and feed intake (19%), the latter comparing statistically to the 10% FM PC diet. The HI-PRO diet had the best FCR (1.88), again comparable to the PC (1.73). The NO-PRO diet had the highest protein, P, lipid and energy digestibility, suggesting no additive effect of protease on these coefficients. In terms of gut histomorphology, the LO-PRO and PC diets had the highest measurements and were statistically similar which may have explained similarities in feed intake. Compared to the NC, the HI-PRO diet produced the highest level of change in net profit due to gains in feeding efficiency however, the LO-PRO showed better improvements in terms of growth. Based on these findings, the ternary combination of protease with xylanase and phytase (LOPRO) has potential in limiting FM use for tilapia grow-out feeds, however, the economic efficiencies were still below that of a 10% FM diet. Future considerations for research should target the indigestible dietary components in order to optimise enzyme dosages and maximise the benefits of each enzymes. In conclusion, a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) was used to evaluate the environmental impacts of low FM diets and commercial feeds associated with tilapia production in Thailand. The study showed that the low FM enzyme supplemented diets had lower impact potentials and were environmental superior to the average (10% FM) commercial standard. LCA modules are recommended for least-cost formulation programmes as an option going forward. Additionally, LCA can be used as a predictive tool to guide farmers, especially small-scale producers, on the potential impacts of feed input choices and feeding practices. This will ensure higher product quality but also demonstrate environmental responsibility on the part of aquafeed and fish producers to final seafood consumers.
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Raggi, Thiago. "Feeding and nutrition of tropical farmed fish and shrimp: pellet water stability, in vitro protein digestion, comparison of inert markers, evaluation of practical feeds, and dietary amino acid requirement." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21134/tde-17022017-093822/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the feeding and nutrition of tropical farmed fish and shrimp, targeting its applicability to aquaculture farming. The study of the actual panorama of aquafeed quality for tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei farmed in Brazil showed that the proximate compositions between the analyzed feeds were mostly consistent with the declared values from the manufacturers, however, the feed water stability showed the opposite; the in vitro pH-stat species-specific method to determine the protein degree of hydrolysis (DH) showed to be a useful tool to evaluate feed quality; and NIRS technique can be used in many applications throughout the aquafeed industry, being an efficient tool for rapidly assessing feed quality in terms of DH. A second study evaluated the acid-insoluble ash (AIA) and chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as inert markers and feed processing method (industrial extruded vs. laboratory cold pelleted) to determine apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter and crude protein of juvenile L. vannamei. The AIA showed to be an effective natural endogenous marker for digestibility trials with L. vanammei, however, for commercial feeds attention should be paid to feed AIA level; the extruded feed showed better animal performance than the cold pelleted feed, however, ADC of both feeds were not significantly different from each other. Further, two feeding trials were conducted with juvenile cobia Rachycentron canadum: (1) feeding trial conducted within floating net cages to test the nutritional efficacy of different dietary feeding regimes ranging from the use of trashfish, in-house formulated feeds, to dry commercial extruded marine fish feed; and (2) feeding trial conducted within indoor water-recirculated tanks to test the nutritional efficiency of different potential dietary fishmeal replacers within dry in-house prepared diets. Generally, fish performance was superior in the net-cage feeding trial compared with the indoor water-recirculated tank trial; overall, the fish growth and performance of the experimental diets were very similar, showing that the alternative ingredients could be included and replace part (50%) of the fishmeal component; the results from both trials concluded that the cobia requires practices diets with high levels of crude protein and lipid, and the inclusion of alternative plant-based and terrestrial animal protein sources was possible; the quantitative essential amino acid (EAA) requirement values estimated by the protein accretion method was highly correlated to the average of each of the EAA requirement for the species of carnivorous fish reported in the literature, and could be recommended for formulation of commercial feed for cobia R. canadum. Finally, a tentative to quantify the total sulfur amino acid requirement of juvenile Florida Pompano Trachinotus carolinus, was performed using combinations of various soybean protein products in order to develop cost-effective and environmentally-friendly diets. Although there was an apparent tendency in the results, the range of methionine levels employed in this study may not have been broad enough to accurately measure the dietary concentration necessary to estimate the total sulfur amino acid requirement; in addition, high variation results among the three replicates per diet did not provide sufficiency robustness for its estimation; this study within 45 days should not have been enough to show significant differences among the treatments. Long term feeding trials would be recommended from fingerling/juvenile to market size with full nutritional and economic evaluation of results.O objetivo dessa tese foi avaliar a alimentação e nutrição de peixes e camarões tropicais cultivados, visando a sua aplicação à aquicultura. O estudo do atual panorama da qualidade das rações para tilapia e camarão cultivados no Brasil mostrou que a maioria das composições proximais das rações analisadas foram consistentes com os valores declarados pelos fabricantes, porém, a estabilidade das na água mostrou-se o oposto; o método in vitro pH-stat com enzimas espécie-específica, para determinação do grau de hidrólise da proteína (DH), mostrou ser uma ferramenta útil para avaliar a qualidade das rações; a técnica da espectrofotometria do infravermelho próximo (NIRS) pode ser usada em várias aplicações na indústria de alimentos aquáticos, sendo uma ferramenta eficiente para avaliar rapidamente a qualidade dos alimentos em termos de DH. Um segundo estudo avaliou a cinza insolúvel em ácido (AIA) e óxido de cromo (Cr2O3) como marcadores inertes, além de métodos de processamento de alimentos (extrusado industrial vs. peletizada a frio no laboratório) para determinar o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (ADC) da matéria seca e proteína bruta de juvenis de L. vannamei. O AIA mostrou ser um marcador endógeno natural eficaz para ensaios de digestibilidade com L. vanammei, no entanto, atenção especial deve ser dada aos níveis de AIA nas rações comerciais; a ração extrusada teve a melhor performance dos animais, porém, os valores de ADC entre as rações não foram diferentes significantemente. Além disso, dois experimentos de alimentação foram conduzidos com juvenis de beijupirá Rachycentron canadum: (1) experimento realizado em tanques-rede flutuantes para testar a eficácia nutricional de diferentes regimes alimentares, variando entre rejeito de pesca, rações preparadas em laboratório, e ração comercial extrusada; e (2) um experimento realizados em tanques com recirculação de água para testar a eficiência nutricional de diferentes potenciais substitutos de farinha de peixe, com dietas completadas preparadas em laboratório. Em geral, o desempenho dos peixes foi superior no experimento nos tanques-rede, comparado com o experimento nos tanques de recirculação de água; no geral o crescimento e performance dos peixes das dietas experimentais foram bem similares, concluindo que ingredientes alternativos podem ser incluídos e substituírem parte (50%) da farinha de peixe das rações; os resultados de ambos os estudos concluíram que o beijupirá requer dietas práticas com alto teores de proteína bruta e lipídeos, e a inclusão de fontes proteicas de origem vegetal e animal foi possível. Os valores quantitativos das exigências de amino acido essenciais (EAA) estimados pelo método de acreção de proteína na carcaça foram altamente correlacionados com as médias de exigência de cada EAA das as espécies de peixes carnívoros encontrados na literatura, e pode ser recomendado para a formulação de ração comercial para beijupirá R. canadum. Por ultimo, uma tentativa de quantificar as exigências de amino ácidos sulforosos totais para Florida Pompano Trachinotus carolinus, foi realizada utilizando combinações de vários ingredientes proteicos a base de soja, a fim de desenvolver dietas de baixo custo e ecologicamente sustentáveis. Embora houve uma tendência clara nos resultados, os intervalos dos níveis de metionina utilizados nesse estudo podem não ter sido amplos o suficiente para medir com precisão a concentração alimentar necessária para estimar a exigência dos de amino ácidos sulforosos totais; além disso, a alta variação entre as replicas não forneceu uma estimativa robusta; este estudo de 45 dias não deve ter sido suficiente para mostrar diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos.
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YADAV, DEEKSHA. "A STUDY ON SUPPLY CHAIN DISRUPTIONS CAUSED BY FARMERS’ PROTEST." Thesis, 2022. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/19511.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This exemplary study will provide more information on farmers' protests in India. With
the help of secondary resources, data is collected online such as journal articles, videos,
and news. The study aims to conclude why Indian farmers are protesting against three
farm debts, so-called Indian farmers' debts over how long the protests lasted and the
supply chain disruptions caused by the Indian protests. After the Indian Parliament passed
the new farm rules in September 2020, protests erupted across the country, especially in
the Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh farmers' union with the slogan "Delhi
Chalo" which means we are headed for Delhi. the capital of India. Indian farmers are
struggling through the cold winters and hot summers on the outskirts of Delhi, protesting
and insisting that the government cancel new farm debts that they feel are against farmers
and favor big corporate entrepreneurs. This case study will answer why farmers are upset
with the three new farm debts and their reasons for protesting against the Indian
government to cancel the three farm debts. The objective of this case study is to seek
reasons why Indian farmers are against three farm loans, why farmers are upset about
these three farm loans, why the Indian government has introduced such types of loans,
and how much the economy has lost in the SCD (supply chain disruptions). The motive
is mainly to answer these questions and information shared with the people of the world
and to make them aware of why Indian farmers are protesting against the Indian
government about the three farm debt and its negative impact. economy and supply chain.
Therefore, detailed information will be provided about the protest and a solution will be
provided at the end which is likely to be a solution.
The term "transport disruption" refers to a distribution halt that has a negative impact on
SC performance and consumer safety. The model includes hazards and vulnerability as
risk sources. The entire supply chain has been severely disrupted by disruption events
such as the COVID-19 epidemic. Vulnerability referred to a system's vulnerability to the
point that mitigation mechanisms are compromised. Transportation disruption risk
management required decision-making at every level of the process, including risk and
vulnerability assessment, risk analysis, and risk mitigation measures. Farmers' unrest has
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produced supply chain disruptions, which will have an impact on the economy in the
coming days and may threaten the current recovery from COVID-19's economic crisis.
The farmers' protest, which lasted from December 2020 to November 2021, caused traffic
jams and road blockades at a number of checkpoints across the northern states of Delhi NCR, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan, as well as to a lesser extent in many
other areas. The already stressed supply system has been further strained as it recovers
from the pandemic-induced closure. In this study, the effects of ongoing Farmer protests
in response to the Farm Bills that were converted to the Farm Act last year are being
investigated. The focus of the case will be on the supply chain disruptions caused by the
incident. In addition, the overall impact of the event on India's economy, including GDP
ramifications, will be investigated.
Книги з теми "FARMERS’ PROTEST"
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Mooney, Patrick H. Farmers' and farm workers' movements: Social protest in American agriculture. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1995.
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Soziale Bewegung und politische Erfahrung: Bäuerlicher Protest in hessischen Territorien 1648-1806. Weingarten: Drumlin, 1987.
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Michael, Schwartz. Radical protest and social structure: The Southern Farmers' Alliance and cotton tenancy, 1880-1890. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
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Kelm, Juan Ricardo. El Tractorazo: Crónica de una epopeya : la Asociación de Productores Agropecuarios de Misiones a 10 años de la gesta. Posadas, Misiones [Argentina]: Editorial Universitaria, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, 2013.
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Jüngling, Hans Jürgen. Reichsstädtische Herrschaft und bäuerlicher Protest: Der Konflikt zwischen der Reichsstadt Schwäbisch Gmünd und ihrem Landgebiet (1775-1792). Schwäbisch Gmünd: Einhorn, 1989.
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Caat, Bertus ten. De opstand der braven: Boerendrama in Hollandscheveld 1963. Hoogezand: Stubeg, 1994.
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Fernández, Concha. Do descontento á acción: A construcción social da protesta campesiña en Galiza. Vigo: Edicións Xerais de Galicia, 2004.
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Political prairie fire: The Nonpartisan League, 1915-1922. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1985.
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The world is not for sale: Farmers against junk food. London: Verso, 2001.
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The world is not for sale: Farmers against junk food. London: Verso, 2002.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "FARMERS’ PROTEST"
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Jaster, Daniel. "Farmers’ Protest: From Local Clubs to Third-Party Politics, 1830–1900." In Bygone Utopias and Farm Protest in the Rural Midwest, 69–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71013-2_3.
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Jaster, Daniel. "Returning Home: Midwestern Farmers’ Protests and Refiguring the Past, 1931–1934." In Bygone Utopias and Farm Protest in the Rural Midwest, 127–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71013-2_5.
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Sahithi, C., Y. Sreeja, S. Akhil, K. Taruni, and C. C. Sobin. "Twitter Sentiment Analysis Using Machine Learning Techniques: A Case Study Based on Farmers Protest." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 187–96. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5090-2_18.
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Klandermans, Bert, Marga de Weerd, Jose-Manuel Sabucedo, and Maria Costa. "Injustice and Adversarial Frames in a Supranational Political Context: Farmers’ Protest in the Netherlands and Spain." In Social Movements in a Globalizing World, 134–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27319-5_8.
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Parmar, Prabhjot, and Amandeep Kaur. "Kisan Protests in Punjab 1907–2021." In Agrarian Reform and Farmer Resistance in Punjab, 74–97. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003320005-4.
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Singh, Pritam. "Farm Laws, Federalism and Farm Protests." In Agrarian Reform and Farmer Resistance in Punjab, 159–80. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003320005-9.
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Hébette, João, and José Alberto Colares. "Small-farmer Protest in the Greater Carajás Programme." In The Future of Amazonia, 288–305. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21068-8_12.
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Dyke, Virginia Van. "Contemporary Farmers' Protests and the Legacy of the 1980s." In Agrarian Reform and Farmer Resistance in Punjab, 139–55. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003320005-7.
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Nuthall, Peter L. "Dark days." In Farm business management: the decisive farmer, 117–28. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800620124.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This chapter discusses the causes of anxiety of farmers. Jill raises the question of her husband Ben's extreme anxiety. Increasingly, local and national governments are imposing restrictions on farmers to protect waterways, water supplies, loss of soil as well as protecting wildlife and heritage structures. The list is long. The imposition of restrictions can cause anxiety, particularly where profit drops. It is clear from Ben's investigation of his problem (with help) that problems aren't always what they seem to be on the surface. So one must learn to reflect before acting, and do a full investigation.
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Prabhu, Ravi, Shiv Kumar Dhyani, Devashree Nayak, and Javed Rizvi. "Transformative Agroecology-Based Alternatives for a Sustainable and Biodiverse Future." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 183–212. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0763-0_7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractGlobally food systems are at a crossroads and new directions are needed. At the first UN Food Systems Summit, Secretary General Guterres stipulated that a transformation of food systems is necessary so that they support the health and well-being of all people and at the same time protect our planet. Nearly 300 commitments from civil society, farmers, youth and indigenous peoples and member states highlights Summit’s inclusive process to accelerate action (UN Food Systems Summit, 2021).
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "FARMERS’ PROTEST"
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Singh, Abhiraj, Nidhi Kalra, Amritpal Singh, and Seemu Sharma. "Sentiment analysis of Twitter data during Farmers' Protest in India through Machine Learning." In 2022 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CSASE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csase51777.2022.9759767.
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Singh, Abhiraj, Nidhi Kalra, Amritpal Singh, and Seemu Sharma. "Sentiment analysis of Twitter data during Farmers' Protest in India through Machine Learning." In 2022 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CSASE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csase51777.2022.9759767.
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Dürnberger, C. "16. Farmers on Facebook: where livestock farmers and animal rights activists meet, an online-survey." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-892-6_16.
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Osthus, John, Bart Borg, Shawn Conley, Paul Mitchell, and R. Dean Boyd. "Increasing Soybean Meal Protein Level Reduces GHG Emissions and Improves Farm and Food Sector Sustainability Metrics." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ftqn7609.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the most important legume crop in the United States, being rich in essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and oil. However, soybean protein content has been declining for decades, and a comprehensive ecosystem-based approach to address that decline does not exist. Furthermore, feed production comprises about 90 percent of greenhouse gas emissions from pig and poultry production, so improving soybean meal protein has significant farm revenue and emissions implications. Our goal was to develop a system model that characterizes and quantifies the link between improved soybean protein, improved corn demand, and reduced emissions. Our research objectives were to (i) quantify and predict the feed value of improving soybean protein, and volume required, (ii) quantify the effect of improved soybean meal protein on increasing feed corn demand, and (iii) quantify the impact of increased soybean meal protein on emissions of swine and poultry operations. Our results show that when soybean meal protein increases from 44 percent to 50 percent, corn demand increases up to 13.8 percent, lifecycle emissions decrease by up to 4.6 percent in pig diets and decrease by up to 4.5 percent in poultry diets; while improving implied soybean value by enough to offset the volume lost by improving protein. Our findings also indicate that as soybean protein content declined, crop farmers have lost billions of dollars in corn and soybean revenue since about 2000 to synthetic amino acids and corn distillers-dried grain with solubles (DDGS), and GHG emissions in feed has been gradually increasing. These findings are significant to AOCS membership because they illustrate how GHG emissions can be reduced by improved soybean protein, thereby delivering on farmer goals of increasing feed value, and supporting food company goals of improving environmental sustainability.
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Ullmann, Tai. "Sustainability opportunities in edible oils and fats supply chain." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/doyk7304.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At Cargill, our ambition is to build the most sustainable food supply chains in the world. From small family farms to global shipping lanes, Cargill works every day to implement new sustainable practices to reduce our impact on the planet and protect people. We know that we must address climate change and conserve water and forests, while meeting the rising demand for food. These are complex challenges, but we have overcome many obstacles to keep our food system resilient and we will continue. We feel a deep responsibility to protect the planet and its people, to ensure a cleaner, safer future for generations to come.We’ve set priorities that account for the diverse environmental, social and economic impacts of our business with clear goals to ensure progress in line with what the science says is needed to keep our people and planet thriving:· Climate: reduce greenhouse gas emissions in our operations by 10% by 2025 and reduce emissions in our supply chain by 30% per ton of product sold by 2030.· Land: transform our agricultural supply chains to be deforestation free by 2030· Water: achieve sustainable water management in our operations and all priority watersheds· Human Rights: promote and respect human rights as outlined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and improve the livelihoods of 10 million farmers by 2030 through training insustainable agriculture practices and better access to marketsOur global edible oil solutions are a key part of this ambition. From our new RegenConnect program for soybean oil to our RSPO Segregated palm oil products, we continue to drive sustainability progress against our priorities. But, we cannot do this alone. Through connection and collaboration with farmers, our customers, and global and local communities, we believe our food system will remain resilient.
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Graef, George. "High-yield soybean lines with improved seed protein and oil balance." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/reen3740.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a leading supplier of vegetable oil and high-quality protein meal in world markets. Processors expect an oil yield of at least 11 lb bu-1 and want to produce a 48% protein meal. On-farm soybean yields show a linear increase of ~0.45 bu a-1 yr-1, but the prevalent negative association between yield and seed protein concentration resulted in a decrease in seed protein of ~2 percentage points during the past 80 years. Seed oil concentration typically is slightly positively associated with yield and highly negatively correlated with protein, and estimates for the 2021 US soybean extraction rate indicate an all-time high of 11.9 lb bu-1. More extreme levels of protein or oil in the seed have been achieved, but trade-offs with yield and/or the other major component make those soybean lines unsuitable for the commodity market. With large projected increases in demand for both oil and protein, a commodity bean with improved balance of major components that meets the needs of the farmer and processor is needed. By focusing on processing outputs, we realized an improved balance of seed components between protein, oil, and soluble carbohydrates. In multi-environment trials over years, the improved soybean lines yield as well as the elite checks, produce a 48% meal and yield ~1.5 pounds of oil per bushel. In Nebraska tests over two years and 6 locations, new lines showed elite yields (76-86 bu a-1) equal to the checks, produce a 48% protein meal and yield 12.7 pounds of oil per bushel. With judicious choice of parental lines, evaluation and selection based on multiple seed traits and yield, it is possible to increase both oil and protein concentration in the seed and achieve elite yields for commodity markets. These soybeans can help meet the growing demand for both soy protein and oil and provide improved yield and quality for farmers and processors.
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Ferrell, Shannon L. "Farm data: Who owns it and how can farmers protect it?" In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-135.
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Naranjo-Guevara, Natalia, Jean Louis Steevenz, and Sonja Floto-Stammen. "A sustainable business model for Black Soldier Fly production in the feed supply chain: Exploring business models for a farming transition with Black Soldier Fly." In New Business Models 2023. Maastricht University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26481/mup.2302.44.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To propose sustainable opportunities to traditional farmers in the Netherlands to face challenges such as increasing CO2 emissions, nitrogen deposition, and rising prices in production, this study investigated a sustainable business model for Black Soldier Fly production in the feed supply chain. First, the value chain and stakeholders in the emerging BSF farming industry were identified. Information collected through secondary research was then analyzed through the Triple Layered Business Model Canvas tool. The proposed model could be applied by traditional farmers in order to innovate in the transition to more sustainable protein production. To reach such sustainability engagement with all stakeholders can help strengthen the value propositions, in a multi-stakeholder value model. Finally, the risks and opportunities of the proposed BSF-production business model are discussed.
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Wilbur, Jessica, Ozzie Abaye, Bo Zhang, and Carol Willki. "Introducing Mung Bean as an Alternative or Rotation Crop to Tobacco in Virginia." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/vsph2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mung bean [Vigna radiata] is an important grain legume crop in Asia, particularly in India. Mungbean is consumed in the United States by a niche market in Asian cuisines, mostly as bean sprout, but is on the rise for use as an alternative plant protein as it is very high in micronutrients such as zinc, iron, and folic acid while also being low in fat and high in protein. Currently, more than two-thirds of mungbeans consumed in the United States are imported and nearly all domestically farmed mungbeans are produced in Oklahoma. This project explores the viability for mungbean to be produced by Virginia tobacco farmers as an alternative specialty or rotation crop since the demand for tobacco is on the decline. Two cultivars commercially available in the United States, Berken and OK2000, were planted in two locations in southern piedmont Virginia with an early and late planting date to determine the optimal time to plant mungbean and if it is a feasible crop in Virginia. Location played the most determining factor in overall seed size (g/100 seeds) for both cultivars--which is an indicator of quality--but the overall yield was not affected by location or planting date for either cultivar. Berken yielded an average of 771.03 lbs/ ac and OK2000 yielded an average of 728.81 lbs/ac as compared to 1000 lbs/ acre being considered “good yield.” This study suggests that an early versus late planting date has minimal effect on overall yield of mungbean, and with proper management techniques, there is potential for production in Virginia. This project is important to the AOCS community because it looks into the potential for mungbean to be grown in greater acreage within the USA as an alternative plant protein crop.
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Vinnari, E., and M. Laine. "15. Social movements and ontological politics: enacting farmed animals." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-892-6_15.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "FARMERS’ PROTEST"
1
Hertel, Thomas, Roman Keeney, Maros Ivanic, and Alan Winters. Distributional Effects of WTO Agricultural Reforms in Rich and Poor Countries. GTAP Working Paper, September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp33.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rich countries’ agricultural trade policies are the battleground on which the future of the WTO’s troubled Doha Round will be determined. Subject to widespread criticism, they nonetheless appear to be almost immune to serious reform, and one of their most common defenses is that they protect poor farmers. Our findings reject this claim. The analysis conducted here uses detailed data on farm incomes to show that major commodity programs are highly regressive in the USA, and that the only serious losses under trade reform are among large, wealthy, farmers in a few heavily protected subsectors. In contrast, analysis using household data from fifteen developing countries indicates that reforming rich countries’ agricultural trade policies would lift large numbers of developing country farm households out of poverty. In the majority of cases these gains are not outweighed by the poverty-increasing effects of higher food prices among other households. Agricultural reforms that appear feasible, even under an ambitious Doha Round, achieve only a fraction of the benefits for developing countries that full liberalization promises, but protects US large farms from most of the rigors of adjustment. Finally, the analysis conducted here indicates that maximal trade-led poverty reductions occur when developing countries participate more fully in agricultural trade liberalization.
2
Schattman, Rachel. Farming the floodplain: New England river governance in a changing climate (Hand-outs). USDA Northeast Climate Hub, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.6956534.ch.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
You are worried about flood impacts from the river that borders your property. While you have
considered building a levee and placing stones along the bank to protect you land and house
from erosion, you do not have the equipment or expertise to do so. Additionally, you have seen
water velocity in the river increase because the farmer upstream has channeled the river. You
blame the farmer for putting your land and house at greater flood risk. You think that upstream
land should be allowed to flood to slow water velocity and absorb floodwaters; this would
protect you and your neighbors from future floods.
3
Halperin, Sarah, Jen Schneider, Rebecca L. Som Castellano, and Jodi Brandt. Understanding Arguments to Protect Farmland in Idaho. Boise State University, Albertsons Library, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18122/hes.75.boisestate.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Between Spring 2022 and Spring 2023, a team of researchers at Boise State University conducted interviews with people involved in farmland protection efforts. Our goal was to understand how interviewees frame the issue of farmland loss. Frames can draw attention to an issue, contextualize decision-making, and influence the policy solutions considered. Through a frame analysis, we gained a clearer understanding of potential approaches for farmland protection in Idaho. We conducted 10 semi-structured interviews with individuals representing government agencies, academic institutions, land trusts, non-profit organizations, and farmers. After conducting the interviews, we analyzed the transcripts in a systematic manner to identify recurring message frames pertaining to farmland loss. The analysis process enabled us to map these frames onto potential policy solutions applicable to Idaho. Our report outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each frame and pinpoints which ones are likely to resonate with specific groups. Our research revealed a diverse range of frames used to address farmland protection, with many interviewees citing multiple frames. The domestic food security, regional economy, and national/global trade frames are expected to have broad appeal, while the national security and environmental benefits frames may appeal to more specific audiences. The threatened resource and cultural importance frames are likely to resonate with those valuing tradition. We identified a variety of solutions, such as agricultural protection areas, support for rural economies, promotion of regenerative agriculture, and expansion of Idaho's Right to Farm Act protections. Our findings underscore the importance of diverse, flexible, and responsive solutions to improve the feasibility of farmland protection in Idaho. We hope that our work will provide a solid basis for future efforts aimed at preserving Idaho's farmland.
4
Stewart-Wilson, Graeme, and Ronald Waiswa. Taxing Agricultural Income in the Global South: Revisiting Uganda’s National Debate. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The issue of agricultural taxation has almost completely disappeared from the scholarly and policy agendas in recent decades. And yet, agriculture is taxed very lightly despite contributing substantially to GDP across many Global South countries today. In some cases, light-touch taxation may be necessary to encourage investment in the sector and to protect small and subsistence farmers. However, anecdotal evidence from countries like Uganda suggests that there are a substantial number of high-income earners engaged in agricultural activities that are sheltered almost completely from any form of taxation. More effectively taxing these high-income earners could provide much-needed resources to finance public service provision in lower-income countries. The time is ripe, this paper argues, to revitalise discussions about how best to tax the agriculture sector.
5
Raghothama, Kashchandra G., Avner Silber, and Avraham Levy. Biotechnology approaches to enhance phosphorus acquisition of tomato plants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586546.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: Phosphorus is one of the least available macronutrient in the soil. The high affinity phosphate transporters are known to be associated with phosphate acquisition under natural conditions. Due to unique interactions of phosphate with soil particles, up to 80% of the applied phosphates may be fixed forcing the farmers to apply 4 to 5 times the fertilizers necessary for crop production. Efficient uptake and utilization of this essential nutrient is essential for sustainability and profitability of agriculture. Many predictions point to utilization/exhaustion of high quality phosphate rocks within this century. This calls for efforts to improve the ability of plants to acquire and utilize limiting sources of phosphate in the rhizosphere. Two important molecular and biochemical components associated with phosphate efficiency are phosphate transporters and phosphatases. This research project is aimed at defining molecular determinants of phosphate acquisition and utilization in addition to generating phosphate uptake efficient plants. The main objectives of the project were; Creation and analysis of transgenic tomato plants over-expressing phosphatases and transporters Characterization of the recently identified members (LePT3 and LePT4) of the Pi transporter family Generate molecular tools to study genetic responses of plants to Pi deficiency During the project period we have successfully identified and characterized a novel phosphate transporter associated with mycorrhizal symbiosis. The expression of this transporter increases with mycorrhizal symbiosis. A thorough characterization of mutant tomato lacking the expression of this gene revealed the biological significance of LePT3 and another novel gene LePT4. In addition we have isolated and characterized several phosphate starvation induced genes from tomato using a combination of differential and subtractive mRNA hybridization techniques. One of the genes, LePS2 belongs to the family of phospho-protein phosphatase. The functionality of the recombinant protein was determined using synthetic phosphor-peptides. Over expression of this gene in tomato resulted in significant changes in growth, delay in flowering and senescence. It is anticipated that phospho-protein phosphatase may have regulatory role in phosphate deficiency responses of plants. In addition a novel phosphate starvation induced glycerol 3-phosphate permease gene family was also characterized. Two doctoral research students are continuing the characterization and functional analysis of these genes. Over expression of high affinity phosphate transporters in tobacco showed increased phosphate content under hydroponic conditions. There is growing evidence suggesting that high affinity phosphate transporters are crucial for phosphate acquisition even under phosphate sufficiency conditions. This project has helped train several postdoctoral fellows and graduate students. Further analysis of transgenic plants expressing phosphatases and transporters will not only reveal the biological function of the targeted genes but also result in phosphate uptake and utilization efficient plants.
6
Shukla, Pavan, Xihua He, Osvaldo Pensado, and Andrew Nordquist. PR-015-153602-R01 Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors Effectiveness for Tank Bottom Plate Corrosion Control. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011485.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil side corrosion of the above ground storage tanks bottoms is a major challenge for the midstream operators owning tanks farms. In North America subcontinent, a large fraction of tanks are installed with an active cathodic protection (CP) system to protect the tank bottom from corrosion. However, CP systems could fail, and sometime even with the CP system, corrosion can occur. In addition, several tanks without CP system could experience elevated corrosion including pitting corrosion. Vapor corrosion inhibitors (VCIs) are being promoted as alternative corrosion control measures in addition to the CP. This study was conducted to determine whether the VCIs are effective in mitigating corrosion to a level comparable to a working CP for tank bottoms, what is the best way to monitor efficacy of VCIs, and whether the VCIs compatible with CP or not. Extensive amount of laboratory scale and limited field testing was conducted. Both laboratory and field data were rigorously analyzed. It was found that the VCIs are effective in mitigating corrosion when vendor specific recommended dosages are used, and the electrical-resistance based corrosion rate monitoring technique does show the effect of VCIs. Regarding VCI and CP compatibility, VCIs indirectly affect the CP as exposure of tank bottom steel to VCIs change its native potential which in turn changes the CP current demand. Overall, VCIs were found to be a viable alternative corrosion control measure.
7
Bercovier, Herve, and Ronald P. Hedrick. Diagnostic, eco-epidemiology and control of KHV, a new viral pathogen of koi and common carp. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695593.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Original objectives and revisions-The proposed research included these original objectives: field validation of diagnostic tests (PCR), the development and evaluation of new sensitive tools (LC-PCR/TaqManPCR, antibody detection by ELISA) including their use to study the ecology and the epidemiology of KHV (virus distribution in the environment and native cyprinids) and the carrier status of fish exposed experimentally or naturally to KHV (sites of virus replication and potential persistence or latency). In the course of the study we completed the genome sequence of KHV and developed a DNA array to study the expression of KHV genes in different conditions. Background to the topics-Mass mortality of koi or common carp has been observed in Israel, USA, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have reduced exports of koi from Israel and have created fear about production, import, and movements of koi and have raised concerns about potential impacts on native cyprinid populations in the U.S.A. Major conclusions-A suite of new diagnostic tools was developed that included 3 PCR assays for detection of KHV DNA in cell culture and fish tissues and an ELISA assay capable of detecting anti-KHV antibodies in the serum of koi and common carp. The TKPCR assay developed during the grant has become an internationally accepted gold standard for detection of viral DNA. Additionally, the ELISA developed for detecting serum anti-KHV antibodies is now in wide use as a major nonlethal screening tool for evaluating virus status of koi and common carp populations. Real time PCR assays have been able to detect viral DNA in the internal organs of survivors of natural and wild type vaccine exposures at 1 and 10³ genome equivalents at 7 months after exposure. In addition, vaccinated fish were able to transmit the virus to naive fish. Potential control utilizing hybrids of goldfish and common carp for production demonstrated they were considerably more resistant than pure common carp or koi to both KHV (CyHV-3). There was no evidence that goldfish or other tested endemic cyprinids species were susceptible to KHV. The complete genomic sequencing of 3 strains from Japan, the USA, and Israel revealed a 295 kbp genome containing a 22 kbp terminal direct repeat encoding clear gene homologs to other fish herpesviruses in the family Herpesviridae. The genome encodes156 unique protein-coding genes, eight of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. Four to seven genes are fragmented and the loss of these genes may be associated with the high virulence of the virus. Viral gene expression was studies by a newly developed chip which has allowed verification of transcription of most all hypothetical genes (ORFs) as well as their kinetics. Implications, both scientific and agricultural- The results from this study have immediate application for the control and management of KHV. The proposal provides elements key to disease management with improved diagnostic tools. Studies on the ecology of the virus also provide insights into management of the virus at the farms that farmers will be able to apply immediately to reduce risks of infections. Lastly, critical issues that surround present procedures used to create “resistant fish” must be be resolved (e.g. carriers, risks, etc.). Currently stamping out may be effective in eradicating the disease. The emerging disease caused by KHV continues to spread. With the economic importance of koi and carp and the vast international movements of koi for the hobby, this disease has the potential for even further spread. The results from our studies form a critical component of a comprehensive program to curtail this emerging pathogen at the local, regional and international levels.
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Levy, Maggie, Raymond Zielinski, and Anireddy S. Reddy. IQD1 Function in Defense Responses. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699842.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main objective of the proposed research was to study IQD1's mechanism of action and elucidate its role in plant protection. Preliminary experiments suggest that IQD1 binds CaM in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner and functions in general defense responses. We propose to identify proteins and genes that interact with IQD1, which may provide some clues to its mechanism of action. We also plan to dissect IQD1's integration in defense pathways and to study and modulate its binding affinity to CaM in order to enhance crop resistance. Our specific objectives were: (1) Analysis of IQD1's CaM-binding properties; (2) Identification of IQD1 targets;(3) Dissection of IQD1 integration into defense signaling pathways. Analysis of IQD1's CaM-binding properties defined four potential classes of sequences that should affect CaM binding: one is predicted to raise the affinity for Ca²⁺-dependent interaction but have no effect on Ca²⁺-independent binding; a second is predicted to act like the first mutation but eliminate Ca²⁺-independent binding; a third has no predicted effect on Ca²⁺-dependent binding but eliminates Ca²⁺-independent binding; and the fourth is predicted to eliminate or greatly reduce both Ca²⁺-dependent and Ca²⁺-independent binding. Following yeast two hybrid analysis we found that IQD1 interact with AtSR1 (Arabidopsis thalianaSIGNALRESPONSIVE1), a calcium/calmodulin-binding transcription factor, which has been shown to play an important role in biotic and abiotic stresses. We tested IQD1 interaction with both N-terminal or C-terminal half of SR1. These studies have uncovered that only the N-terminal half of the SR1 interacts with the IQD1. Since IQD1 has an important role in herbivory, its interaction with SR1 suggests that it might also be involved in plant responses to insect herbivory. Since AtSR1, like IQD1, is a calmodulin-binding protein and the mutant showed increased sensitivity to a herbivore, we analyzed WT, Atsr1 and the complemented line for the levels of GS to determine if the increased susceptibility of Atsr1 plants to T. ni feeding is associated with altered GS content. In general, Atsr1 showed a significant reduction in both aliphatic and aromatic GS levels as compared to WT. In order to study IQD1's molecular basis integration into hormone-signaling pathways we tested the epistatic relationships between IQD1 and hormone-signaling mutants. For that purpose we construct double mutants between IQD1ᴼXᴾ and mutants defective in plant-hormone signaling and GS accumulation. Epitasis with SA mutant NahG and npr1-1 and JA mutant jar1-1 suggested IQD1 function is dependent on both JA and SA as indicated by B. cinerea infection assays. We also verified the glucosinolate content in the crosses siblings and found that aliphatic GSL content is reduced in the double transgenic plants NahG:IQD1ᴼXᴾ as compare to parental lines while the aliphatic GSL content in the npr1-1:IQD1ᴼXᴾ and jar1-1: IQD1ᴼXᴾ double mutants was intimidated to the parental lines. This suggests that GSL content dependency on SA is downstream to IQD1. As a whole, this project should contribute to the development of new defense strategies that will improve crop protection and reduce yield losses and the amount of pesticides required; these will genuinely benefit farmers, consumers and the environment.
9
Glazer, Itamar, Alice Churchill, Galina Gindin, and Michael Samish. Genomic and Organismal Studies to Elucidate the Mechanisms of Infectivity of Entomopathogenic Fungi to Ticks. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593382.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The overall goal of this research was to elucidate the factors affecting early development of Metarhizium spp. (previously named M. anisopliae) on ticks or tick cuticle extracts and the molecular basis of these early infection processes. The original objectives were: 1. Characterize the pre-penetration events (adhesion, germination and appressorium formation) of spores of M. anisopliae strains with high or low virulence during tick infection. 2. Create GFP-expressing strains of M. anisopliae tick pathogens having high and low virulence to compare their progress of infection by microscopy. 3. Use microarray analyses, primarily with existing M. anisopliae EST sequences in GenBank, to identify and characterize fungal genes whose expression is regulated in response to host cuticle extracts. Objective 3 was later modified (as approved by BARD) to use RNAseq to characterize the early stages of fungal gene expression during infection of intact host cuticles. This new method provides a massively larger and more informative dataset and allows us to take advantage of a) recently published genomes of Metarhizium robertsii and M. acridum for RNAseq data analysis, and b) newly developed and highly efficient cDNA sequencing technologies that are relatively low cost and, therefore, allow deep sequencing of multiple transcriptome samples. We examined pre-penetration and penetration events that differentiate high and low virulence strains of Metarhizium spp., focusing on spore adhesion, germination, appressorium formation, and penetration of tick integuments. Initiation of fungal infection was compared on susceptible and resistant tick species at different tick developmental stages. In vitro studies comparing the effects of protein and fatty acid profiles from tick cuticle extracts demonstrated that resistant tick cuticles contain higher concentrations of specific lipids that inhibit fungal development than do susceptible tick cuticles, suggesting one mechanism of Ixodidae resistance to fungal entomopathogens (Objective 1). We used molecular markers to determine that the three M. anisopliae strains from Israel that we studied actually were three distinct species. M. brunneum is highly virulent against the tick Rhipicephalus annulatus, M. pingshaense and M. robertsii are intermediate in virulence, and M. majus is of low virulence. We transformed all four Metarhizium species to express GFP and used them in pathogenicity assays against diverse tick species. Key findings were that a) resistant ticks inhibit Metarhizium infection prior to hemocoel invasion by reducing fungal viability on the cuticle surface (Objective 2), as was supported by the in vitro studies of Objective 1, and b) Metarhizium kills susceptible ticks after cuticle penetration but prior to hemocoel colonization. Transcriptome studies of the most virulent species, M. brunneum, are in progress and include analyses of ungerminated conidia and conidia germination and development on a low nutrient medium or on susceptible R. annulatus exoskeleton (Objective 3). We anticipate these studies will contribute to identifying fungal genetic factors that increase virulence and speed of kill and may help reveal tick chemistries that could be included in biocontrol formulations to increase efficacy. Methodologies developed to screen tick cuticle extracts for ability to support conidia germination and development may help in the selection of wild fungi with increased virulence against resistant ticks. The overall knowledge gained should contribute not only to the improvement of tick control but also to the control of other blood-sucking arthropods and related plant pests. Use of bio-based agents for controlling arthropods will contribute to a healthier, more sustainable environment and serve a growing number of organic food farmers.
10
Hansen, Peter J., Zvi Roth, and Jeremy J. Block. Improving oocyte competence in dairy cows exposed to heat stress. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598163.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Original Objectives. The overall goal is to develop methods to increase pregnancy rate in lactating dairy cows exposed to heat stress through methods that minimize damage to the oocyte and embryo caused by heat stress. Objectives were as follows: (1) examine the protective effects of melatonin on developmental competence of oocytes exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (2) test whether melatonin feeding can improve developmental competence of oocytes in vivo and, if so, whether effects are limited to the summer or also occur in the absence of heat stress; and (3) evaluate the effectiveness of improving fertility by facilitating follicular turnover in the summer and winter. Revised Objectives. (1) Examine protective effects of melatonin and follicular fluid on developmental competence of oocytes exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (2) examine the protective effects of melatonin on developmental competence of embryos exposed to elevated temperature in vitro; (3) evaluate effectiveness of improving fertility by administering human chorionicgonadotropin (hCG) to increase circulating concentrations of progesterone and evaluate whether response to hCG depends upon genotype for four mutations reported to be related to cow fertility; and (4) identify genes with allelic variants that increase resistance of embryos to heat shock. Background. The overall hypothesis is that pregnancy success is reduced by heat stress because of damage to the oocyte and cleavage-stage embryo mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), and that fertility can be improved by provision of antioxidants or by removing follicles containing oocytes damaged by heat stress. During the study, additional evidence from the literature indicated the potential importance of treatment with chorionicgonadotropin to increase fertility of heat- stressed cows and results from other studies in our laboratories implicated genotype as an important determinant of cow fertility. Thus, the project was expanded to evaluate hCG treatment and to identify whether fertility response to hCG depended upon single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes implicated as important for cow fertility. We also evaluated whether a SNP in a gene important for cellular resistance to heat stress (HSPA1L, a member of the heat shock protein 70 family) is important for embryonic resistance to elevated temperature. Major conclusions, solutions & achievements. Results confirmed that elevated temperature increases ROS production by the oocyte and embryo and that melatonin decreases ROS. Melatonin reduced, but did not completely block, damaging effects of heat shock on the oocyte and had no effect on development of the embryo. Melatonin was protective to the oocyte at 0.1-1 μM, a concentration too high to be achieved in cows. It was concluded that melatonin is unlikely to be a useful molecule for increasing fertility of heat-stressed cows. Treatment with hCG at day 5 after breeding increased first-service pregnancy rate for primiparous cows but not for multiparous cows. Thus, hCG could be useful for increasing fertility in first-parity cows. The effectiveness of hCG depended upon genotype for a SNP in COQ9, a gene encoding for a mitochondrial-function protein. This result points the way to future efforts to use genetic information to identify populations of cows for which hormone treatments will be effective or ineffective. The SNP in HSPA1L was related to embryonic survival after heat shock. Perhaps, genetic selection for mutations that increase cellular resistance to heat shock could be employed to reduce effects of heat stress on fertility. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. This project has resulted in abandonment of one possible approach to improve fertility of the heat-stressed cow (melatonin therapy) while also leading to a method for improving fertility of primiparous cows exposed to heat stress (hCG treatment) that can be implemented on farms today. Genetic studies have pointed the way to using genetic information to 1) tailor hormonal treatments to cow populations likely to respond favorably and 2) select animals whose embryos have superior resistance to elevated body temperatures.