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Статті в журналах з теми "Extinct fauna"
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Surovell, Todd A., and Brigid S. Grund. "The Associational Critique of Quaternary Overkill and why it is Largely Irrelevant to the Extinction Debate." American Antiquity 77, no. 4 (October 2012): 672–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.77.4.672.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe overkill hypothesis has been criticized using a simple observation–with the exception of New Zealand, there is little evidence for human hunting of extinct Quaternary faunas. We explore the legitimacy of this argument, or what we call the “Associational Critique,” the idea that the paucity of evidence for the subsistence exploitation of extinct taxa weakens or falsifies overkill. Using quantitative and probabilistic models, based on the temporal depth of extinction events, human demography, and taphonomic bias, we ask how many associations with extinct fauna should have been found by this point in time in Australia, North America, and New Zealand. We conclude that such evidence should be rare in Australia, of intermediate abundance in North America, and common in New Zealand, a conclusion very much in accord with the current state of the archaeological record. We reach a similar conclusion using an analysis of the relative frequency of radiocarbon dates from each region dating to the time of coexistence of humans and extinct fauna. We argue that a scarcity of evidence for the exploitation of extinct fauna is not only consistent with overkill but also nearly every other extinction hypothesis that has been proposed, thus rendering the Associational Critique irrelevant.
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Blockstein, D. E., and S. A. Temple. "Fauna in decline: Extinct pigeon's tale." Science 345, no. 6201 (September 4, 2014): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.345.6201.1129-b.
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Baynes, A., and RF Baird. "The original mammal fauna and some information on the original bird fauna of Uluru National Park, Northern Territory." Rangeland Journal 14, no. 2 (1992): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9920092.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Investigation of mammal bones, accumulated mainly by owls, from four cave deposits, combined with observations and museum records, has revealed an original (i.e. immediately pre-European) fauna for Uluru National Park (UNP) of 34 species of native ground mammals and 12 species of bats. This fauna comprises one monotreme, 22 marsupials from eight families, 12 microchiropterans from four families, 10 murid rodents and the dingo. For six of the species the UNP records represent an extension of range over published distribution maps, though originally all the ground mammals were probably widespread in the arid zone. A recent survey found that the present fauna of UNP includes 15 native ground mammals and a minimum of seven bats, indicating a loss in about the last century of up to 19 species of ground mammals and at least one bat. The local status of three of these is uncertain, 10 appear to be locally extinct, two are extinct throughout the Australian mainland and five are probably totally extinct. As elsewhere in the arid zone, the mammals that survive are the largest and smallest species and the echidna. The cave deposit sites yielded two orders of magnitude fewer bird remains, some of which could not be identified below family or genus. The material includes at least 16 species representing 13 families. All identified species were recorded in the present fauna of UNP by the recent survey. This relatively small sample suggests that in non-pastoral areas of the arid zone, bird faunas, unlike mammals, have so far survived European colonisation of Australia without loss of diversity.
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Budd, Ann F., Thomas A. Stemann, and Kenneth G. Johnson. "Late Cenozoic turnover in the Caribbean reef coral fauna." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Study of the stratigraphic ranges of reef coral species in scattered sequences (Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Florida) suggests that a major episode of faunal turnover occurred in the Caribbean region between early Pliocene and mid Pleistocene time. In a data set composed of all reef corals except the families Mussidae and Oculinidae and the genera Cladocora and Madracis, approximately 90% of the Mio-Pliocene fauna, composed of as many as 65–70 species, became extinct during this time interval. Ten of 27 genera became extinct. Despite the high numbers of extinctions, the total number of species in the Caribbean reef coral fauna dropped only slightly over the time interval, due to similar numbers of originations and extinctions in the fauna. With one possible exception, new species arose in surviving genera, and no new genera formed.Although similar numbers of species became extinct within early Pliocene, late Pliocene, and early Pleistocene time units, shallow water communities experienced higher numbers of extinctions during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Deeper water communities experienced higher numbers of extinctions during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Species surviving the turnover episode occur in deeper water communities and belong predominantly to the family Agariciidae. Nearshore grass flat communities contain the highest number of early extinctions. No difference in extinction patterns could be detected between taxa which reproduce primarily by fragmentation and those that reproduce primarily by larval recruitment. Although originations appear evenly distributed among community types, a large number occur in Florida along the northern margin of faunal distribution.The increased extinctions in shallow water communities and increased originations in the north suggest that turnover occurred primarily in response to change in abiotic factors such as temperature and siltation, and not in response to species-area effects associated with sea level change.
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A. Cousin, Jarrad. "Urban wildlife: more than meets the eye." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 3 (2005): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050225.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ever since European settlement of Australia, there have been countless species of fauna which have dramatically declined in distribution and abundance. In the past 200 years, at least 21 species of birds and 19 species of mammals have become extinct (Burgman and Lindenmayer 1998). This pattern of extinction is evident throughout the mainland and islands of Australia, although the local extinction of fauna in urban areas is often overlooked. How and Dell (2000) present alarming data on the plight of urban fauna in Perth, where over half of the native mammal species have become locally extinct.
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Seersholm, Frederik V., Theresa L. Cole, Alicia Grealy, Nicolas J. Rawlence, Karen Greig, Michael Knapp, Michael Stat, et al. "Subsistence practices, past biodiversity, and anthropogenic impacts revealed by New Zealand-wide ancient DNA survey." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 30 (July 9, 2018): 7771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803573115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
New Zealand’s geographic isolation, lack of native terrestrial mammals, and Gondwanan origins make it an ideal location to study evolutionary processes. However, since the archipelago was first settled by humans 750 y ago, its unique biodiversity has been under pressure, and today an estimated 49% of the terrestrial avifauna is extinct. Current efforts to conserve the remaining fauna rely on a better understanding of the composition of past ecosystems, as well as the causes and timing of past extinctions. The exact temporal and spatial dynamics of New Zealand’s extinct fauna, however, can be difficult to interpret, as only a small proportion of animals are preserved as morphologically identifiable fossils. Here, we conduct a large-scale genetic survey of subfossil bone assemblages to elucidate the impact of humans on the environment in New Zealand. By genetically identifying more than 5,000 nondiagnostic bone fragments from archaeological and paleontological sites, we reconstruct a rich faunal record of 110 species of birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and marine mammals. We report evidence of five whale species rarely reported from New Zealand archaeological middens and characterize extinct lineages of leiopelmatid frog (Leiopelma sp.) and kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) haplotypes lost from the gene pool. Taken together, this molecular audit of New Zealand’s subfossil record not only contributes to our understanding of past biodiversity and precontact Māori subsistence practices but also provides a more nuanced snapshot of anthropogenic impacts on native fauna after first human arrival.
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Wilson, Kerry-Jayne. "Extinct and introduced vertebrate species in New Zealand: a loss of biodistinctiveness and gain in biodiversity." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 3 (1997): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970301.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the 1 000 years that people have lived in New Zealand 50 vertebrate species have become extinct. Other species are extinct on the mainland but survive on island refugia. In the 150 years since European colonization 95 vertebrate species have been introduced and habitat changes have allowed 10 additional bird species to colonize. All but one of the extinct species were endemic and 24 belonged to families or orders endemic to New Zealand. All but one of the introduced and colonizing species are common in their homelands. Although there are now more vertebrate species in New Zealand than there were at the time of human settlement, the previously highly distinctive fauna is becoming increasingly cosmopolitan. The impact faunal change has had on terrestrial ecosystems is poorly known. It is important that conservation priorities be based on an appreciation of faunal and ecological changes rather than responding to crises one species at a time.
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Lunney, D., A. Curtin, D. Ayers, H. G. Cogger, and C. R. Dickman. "An ecological approach to identifying the endangered fauna of New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 2, no. 3 (1995): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc960212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study used ecological criteria to evaluate systematically the conservation status of all mammals, birds, reptiles and frogs in New South Wales. The outcome was an official schedule of endangered fauna as defined under the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 as amended by the Endangered Fauna (Interim Protection) Act 1991. The work was modelled on the study by Millsap et al. (1990) which scored a range of biological variables and used expert opinion to determine priorities for conservation. The listing was undertaken by a statutory Scientific Committee and the results provided the first baseline status list for all species in New South Wales. Of the 883 faunal species (including 10 Lord Howe Island subspecies) identified in the state, 233 (26%) were recognized as endangered. Of these, 40 are considered to be extinct in New South Wales. Mammals constituted the worst affected group, with 77 (59%) of the 130 species recorded as endangered, of which 27 species are recorded as extinct in the state. The assessment of the New South Wales fauna also found that adequate ecological information exists for only 6% of the state's species. The outcome of this study not only provided the first official list of the endangered fauna of New South Wales and explained the methods and reasons for listing or excluding each species, but also furnished new material, ideas and directions for programmes to conserve the state's fauna.
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Oliver, Paul M., Mozes P. K. Blom, Harold G. Cogger, Robert N. Fisher, Jonathan Q. Richmond, and John C. Z. Woinarski. "Insular biogeographic origins and high phylogenetic distinctiveness for a recently depleted lizard fauna from Christmas Island, Australia." Biology Letters 14, no. 6 (June 2018): 20170696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0696.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Striking faunal turnover across Asia and Australasia, most famously along the eastern edge of the Sunda Shelf or ‘Wallace's Line’, has been a focus of biogeographic research for over 150 years. Here, we investigate the origins of a highly threatened endemic lizard fauna (four species) on Christmas Island. Despite occurring less 350 km south of the Sunda Shelf, this fauna mostly comprises species from clades centred on the more distant regions of Wallacea, the Pacific and Australia (more than 1000 km east). The three most divergent lineages show Miocene (approx. 23–5 Ma) divergences from sampled relatives; and have recently become extinct or extinct in the wild, likely owing to the recent introduction of a southeast Asian snake ( Lycodon capucinus ). Insular distributions, deep phylogenetic divergence and recent decline suggest that rather than dispersal ability or recent origins, environmental and biotic barriers have impeded these lineages from diversifying on the continental Sunda Shelf, and thereby, reinforced faunal differentiation across Wallace's Line. Our new phylogenetically informed perspective further highlights the rapid loss of ancient lineages that has occurred on Christmas Island, and underlines how the evolutionary divergence and vulnerability of many island-associated lineages may continue to be underestimated.
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Meiri, Shai, Amos Belmaker, Daniel Berkowic, Kesem Kazes, Erez Maza, Guy Bar-Oz, and Roi Dor. "A checklist of Israeli land vertebrates." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 65, no. 1-2 (March 21, 2019): 43–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Faunal lists are important tools in ecology, biogeography, and conservation planning. Such lists can identify gaps in our knowledge of the distribution and taxonomy of regional faunas, and highlight issues needing further study. We present an up to date list of all land vertebrates occurring in Israel. We identify 786 species, of which 551 are birds, 130 are mammals, 97 are reptiles and eight are amphibians. Of these 369 species breed in Israel (including reintroductions), 199 (mostly birds) are regular visitors and 182 are accidental. Fourteen other species are invasive, and 22 species are extinct. We identify issues with the taxonomy and status of several species, and note recent developments in our understanding the Israeli land vertebrate fauna.
Дисертації з теми "Extinct fauna"
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Jackson, Donald, César Méndez, Lautaro Núñez, and Douglas Jackson. "Extinct Fauna Processing During The Pleistocene-Holocene Transition In Northcentral Chile." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113473.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We discuss faunal and contextual information of four late Pleistocene archaeological sites (Tagua Tagua 1 and 2, Quebrada Santa Julia, and Valiente) of Central-North Chile (~31° to 35° S). We synthesize available taxonomy, anatomical parts represented, evidences of anthropogenic marks, taphonomic aspects, and associated contexts. This assessment shows the behavioral variability of bone assemblages with regards to site functions. We suggest that models of transport and discard of anatomical parts of large and medium-sized prey were seldom patterned and very variable among late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers in these latitudes of South America.En el presente artículo se discute la información faunística y contextual de cuatro sitios arqueológicos (Tagua Tagua 1, Tagua Tagua 2, Quebrada Santa Julia y Valiente) correspondientes al Pleistoceno Final del centro-norte de Chile (31° a 35° S). Se sintetizan los datos referentes a la taxonomía disponible, partes anatómicas representadas, evidencias de huellas antrópicas, aspectostafonómicos y se examinan los contextos asociados. Este análisis muestra la variabilidad en el comportamiento de los conjuntos óseos en relación con las funciones del sitio. Se sugiere que los modelos de transporte y descarte de partes anatómicas de presas grandes y medianas fueron poco generalizados y muy variables entre los cazadores-recolectores del Pleistoceno Final en estas latitudesde Sudamérica.
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Raye, Lee. "The forgotten beasts in medieval Britain : a study of extinct fauna in medieval sources." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/93165/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis identifies and discusses historical and literary sources describing four species in the process of reintroduction: lynx (Lynx lynx), large whale (esp. Eubalena glacialis), beaver (Castor fiber) and crane (Grus grus). The scope includes medieval and early modern texts in English, Latin, and Welsh written in Britain before the species went extinct. The aims for each species are: (i) to reconstruct the medieval cultural memory; (ii) to contribute a cohesive extinction narrative; and (iii) to catalogue and provide an eco-sensitive reading of the main historical and literary references. Each chapter focuses on a different species: 1. The chapter on lynxes examines some new early references to the lynx and argues that the species became extinct in south Britain c.900 AD. Some hard-to-reconcile seventeenth century Scottish accounts are also explored. 2. The chapter on whales attributes the beginning of whale hunting to the ninth century in Britain, corresponding with the fish event horizon; but suggests a professional whaling industry only existed from the late medieval period. 3. The chapter on beavers identifies extinction dates based on the increasingly confused literary references to the beaver after c.1300 in south Britain and after c.1600 in Scotland, and the increase in fur importation. 4. The chapter on cranes emphasises the mixed perception of the crane throughout the medieval and early modern period. Cranes were simultaneously depicted as courtly falconers’ birds, greedy gluttons, and vigilant soldiers. More generally, the thesis considers the levels of reliability between eyewitness accounts and animal metaphors. It examines the process of ‘redelimitation’ which is triggered by population decline, whereby nomenclature and concepts attached to one species become transferred to another. Finally, it emphasises geographical determinism: species generally become extinct in south Britain centuries before Scotland.
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Mountain, Mary-Jane. "Highland New Guinea hunter-gatherers : the evidence of Nombe Rockshelter, Simbu, with emphasis on the Pleistocene." Phd thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9440.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nombe rockshelter was excavated by M-J. Mountain between 1971 and 1980. Human activity is first documented at the site at about 25,000 bp and continues through to the present. Four extinct Pleistocene herbivores, Protemnodon nombe,Protemnodon tumbuna,Dendrolagus noibano and a diprotodontid,occur in late Pleistocene strata together with human artefacts. Large quantities of animal bone were recovered and the analysis of these supplies the major data for the research.
Three main issues are addressed:
1. The nature of the relationship between the early humans and their environment through the period that covers the late glacial maximum at about 18,000 bp.
2. The relationship between humans and the extinct species, including the thylacine, Thylacinus cynocephalus, which was a major predator at the site, contributing bone to the deposits during the Pleistocene.
3.The use of faunal evidence as an indicator of economic and subsistence activities as well as local environmental changes.
The data show that the human activity during the late Pleistocene at Nombe was sporadic over the period from about 25,000 bp to about 15,000 bp. Hunters were probably targeting the large herbivores living in high altitude forest and other species adapted to high altitude cold environments. Humans and large herbivores coexisted for about 10,000 years before the animals disappeared from the record. This coexistence does not suggest a rapid demise through human overkill.
Palynological evidence suggests that people were deliberately firing small patches of highland forest as early as 30,000 bp. Such clearing could have been used to promote forest-edge plants especially Pandanus, which has rich oily nuts. These small clearings could also have been used as an aid to hunting.
By the end of the Pleistocene, human hunting had switched to emphasise medium and smaller forest animals, especially fruitbats, macropodids, phalangers and possums. Bat hunting was especially important at Nombe, which is in a limestone area with many caves.
In the early Holocene the temperatures rose and sub-alpine grasslands were greatly reduced as forest spread to higher altitudes. The archaeological evidence shows that more sites were occupied by 10,000 bp than before and the faunal
data at Nombe indicate a steep rise in the grassland wallaby, Thylogale brunii. This species adapts easily to forest disturbance and may indicate that forest clearance was increasing in the locality. The early Holocene was the period of intense human settlement of the site.
The faunal analysis employed in this study is designed to test the broad questions about human:...environment relationships rather than to supply detailed information about the size and sex representation in the species present. Species are often dealt with as a group and no individual bone measurements have been taken. The computer database has been designed to produce a flexible data set that can easily be adapted to taxonomic change. The success of the approach suggests that faunal evidence can be a sensitive indicator of environmental change and can be used to examine human predation strategies and changes in economic subsistence.
Книги з теми "Extinct fauna"
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Fariña, Richard A. Hace sólo diez mil años: Donde se trata cómo era la gran fauna que habitó América del Sur antes de los indios. [S.l: Editorial Fin de Siglo], 1995.
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O'Connor, T. P. Extinctions and invasions: A social history of British fauna. Oxford: Windgather Press, 2010.
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O'Connor, T. P. Extinctions and invasions: A social history of British fauna. Oxford: Windgather Press, 2010.
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Zvomuya, Fidelis. Background information on CITES, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species: Main focus on the African elephant issue : is the ivory trade extinct. [Harare?]: Environment 2000, 1992.
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Smetanin, Anatoliy. Formation and structure of the biota of Kamchatka's natural ecosystems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1316649.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The formation of the modern flora and fauna of Kamchatka, paleogeography, natural ecosystems are considered. The biological diversity of the most important groups of biota is analyzed: vascular plants, mollusks, echinoderms, crustaceans, insects, fish, birds, mammals. The most prominent representatives, including economically significant ones, are highlighted. Brief information on paleodendroflora is given, a brief analysis of currently flourishing vascular plants is given. The fossil forms of extinct and currently living animals inhabiting the natural ecosystems of Kamchatka are described. A polytomic analysis of the biota was performed and its functional structure was established.
For researchers in the field of ecology and nature protection, teachers and students of relevant academic disciplines, as well as for a wide range of readers in order to learn about the nature of the region and environmental education.
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Kevin, Padian, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Meeting, and Symposium on Faunal Change Across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary (1984 : Berkeley, Calif.), eds. The Beginning of the age of dinosaurs: Faunal change across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
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Farley, Mowat. Sea of slaughter. Toronto: Key Porter Books, 2003.
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Sea of slaughter. Toronto: Bantam Books, 1986.
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Farley, Mowat. Sea of slaughter. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2004.
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Sea of slaughter. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart-Bantam, 1985.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Extinct fauna"
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Tessone, Augusto. "An Isotopic Perspective of the Alero El Puesto 1 Zooarchaeology: Environmental Changes, Extinct Fauna and the First Human Occupations of Southern Patagonia." In Archaeology of Piedra Museo Locality, 291–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92503-1_10.
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"Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas." In Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas, edited by Bob Calamusso, John N. Rinne, and Robert J. Edwards. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569728.ch12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<em>Abstract.</em>—The Rio Grande is the fourth longest river in North America and the 22nd longest in the world. It begins as a cold headwater stream in Colorado, flows through New Mexico and Texas, where it becomes warm and turbid and finally empties into the Gulf of Mexico. The diversity of native fishes is high in the Rio Grande ranging from freshwater salmonids in its upper reaches to coastal forms in the lower reaches. Historically, about 40 primary freshwater species inhabited the waters of the Rio Grande. Like many rivers throughout North America, the native fish fauna of this river has been irrevocably altered. Species once present are now extinct, others are threatened or endangered, and the majority of the remaining native fishes are declining in both range and numbers. Today, 17 of the 40 primary native freshwater fishes have been either extirpated in part or throughout the Rio Grande drainage. This chapter examines the river, its fauna, and its current plight.
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"Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas." In Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas, edited by Bob Calamusso, John N. Rinne, and Robert J. Edwards. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569728.ch12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<em>Abstract.</em>—The Rio Grande is the fourth longest river in North America and the 22nd longest in the world. It begins as a cold headwater stream in Colorado, flows through New Mexico and Texas, where it becomes warm and turbid and finally empties into the Gulf of Mexico. The diversity of native fishes is high in the Rio Grande ranging from freshwater salmonids in its upper reaches to coastal forms in the lower reaches. Historically, about 40 primary freshwater species inhabited the waters of the Rio Grande. Like many rivers throughout North America, the native fish fauna of this river has been irrevocably altered. Species once present are now extinct, others are threatened or endangered, and the majority of the remaining native fishes are declining in both range and numbers. Today, 17 of the 40 primary native freshwater fishes have been either extirpated in part or throughout the Rio Grande drainage. This chapter examines the river, its fauna, and its current plight.
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"Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas." In Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas, edited by Carlos Bernardo M. Alves and Paulo S. Pompeu. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569728.ch28.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<em>Abstract.</em>—The Rio das Velhas is a tributary of the Rio São Francisco, one of Brazil’s largest rivers. It is the Rio São Francisco’s second most important tributary in water volume (mean annual discharge of 631 m<sup>3</sup>/s), with a drainage area of 27,867 km<sup>2</sup>, length of 761 km, and mean width of 38 m. Like many other rivers around the world, it became heavily polluted in the 1900s. The Rio das Velhas is the most polluted river of Minas Gerais state because the basin contains approximately 4.5 million people. Unlike other Brazilian rivers, its fish fauna was studied from 1850 to 1856. Fifty-five fish species were recorded; 20 of them were first described at that time, when there were previously no more than 40 known species in the entire São Francisco basin. Recent fish collections, approximately 150 years later, indicate 107 fish species, but some may be locally extinct. There are good prospects of rehabilitating this fauna because of the connectivity of the Rio das Velhas with the São Francisco main stem, its well-preserved tributaries, and increased investments in sewage treatment.
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"Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas." In Historical Changes in Large River Fish Assemblages of the Americas, edited by Carlos Bernardo M. Alves and Paulo S. Pompeu. American Fisheries Society, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569728.ch28.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<em>Abstract.</em>—The Rio das Velhas is a tributary of the Rio São Francisco, one of Brazil’s largest rivers. It is the Rio São Francisco’s second most important tributary in water volume (mean annual discharge of 631 m<sup>3</sup>/s), with a drainage area of 27,867 km<sup>2</sup>, length of 761 km, and mean width of 38 m. Like many other rivers around the world, it became heavily polluted in the 1900s. The Rio das Velhas is the most polluted river of Minas Gerais state because the basin contains approximately 4.5 million people. Unlike other Brazilian rivers, its fish fauna was studied from 1850 to 1856. Fifty-five fish species were recorded; 20 of them were first described at that time, when there were previously no more than 40 known species in the entire São Francisco basin. Recent fish collections, approximately 150 years later, indicate 107 fish species, but some may be locally extinct. There are good prospects of rehabilitating this fauna because of the connectivity of the Rio das Velhas with the São Francisco main stem, its well-preserved tributaries, and increased investments in sewage treatment.
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Culver, David C., and Tanja Pipan. "Colonization and Speciation in Subterranean Environments." In The Biology of Caves and Other Subterranean Habitats, 147–78. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820765.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Colonization and speciation in subterranean environments can be conveniently divided into four stages. The first step is colonization of subsurface environments. There is a constant flux of colonists into most subterranean habitats. The second step is the success (or failure) of these colonizations. The third step is speciation. Under the Climate Relict Hypothesis (CRH) surface populations go extinct but under the Adaptive Shift Hypothesis (ASH) they do not necessarily do so, and speciation can be parapatric. There is strong evidence for the CRH among temperate zone fauna, and growing evidence for the ASH in tropical caves, especially lava tubes. The final step is possible further speciation as a result of subsurface dispersal. Detailed analysis of the evolutionary history of the isopod A. aquaticus in the Dinaric karst, diving beetles Paroster in a calcrete aquifer in Western Australia, and trogloxenic Leopoldamys neilli in Thailand reveal some of the complexities of species’ phylogeography.
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Daniel, I. Randolph, and Michael Wisenbaker. "Context of Paleo-lndian in Central Florida." In Harney Flats. University Press of Florida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400226.003.0007.
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Unfortunately, as elsewhere in the Southeast, most Florida Paleoindian sites exist as isolated lanceolate points and alleged kill sites. Most purported associations of Paleoindian points with extinct Ice Age fauna remain dubious. Probably the most well-known Paleoindian sites are Little Salt Spring and Warm Mineral Springs, both in Sarasota County. These two sites contained both Paleoindian and Archaic diagnostic artifacts. Artifacts from Warm Mineral Springs, for example, appear to be temporally related to Archaic points or, at best Transitional, such as Greenbriar point. Besides Harney Flats, the only other location that produced in situ Paleoindian tools was the Silver Springs Site in Marion County. Although the Suwannee point and its variants is thought to be the predominant Florida Paleoindian diagnostic artifact, it remains undated. It is agreed by most professional archaeologists, nevertheless, that Suwannees represent Florida’s earliest point type and are the most characteristic Paleoindian tool in Florida.
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Simmons, Alan H. "15. One Flew Over the Hippo's Nest: Extinct Pleistocene Fauna, Early Man, and Conservative Archaeology in Cyprus." In Perspectives on the Past, edited by Geoffrey A. Clark. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.9783/9781512801811-017.
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Chalmer, Nicole Y. "Brumbies (Equus ferus caballus) as Colonizers of the Esperance Mallee–Recherche Bioregion in Western Australia." In Environments of Empire, 197–223. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655932.003.0010.
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Before Australia was taken over by humans more than 55 000 years BP, the landscapes were shaped through animal agency. Extinct prehistoric fauna and megafauna had social ecological systems and actively organized ecosystems and landscapes that reflected patterns of herbivory, soil foraging, nutrient cycling and predation. Surviving species continued as agents in the ecosystem functions of the EM-R region until the beginning of European colonization in the 1860’s. The settlers used the inherent biological traits of their domesticated animals, including horses, as an agency of colonization. Horses (Equus ferus caballus) who escaped to become wild are known as Brumbies in the Australian vernacular. They adapted to the local environments and prospered. This chapter analyzes the ways Brumbies have adapted to and made the land their own. It shows how they became intimately engaged with landscape details and resources which are reflected through their creation of cultural horsetrails as they moved purposefully throughout their homelands.
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Maynard Smith, John, and Eors Szathmary. "Development in simple organisms." In The Major Transitions in Evolution. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198502944.003.0016.
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Complex multicellular organisms, whose bodies consist of differentiated cells of many kinds, have evolved independently on three occasions—animals, higher plants and fungi. In addition, multicellular organisms with a lesser degree of cellular differentiation have evolved on a number of occasions. For example, the algae have given rise to ‘seaweeds’ several times. In this and the next three chapters, we discuss the origin and subsequent evolution of such organisms. Some 540 million years ago, at the beginning of the Cambrian, there appeared an array of multicellular marine animals, including the major phyla that exist today—coelenterates, platyhelminths, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms and others. Chordates are also present in the Cambrian: they are not known from the earliest deposits, in which only hard parts are preserved, but are present in the slightly later Burgess Shale, in which soft-bodied forms are preserved. Forty years ago, this sudden appearance of metazoan fossils was not only a puzzle but something of an embarassment: the absence of any known fossils from earlier rocks was a weapon widely used by creationists. Today, the fossil evidence for prokaryotes goes back 3000 million years, and for protists some 1000 million years. The Cambrian explosion remains a puzzle, however, which has been only fitfully illuminated by the discovery of the enigmatic soft-bodied Ediacaran fauna, which had a worldwide distribution between 580 and 560 million years ago. There are still doubts about how these fossils should be interpreted (Conway Morris, 1993). The orthodox, and more plausible, view is that the fauna is dominated by coelenterates, with some specimens identified as echinoderms and annelids. An alternative interpretation (Seilacher, 1992) is that they belong to an extinct clade of multicellular eukaryotes, the ventobionts, probably lacking an alimentary canal, muscles and nervous system. Although such organisms may have existed, at least some of the Ediacaran fauna have been successfully compared to recent metazoans. If the interpretation of most of these fossils as coelenterates proves to be correct, it would fit in well with the morphological and molecular evidence. The molecular data suggest that coelenterates arose early, but probably not independently of other metazoans. Morphologically they are simple in being diploblastic (formed from two cell layers), in contrast to the triploblastic animals that predominate in the Cambrian.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Extinct fauna"
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Vieira, Aleska Caroline, and Hylio Laganá Fernandes. "O USO DE QUADRINHOS COMO FERRAMENTA DE EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NA CONSERVAÇÃO DO MUTUM-DE-ALAGOAS (PAUXI MITU)." In I Congresso Brasileiro On-line de Ensino em Zoologia. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/3089.
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Introdução: Em decorrência de ações antrópicas como a caça e o desmatamento, o habitat do mutum-de-Alagoas (Pauxi mitu), localizado em área de Mata Atlântica do Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco (CEP), foi em sua maior parte perdido. Consequentemente várias espécies foram afetadas, principalmente a ave símbolo do estado que chegou a ser considerada extinta na natureza. Devido a esforços de instituições e colaboradores, após quatro décadas o mutum-de-Alagoas está sendo reintroduzido ao seu habitat natural. Objetivos: Elaborar histórias em quadrinhos (HQ) como meio de divulgação científica e educação ambiental, a fim de conscientizar a comunidade e auxiliar na conservação da ave, da Mata Atlântica do CEP e, consequentemente, também de outras espécies que lá habitam. Material e métodos: Para a produção das HQ tem-se utilizado uma mesa digitalizadora, um notebook e um programa de ilustração digital. Além disso, a série “Cerrado em Quadrinhos” serviu como inspiração para a criação do “Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco em Quadrinhos”. A publicação das tirinhas está sendo realizada no perfil do Instagram @projetoarcacep. Optou-se por este meio de divulgação devido ao número de seguidores que o perfil já tem (atualmente 522) e também por este trabalho estar vinculado ao Projeto ARCA do CEP (Avaliação, Recuperação e Conservação de Fauna Ameaçada de Extinção do Centro de Endemismo Pernambuco). Resultados: Os resultados obtidos até o momento dizem respeito ao engajamento das tirinhas publicadas, levando em consideração número de curtidas, comentários, compartilhamentos e salvos. Ao analisar conteúdo, narrativa, estrutura e arte, percebeu-se maior interação com os quadrinhos que possuem mais recursos gráficos, como cenário de fundo e presença de mais cores. Conclusão: Os quadrinhos que mais chamaram a atenção dos seguidores foram aqueles com mais elementos artísticos e se espera que ocorra a conscientização dos leitores acerca da importância da conservação do mutum-de-Alagoas e do CEP.