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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 11 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "FACTORS CONTRIBUTION"

1

Palermo, Michele, Stefano Silvestri, Giada Gasparini, and Tomaso Trombetti. "Seismic Modal Contribution Factors." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 13, no. 10 (April 23, 2015): 2867–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-015-9757-7.

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2

Kumari, S. Ashwini, Saritha Devi, and K. Mayuri. "Family Factors and Academic Achievement: A Comparative Study of Residential School Children and Rural Government School Children." IRA International Journal of Education and Multidisciplinary Studies (ISSN 2455-2526) 7, no. 3 (June 24, 2017): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jems.v7.n3.p3.

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<div><p>The study compares the effects of family factors contributing to the High Academic Achievement of Private Residential School Children and Rural Government School Children. Children studying in selected private residential schools and rural government schools in IX and X classes with highest ranks (first 3-4 ranks) in the previous year were selected. Total sample comprised 240 children, 120 from each setting, 60 from IX class and 60 from X class. An Interview schedule was developed by the investigator for the children to know their perceptions about family contributing factors. The study concluded that children of Private Residential Schools and Rural Government Schools were average and similar in their perceptions regarding parental contributions for their Academic Achievement. High Parental Aspirations Expectations helped in high achievement in both groups but comparatively high in Private Residential School children. Whereas contribution of Siblings Relationship and Assistance of others was high in Rural Government School children and average in Private Residential School children. Coming to the gender and age variations in family contributing factors, there was significantly high parental contributions for Academic Achievement of boys than girls in private Residential schools and higher age group children of Rural Government schools have significantly more parental contribution for their Academic Achievement than lower age group children. Achievement in English was highly positively correlated with family’s Economic status in Private Residential schools. There was significant positive correlation between achievement in mathematics and parental contribution, achievement in science and Parental Aspirations in Rural Government School children.</p></div>
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3

Klemmer, Edmund T. "Some Successful Applications of Human Factors." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 5 (September 1986): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603000510.

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Much of the most successful applied human factors work is unknown outside of the groups which perform the studies because the work is done in an environment which reinforces direct contribution to the efforts of the employer rather than contributions to the professional literature. Propriety considerations often pose problems even when the author is willing to write papers for professional societies. The present paper briefly describes work done at the Bell Laboratories which had significant positive impact on products produced but which is little known to others. The work relates to products and services already released and none is now propriety. The purpose of describing these studies is to show the variety of approaches which have been successful and to demonstrate the potential contribution of applied human factors work. I have tried to give credit to the principal investigators in each study but, of course, there were many others who made contributions to each project.
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4

von Niman, Bruno, and Knut Nordby. "ETSI’s human factors contribution to eEurope." Universal Access in the Information Society 3, no. 1 (February 17, 2004): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10209-003-0080-8.

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5

Ko, Byoung-Goo, Eun-Hyung Cho, Jin-Seok Chae, and Ji-Hoon Lee. "Relative Contribution among Physical Fitness Factors Contributing to the Performance of Modern Pentathlon." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (May 3, 2021): 4880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094880.

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This study reveals the relationship between physical fitness factors and performance in modern pentathlon and identifies the contribution of each physical factor to overall performance. The physical fitness assessment data and the competition records collected by the Korean national team pentathletes for the years 2005 to 2019 were tracked. The correlation between the competition records and fitness factors was confirmed by correlation analysis. In addition, the physical factors affecting performance were identified through multiple regression analysis, and the average difference between national and international competitions was verified by t-test. The first result was that fencing, swimming, and horseback riding rankings were more relevant to the overall pentathlon performance score than the combined rankings in national competitions. In the international competitions, performance in the combined running and shooting event was more relevant than fencing, swimming, and horseback riding. Second, the basic fitness factors of grip strength and sergeant jump and the specific fitness factors of leg strength—left and right average flexor were correlated with overall pentathlon performance national competitions. However, in international competitions, sergeant jump, 20 m shuttle run, reaction time, lung capacity, and back strength were correlated (presented in high to low order). In terms of the specific fitness factors, relative (%BW) and absolute (Nm) leg strength—left and right average flexor, lower body anaerobic fatigue rate, half squat, relative (W/kg) and absolute (Watts) maximal lower body anaerobic power were correlated accordingly with overall pentathlon performance. Third, we analyzed the differences between average performance in national and international competitions. Only the combined running and shooting event out of the five modern pentathlon events showed a difference. Grip strength and relative leg strength—average extensor AP (%BW) appeared to be different among the physical fitness factors. Fourth, we examined the level of contribution of each of the fitness factors on overall performance. The model’s goodness of fit was confirmed, and grip strength was found to have a significant contribution on overall performance. Furthermore, the level of contribution was higher in the following order: relative leg strength—left and right average flexor (%BW), bench press, half squat, relative leg strength—average extensor AP(%BW), GXT—time to exhaustion, relative lower body anaerobic average power (W/kg), and maximal lactic acid concentration. With the 2020 Tokyo Olympics just around the corner, combined running and shooting performance appeared to be a decisive factor in the final ranking in modern pentathlon according to the analysis of the basic and specific fitness factors of pentathletes. The basic fitness factors are critical in order of sergeant jump, grip strength, reaction time, lung capacity, side-step, back strength, 20m shuttle run, sit-and-reach, sit-ups, and single leg standing. With respect to the specific fitness factors, relative leg strength—left and right average flexor (%BW), bench press, half squat, relative leg strength—average extensor AP (%BW), GXT—time to exhaustion, relative lower body anaerobic average power (W/kg), and maximal lactic acid concentration showed their relevance accordingly.
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6

Crăescu, Mihaela, Laura Rebegea, Elena Niculeț, Carmen Bobeica, and Alin Laurențiu Tatu. "Environmental factors’ contribution in skin cancer etiology." Annals of the ”Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle II, Mathematics, Physics, Theoretical Mechanics 43, no. 2 (December 26, 2020): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/ann-ugal-math-phys-mec.2020.2.14.

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Górski, F. "Contribution to the theory of limiting factors." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 22, no. 1 (2017): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1953.001.

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8

Ariyani, Dwi Fitria, and Lina Handayani. "Contribution Factors on Early Initiation of Breastfeeding." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 4, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v4i3.4732.

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One of the causes of high Infant Mortality Rate is the low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding. One of the supporting factors to exclusive breastfeeding is implementation of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (EIB). Mother’s knowledge and understanding about the EIB, as well as the role of birth attendants, especially midwives can be strongly support it’s the EIB. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between mother's knowledge, mother’s attitudes and midwife role with the implementation of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (EIB). The research was an observational analytic research employed cross sectional design. The subjects were maternity mothers who inpatient at Pulang Pisau Hospital in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The results showed that there were significant relationships between mother's knowledge, attitudes and midwife role with the Implementation of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding (EIB). Attitude was the most influenced variable to the EIB.
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9

Boffetta, Paolo, and Fredrik Nyberg. "Contribution of environmental factors to cancer risk." British Medical Bulletin 68, no. 1 (December 1, 2003): 71–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmp/ldg023.

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10

Deighton, C. M., J. Wentzel, G. Cavanagh, D. F. Roberts, and D. J. Walker. "Contribution of inherited factors to rheumatoid arthritis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 51, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.51.2.182.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "FACTORS CONTRIBUTION"

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Baldwin, Erin Jannett Maren. "Humor perception the contribution of cognitive factors /." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06172007-015744/.

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Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.
Title from file title page. Mary Morris, committee chair; Diana Robins, Erin McClure, Eric Vanman, committee members. Electronic text (137 p. : ill.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Nov. 6, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-106).
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2

Baldwin, Erin. "Humor Perception: The Contribution of Cognitive Factors." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/psych_diss/31.

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Most of the extant humor research has focused on humor comprehension with only a few studies investigating humor appreciation as a separate construct. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relation between humor and underlying cognitive processes. Literature on brain injured individuals has indicated that working memory, verbal and visual-spatial reasoning, cognitive flexibility, and concept formation are related to performance on comprehension tests of humor. In this study, cognitive processes underlying both verbal and nonverbal humor were investigated in a sample of healthy young adults. There is evidence that semantic and phonological humor are associated with different neural networks; therefore, both semantic and phonological humor were explored. Studies investigating physiological arousal and humor have indicated that arousal is necessary for the experience of humor. This suggests that the appreciation of humor may require the integration of cognitive and affective information, a process mediated by the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). Thus, a second goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between humor comprehension and appreciation and the VMPFC, by including experimental tasks that previously have been linked to VMPFC functioning. Participants included 94 undergraduate psychology students between the ages of 18 and 39 years. Participants watched film clips and listened to jokes. After the presentation of each joke and each film clip, they completed a humor comprehension/appreciation inventory developed for this study. They also completed measures assessing a range of cognitive abilities hypothesized to underlie humor perception. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that verbal reasoning was predictive of semantic humor comprehension, indicating that verbal reasoning is a core cognitive ability for the comprehension of jokes in which the humor depends on factors other than simple word play. Cognitive measures were not predictive of phonological humor comprehension or nonverbal humor comprehension. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that the indicators of VMPFC functioning did not correlate with either humor comprehension or humor appreciation and did not moderate the relation between humor comprehension and humor appreciation. Future research is necessary to elucidate the relationships between cognitive abilities and humor perception and to further explore the contribution of the VMPFC to humor appreciation.
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3

Korkmaz, Fettah. "Contribution Of Some Factors To Eighth Grade Students." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614953/index.pdf.

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Анотація:
CONTRIBUTION OF SOME FACTORS TO EIGHTH GRADE STUDENTS&rsquo
SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENT IN TURKEY: TIMSS 2007 KORKMAZ, Fettah M. S., Department of Secondary Science and Mathematics Education Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ö
mer GEBAN September 2012, 120 pages The purpose of this study is to determine some of the factors that affect science achievement of eighth grade students in Turkey based on data results of Trends in International Science and Mathematics Study (TIMSS 2007). The present study investigated the relationship between the students&rsquo
achievement in science and certain factors such as student centered activities perceived by students, teacher centered activities perceived by students, students
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4

Ivansson, Emma. "Contribution of Immunogenetic Factors in Susceptibility to Cervical Cancer." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för genetik och patologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9552.

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Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Persistent infection by an oncogenic type of human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary but not sufficient cause and there is also a genetic component. This thesis aims to identify host genetic risk factors for cervical cancer based on the hypothesis that susceptibility is affected by genetic variation in the immune response towards HPV infection. Paper I analyzed allergy in sons and cervical cancer in their mothers, and revealed an inverse association between cervical cancer and allergy across generations. Mothers of allergic sons have a lower incidence of cervical cancer, supporting the importance of immunogenetic factors. Paper II investigated the HPV type in 1079 women diagnosed 1965-1993. All women were from families with at least two affected. It appeared that HPV 16 was becoming less common with time. There was no evidence that related women were prone to infection by the same type, indicating that the immunogenetic factors act in a general, rather than an HPV type specific, manner. Paper III and IV analysed the association of candidate genes with susceptibility to cervical cancer in 1306 women with cervical cancer in situ and 288 unrelated controls. Paper III showed the association of variation in the two immune response genes chemokine receptor 2 (CCR-2) and interleukin 4 receptor (IL-4R) with cervical cancer. In paper IV variation at several loci in the MHC region was studied and the importance of the HLA class II locus DQB1 emphasized. This thesis work supports the contribution of genes of the immune system to cervical cancer susceptibility. The genetic risk factors so far identified account for only a part of the genetic susceptibility, which implies that other yet undiscovered variants of importance remain to be identified.
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5

Sufian, Raza Sabbir. "DISCONNECTED-SEA QUARKS CONTRIBUTION TO NUCLEON ELECTROMAGNETIC FORM FACTORS." UKnowledge, 2017. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/physastron_etds/49.

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We present comprehensive analysis of the light and strange disconnected-sea quarks contribution to the nucleon electric and magnetic form factors. The lattice QCD estimates of strange quark magnetic moment GsM (0) = −0.064(14)(09) μN and the mean squared charge radius ⟨r2s⟩E = −0.0043(16)(14) fm2 are more precise than any existing experimental measurements and other lattice calculations. The lattice QCD calculation includes ensembles across several lattice volumes and lattice spacings with one of the ensembles at the physical pion mass. We have performed a simultaneous chiral, infinite volume, and continuum extrapolation in a global fit to calculate results in the continuum limit. We find that the combined light-sea and strange quarks contribution to the nucleon magnetic moment is−0.022(11)(09) μN and to the nucleon mean square charge radius is −0.019(05)(05) fm2. The most important outcome of this lattice QCD calculation is that while the combined light-sea and strange quarks contribution to the nucleon magnetic moment is small at about 1%, a negative 2.5(9)% contribution to the proton charge radius and a relatively larger positive 16.3(6.1)% contribution to the neutron charge radius come from the sea quarks in the nucleon. For the first time, by performing global fits, we also give predictions of the light-sea and strange quarks contributions to the nucleon electric and magnetic form factors at the physical point and in the continuum and infinite volume limits in the momentum transfer range of 0 ≤ Q2 ≤ 0.5 GeV2.
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6

Seigne, Elizabeth. "Contribution of personality factors to bullying in the workplace." Thesis, University of Hull, 2002. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8470.

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Although many studies have investigated the contributing factors of workplace bullying, most have focussed on organisational factors, and few have explored the notion of personality as a contributory factor. This thesis represents an attempt to remedy this deficiency and to throw some light on the role played by personality. This thesis is based on three main studies and is divided into six main sections: The first explores the literature of bullying behaviour and personality; the second examines the antecedents of workplace bullying; the third and fourth sections explore the notion of a victim and bully profile respectively; the fifth section examines bullying at an organisational level, and the sixth section includes a final discussion of findings in this thesis. Chapter One of the literature review is divided into three parts, with the first part concerned with the various definitions of the behaviour, the second part surveys what is known about bullying in schools for the light it might throw on adult bullying practices, and the third part examines earlier work on bullying in the workplace. Chapter Two is concerned with the literature on personality variables in connection with bullying, and whether it is possible to find a personality profile for victims and for bullies. In the third chapter the results from a pilot study are presented, the first to be conducted in Ireland. It examines results obtained from 30 self-selected victims, who were interviewed and given a personality test (Cattells' 16PF5). Factors contributing to bullying and the effects of bullying were explored, as were the victims' personality and their perception of the situation. Organisational factors such as stressful and hostile working environments, also the senior position of bullies, their aggressive behaviour and personality were cited by victims as reasons for being bullied. Most victims reported psychological effects ranging from anxiety to fear, and physical effects ranging from disturbed sleep to behavioural effects such as eating disorders. In relation to personality, many victims felt they were different, and were found to be anxious, apprehensive, sensitive, and emotionally unstable. Action taken by victims ranged from consulting personnel to taking early retirement. The aim of the investigation reported in Chapter Four was to extend the pilot study and to attempt to make up for its limitations. Thus, a control group of non-victims was employed, the number of respondents was increased, interviews were conducted in the workplace, and a revised interview schedule and a more appropriate personality test was included. The sample comprised 60 victims and 60 non-victims, employees from two large organisations in Dublin. Both samples responded to a semi-structured questionnaire and completed the ICES Personality inventory (Bartram, 1994; 1998). Results showed that victims were less independent and extraverted, more unstable and more conscientious than non-victims. The results strongly suggested that personality does play a role in workplace bullying and that personality traits may give an indication of those in an organisation who are most likely to be bullied. In an extension to the main enquiry, the history of respondents with regard to their experience of bullying at school was examined. Four groups were formed: (1) those who had been bullied both at school and at work, (2) those who had been bullied at work, but not at school (3) those who had been bullied at school but not at work, and (4) those who had not been bullied at school or at work. The test results from each group showed that the victim profile was most marked for Group One; Group Four were nonvictims throughout their lives; Group Three also produced non-victim profiles; Group Two were most similar to Group One. In interpreting these findings it is tentatively suggested that Group Three (those without the typical personality characteristics of a victim) were able to shrug off the bullying they experienced at school, whilst Group Two had possibly escaped bullying at school because of the support available to them from family and friends, and from being team members of school debating societies and sports teams, support that was no longer available when they were adults. A subsidiary pilot study of Chapter Four re-assessed victims with additional tests of the Interpersonal Behavioural Survey (IBS) (Manger, Adkinson, Zoss, Firestone & Hook, 1980) and the Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventories, second edition (CFSEI-2) (Battle, 1992). Results indicated that again, victims had high dependency and in addition, low self-esteem and direct aggression, poor assertiveness, and a tendency to denial and to avoiding conflict. Chapter Five represents an attempt to examine the personality characteristics of bullies, using the ICES and ms and a behavioural workplace questionnaire (BWQ). Although it proved difficult to obtain a large enough sample of bullies, findings were encouraging. Bullies proved to be aggressive hostile individuals, high in extraversion and independence. They were egocentric and selfish, without much concern for other's opinions. Most bullies said that they themselves had been bullied at work. Chapter Six extends the personality profiles of bullies and victims to consider their behaviour at an organisational level. Central to this chapter is an analysis of three case studies that serve to illustrate the view that it is a combination of personality and factors peculiar to the organisation that leads to institutional bullying. Case analyses revealed that hostile working environments tend to act as a trigger to release, for example, inherent aggression in bullies and inherent anxiety in victims. Findings suggest that bullying can be tolerated in organisations as long as it helps to achieve one or more goals of that organisation. Chapter Seven is devoted to a final discussion of the main findings, to suggest areas forfurther research, and to recommend policies to deal with bullying.
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7

Vorontsova, Natasha. "Cognitive factors maintaining persecutory delusions in psychosis : the contribution of depression." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2012. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cognitive-factors-maintaining-persecutory-delusions-in-psychosis(51b7c144-b811-4d72-8b82-df06a0d72c79).html.

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Анотація:
Persecutory delusions are one of the most common and distressing symptoms of psychosis. Many studies indicate an association of persecutory delusions with depression. A direct role for depression-related cognitive factors in the maintenance of persecutory delusions has not been systematically examined, despite such processes being implicated in a cognitive model. To determine whether depression in people with persecutory delusions is associated with the same cognitive factors implicated in major depressive disorder, and to examine these factors as predictors of the persistence of persecutory delusions over time. A systematic literature review formed the basis of two linked studies: one cross-sectional and one longitudinal. In the first study, 60 participants with persecutory delusions and schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses were classified into two groups, according to whether or not they met ICD-10 criteria for major depression. Assessments were made of delusions, depression and key cognitive factors from the literature: schematic beliefs, avoidance, rumination, memory specificity and problem solving. The groups’ scores were compared, and the same comparisons were made between 30 participants with non-psychotic depression and 30 non-clinical controls. For the second study, 54 participants with delusions were re¬assessed six months later, and predictors of symptom persistence were examined. 50% of participants with persecutory delusions met diagnostic criteria for major depression. With baseline paranoia levels controlled, higher baseline depression predicted higher paranoia six months later. Negative schematic beliefs about the self and problem solving deficits predicted the persistence of both paranoia and depression over time. Coexisting depression predicts the persistence of persecutory delusions, suggesting a causal association. Trials are warranted of depression-related therapeutic techniques for people with delusions, including those that target negative schematic beliefs about the self. An improved understanding of the mechanisms that maintain paranoid beliefs can enable the development of better treatments.
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Brien, Gabriel T. (Gabriel Thomas). "Contribution of environmental factors to crop yield variation in the US." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111516.

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Анотація:
Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 68-71).
The magnitude of crop production per unit area has increased in the US in the last 50 years due to the green revolution (Femandez-Comejo, 2004). Yet, even with these increases, there is still variability in crop yield that is present in modem, intensive agricultural systems (Porter and Semenov, 2005). This variability has a negative effect on food security which depends on a minimum amount of food being available at a given point in time. By definition, food cannot be secure unless it is guaranteed to a certain level (Maxwell, 1996). Hence, an understanding of crop yield variability is essential to the question of food security. Using a linear mixed effects analysis for a particular US state and a particular crop, environmental factors that affect variability were shown, in both irrigated and rainfed crop situations to explain over 80% of yield variance. The variance was linked to two major factors: daily air temperature and soil moisture. For rainfed yield, temperature effects explained 40% of the yield variance while soil moisture explained 43% of yield variance. For irrigated yield temperature effects explained 87% of the yield variance. The results suggest that yield variance occurs from variation in the season averages, and in specific points in the growing season, for the major factors highlighted. This assessment is confirmed by moisture and temperature sensitivity characteristics of the crop in question. It is shown by exploratory, time series, and spatial analysis that low yield observations have contrasts in growing season conditions both during key crop reproduction periods and over the entire season. Herein it is argued that variation in temperature effects and moisture have the highest effect on crop yield particularly when they occur during the reproductive phase of the plant.
by Gabriel T. Brien.
M. Eng.
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9

Al-Zubiedi, Sameh A. "Investigating warfarin variabilty : the contribution of clinical, genetic, and enviromental factors." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501741.

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Анотація:
Warfarin is the most widely used oral anticoagulant for the prevention and treatment of various cardiovascular diseases. However, its complications represent an important clinical problem. The drug has a very low therapeutic index and there is significant interpatient and inter-iscmer variability in both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics; these are affected by a large number of genetic and non-genetic factors. Genetic variation in CYP2C9 and VKORCl has been most extensively studied in relation to warfarin dose requirements.
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10

McKinnon, Loretta Carmen. "The contribution of psychosocial factors to socioeconomic differences in food purchasing." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60893/1/Loretta_McKinnon_Thesis.pdf.

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Анотація:
In developed countries the relationship between socioeconomic position (SEP) and health is unequivocal. Those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged are known to experience higher morbidity and mortality from a range of chronic diet-related conditions compared to those of higher SEP. Socioeconomic inequalities in diet are well established. Compared to their more advantaged counterparts, those of low SEP are consistently found to consume diets less consistent with dietary guidelines (i.e. higher in fat, salt and sugar and lower in fibre, fruit and vegetables). Although the reasons for dietary inequalities remain unclear, understanding how such differences arise is important for the development of strategies to reduce health inequalities. Both environmental (e.g. proximity of supermarkets, price, and availability of foods) and psychosocial (e.g. taste preference, nutrition knowledge) influences are proposed to account for inequalities in food choices. Although in the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and parts of Australia, environmental factors are associated with socioeconomic differences in food choices, these factors do not completely account for the observed inequalities. Internationally, this context has prompted calls for further exploration of the role of psychological and social factors in relation to inequalities in food choices. It is this task that forms the primary goal of this PhD research. In the small body of research examining the contribution of psychosocial factors to inequalities in food choices, studies have focussed on food cost concerns, nutrition knowledge or health concerns. These factors are generally found to be influential. However, since a range of psychosocial factors are known determinants of food choices in the general population, it is likely that a range of factors also contribute to inequalities in food choices. Identification of additional psychosocial factors of relevance to inequalities in food choices would provide new opportunities for health promotion, including the adaption of existing strategies. The methodological features of previous research have also hindered the advancement of knowledge in this area and a lack of qualitative studies has resulted in a dearth of descriptive information on this topic. This PhD investigation extends previous research by assessing a range of psychosocial factors in relation to inequalities in food choices using both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Secondary data analyses were undertaken using data obtained from two Brisbane-based studies, the Brisbane Food Study (N=1003, conducted in 2000), and the Sixty Families Study (N=60, conducted in 1998). Both studies involved main household food purchasers completing an interviewer-administered survey within their own home. Data pertaining to food-purchasing, and psychosocial, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were collected in each study. The mutual goals of both the qualitative and quantitative phases of this investigation were to assess socioeconomic differences in food purchasing and to identify psychosocial factors relevant to any observed differences. The quantitative methods then additionally considered whether the associations examined differed according to the socioeconomic indicator used (i.e. income or education). The qualitative analyses made a unique contribution to this project by generating detailed descriptions of socioeconomic differences in psychosocial factors. Those with lower levels of income and education were found to make food purchasing choices less consistent with dietary guidelines compared to those of high SEP. The psychosocial factors identified as relevant to food-purchasing inequalities were: taste preferences, health concerns, health beliefs, nutrition knowledge, nutrition concerns, weight concerns, nutrition label use, and several other values and beliefs unique to particular socioeconomic groups. Factors more tenuously or inconsistently related to socioeconomic differences in food purchasing were cost concerns, and perceived adequacy of the family diet. Evidence was displayed in both the quantitative and qualitative analyses to suggest that psychosocial factors contribute to inequalities in food purchasing in a collective manner. The quantitative analyses revealed that considerable overlap in the socioeconomic variation in food purchasing was accounted for by key psychosocial factors of importance, including taste preference, nutrition concerns, nutrition knowledge, and health concerns. Consistent with these findings, the qualitative transcripts demonstrated the interplay between such influential psychosocial factors in determining food-purchasing choices. The qualitative analyses found socioeconomic differences in the prioritisation of psychosocial factors in relation to food choices. This is suggestive of complex cultural factors that distinguish advantaged and disadvantaged groups and result in socioeconomically distinct schemas related to health and food choices. Compared to those of high SEP, those of lower SEP were less likely to indicate that health concerns, nutrition concerns, or food labels influenced food choices, and exhibited lower levels of nutrition knowledge. In the absence of health or nutrition-related concerns, taste preferences tended to dominate the food purchasing choices of those of low SEP. Overall, while cost concerns did not appear to be a main determinant of socioeconomic differences in food purchasing, this factor had a dominant influence on the food choices of some of the most disadvantaged respondents included in this research. The findings of this study have several implications for health promotion. The integrated operation of psychosocial factors on food purchasing inequalities indicates that multiple psychosocial factors may be appropriate to target in health promotion. It also seems possible that the inter-relatedness of psychosocial factors would allow health promotion targeting a single psychosocial factor to have a flow-on affect in terms of altering other influential psychosocial factors. This research also suggests that current mass marketing approaches to health promotion may not be effective across all socioeconomic groups due to differences in the priorities and main factors of influence in food purchasing decisions across groups. In addition to the practical recommendations for health promotion, this investigation, through the critique of previous research, and through the substantive study findings, has highlighted important methodological considerations for future research. Of particular note are the recommendations pertaining to the selection of socioeconomic indicators, measurement of relevant constructs, consideration of confounders, and development of an analytical approach. Addressing inequalities in health has been noted as a main objective by many health authorities and governments internationally. It is envisaged that the substantive and methodological findings of this thesis will make a useful contribution towards this important goal.
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Книги з теми "FACTORS CONTRIBUTION"

1

Summerhayes, Stuart. Design risk management: Contribution to health and safety. Chichester, U.K: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

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Summerhayes, Stuart. Design risk management: Contribution to health and safety. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Blackwell, 2010.

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Summerhayes, Stuart. Design contribution to health and safety management. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Blackwell, 2010.

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Summerhayes, Stuart. Design risk management: Contribution to health and safety. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Blackwell, 2010.

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Summerhayes, Stuart. Design risk management: Contribution to health abnd safety. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K: Blackwell, 2010.

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Dowd, Rose. An investigation into factors that encourage and factors that discourage parental contribution to the statutory assessmentprocess. London: UEL, 1995.

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Sinarinzi, E. Contribution de la météorologie à l'évaluation de l'énergie solaire au Burundi. Gitega [Burundi]: Institut géographique du Burundi, 1997.

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Landy, Sarah. Understanding the contribution of multiple risk factors on child development at various ages. Hull, Quebec: Applied Research Branch, Strategic Policy, Human Resources Development Canada, 1998.

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University of Liverpool. Department of Psychology. Safety Research Unit. and Great Britain. Health and Safety Executive., eds. The contribution of attitudinal and management factors to risk in the chemical industry. Sudbury: Health and Safety Executive, 1996.

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Kathleen, Healy, and Facey Sarah, eds. Contributing factors. Chester, NS: Bryler Publications, 2011.

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Частини книг з теми "FACTORS CONTRIBUTION"

1

Westerman, S. J., and G. R. J. Hockey. "Human Factors in Safety-Critical Systems: An underestimated contribution?" In Safe Comp 96, 311–21. London: Springer London, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0937-2_27.

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Yoshida, Yutaka, and Hayato Ohwada. "Identifying Important Factors for Future Contribution of Wikipedia Editors." In Knowledge Management and Acquisition for Intelligent Systems, 285–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32541-0_25.

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Bladfält, Sanna Lohilahti, Camilla Grane, and Peter Bengtsson. "Gear Shifter Design – Lack of Dedicated Positions and the Contribution to Cognitive Load and Inattention." In Advances in Human Factors of Transportation, 487–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20503-4_44.

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Siegemund, A., T. Siegemund, U. Scholz, S. Petros, and L. Engelmann. "Different Thrombotic Risk Factors — Contribution to the Endogenous Thrombin Potential." In 33rd Hemophilia Symposium, 257–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18260-0_41.

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Tripathi, Amarnath. "Agricultural Vulnerability to Climate Change: Contribution of Socio-economic Factors." In Global Change, Ecosystems, Sustainability: Theory, Methods, Practice, 165–73. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9789353280284.n14.

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Duncan, Hilary D., and Natalie A. Phillips. "The contribution of bilingualism to cognitive reserve in healthy aging and dementia." In Bilingualism across the lifespan: Factors moderating language proficiency., 305–22. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14939-017.

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Gerber, Nina, and Alina Stöver. "From the Privacy Calculus to Crossing the Rubicon: An Introduction to Theoretical Models of User Privacy Behavior." In Human Factors in Privacy Research, 11–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28643-8_2.

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AbstractSeveral theories and behavioral models aiming to explain user privacy behavior, including the privacy paradox, have been proposed in the literature. In this chapter, we give an introduction to the behavioral models that are most frequently used in privacy research, as well as those that originate in other contexts but nevertheless have the potential to make a meaningful contribution to explaining user privacy behavior. We further discuss to what extent the behavioral models help us to explain and predict privacy behaviors. The renowned privacy calculus model, for example, falls short in this respect since it remains unclear which consequences are evaluated by the user, whereas other models such as the theory of planned behavior can offer novel insights when combined with models such as HAPA or COM-B that are so far unfathomed in the context of privacy research.
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Zink, Klaus J., and Klaus Fischer. "Human Factors and Ergonomics: Contribution to Sustainability and Decent Work in Global Supply Chains." In Ergonomics and Human Factors for a Sustainable Future, 243–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8072-2_10.

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Ahmed, Ishtiaq. "Historical Factors That Shaped Punjab's Significant Role in the Music of South Asian Cinema." In Pre-Partition Punjab’s Contribution to Indian Cinema, 30–33. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003406266-5.

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Liaskos, Sotirios, and Wisal Tambosi. "Factors Affecting Comprehension of Contribution Links in Goal Models: An Experiment." In Conceptual Modeling, 525–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33223-5_43.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "FACTORS CONTRIBUTION"

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Rétauxa, Xavier, and Gaetan Bourmaud. "The Contribution of Ergonomics to Accessibility." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001325.

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Physical accessibility can be defined as what is possible in terms of movements in the environment, and of knowledge (spatial orientation and communication) and the use of equipment. An examination of the different professional practices currently used in relation to accessibility shows that several approaches seem to co-exist. Some of these are highly fallible and even constitute obstacles that need to be overcome. Therefore, this paper proposes a constructive approach to accessibility, which considers space as a resource for the subject who uses it, before making several proposals, which are simultaneously theoretical and methodological..
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Babich, Ronald. "Strange quark contribution to nucleon form factors." In The XXV International Symposium on Lattice Field Theory. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.042.0139.

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FRIES, R. J., V. M. BRAUN, A. LENZ, N. MAHNKE, and E. STEIN. "SOFT CONTRIBUTION TO THE NUCLEON ELECTROMAGNETIC FORM FACTORS." In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Structure of Baryons. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812704887_0040.

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Zhu, Haiyi, Amy Zhang, Jiping He, Robert E. Kraut, and Aniket Kittur. "Effects of peer feedback on contribution." In CHI '13: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2481311.

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Zimmerman, John, Aaron Steinfeld, Anthony Tomasic, and Oscar J. Romero. "Recentering Reframing as an RtD Contribution." In CHI '22: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517789.

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Liang, Ao, Hao Zhang, and Haiyang Hua. "Point Cloud Saliency Maps Based on Non-Contribution Factors." In CCRIS'22: 2022 3rd International Conference on Control, Robotics and Intelligent System. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3562007.3562045.

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Barbieri, C. "Contribution to the Wednesday afternoon discussion on spectroscopic factors." In REACTION MECHANISMS FOR RARE ISOTOPE BEAMS: 2nd Argonne/MSU/JINA/INT RIA Workshop. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2114693.

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Matos.., Demétrio, António Marques Pinho, Ana Margarida Ferreira, and João Paulo Martins. "Contribution of Design in the Developmental Process of External Prosthetic Medical Devices." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100825.

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Aware of the importance of systemic and multidisciplinary approaches to the development of a new product but also of the synergy of variables and dimensions such as formal-aesthetic, emotional, and usability for its success and for the decision of buying, an active research based on user-centered design methods was carried out. We are seeking to find and validate, through methods such as literary review, direct observation, surveys, interviews and by designing and prototyping a new product, the variables and their relations so that issues such as user needs, as a whole, and organizational expectations, among others, be considered in the design phase. The project chosen to validate this research aims to optimize endoskeleton prosthesis for lower limb and therefore the quality of life for amputees. In the first methodological moment, i.e. analysis, several variables related to shortcomings of the current products and possible improvements were identified through interaction with users. With these data it is hoped to surpass the kind of devices limited to reproduce a walking cycle and obtain effective solutions both for the initial phase of rehabilitation as for the further active life of the patient.
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Romera, L., and S. Hernandez. "An improved technique for modal contribution factors of dynamic responses." In 40th Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1999-1242.

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MAAS, F. E. "THE STRANGENESS CONTRIBUTION TO THE FORM FACTORS OF THE NUCLEON." In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on the Structure of Baryons. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812704887_0014.

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Звіти організацій з теми "FACTORS CONTRIBUTION"

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Attwood. PR-339-093702-R03 Human Factors Influences on Pipeline Damage Milestone 2 Identify and Define Issues. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010700.

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The members of the Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) have identified Human Factors (HF) as a major component influencing the number and severity of pipeline damage incidents. PRCI has initiated a two-year program whose objectives include: A) Understand the contribution of HF to pipeline damage from all sources (i.e., first, secondand third party contributions) B) Identify the most important Human Factors involved in pipeline damage Recommend HF interventions for the high priority issues that will reduce damage incidents C) Propose next steps to implement these high priority interventions and to monitor their performance D) The final project deliverable is a Guide that will identify practical ways to address potentially adverse effects of HF on the performance of damage prevention measures, including examples of how they can be implemented and continuously improved. During the period 2009 to 2010, the project will complete six milestones, including: 1. Review available Human Factors literature (2009) 2. Identify and define issues (2009) 3. Categorize and prioritize issues (2010) 4. Develop intervention strategies (2010) 5. Propose next steps to implement strategies (2010) 6. Develop guide to use HF for damage prevention (2010) This report documents the results of Milestone 2, Identify and Define Issues. Appendices posted seperate
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Prusky, Dov, Lisa Vaillancourt, and Robert Fluhr. Host Ammonification by Postharvest Pathogens and its Contribution to Fungal Colonization and Symptom Development. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7592640.bard.

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Postharvest decay of fruits and vegetables caused by pathogenic and saprophytic fungi significantly impairs the quality and quantity of fresh produce brought to market. Consequently, there is considerable interest in identifying factors that determine the susceptibility of these commodities to pathogen infection. Insidious postharvest decays remain quiescent during fruit growth and harvest, but activate during the postharvest period. A key response to the physiological changes occurring during fruit ripening is the initiation of ammonium secretion by the pathogen. Ammonium ions at the infection site (ammonification) have subsequent effects on both the pathogen and the host. An accompanying alkalinization process resulting from ammonia accumulation contributes to pathogenicity, since some important fungal virulence factors, (such as pectate lyase in Colletotrichum sp.), are significantly expressed only under alkaline conditions. In this proposal, investigated the mechanisms by which ammonification and alkalinization of infected tissues by the pathogen affect the host’s defense response to fungal attack, and instead increase compatibility during postharvest pathogen-host interactions. Our hypotheses were:1) that host signals, including ripening-related changes, induce secretion of ammonia by the pathogen; 2) that ammonia accumulation, and the resultant environmental alkalinization regulate the expression of fungal virulence genes that are essential for postharvest rot development; 3) that ammonification enhanced fungal colonization, by “suppression of host responses”, including production of reactive oxygen species, activation of superoxide, and polyphenol oxidase production. Our objectives were: to analyze: 1) factor(s) which activate the production and secretion of ammonia by the fungus; 2) fungal gene(s) that play role(s) in the ammonification process; 3) the relationship between ammonification and the activation of host defense response(s) during pathogen colonization; and 4) analyze hostgene expression in alkalinized regions of fruits attacked by hemibiotrophic fungi.
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3

Ravazdezh, Faezeh, Julio A. Ramirez, and Ghadir Haikal. Improved Live Load Distribution Factors for Use in Load Rating of Older Slab and T-Beam Reinforced Concrete Bridges. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317303.

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This report describes a methodology for demand estimate through the improvement of load distribution factors in reinforced concrete flat-slab and T-beam bridges. The proposed distribution factors are supported on three-dimensional (3D) Finite Element (FE) analysis tools. The Conventional Load Rating (CLR) method currently in use by INDOT relies on a two-dimensional (2D) analysis based on beam theory. This approach may overestimate bridge demand as the result of neglecting the presence of parapets and sidewalks present in these bridges. The 3D behavior of a bridge and its response could be better modeled through a 3D computational model by including the participation of all elements. This research aims to investigate the potential effect of railings, parapets, sidewalks, and end-diaphragms on demand evaluation for purposes of rating reinforced concrete flat-slab and T-beam bridges using 3D finite element analysis. The project goal is to improve the current lateral load distribution factor by addressing the limitations resulting from the 2D analysis and ignoring the contribution of non-structural components. Through a parametric study of the slab and T-beam bridges in Indiana, the impact of selected parameters on demand estimates was estimated, and modifications to the current load distribution factors in AASHTO were proposed.
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Coulson, Wendy, and James McCarthy. PR-312-16202-R02 GHG Emission Factor Development for Natural Gas Compressors. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011488.

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The U.S. EPA Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reporting Program (GHGRP) requires compressor stations and underground storage facilities to measure compressor vent, rod packing, and seal emissions for facilities subject to 40 CFR, Part 98, Subpart W. The objective of the project is to gather and evaluate 2011 - 2016 Subpart W compressor vent and seal methane emissions data from site measurements, and present final results of an analysis to develop methane Emission Factors (EFs) based on these data. The EFs and analysis of relative contribution from different sources can be used: (1) as alternatives to current emission factors for compressor methane emissions used for Transmission and Storage (T and S) operations in EPA's annual GHG inventory; (2) to provide an EF based emission estimate for Subpart W that replaces ongoing annual GHGRP vent measurements; and (3) to document the relative contribution of different compressor leak/seal sources and support alternative leak mitigation strategies. Comparisons of the EPA Annual GHG Inventory EFs to Subpart W based EFs in this report show consistently lower compressor emissions than estimates based on historical data or reports. Large leaks, which stem from less than 3% of the compressor measurements, increase the EFs by 26% to 194%, thus greatly impacting the EF results. Alternative EFs are provided for transmission and storage compressor methane emissions.
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Wilmott, Martyn, and Weixing Chen. PR-261-9710-R01 Assessment of the Aggressiveness of Various Type of Soil Towards Low PH SCC. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012137.

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Environmental cracking processes are caused by the synergistic interaction of a corrosive environment and applied service stress (mechanical contribution) with a susceptible pipeline material. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is one form of environmental cracking. Current understanding of the processes associated with SCC suggests that cracks proceed through a continuum of events leading to final failure. In the "life" of a crack, cracks initiate, proceed through a period of growth, link with other cracks to produce a critical defect size that can then cause the failure of the pipeline. The relative contributions of environmental, mechanical, and material factors will depend on where a crack is in its "life". The objectives of the project are to improve the understanding of the role of the local soil environment in the development and growth of neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of line pipe steels and to develop a risk-based model to help prioritize SCC site selection based on soil classification.
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Floyd, Jason, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Analysis of a Near Miss in a Garden Apartment Fire – Georgia 2022. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/rsfd6862.

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On February 9, 2022, Cobb County Fire and Emergency Services responded to a fire in a ground floor unit in a garden apartment building. At arrival, the fire was a post-flashover fire in a bedroom. Initial fire control was attempted by an interior fire attack team which was unable to quickly locate the fire. Exterior suppression through the bedroom window was started prior to discovery of the fire by the interior team. Shortly after fire discovery by the internal team, a mayday was called. Four firefighters from the interior fire attack team received first and second degree burns. This report analyzes photographic, video, and written documentation from the incident to evaluate the timeline of the incident and to assess the fire conditions present. Computer modeling using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) was performed to provide further insight into the fire conditions and the impact of decisions and actions on the fire ground. Additionally, data from a full scale fire test of a similar fire in a similar structure was used to provide additional insight. Four FDS simulations were performed in support of the analysis. These included a simulation of the event as it unfolded and three simulations looking at the impact of alternate tactics which included: initial exterior attack prior to entry, the use of a smoke curtain to protect the building exit path, and interior only attack. FDS simulations provided insight on the heat present in the apartment during the fire and the impact of the interior and exterior suppression on conditions inside the apartment. Full scale test data of a similar fire showed similar behavior to the FDS predictions and gives credence to the FDS results. Results of the analysis suggest that injuries resulted from the length of time the interior attack team was present inside the apartment before actions were taken to reduce the severity of the fire. Six contributing factors were identified including size-up, communication and accountability, delayed exterior attack, lack of entry hall protection, the apartment layout and construction, thermal imager use, and mayday procedures and training. The last contributing factor was a positive contribution that helped avoid more serious injuries. Based on the contributing factors, five recommendations were made that include improved size-up, exterior fire control to prevent exterior spread, protection of exit pathways, basing fire ground tactics on known information, and recognizing when a change in tactics is needed.
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Lindow, Steven, Yedidya Gafni, Shulamit Manulis, and Isaac Barash. Role and In situ Regulation of Growth Regulators Produced in Plant-Microbe Interactions by Erwinia herbicola. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561059.bard.

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The main objective of this work was to gain a better understanding of how some strains of Erwinia herbicola have evolved into serious plant pathogens while also commonly existing as epiphytes on the surface of healthy plants. The focus of our studies was to determine the nature of, and regulation, of virulence factors, including the phytohormones IAA and cytokinins, which are encoded on a large plasmid (pPATH) found in gall-forming strains of this species. In addition, the in situ regulation and contribution to epiphytic fitness of a second, chromosomal, IAA biosynthetic locus (ipdC) was determined to ascertain the relative contribution of the two redundant IAA-biosynthetic pathways to the biology of E. herbicola. Genes (pre-etz and etz) conferring production of cytokinins were clustered immediately 3' of the iaaM and iaaH genes conferring IAA boisynthesis on pPATH. A new insertion-like element, IS1327, was also found immediately 3' of etz on pPATH, suggesting that these virulence factors were all introduced onto pPATH from another pathogenic bacterium. Mutants of E. herbicola in which etz, iaaH, and iaaM, but not ipdC, were disrupted caused smaller galls to form on gypsophila plants. In contrast, ipdC but not iaaH or iaaM mutants of E. herbicola exhibited reduced ability to grow and survive on plant surfaces. Transcription of ipdC was induced when cells were on plants compared to in culture, suggesting that idpC may play a selective role in fitness on leaves.
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Shtienberg, Dan, William Fry, Amos Dinoor, Thomas Zitter, and Uzi Kafkafi. Reduction in Pesticide Use in Plant Disease Control by Integration of Chemical and Non-Chemical Factors. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613027.bard.

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The long term goal of this research project was to improve control efficiency of Alternaria diseases while reducing fungicide use, by integration of chemical and non-chemical factors. Non-chemical factors were genotype resistance, age-related resistance and fertilizers. The Specific objectives were: 1) To quantify changes in resistance among genotypes and over time in terms of disease development and specific phases of the disease cycle; 2) To quantify the effects of fertilizers applied to the foliage alone, or in combination with a fungicide, on disease development; 3) To quantify the relative contribution of genotype resistance, age-related resistance and fungicide type to the reduction of disease development; 4) To develop a strategy for integration of chemical and non-chemical factors which will achieve optimal disease suppression. The influence of physiological age of cotton plants and of the individual leaves, on disease incidence and on the rate of lesion expansion of A. macrospora was examined on leaves sampled from the field. Both parameters increased with the physiological age of individual leaves but were not affected by the age of the whole plant. The hypothesis that enrichment of the foliage with nitrogen and potassium may enhance host resistance to Alternaria and thus reduce disease severity, was examined for potato and tomato (A. solani ) and for cotton (A. macrospora ). Under controlled environment conditions, application of urea or KNO3 resulted in some reduction in disease development; however, foliar application of both nutrients (8-10 sprays in total) did not affect Alternaria severity in the field. Systemic fungicides against Alternaria (e.g. , tebuconazole and difenoconazole) are more effective than the commonly used protectant fungicides (e.g. mancozeb and chlorothalonil). Concepts for the integration of genotype resistance, age-related resistances and fungicide for the suppression of Alternaria diseases were developed and evaluated. It was found that reduction in host resistance, with age and among genotypes, can be compensated for by adjusting the intensity of fungicide applications, i.e. by increasing the frequency of sprays and by spraying systemic fungicides towards the end of the season. In, moderately resistant cultivars protection can be achieved by spraying at longer intervals than susceptible cultivars. The concepts for integration were evaluated in field trials for cotton, potatoes and tomatoes. By following these concepts it was possible to save up to five sprays out of 8-10 in a growing season.
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9

Fallik, Elazar, Robert Joly, Ilan Paran, and Matthew A. Jenks. Study of the Physiological, Molecular and Genetic Factors Associated with Postharvest Water Loss in Pepper Fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7593392.bard.

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The fruit of pepper (Capsicum annuum) commonly wilts (or shrivels) during postharvest storage due to rapid water loss, a condition that greatly reduces its shelf life and market value. The fact that pepper fruit are hollow, and thus have limited water content, only exacerbates this problem in pepper. The collaborators on this project completed research whose findings provided new insight into the genetic, physiological, and biochemical basis for water loss from the fruits of pepper (Capsicum annuum and related Capsicum species). Well-defined genetic populations of pepper were used in this study, the first being a series of backcross F₁ and segregating F₂, F₃, and F₄ populations derived from two original parents selected for having dramatic differences in fruit water loss rate (very high and very low water loss). The secondly population utilized in these studies was a collection of 50 accessions representing world diversity in both species and cultivar types. We found that an unexpectedly large amount of variation was present in both fruit wax and cutin composition in these collections. In addition, our studies revealed significant correlations between the chemical composition of both the fruit cuticular waxes and cutin monomers with fruit water loss rate. Among the most significant were that high alkane content in fruit waxes conferred low fruit water loss rates and low permeability in fruit cuticles. In contrast, high amounts of terpenoids (plus steroidal compounds) were associated with very high fruit water loss and cuticle permeability. These results are consistent with our models that the simple straight chain alkanes pack closely together in the cuticle membrane and obstruct water diffusion, whereas lipids with more complex 3-dimensional structure (such as terpenoids) do not pack so closely, and thus increase the diffusion pathways. The backcross segregating populations were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with water loss (using DART markers, Diversity Arrays Technology LTD). These studies resulted in identification of two linked QTLs on pepper’s chromosome 10. Although the exact genetic or physiological basis for these QTLs function in water loss is unknown, the genotypic contribution in studies of near-isogenic lines selected from these backcross populations reveals a strong association between certain wax compounds, the free fatty acids and iso-alkanes. There was also a lesser association between the water loss QTLs with both fruit firmness and total soluble sugars. Results of these analyses have revealed especially strong genetic linkages between fruit water loss, cuticle composition, and two QTLs on chromosome 10. These findings lead us to further speculate that genes located at or near these QTLs have a strong influence on cuticle lipids that impact water loss rate (and possibly, whether directly or indirectly, other traits like fruit firmness and sugar content). The QTL markers identified in these studies will be valuable in the breeding programs of scientists seeking to select for low water loss, long lasting fruits, of pepper, and likely the fruits of related commodities. Further work with these newly developed genetic resources should ultimately lead to the discovery of the genes controlling these fruit characteristics, allowing for the use of transgenic breeding approaches toward the improvement of fruit postharvest shelf life.
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10

Moreno, Kenji, and María Cecilia Deza. Productivity and Innovation Shortfalls in the Andean Region. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004599.

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This paper studies productivity in the Andean region in detail between 1990 and 2018. To do this, a growth accounting analysis is carried out, considering adjustments for quality and utilization of production factors. Subsequently, the paper explores whether the productivity gap between the Andean region and developed countries results from an innovation shortfall (low R&D investment level) or an accumulation problem. Several findings emerged. First, the absence of adjustments for quality and utilization of production factors generates more optimistic (and biased) estimates of TFP than when such adjustments are incorporated. Second, the link between productivity and the terms of trade has been heterogeneous across the Andean countries. Third, all Andean countries experience innovation shortfalls: innovation level is below expected due to the high cost of innovation adoption and to the policy distortions that have persisted over the last three decades. In that way, we warn of the diminishing contribution of productivity in the Andean countries' growth and highlight the need to establish more favorable conditions for innovation.
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