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Статті в журналах з теми "Extent of niche achieved"
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Andersson, David Emanuel, Dieter Bögenhold, and Marek Hudik. "Entrepreneurship in superdiverse societies and the end of one-size-fits-all policy prescriptions." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 11, no. 1 (October 28, 2021): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-05-2021-0062.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the entrepreneurial and policy consequences of the structural changes associated with postindustrialization.Design/methodology/approachThe approach uses Schumpeterian and institutional theories to predict the consequences of postindustrialization on four types of innovative markets: global mass markets; global niche markets; local mass markets and local niche markets.FindingsThe paper makes two key predictions. First, global mass markets will account for most cost-cutting process innovations. Second, niche markets, whether global or local, will provide the bulk of product innovations. Opportunities for product innovations in niche markets multiply both as the result of a more complex economy and as the result of heterogeneous preferences of consumers with divergent learning trajectories.Social implicationsThe key implication of the theoretical pattern prediction of this paper is that there are increasing opportunities for entrepreneurs to introduce novelties that cater to niche demands, and this includes new lifestyle communities. The increasing diversity of values and preferences implies that one-size-fit-all policies are becoming increasingly inimical to the entrepreneurial discovery of higher-valued resource uses.Originality/valueThis paper takes a standard prediction of entrepreneurial theories – that innovations become more common with an increase in economy-wide product complexity – and extends this to increasing complexity on the consumption side. With increases in opportunities for learning, consumers diverge and develop disparate lifestyles. The resultant super-diversity, which multiplies consumption niches to a much greater extent than what ethnicity-based diversity indices would imply, makes it more difficult to achieve consensus about the desirability of public policies.
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L. Shaffer, Karey, and Keith F. Snider. "Seven years of U.S. defense acquisition research: Analysis of proposals and projects." Journal of Public Procurement 14, no. 4 (March 1, 2014): 451–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-14-04-2014-b001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 2006, the U.S. Defense Acquisition Executive approved a program at the Naval Postgraduate School to solicit, evaluate, and fund proposals for innovative and scholarly acquisition research. This paper presents an exploratory analysis of proposals from 2007 to the present. It seeks to provide an understanding of the types and sources of research proposals, and the extent to which the programʼs goal has been achieved. Cluster and trend analyses classify and examine the data according to several key aspects, such as: topical area (e.g., contracting, logistics); research type (e.g., exploratory, hypothesis testing); research design (e.g., case study, experiment); and type of analysis (e.g., comparative, statistical). The results show positive trends, but the number of institutions with interest in defense acquisition remains low, suggesting that it remains a limited niche research topic.
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Żyżyńska-Galeńska, Krystyna, Agnieszka Bernat, Anna Piliszek, Jolanta Karasiewicz, Ewa Szablisty, Mariusz Sacharczuk, Marta Brewińska-Olchowik, Michał Bochenek, Joanna Grabarek, and Jacek Andrzej Modliński. "Embryonic Environmental Niche Reprograms Somatic Cells to Express Pluripotency Markers and Participate in Adult Chimaeras." Cells 10, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10030490.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The phenomenon of the reprogramming of terminally differentiated cells can be achieved by various means, like somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion with a pluripotent cell, or the introduction of pluripotency genes. Here, we present the evidence that somatic cells can attain the expression of pluripotency markers after their introduction into early embryos. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts introduced between blastomeres of cleaving embryos, within two days of in vitro culture, express transcription factors specific to blastocyst lineages, including pluripotency factors. Analysis of donor tissue marker DNA has revealed that the progeny of introduced cells are found in somatic tissues of foetuses and adult chimaeras, providing evidence for cell reprogramming. Analysis of ploidy has shown that in the chimaeras, the progeny of introduced cells are either diploid or tetraploid, the latter indicating cell fusion. The presence of donor DNA in diploid cells from chimaeric embryos proved that the non-fused progeny of introduced fibroblasts persisted in chimaeras, which is evidence of reprogramming by embryonic niche. When adult somatic (cumulus) cells were introduced into early cleavage embryos, the extent of integration was limited and only cell fusion-mediated reprogramming was observed. These results show that both cell fusion and cell interactions with the embryonic niche reprogrammed somatic cells towards pluripotency.
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JOUAULT, CORENTIN, and MICHAEL S. ENGEL. "A new species of dustywings (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber." Palaeoentomology 7, no. 1 (February 27, 2024): 72–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.7.1.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
speciesThe family Coniopterygidae, commonly known as dustywings, occupies a distinctive niche within the Neuroptera, as they are the smallest members of this order (Grimaldi & Engel, 2005; Engel et al., 2018). Characterized by forewing lengths seldom surpassing 5 mm, with a few exceptions (Liu & Lu, 2017), this family has achieved a remarkable speciosity, with approximately 570 extant species scattered across diverse habitats globally (Oswald & Machado, 2018).
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Laschi, Cecilia. "Embodied Intelligence in soft robotics: joys and sorrows." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1261, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1261/1/012002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Embodied intelligence and soft robotics are strictly interconnected, as soft bodyware is key to obtain emergent behaviours from external interactions. The overall advantages of embodied intelligence in robotics are balanced by additional challenges in robot design and control. A main contribution of embodied intelligence to robotics consists of simplifying principles for robot control, in terms of control parameters. At the same time, robot design becomes more complex, involving the complex dynamic interaction of the robot with the environment and the task. These two form the ecological niche where embodied intelligence is effective, but they also limit the robot task space. To what extent can we enlarge the ecological niche without missing the benefits of embodied intelligence? Emergent behaviours are what we expect to simplify control, but what level of controllability can we still achieve? And how far are we from a mathematical description of embodied intelligence, to the benefit of soft robot design and control? Few trade-offs between contrasting needs in the use of embodied intelligence in soft robotics are discussed here, in view of directions of future progress.
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Windholtz, Sara, Lucie Dutilh, Marine Lucas, Julie Maupeu, Amélie Vallet-Courbin, Laura Farris, Joana Coulon, and Isabelle Masneuf-Pomarède. "Population Dynamics and Yeast Diversity in Early Winemaking Stages without Sulfites Revealed by Three Complementary Approaches." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 2494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062494.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, the use of sulfur dioxide (SO2) during the winemaking process is a controversial societal issue. In order to reduce its use, various alternatives are emerging, in particular bioprotection by adding yeasts, with different impacts on yeast microbiota in early winemaking stages. In this study, quantitative-PCR and metabarcoding high-throughput sequencing (HTS) were combined with MALDI-TOF-MS to monitor yeast population dynamic and diversity in the early stages of red winemaking process without sulfites and with bioprotection by Torulaspora delbrueckii and Metschnikowia pulcherrima addition. By using standard procedures for yeast protein extraction and a laboratory-specific database of wine yeasts, identification at species level of 95% of the isolates was successfully achieved by MALDI-TOF-MS, thus confirming that it is a promising method for wine yeast identification. The different approaches confirmed the implantation and the niche occupation of bioprotection leading to the decrease of fungal communities (HTS) and Hanseniaspora uvarum cultivable population (MALDI-TOF MS). Yeast and fungi diversity was impacted by stage of maceration and, to a lesser extent, by bioprotection and SO2, resulting in a modification of the nature and abundance of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) diversity.
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Nimiritsky, Peter, Roman Eremichev, Natalya Alexandrushkina, Anastasia Efimenko, Vsevolod Tkachuk, and Pavel Makarevich. "Unveiling Mesenchymal Stromal Cells’ Organizing Function in Regeneration." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 4 (February 14, 2019): 823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040823.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Regeneration is a fundamental process attributed to the functions of adult stem cells. In the last decades, delivery of suspended adult stem cells is widely adopted in regenerative medicine as a leading means of cell therapy. However, adult stem cells cannot complete the task of human body regeneration effectively by themselves as far as they need a receptive microenvironment (the niche) to engraft and perform properly. Understanding the mechanisms underlying mammalian regeneration leads us to an assumption that improved outcomes of cell therapy require a specific microenvironment that is generated in damaged areas prior to stem cell delivery. To a certain extent, it may be achieved by the delivery of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), not in dispersed form, but rather in self-organized cell sheets (CS) – tissue-like structures comprised of viable cells and microenvironment components: extracellular matrix and soluble factors deposited in the matrix. In this review, we highlight the potential role of MSCs as regeneration organizers and speculate that this function emerges in CS. This concept shifts our understanding of the therapeutic mechanism underlying a widely known CS-based delivery method for regenerative medicine.
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HADDOUTI, Khalid. "Analysis of the Impact of Seaside Tourism on the Hinterland of the Eastern Mediterranean Coast of Morocco: Challenges and Limitations of Complementarity." European Modern Studies Journal 8, no. 2 (May 15, 2024): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.59573/emsj.8(2).2024.32.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the first decade of the 21st century, the development of tourism in the Eastern Mediterranean Coast of Morocco (E.M.C) and the renewed interest in its tourism potential have been at the origin of a significant tourism dynamic. This study examines the connections between this coastline and its hinterland in terms of tourist activity. This involves analyzing the extent to which promoted seaside tourism has had a knock-on effect on tourism in the hinterland. The study shows a low impact of E.M.C seaside tourism on its hinterland, mainly frequented by resident tourists from the main urban centers of the region. The insufficiency of infrastructure, the proximity of urban areas and the reduced range of services offered limit its attractiveness. Despite a different tourist potential between the two zones, tourist complementarity is far from being achieved. Visitation to the hinterland is low, with the offer focused on accommodation and catering, which generates very limited socio-economic impacts. The current strategy, based on the seaside aspect, must be revised with a view to promoting niche tourist products in the hinterland, thus strengthening the competitiveness of the E.M.C, particularly against its Mediterranean competitors.
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Argemí-Armengol, Immaculada, Daniel Villalba, Marc Tor, Cristina Pérez-Santaescolástica, Laura Purriños, José Manuel Lorenzo, and Javier Álvarez-Rodríguez. "The extent to which genetics and lean grade affect fatty acid profiles and volatile compounds in organic pork." PeerJ 7 (July 17, 2019): e7322. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7322.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Niche production is intended to produce premium pork, but several husbandry factors may affect the meat fatty acid composition and aroma. Fatty acid profile (by GC-FID) of raw meat and volatile compounds (by SPME-GC–MS) of cooked meat were analysed in loin samples from two pig genetic types-75% Duroc (Du) and 50% Pietrain (Pi) rossbreds that were slaughtered at different weights (90 kg and 105 kg, respectively) to achieve similar target carcass fatness, and the outcome carcasses were balanced for lean grade groups (<60% or ≥60% lean) within genotypes. Genetic type did not affect fatty acids (FA) profile of meat. The leaner meat had lower C12:0 and C20:3n − 3, lower saturated fatty acids (SFA) and higher MUFA/SFA ratio content than the fattier meat. Short-chain alcohols were lower in Pietrain and in leaner pork compared to the samples from Duroc crossbreds and fattier pork. A greater amount of hexane,2,4,4-trimethyl (an aliphatic hydrocarbon) but lower carbon disulphide (sulphur compound) content was detected in pork from leaner compared to fattier pork. Higher aromatics hydrocarbons were exclusively associated with Duroc crossbreds, and lower aliphatic hydrocarbons with pigs classified as fattier. Most of the volatile compounds detected in the present study came from lipid oxidation.
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Van Gompel, Jamie J., Puya Alikhani, Mark H. Tabor, Harry R. van Loveren, Sivero Agazzi, Sebastien Froelich, and A. Samy Youssef. "Anterior inferior petrosectomy: defining the role of endonasal endoscopic techniques for petrous apex approaches." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 6 (June 2014): 1321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.2.jns131773.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Object Historically, surgery to the petrous apex has been addressed via craniotomy and open microscopic anterior petrosectomy (OAP). However, with the popularization of endoscopic approaches, the petrous apex can further be approached endonasally by way of an endoscopic endonasal anterior petrosectomy (EAP). Endonasal anterior petrosectomy is a relatively new procedure and has not been compared anatomically with OAP. The authors hypothesized that the EAP and OAP techniques approach different portions of the petrous apex and therefore may have different applications. Methods Four cadaveric heads were used. An OAP was performed on one side and an EAP was performed on the contralateral side; the limits of bony resection were defined. The extent of bony resection was then evaluated using predissection and postdissection thin-slice CT scans. The comparative resection was then reconstructed using 3D modeling on Brainlab workstations. Results The average resection volumes for EAP and OAP were 0.297 cm3 and 0.649 cm3, respectively, representing a comparative percentage of 46% (EAP/OAP). An EAP and OAP achieved resection of 29% and 64% of the total petrous apex volume, respectively. Indeed, EAP addressed the inferior portion of the petrous apex located adjacent to the petroclival suture more completely than OAP, where 45% of the bone overlying the petroclival suture (petroclival angle to the jugular foramen) was resected with the EAP, while 0% was resected with the OAP. Conclusions In anatomically normal cadavers, OAP achieved nearly a 50% larger volumetric resection than EAP. Furthermore, while OAP appears to completely address the superior portion of the petrous apex, EAP appears to have a niche in approaches to lesions in the inferior petrous apex. Given these results, the authors propose that OAP be redefined as the “superior anterior petrosectomy,” while EAP be referred to as the “inferior anterior petrosectomy,” which more clearly defines the role of each approach in anterior petrosectomy.
Дисертації з теми "Extent of niche achieved"
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Nassif, Yaacoub. "Déterminisme des limites climatiques des aires de distribution des essences forestières méditerranéennes. Une approche expérimentale sur quatre espèces au Liban." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025AGPT0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le changement climatique a profondément perturbé les écosystèmes naturels, particulièrement dans le bassin méditerranéen, une région caractérisée par une forte vulnérabilité face aux évolutions en cours du climat. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse vise à étudier la gamme climatique de plusieurs essences méditerranéennes et de mieux comprendre le rôle des facteurs abiotiques, biotiques et historiques dans la distribution et la persistance de ces essences forestières aux marges chaudes et froides de leur répartition. La thèse explore également si les limites altitudinales de leur répartition naturelle correspondent à leur niche climatique. En étudiant la survie et la croissance de ces essences au sein et au-delà de leurs marges climatiques actuelles, l'étude vise enfin à formuler des recommandations pour le reboisement et la gestion durable des écosystèmes méditerranéens. Un dispositif expérimental a été mis en place sur huit sites régulièrement répartis entre 110 et 2330 mètres d'altitude au Liban pour évaluer la survie et la croissance au stade juvénile de 4 essences : deux conifères Cedrus Libani et Pinus brutia et deux feuillus méditerranéens, l'un sclérophylle à feuilles persistantes : Quercus calliprinos et l'autre à feuilles caduques : Quercus infectoria. Plusieurs modalités d'irrigation et de compétition entre plants ont été étudiées dans chaque site. Le sol, le niveau de lumière disponible pour les plants, la compétition herbacée et la consommation par les herbivores ont été contrôlés et standardisés entre les sites pour garantir que seuls les effets climatiques soient étudiés. Les 4 espèces ont été plantées à 1 an selon les mêmes modalités de plantation dans tous les sites. Les mesures de croissance et de survie ont été réalisées pendant 3 ans. En complément de ce dispositif, des relevés de présence et d'absence des quatre espèces étudiées ont été effectués sur 1300 sites, afin de préciser leur gamme altitudinale dans des conditions naturelles. Les résultats montrent que la limite altitudinale « froide » des espèces dans les conditions naturelles est principalement déterminée par des facteurs physiologiques. La comparaison de survie entre modalités irriguées et non irriguées au-dessus de la limite haute de distribution met en évidence l'effet attendu des faibles températures mais aussi un effet de la sécheresse estivale comme drivers de la limite haute des essences. La limite altitudinale basse semble davantage influencée par des facteurs anthropiques et biotiques, tels que les interactions avec d'autres espèces, la compétition pour les ressources hydriques, ou encore les modifications historiques apportées par des millénaires d'activités humaines dans la région. Ainsi, la limite de survie et de croissance du cèdre se situe près de 1000 m de dénivelée sous sa limite altitudinale dans les écosystèmes naturels du Liban. En contexte méditerranéen, l'impact de la sécheresse sur la limite altitudinale « froide » des espèces mis en évidence dans cette étude remet en cause les modèles de colonisation naturelle des zones situées au-delà de la limite froide de distribution avec le changement climatique. Les résultats montrent également que les régressions prédites au pôle chaud de l'aire ne sont pas inéluctables pour certaines espèces du fait de leur capacité à survivre bien en deçà de leur limite chaude. Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à des interventions de gestion liées notamment à l'irrigation au stade juvénile et à la maitrise de la compétition comme mesures d'adaptation face aux impacts attendus du réchauffement climatiqueClimate change has profoundly disrupted natural ecosystems, particularly in the Mediterranean basin, a region characterized by high vulnerability to ongoing climate change. In this context, this thesis aims to study the climatic range of several Mediterranean species and to better understand the role of abiotic, biotic and historical factors in the distribution and persistence of these forest species at the warm and cold margins of their distribution. The thesis also explores whether the altitudinal limits of their natural distribution correspond to their climatic niche. By studying the survival and growth of these species within and beyond their current climatic margins, the study aims to finally formulate recommendations for the reforestation and sustainable management of Mediterranean ecosystems. An experimental device was set up on eight sites regularly distributed between 110 and 2330 meters above sea level in Lebanon to evaluate the survival and growth at the juvenile stage of 4 species: two conifers Cedrus Libani and Pinus brutia and two Mediterranean deciduous trees, one evergreen sclerophyll: Quercus calliprinos and the other deciduous: Quercus infectoria. Several irrigation and plant competition modalities were studied in each site. Soil, the level of light available to plants, herbaceous competition, and consumption by herbivores were controlled and standardized between sites to ensure that only climatic effects were studied. The 4 species were planted at 1 year old according to the same planting methods in all sites. Growth and survival measurements were performed for 3 years. In addition to this system, measurements of the presence and absence of the four species studied were carried out on 1300 sites, in order to specify their altitudinal range under natural conditions. The results show that the "cold" altitudinal limit of species under natural conditions is mainly determined by physiological factors. The survival comparison between irrigated and non-irrigated modalities above the upper limit of distribution highlights the expected effect of low temperatures but also an effect of summer drought as drivers of the upper limit of species. The lower altitudinal limit appears to be more influenced by anthropogenic and biotic factors, such as interactions with other species, competition for water resources, or historical changes brought about by millennia of human activities in the region. Thus, the survival and growth limit of the cedar is nearly 1000 m of elevation drop below its altitudinal limit in the natural ecosystems of Lebanon. In the Mediterranean context, the impact of drought on the "cold" altitudinal limit of species highlighted in this study calls into question the natural colonization patterns of areas located beyond the cold limit of distribution with climate change. The results also show that the predicted regressions at the warm pole of the range are not inevitable for some species because of their ability to survive well below their warm line. These results pave the way for management interventions related in particular to irrigation at the juvenile stage and the control of competition as adaptation measures to the expected impacts of global warming
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Reece, Richard. "To what extent has information security professionalism achieved recognition?" Thesis, De Montfort University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/14364.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The practice of securing information was until recently associated strongly with securing the Information Technology systems which store and process it. As it has developed as a specialised area of work however, particularly as the critical importance of human and social factors has increasingly been recognised, it has acquired an identity separate from that of computing. The separation has been sufficient for the formation of a new, distinct occupation, with specialised credentialing bodies being established to attest to practitioners’ professional competence. This study is the first empirical academic investigation into the professionalisation of UK Information Security. It considers attitudes towards professional status, the desirability and practicality of licensing, the current standing of the occupation and its prospects for the future. The analysis draws heavily from the substantial Sociology of the Professions, both from the structural and procedural theory of profession-forming and the later critiques of motivation, class and power. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with twenty-seven individuals comprising security analysts, managers, academics, professional bodies and the UK Government. Interviews took place between November 2012 and March 2015. Results are presented in two stages of analysis, using Actor–Network Theory as a theoretical lens. Whilst significant progress has been made towards forming a recognisable Information Security profession, its status is not yet comparable to more established peers. Aligned with US National Research Council findings but using a broader basis in professionalisation theory, the UK occupation was found to be too diffusely demarcated both internally and with respect to its bordering professions. It has yet to coalesce around distinct internal specialities with discrete qualification routes and establish the hierarchical arrangement of its major branches. Without such stratification of roles and a well-accepted claim to controlling a clearly demarcated body of knowledge, it is not possible to establish the boundaries of a graduate profession superior to any supporting para-professions, and thus position itself as requiring an advanced abstract education comparable to its peers. A rationalisation of credentials and institutions is required to produce a strong professional body which can advance the cause of the profession and properly establish and embed these roles. At present however – contrary to the tenor of much of the relevant sociology – neither the pursuit of professional status nor the exclusion of unqualified workers were found to be major motivators for current practitioners. By contrast government, the final arbiter of professional monopoly, is attempting urgently to increase the appeal of the profession to address a national skills shortfall, but is wary of direct market intervention in the form of licensing. Therefore, whilst change is rapid, significant impediments to full professional recognition remain.
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Wang, Huijuan. "Organisational change and performance : the effect of inertia, extent of niche expansion and organisational characteristics." Thesis, Durham University, 2011. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3295/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Organisational change is one of the most popular and interesting topics in business, among both academics and practitioners. However, from previous research development in organisational change, the limiting conditions that apply to the two competing paradigms call for more empirical investigations in different organisational contexts (Aldrich, 1979). Enough research has been conducted on organisational change to make it clear that both content and process dimensions of change should be evaluated, and their separate effects need to be distinguished (Barnett and Carroll, 1995). The previous theories and analyses often tend to only one dimension. Furthermore, previous researchers comment that the dynamic effect of change has been ignored in recent tests of structural inertia theory (Delacroix and Swaminathan, 1991; Haveman, 1992; Kelly and Amburgey, 1991). Very few empirical studies seek to link change action to organisational performance, and the destabilizing effects of change have been assumed more than tested in the previous organisational research studies (Barnett and Carroll, 1995, Carroll and Hannan, 2000). This thesis is one of the first studies to investigate the effects of both organisational change content and organisational change process outside Western countries. It seeks to escape from the binary distinction of adaption versus selection embraced by opposing theoretical camps, and looks for a more balanced stance. Drawing on the literature on organisational change in organisational ecology and associates the claims of managerial scholars, considers the above research suggestions, it directly examines the broader implications of inertia theory and recent developments in niche expansion theory relating with the measurement to dynamic performance consequences of organisational change. It integrates a number of important theoretical variables to address a variety of distinct theory fragments. These include expectation of firms’ on the survival threshold of change, regression toward the mean, time variance of the change effect, cascading change and the effect of organisational characteristics of opacity, asperity, intricacy and viscosity (Hannan, Polos and Carroll, 2007). It separately examines the effect of the change process on performance (Barrett and Carroll, 1995), empirically tests the effects of organisational characteristics on the change length and on the change process. Both the lack of studies outside Western countries and the lack of studies on the process of organisational change make this study a path-finding study. This thesis is applied to a case organisation in the safety and filtration industry in China. It aims to test the generalizability of organisational change theories in this specific context and the predictability of change theories. In order to achieve these aims, this thesis adopts an in-depth qualitative research strategy and a detailed operational design. The qualitative methods it used were interviews, observation and documentation. The findings were consistent with the theoretical predications. There was a positive relationship between the experience of previous change types and the likelihood to adopt the same type of change in the future. It also demonstrated that there was a significant relationship between the extent of niche expansion and the change effect on performance. The more extensive the organisational change, the more unrelated the niche expansion move, and the more organisational performance is likely to be negative. The results also gave support to the predication of this study that the instant effects of organisational changes were harmful, but declined over time; organisational change might improve performance in the long run in the context of environmental transformation in the safety and filtration industry of China. However, the role of the pre-change condition to initiation change and the relations of the pre-change condition and change consequences were not obviously observed from the results of the empirical data collected in this study, the measurement model was re-estimated and further study to verify the results was suggested. Moreover, the organisational characteristics of intricacy, viscosity, opacity and asperity extended the length of the organisational change process, and the length of the change process negatively affected performance. However, the result showed that opacity not only led to an under-estimation of the change length but also an over-estimation. It only happened in the change cases in which a similar type of change was previously implemented and the managers had relevant change experience with that change type. In order to demonstrate that the theories from the adaptation and selection camps are not mutually exclusively, this study examined the possibility of ambidexterity which is in the centre of the organisational adaptation camp (O’Reilly and Tushman, 2008). The results showed that a limited number of change cases conditionally supported the proposition’s predication in this study: it was possible to simultaneously achieve flexibility and efficiency in the organisational change process, with the condition that only if a similar type of change was implemented previously and the managers had previous experience. Finally, this thesis proposed that the theories of organisational adaptation and selection were complementary; some effects of change processes were interpreted better by one view than the other, and it suggested a possible way of disentangling the propositions to directly examine the elements influencing the change process and the consequences on performance functions by considering both theories. The findings of this paper have strong implications for future research into organisational change studies by several dimensions, and they shed light on several important practical issues in business.
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Moreira, Ana Sofia Pereira. "Study of modifications induced by thermal and oxidative treatment in oligo and polysaccharides of coffee by mass spectrometry." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17074.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Doutoramento em BioquímicaOs polissacarídeos são os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café verde e torrado e da bebida de café. Os mais abundantes são as galactomananas, seguindo-se as arabinogalactanas. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas sofrem modificações estruturais, as quais estão longe de estar completamente elucidadas devido à sua diversidade e à complexidade estrutural dos compostos formados. Durante o processo de torra, as galactomananas e arabinogalactanas reagem com proteínas, ácidos clorogénicos e sacarose, originando compostos castanhos de alto peso molecular contendo nitrogénio, designados de melanoidinas. As melanoidinas do café apresentam diversas atividades biológicas e efeitos benéficos para a saúde. No entanto, a sua estrutura exata e os mecanismos envolvidos na sua formação permanecem desconhecidos, bem como a relação estrutura-atividade biológica. A utilização de sistemas modelo e a análise por espectrometria de massa permitem obter uma visão global e, simultaneamente, detalhada das modificações estruturais nos polissacarídeos do café promovidas pela torra, contribuindo para a elucidação das estruturas e mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas. Com base nesta tese, oligossacarídeos estruturalmente relacionados com a cadeia principal das galactomananas, (β1→4)-Dmanotriose (Man3), e as cadeias laterais das arabinogalactanas, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose (Ara3), isoladamente ou em misturas com ácido 5-Ocafeoilquínico (5-CQA), o ácido clorogénico mais abundante nos grãos de café verde, e péptidos compostos por tirosina e leucina, usados como modelos das proteínas, foram sujeitos a tratamento térmico a seco, mimetizando o processo de torra. A oxidação induzida por radicais hidroxilo (HO•) foi também estudada, uma vez que estes radicais parecem estar envolvidos na modificação dos polissacarídeos durante a torra. A identificação das modificações estruturais induzidas por tratamento térmico e oxidativo dos compostos modelo foi feita por estratégias analíticas baseadas principalmente em espectrometria de massa, mas também em cromatografia líquida. A cromatografia de gás foi usada na análise de açúcares neutros e ligações glicosídicas. Para validar as conclusões obtidas com os compostos modelo, foram também analisadas amostras de polissacarídeos do café obtidas a partir de resíduo de café e café instantâneo. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos oligossacarídeos modelo quando submetidos a tratamento térmico (seco), assim como à oxidação induzida por HO• (em solução), indicam a ocorrência de despolimerização, o que está de acordo com estudos anteriores que reportam a despolimerização das galactomananas e arabinogalactanas do café durante a torra. Foram ainda identificados outros compostos resultantes da quebra do anel de açúcares formados durante o tratamento térmico e oxidativo da Ara3. Por outro lado, o tratamento térmico a seco dos oligossacarídeos modelo (individualmente ou quando misturados) promoveu a formação de oligossacarídeos com um maior grau de polimerização, e também polissacarídeos com novos tipos de ligações glicosídicas, evidenciando a ocorrência de polimerização através reações de transglicosilação não enzimática induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco. As reações de transglicosilação induzidas por tratamento térmico a seco podem ocorrer entre resíduos de açúcares provenientes da mesma origem, mas também de origens diferentes com formação de estruturas híbridas, contendo arabinose e manose como observado nos casos dos compostos modelo usados. Os resultados obtidos a partir de amostras do resíduo de café e de café instantâneo sugerem a presença de polissacarídeos híbridos nestas amostras de café processado, corroborando a ocorrência de transglicosilação durante o processo de torra. Além disso, o estudo de misturas contendo diferentes proporções de cada oligossacarídeo modelo, mimetizando regiões do grão de café com composição distinta em polissacarídeos, sujeitos a diferentes períodos de tratamento térmico, permitiu inferir que diferentes estruturas híbridas e não híbridas podem ser formadas a partir das arabinogalactanas e galactomananas, dependendo da sua distribuição nas paredes celulares do grão e das condições de torra. Estes resultados podem explicar a heterogeneidade de estruturas de melanoidinas formadas durante a torra do café. Os resultados obtidos a partir de misturas modelo contendo um oligossacarídeo (Ara3 ou Man3) e 5-CQA sujeitas a tratamento térmico a seco, assim como de amostras provenientes do resíduo de café, mostraram a formação de compostos híbridos compostos por moléculas de CQA ligadas covalentemente a um número variável de resíduos de açúcar. Além disso, os resultados obtidos a partir da mistura contendo Man3 e 5-CQA mostraram que o CQA atua como catalisador das reações de transglicosilação. Por outro lado, nas misturas modelo contendo um péptido, mesmo contendo também 5-CQA e sujeitas ao mesmo tratamento, observou-se uma diminuição na extensão das reações transglicosilação. Este resultado pode explicar a baixa extensão das reações de transglicosilação não enzimáticas durante a torra nas regiões do grão de café mais ricas em proteínas, apesar dos polissacarídeos serem os componentes maioritários dos grãos de café. A diminuição das reações de transglicosilação na presença de péptidos/proteínas pode dever-se ao facto de os resíduos de açúcares redutores reagirem preferencialmente com os grupos amina de péptidos/proteínas por reação de Maillard, diminuindo o número de resíduos de açúcares redutores disponíveis para as reações de transglicosilação. Além dos compostos já descritos, uma diversidade de outros compostos foram formados a partir dos sistemas modelo, nomeadamente derivados de desidratação formados durante o tratamento térmico a seco. Em conclusão, a tipificação das modificações estruturais promovidas pela torra nos polissacarídeos do café abre o caminho para a compreensão dos mecanismos de formação das melanoidinas e da relação estrutura-atividade destes compostos.
Polysaccharides are the major components of green and roasted coffee beans, and coffee brew. The most abundant ones are galactomannans, followed by arabinogalactans. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans undergo structural modifications that are far to be completely elucidated due to their diversity and complexity of the compounds formed. During the roasting process, galactomannans and arabinogalactans react with proteins, chlorogenic acids, and sucrose, originating high molecular weight brown compounds containing nitrogen, known as melanoidins. Several biological activities and beneficial health effects have been attributed to coffee melanoidins. However, their exact structures and the mechanisms involved in their formation remain unknown, as well as the structure-biological activity relationship. The use of model systems and mass spectrometry analysis allow to obtain an overall view and, simultaneously, detailed, of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting, contributing to the elucidation of the structures and formation mechanisms of melanoidins. Based on this thesis, oligosaccharides structurally related to the backbone of galactomannans, (β1→4)-D-mannotriose, and the side chains of arabinogalactans, (α1→5)-Larabinotriose, alone or in mixtures with 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, the most abundant chlorogenic acid in green coffee beans, and dipeptides composed by tyrosine and leucine, used as models of proteins, were submitted to dry thermal treatments, mimicking the coffee roasting process. The oxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals (HO•) was also studied, since these radicals seem to be involved in the modification of the polysaccharides during roasting. The identification of the structural modifications induced by thermal and oxidative treatment of the model compounds was performed mostly by mass spectrometry-based analytical strategies, but also using liquid chromatography. Gas chromatography was used in the analysis of neutral sugars and glycosidic linkages. To validate the conclusions achieved with the model compounds, coffee polysaccharide samples obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee were also analysed. The results obtained from the model oligosaccharides when submitted to thermal treatment (dry) or oxidation induced by HO• (in solution) indicate the occurrence of depolymerization, which is in line with previous studies reporting the depolymerization of coffee galactomannans and arabinogalactans during roasting. Compounds resulting from sugar ring cleavage were also formed during thermal treatment and oxidative treatment of Ara3. On the other hand, the dry thermal treatment of the model oligosaccharides (alone or when mixed) promoted the formation of oligosaccharides with a higher degree of polymerization, and also polysaccharides with new type of glycosidic linkages, evidencing the occurrence of polymerization via non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment. The transglycosylation reactions induced by dry thermal treatment can occur between sugar residues from the same origin, but also of different origins, with formation of hybrid structures, containing arabinose and mannose in the case of the model compounds used. The results obtained from spent coffee grounds and instant coffee samples suggest the presence of hybrid polysaccharides in these processed coffee samples, corroborating the occurrence of transglycosylation during the roasting process. Furthermore, the study of mixtures containing different proportions of each model oligosaccharide, mimicking coffee bean regions with distinct polysaccharide composition, subjected to different periods of thermal treatment, allowed to infer that different hybrid and non-hybrid structures may be formed from arabinogalactans and galactomannans, depending on their distribution in the bean cell walls and on roasting conditions. These results may explain the heterogeneity of melanoidins structures formed during coffee roasting. The results obtained from model mixtures containing an oligosaccharide (Ara3 or Man3) and 5-CQA and subjected to dry thermal treatment, as well as samples derived from spent coffee grounds, showed the formation of hybrid compounds composed by CQA molecules covalently linked to a variable number of sugar residues. Moreover, the results obtained from the mixture containing Man3 and 5-CQA showed that CQA acts as catalyst of transglycosylation reactions. On the other hand, in the model mixtures containing a peptide, even if containing 5-CQA and subjected to the same treatment, it was observed a decrease in the extent of transglycosylation reactions. This outcome can explain the low extent of non-enzymatic transglycosylation reactions during roasting in coffee bean regions enriched in proteins, although polysaccharides are the major components of the coffee beans. The decrease of transglycosylation reactions in the presence of peptides/proteins can be related with the preferential reactivity of reducing residues with the amino groups of peptides/proteins by Maillard reaction, decreasing the number of reducing residues available to be directly involved in the transglycosylation reactions. In addition to the compounds already described, a diversity of other compounds were formed from model systems, namely dehydrated derivatives formed during dry thermal treatment. In conclusion, the identification of the structural modifications in coffee polysaccharides promoted by roasting pave the way to the understanding of the mechanisms of formation of melanoidins and structure-activity relationship of these compounds.
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Ramdeen, Marisha. "Poverty reduction strategy papers : to what extent is the goal of national ownership being achieved?" Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/621.
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The Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) process is an initiative by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) and various Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) deal with poverty. It is in some sense an updated and improved version of the Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) that were implemented in the 1980s. This study examines one of the central aspects of the PRS process which is national ownership that is expected to be achieved by means of the participation of various interested groups and individuals in the formulation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRS Paper). These would include: non – governmental organizations, civil society organizations, faith based organizations, academics, women’s groups, academics and members from the private sector. National ownership of the formulation of the RPS Paper is examined by looking at 4 country studies, namely, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Zambia.Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2009.
Книги з теми "Extent of niche achieved"
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Bassett, Lisa. To what extent was a cultural unity between all social classes achieved in Victorian Bedford?. 1986.
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Underlying Objectives of Merger and Acquisition. What Are the Objectives Underlying M&a and to What Extent Are These Achieved? GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2017.
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Ashwell, Ken, ed. Neurobiology of Monotremes. CSIRO Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103153.
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Neurobiology of Monotremes brings together current information on the development, structure, function and behavioural ecology of the monotremes. The monotremes are an unusual and evolutionarily important group of mammals showing striking behavioural and physiological adaptations to their niches. They are the only mammals exhibiting electroreception (in the trigeminal sensory pathways) and the echidna shows distinctive olfactory specialisations.
The authors aim to close the current gap in knowledge between the genes and developmental biology of monotremes on the one hand, and the adult structure, function and ecology of monotremes on the other. They explore how the sequence 'embryonic structure › adult structure › behaviour' is achieved in monotremes and how this differs from other mammals.
The work also combines a detailed review of the neurobiology of monotremes with photographic and diagrammatic atlases of the sectioned adult brains and peripheral nervous system of the short-beaked echidna and platypus. Pairing of a detailed review of the field with the first published brain atlases of two of the three living monotremes will allow the reader to immediately relate key points in the text to features in the atlases and will extend a universal system of brain nomenclature developed in eutherian brain atlases by G Paxinos and colleagues to monotremes.
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Nothaft, C. Philipp E. The Harvest of Medieval Calendar Reform. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799559.003.0009.
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This chapter offers a bird’s-eye view of the 100 years of debate that followed upon Regiomontanus’s death and culminated in the Gregorian Reform of 1582, focusing in particular on the time of the Fifth Lateran Council (1512–17) and the work carried out in the 1570s by a commission of experts convened by Pope Gregory XIII, which came to favour an intricate scheme for an astronomically accurate and freely adjustable calendar. Some attention is paid to the extent to which Copernican heliocentric astronomy may have influenced, or was influenced by, the ongoing discussions surrounding the calendar reform. At the same time, the key argument of this chapter is that the breakthrough achieved in the sixteenth century rested to a very large extent on premises, concepts, and insights first formulated during the preceding medieval centuries.
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Alkhalili, Kenan, Shaan M. Raza, and Franco DeMonte. Esthesioneuroblastoma and Carcinomas of the Nasal Cavity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0019.
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Sinonasal malignancies are rare, pathologically diverse, and biologically unpredictable tumors. They tend to have minimal or nonspecific symptoms that mimic benign (inflammatory) disease until there is invasion of adjacent structures. Most patients present with advanced disease. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are complimentary studies but magnetic resonance imaging optimally defines the tumor’s extent and dictates the need for neurosurgical attention. Advanced endoscopic techniques allow for the resection of some well-selected tumors as part of a multimodal treatment plan. The intimate relationships with the orbit and brain make surgical management challenging. Optimal patient outcomes can only be achieved with carefully constructed, multidisciplinary, multimodal management paradigms.
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Cefalu, Paul. God is Love. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808718.003.0005.
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The fourth chapter describes the extent to which Augustine as well as a broad group of early modern homilists and poets were influenced by the ontological conception of love described in John’s First Epistle: “God is love, and hee that dwelleth in love, dwelleth in God, and God in him” (1 John 4: 16). For John, responsive love expressed toward God is achieved fundamentally through an embrace of Christ’s Word, particularly because God’s love for Christ is expressed eternally for the Son prior to the Incarnation. This chapter addresses the unique ways in which three early modern English poets—George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, and Thomas Traherne—appropriate the Johannine understanding of agape and an ontological conception of God’s love.
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Thornton, Fanny. Distributive Justice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824817.003.0007.
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The chapter moves the analysis to the realm of distributive justice. It explores whether inherent to the climate change and people movement nexus are issues of unequal distribution, for example, of benefits and burdens. The chapter outlines distributional issues and then suggests whether, from a distributive justice standpoint, equity could be achieved through redistribution of costs which may accrue for those under pressure to move. The chapter sketches the extent to which international law is underpinned by distributive justice notions. It then, more explicitly, turns to international environmental law, and in particular the international climate change adaptation and finance architectures, to analyse whether, in combination, they support remedying distributional issues in relation to people movement in the climate change context.
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Nolan, Brian. Conclusions and Implications. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807032.003.0013.
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This chapter brings together the findings from the ten individual country case-study chapters to highlight the lessons to be learned about inequality and living standards. It highlights the extent to which countries facing what might be thought of as common drivers in terms of globalization and technological change none the less had very different outcomes in terms of increases in inequality and real income growth. This variation did not align neatly with pre-existing welfare-state regimes or economic models, but some common elements can be identified in countries or periods where increases in inequality were limited, and ones where significant real income increases were achieved. The chapter brings out the implications in terms of macroeconomic policy, employment, wage-setting, and labour-market institutions and policies, and redistributive mechanisms as well as broader social provision and supports.
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du Toit, Fanie. Justice Promised or Just a Promise? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190881856.003.0005.
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This chapter evaluates the reconciliation process in terms of its inherent promise of social inclusion and fairness in South Africa. It first asks whether the constitutional process could be judged to have been inclusive and fair to all. Then it asks whether the TRC failed to address social justice and thereby constituted a setback to the reconciliation agenda. Finally, the chapter asks about the measure of inclusivity and fairness that have been achieved after some twenty years. The discussion concludes that inclusivity and fairness were not sacrificed at the time when reconciliation shaped the political transition but were compromised more recently, to the extent that inclusion across social divides failed to materialize and political leaders deviated from serving the common good. Just as early reconciliation efforts initially flourished through leadership, so in later years, reconciliation has floundered in its absence.
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Hippisley, Andrew. Default inheritance and the canonical. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0005.
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Derivation serves two purposes: to create a new sign, and to connect signs. This is manifested to the extent to which properties are inherited from the base. Illustrating with Russian nominals we show how the two goals are more or less achieved, in the full range of derivational possibilities. The extremes are represented by category-changing derivation and head-marked category-preserving derivation, manifested by their differences in default inheritance behaviours. The two goals are in an inverse relationship: the non-canonical situation with regard to one of them corresponds to the canonical with regard to the other. Representing the canonical in terms of default inheritance is therefore less straightforward in this arena than in others. We conclude that a symbolic sign, the currency of natural language, requires both distinctness and connectedness, and therefore has two levels of canonicity which act against each other.
Частини книг з теми "Extent of niche achieved"
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Rahmani, Sita, Takehiko Murayama, Shigeo Nishikizawa, and Muhammad Sani Roychansyah. "Local Governance of Sustainability Transition in Community-Scale Solar Water Pumping Systems in Indonesia." In Environment & Policy, 439–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15904-6_23.
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AbstractSustainability transition emerges in various types of community-scale projects. Indonesia has been actively implementing solar water pumping systems (SWPS) since 1982. However, for almost four decades, SWPS, as a niche innovation, have not achieved significant adoption of solar technology in the water utility sector. This study aimed to assess local governance aspects of SWPS in the context of sustainability transition from two perspectives: internal niche management and local actors. We assessed nine SWPS projects in Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia, using structured interviews that were analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative content analysis. The results showed that the discontinuation of support made SWPS unsustainable, operating only for an average of 4 years. Crucial operational factors included electrical damage, insufficient training, and lack of funds for damage repair. The iterative process of learning, network building, and vision did not eventuate. SWPS have direct benefit on the water supply; however, technological performance feedback related to the karst environment was insufficiently addressed and the network of actors did not expand to higher levels of local government. SWPS were viewed as an unreliable technology; hence, there was no vision for applying SWPS as a water utility. Solar photovoltaic pumps need strong support to compete with diesel and electrical water utility pumps. To achieve sustainability transition, it is imperative to generate vision, promote policy change, and build committed networks within local government rather than simply replicate the number of project installations.
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Costa, Iacopo. "Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas on Charity and the Common Good." In Common Good and Self-Interest in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy, 75–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55304-2_5.
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AbstractThis article draws attention to the conception of charity found in two important Dominican theologians of the thirteenth century, namely Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. The texts that they devoted to this theological virtue show to what extent the true good of human beings can only be understood in a social and political dimension: individual good can only be achieved if the faithful put their own personal interest behind the love of God and love of neighbour.
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Harfin, Julia F. "To what extent could dental alveolar osteogenesis be achieved solely with orthodontic treatment in flap patients?" In Cleft lip and palate management, 243–52. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119050858.ch16.
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Niemeyer, Simon. "Knowledge and the Deliberative Stance in Democratic Systems: Harnessing Scepticism of the Self in Governing Global Environmental Change." In Knowledge for Governance, 269–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47150-7_12.
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AbstractModern challenges, such as global environmental change, cannot be dealt with via the generation of knowledge alone. Even in-principle public support requires broad recognition of responsibility to translate knowledge into appropriate action. This cannot be achieved where minds are closed, in which case greater levels of knowledge can actually feed into perverse outcomes. Overcoming these dynamics is facilitated to the extent that individuals adopt a deliberative stance (Owen D, Smith G, J Political Philosophy 23:213–234, 2015), which involves, inter alia, openness to ideas and hastens the rush to judgement on issues involving uncertainty and complexity—a scepticism of the self. In this paper, the author demonstrates the effects of the deliberative stance and the conditions under which it is best achieved. I draw my evidence from small-scale settings described by deliberative minipublics, but the observed mechanisms can be “scaled up” to inform possibilities for wider reform of the processes governing the uptake and use of knowledge.
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López-Medel, María. "Collocations of “woman” and “mujer” in the UN Parallel Corpus." In IVITRA Research in Linguistics and Literature, 93–109. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ivitra.43.06lop.
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Gender equality, as a fundamental human right, is far from being achieved. Women are still the vulnerable sex, and pandemics and geopolitical and financial crises only make matters worse. The global predicament of violence, poverty and stereotyping that women endure can be seen in language through a qualitative study of the appearance, variation and frequency of the collocations of “woman” in the United Nations parallel corpus. What is perhaps unexpected is the role of translation as a perpetuator or exacerbator of women’s subordinate position, even to the extent of making violence against women invisible or unimportant.
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Reinhardt, Ilka, Felix Knauer, Micha Herdtfelder, Gesa Kluth, and Petra Kaczensky. "Wie lassen sich Nutztierübergriffe durch Wölfe nachhaltig minimieren? – Eine Literaturübersicht mit Empfehlungen für Deutschland." In Evidenzbasiertes Wildtiermanagement, 231–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65745-4_9.
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ZusammenfassungMit dem anwachsenden Wolfsbestand nehmen auch die Übergriffe auf Nutztiere in Deutschland von Jahr zu Jahr zu. In einem Punkt sind sich Landwirtschaft, Naturschutz und Politik einig: Wolfsübergriffe auf Nutztiere sollen nachhaltig minimiert werden. Darüber, wie dieses Ziel am besten erreicht werden kann, gibt es jedoch unterschiedliche Ansichten. In der öffentlichen Debatte werden Forderungen nach einem vereinfachten Abschuss von Wölfen oder einer generellen Bejagung immer lauter. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass durch solche Maßnahmen Nutztierschäden durch Wölfe nachhaltig minimiert werden könnten.Bevor Maßnahmen des Wildtiermanagements angewandt werden, braucht es klare Zielvorgaben. Die erste Frage muss daher lauten: Was ist das primäre Ziel der Managementmaßnahme? Auf Basis wissenschaftlicher Evidenz muss dann vorab evaluiert werden, ob die in Frage kommenden Maßnahmen geeignet sind, das Ziel zu erreichen. Dies ist zwingend, wenn die Maßnahmen auch das Töten von empfindungsfähigen und noch dazu streng geschützten Tieren beinhalten. Um überprüfen zu können, wie wirksam die gewählten Managementmaßnahmen im konkreten Einsatz sind, werden Kriterien zur Bewertung des Erfolgs benötigt.In diesem Kapitel gehen wir der Frage nach, welche Managementmaßnahmen nach aktuellem Wissensstand geeignet sind, das Ziel, Wolfsübergriffe auf Nutztiere nachhaltig zu minimieren, zu erreichen. Wir erläutern zunächst, warum Wölfe Nutztiere töten und ob es einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl der Wölfe und der Höhe der Nutztierschäden gibt. Dafür untersuchen wir unter anderem die Daten von Wolfsübergriffen auf Nutztiere in Deutschland. Anhand einer umfangreichen Literaturübersicht analysieren wir, ob die folgenden Managementmaßnahmen geeignet sind, Wolfsübergriffe auf Nutztiere nachhaltig zu minimieren: 1) eine generelle Bejagung von Wölfen, 2) die selektive Entnahme von einzelnen schadensverursachenden Wölfen und 3) nicht-letale Herdenschutzmethoden. Abschließend legen wir Empfehlungen zu einem evidenzbasierten und lösungsorientierten Wolfsmanagement in Bezug auf den Wolf-Nutztierkonflikt vor.In Deutschland steigen mit der Zunahme der Wolfsterritorien auch die Übergriffe auf Schafe und Ziegen. Allerdings unterscheidet sich die Stärke des Anstiegs zwischen den Bundesländern erheblich. Einzelne Bundesländer erreichen bei der gleichen Anzahl an Wolfsterritorien sehr unterschiedliche Schadensniveaus. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass das Ausmaß der Schäden nicht allein durch die Anzahl der Wölfe bestimmt wird. Wir vermuten, dass die Unterschiede im Schadensniveau vor allem in der unterschiedlichen Umsetzung von Herdenschutzmaßnahmen in den einzelnen Bundesländern begründet sind.Die Ergebnisse der Literaturrecherche bezüglich der Wirksamkeit von letalen und nicht-letalen Managementmaßnahmen zum Schutz von Nutztieren zeigen klar: Eine generelle Bejagung von Wölfen führt nicht zu einer Reduktion von Nutztierschäden. Es gibt keine wissenschaftlichen Belege dafür, dass durch eine Bejagung die Schäden deutlich und nachhaltig verringert werden, es sein denn, der Bestand wird drastisch reduziert oder ganz ausgelöscht. Das ist in Deutschland und in der Europäischen Union bei aktueller Rechtslage nicht möglich. Im Gegensatz zu einer undifferenzierten Bejagung des Wolfs kann der gezielte Abschuss von Einzeltieren wirksam sein, wenn es sich tatsächlich um Individuen handelt, die gelernt haben, empfohlene funktionstüchtige Schutzmaßnahmen zu überwinden. Allerdings sind solche Fälle selten, und es ist schwierig in der freien Natur, ein bestimmtes Individuum sicher zu identifizieren und zu töten. Nicht-letale Herdenschutzmaßnahmen sind im Vergleich zu letalen Maßnahmen deutlich besser geeignet, eine nachhaltige Reduktion der Schäden zu erreichen. Der einzige Weg, um in Koexistenz mit Wölfen eine dauerhafte Reduktion von Schäden an Nutztieren zu erreichen, ist die fachgerechte Umsetzung von Herdenschutzmaßnahmen in breiter Fläche. Übergriffe auf Nutztiere lassen sich zwar auch dadurch nicht vollständig verhindern, sie können jedoch durch korrekt angewandte Herdenschutzmaßnahmen deutlich reduziert werden.Das Wissen, wie Schäden an Weidetieren durch Herdenschutzmaßnahmen verringert werden können, ist auch in Deutschland vorhanden. Viele Tierhaltende haben hier inzwischen ein hohes Maß an Fachkompetenz entwickelt. Die Erfahrung aus den vergangenen 20 Jahren zeigt allerdings auch, dass die Auszahlung von Fördergeldern für Herdenschutzmittel allein nicht ausreicht, um die Anzahl der Übergriffe deutlich zu senken. Es muss auch gewährleistet werden, dass die fachliche Expertise für die korrekte Anwendung und Wartung zur Verfügung steht. Vor allem in Gebieten mit Prädations-Hotspots sollte aktiv auf die Tierhaltenden zugegangen werden und sollten die Gründe für die vermehrten Übergriffe analysiert und abgestellt werden.Bisher fehlen aus Deutschland Daten zur Funktionstüchtigkeit der geförderten und im Einsatz befindlichen Schutzmaßnahmen. Solche Daten sind notwendig, um zu verstehen, warum trotz steigender Präventionsausgaben die Nutztierschäden teilweise auch in Gebieten mit jahrelanger Wolfspräsenz nicht zurückgehen. Sie sind zudem die Grundlage für wissenschaftliche Studien zu möglichen Unterschieden in der Wirksamkeit verschiedener Herdenschutzmethoden. Daten zur Funktionstüchtigkeit von geförderten Herdenschutzmaßnahmen sollten zumindest stichprobenartig gesammelt werden, unabhängig davon, ob es in dem jeweiligen Gebiet Wolfsübergriffe gibt. Neben der Untersuchung der rein technischen Aspekte des Herdenschutzes ist es ebenso wichtig herauszufinden, wie die Akzeptanz gegenüber Herdenschutzmaßnahmen bei den Tierhaltenden verbessert und deren Eigenmotivation erhöht werden kann. Hierfür sind Daten zur Umsetzbarkeit und Akzeptanz der eingesetzten Herdenschutzmaßnahmen erforderlich. Nutztierhaltende sollten schon in die Konzeption entsprechender Studien mit eingebunden werden, um sicherzustellen, dass die Fragen untersucht werden, deren Beantwortung für sie am dringendsten ist.Der Weg von einem emotionsbasierten zu einem evidenzbasierten Wolfsmanagement führt über wissenschaftlich robuste Daten und Analysen. Entsprechende Untersuchungen sind nur in enger Zusammenarbeit zwischen Weidetierhaltung und Wissenschaft möglich. Basierend auf der Fachkompetenz und den praktischen Erfahrungen der Weidetierhaltenden kann die Wissenschaft helfen, die Herdenschutzmaßnahmen zu identifizieren und weiterzuentwickeln, die Nutztierübergriffe am effektivsten reduzieren.SummaryAs the wolf population grows, the number of attacks on livestock in Germany also increases from year to year. Agriculture, nature conservation and politics agree on one point: that wolf attacks on livestock should be reduced sustainably. However, there are differing views on how this goal can best be achieved. In the public debate, calls for simplified shooting of wolves or general hunting are becoming louder and louder. The assumption is that such measures could sustainably reduce livestock damage caused by wolves.Before wildlife management measures are applied, clear objectives are needed. The first question, therefore, must be: What is the primary objective of the management measure? Based on scientific evidence, it must be evaluated in advance whether the measures under consideration are suitable for achieving the objective. This is mandatory if the measures include the killing of sentient animals, particularly if they are strictly protected. Criteria for evaluating if the objective was reached are needed in order to be able to verify how effective the selected management measures are when applied.In this chapter, we address the question of which management measures are suitable, based on current knowledge, to achieve the goal of sustainably reducing wolf attacks on livestock. We first explain why wolves kill livestock and whether there is a relationship between the number of wolves and the amount of livestock damage. To do this, we examine, among other things, data on wolf attacks on livestock in Germany. Based on an extensive literature review, we analyse whether the following management measures are suitable to sustainably reduce wolf attacks on livestock: 1) a general hunting of wolves, 2) the selective removal of individual wolves causing damage, and 3) non-lethal livestock protection methods. Finally, we present recommendations for evidence-based and solution-oriented wolf management with respect to wolf-livestock conflict.In Germany, as wolf territories increase, attacks on sheep and goats also increase. However, the magnitude of the increase differs considerably among the federal states. Individual federal states achieve very different levels of damage with the same number of wolf territories. This suggests that the extent of damage is not solely determined by the number of wolves. We suspect that the differences in damage levels are mainly due to the different implementation of livestock protection measures in the individual federal states.The results of the literature review regarding the effectiveness of lethal and non-lethal management measures to protect livestock clearly show that general hunting of wolves does not reduce livestock damage. There is no scientific evidence that hunting significantly and sustainably reduces damage, unless the wolf population is drastically reduced or completely eradicated. This is not possible in Germany and in the European Union under the current legal situation. In contrast to an undifferentiated hunting of the wolf, the targeted shooting of individual animals can be effective if they are actually individuals that have learned to overcome recommended functional livestock protection measures. However, such cases are rare and it is difficult in the field to safely identify and kill a specific individual. Non-lethal livestock protection measures are much better at achieving sustained reductions in damage compared to lethal measures. The only way to achieve a lasting reduction of damage to livestock in coexistence with wolves is the professional implementation of livestock protection measures on a broad scale. Non-lethal livestock protection measures do not completely prevent attacks on livestock. However, if correctly applied they can significantly reduce wolf caused damages on livestock.The knowledge of how to reduce livestock depredation by wolves through herd protection measures is also available in Germany. Many livestock farmers have developed a high level of expertise in this field. However, experience from the past 20 years also shows that the funding of livestock protection measures alone is not enough to significantly reduce the number of wolf attacks. It is also necessary to ensure that technical expertise is available for proper application and maintenance of the measures. Especially in areas with predation hotspots, livestock owners should be actively approached and the reasons for increased attacks analysed and remedied.To date, there is a lack of data from Germany on the functionality of funded and applied protection measures. Such data are necessary to understand why, despite increasing prevention expenditures, livestock damage has not decreased in some cases, even in areas where wolves have been present for years. Moreover, such data are the basis for scientific studies on possible differences in the effectiveness of different livestock protection methods. Data on the functionality of funded protection measures should be collected at least on a random basis, regardless of whether there are wolf attacks in the respective area. In addition to investigating the purely technical aspects of herd protection, it is equally important to find out how the acceptance towards livestock protection measures can be improved among livestock owners and how their self-motivation can be increased. This requires data on the feasibility and acceptance of the applied protection measures. Livestock keepers should be involved already in the conception of appropriate studies to ensure that the investigations will answer the most urgent questions for them.The path from emotion-based to evidence-based wolf management is through scientifically robust data and analysis. Appropriate research is only possible through close collaboration between livestock owners and science. Based on the expertise and practical experience of farmers, science can help identify and improve the livestock protection measures that most effectively reduce wolf attacks on livestock.
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Ark-Yıldırım, Ceren, and Marc Smyrl. "The Consequences of Ambiguity: Designing and Implementing the ESSN." In Social Cash Transfer in Turkey, 115–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70381-3_6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe stated purpose of the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) was to contribute to meeting the basic needs of the most vulnerable refugees in Turkey. In the context of this book’s argument, we ask whether it achieved this goal but also whether and to what extent it contributed to extending elements of market citizenship to forced migrants. We conclude that while the ESSN’s CT program made a limited contribution to meeting basic needs and empowering displaced persons as consumers, other elements of market citizenship, or even “denizenship,” are lacking. With regard to its explicit targets, the effectiveness of ESSN was limited by the ambiguities of its design, linked to the different priorities of the agencies involved, which exclude some vulnerable persons from the program. More broadly, very limited access to the formal labor market remained an obstacle to fuller market citizenship.
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Slack, Paul. "Towns under stress." In The Impact of plague in Tudor and Stuart England, 256–83. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198202134.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Thomas Pullein, vicar of Pontefract, told the aldermen of York what their duties were during the plague of 1604.In doing so he demon strated that the attitudes described in the last chapter did not deter mine action in any simple linear way. The rulers of towns must not seek refuge in flight. To that extent they had to ignore the fact that plague was infectious, and to assume that God willed their presence and might protect them. On the other hand, they must not be passively fatalistic. They must act, both to relieve the sick and to prevent further contagion. It was the need to encourage this nice balance of selfless dedication and prudence which led the Privy Council so often to attribute the growth of epidemics to negligence on the part of magistrates, rather than to an infected atmosphere which might lead to wholesale magisterial flight. As one might expect, however, the psychological balance was more easily stated on paper than achieved in practice.
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Post, Eric. "The Niche Concept." In Ecology of Climate Change. Princeton University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691148472.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter discusses the niche concept. One of the earliest applications of the niche theory in quantitative ecology addressed the seemingly simple question of the extent to which the niches of two species can overlap and allow co-occurrence or coexistence of the species. This question grew out of the then recent development of the notions of limiting similarity and niche packing, according to which coexistence among species with similar resource requirements was assumed to be promoted through minimization of niche overlap through divergence in habitat utilization patterns or character displacement. The answer is highly relevant in the context of climate change, or of any environmental change in general. Fluctuation in abiotic conditions such as mean annual temperature may be seen as just as important, if not more so, to the persistence or maintenance of the degree of niche overlap that is tolerable for co-occurring species as the trend in abiotic conditions itself.
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Peterson, A. Townsend, Jorge Soberón, Richard G. Pearson, Robert P. Anderson, Enrique Martínez-Meyer, Miguel Nakamura, and Miguel Bastos Araújo. "Environmental Data." In Ecological Niches and Geographic Distributions (MPB-49). Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691136868.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter focuses on the conceptual and applied aspects of environmental data in the context of building and interpreting ecological niche models. It first examines how different suites of environmental factors may affect species distributions across a range of spatial scales before discussing which and how many variables are needed for ecological niche modeling. It then reviews the diverse sources of environmental datasets that are of potential utility in ecological niche modeling and concludes by considering a number of challenges involved in designing and choosing environmental data for ecological niche modeling. These challenges include data preparation, data quality, spatial extent, resolution in space and time, types of environmental data, and ancillary data.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Extent of niche achieved"
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Somawati, Ni Putu, I. Nyoman Kanca, and I. Made Rai Jaya Widanta. "Implementation of Task-Based Language Teaching: To What Extent is Communicative Competence Achieved?" In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Social Sciences (ICSS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icss-18.2018.117.
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Hustad, Carl-W. "Deployment of Low and Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Generation in Emerging Niche Markets." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The opportunities for near-term implementation of low and zero-emission fossil fuel power generation using Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is emerging in niche markets. This is primarily motivated by regulations following a growing awareness regarding the potential impact of climate-change, and partly the opportunities for use of carbon-dioxide (CO2) with enhanced oil recovery (EOR). However there remain significant technology, engineering, investment and political barriers that need to be overcome before CCS can be accepted as commercially mature for the power generation industry and the finance community. The risk with early projects is high, while collaboration and trust between government, industry and investors will also be needed to commercialize the technology. With an emerging sense of urgency regarding a global consensus for tackling climate-change, one also observes that technology pathways are integrated with political agendas and it becomes important to roadmap a commercial strategy for the respective technologies taking account of government requirements for compromise and burden sharing. To some extent this can also impact on comparative choices for the most cost-effective technologies that are supported through to future commercial deployment. The situation is complicated by the fact that technology choice—be it pre-combustion, post-combustion or oxy-combustion—remains an open question, where parties are probably influenced by their historical expertise, available hardware and near-term perception of future carbon challenge. The fact that energy, materials and engineering costs have been escalating rapidly while there is also a fundamental paradigm change occurring, somewhat undermines the use of historical data and past experience to predict business opportunities for the future. Within this context the paper considers on-going carbon market evolution in three regions, namely Texas, North Europe and Canada, seen from a technology and project developer perspective. The paper applies updated project engineering costs for capture from natural gas (NG) and coal using post- and oxy-combustion technology. Under all circumstances projects still exhibit poor economic return on invested capital and depend on government participation; they therefore remain unattractive to the investment community. But perhaps more important is the current perception of technology and market risk which also appears to undermine motivation to make significant commitments when evaluating projects within the old paradigm. However such a situation is not politically sustainable and a new paradigm must emerge. This will occur through regulation and significant changes in pricing in the energy and commodity market—including valuation of captured and avoided CO2. And this will also impact on the relative merits of various technology options. For the time being these discussion and results are only indicative of how a new paradigm and evolving technology may become “game-changing”, but the paper does attempt to provide some foresight into future opportunities.
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Cumberland, B. A., A. B. Rulkov, J. C. Travers, S. V. Popov, and J. R. Taylor. "High Power Fibre-Integrated Supercontinuum Sources." In Workshop on Specialty Optical Fibers and their Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/wsof.2008.ps19.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
High average power supercontinua are described both picosecond and cw laser pumped. Techniques are described for enhancing the short wavelength extent of the supercontinua and spectral power densities up to 100mW/nm have been achieved.
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Weinhold, Volker, Mohamed Ridha Baccouche, and Abid Hasan. "Crash Energy Management of Aluminum Components." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0965.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Automobile manufacturers increasingly desire to produce vehicles that are not only fuel efficient and environmentally friendly, but also, light weight and structurally safe. Vehicle weight plays an important role in fuel consumption and is relatively effected by the size of structural components and powertrain. The quest to reduce vehicle weight without jeopardizing structure’s crash energy management has lead to investigating materials other than steel, i.e., aluminum, composite, magnesium etc. In this regard, aluminum is the most popular material that is prominent due to its tangible material properties. Aluminum space frame and extruded aluminum components are widely used in the automotive industry, especially in low volume and niche vehicle programs, and in programs where significant weight reduction has to be achieved. The structural components of aluminum space frame can be designed to achieve high energy absorption under various crash conditions (i.e. full front and offset crash against rigid and deformable barriers). Techniques are available to downgage or reinforce components where needed, so that excellent crash performance (axial collapse as well as local bending) can be achieved within weight targets. This enables for a flexible adjustment of various vehicle architecture parameters (i.e., front rails height, vehicle length and width) which, again, is ideal for low volume approaches.
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Hogan, Alexander, Stephanie Cussans Moran, Kevin Hogan, Beth Barker, and Richard Woodall. "Can websites reveal the extent and degree to which a business’s values reflect national policy? A text embeddings approach." In CARMA 2024 - 6th International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2024.2024.17801.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper demonstrates a novel application of WebAI, applying word vectorisation to website texts to measure the prevalence and proliferation of values associated with the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Act 2015 amongst Welsh businesses. This was achieved by training a model to recognise topics of particular importance in texts describing the WFGA, and then using this model to analyse the text hosted on Welsh business’s websites. The companies studied comprised a structured national sample of the Welsh economy. Our findings indicate that the method detects meaningful differences between regions, business sector and participants in a government innovation support program.
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Lu, Qing, Liyan Xu, Zhen Cai, and Xiao Peng. "The spectrum of metropolitan areas across the world, and detection of potential metropolitan areas with Chinese characteristics." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/sdgu8646.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When people talk about the Metropolitan Area (MA), they mean differently in different parts of the world with different contexts. Based on its spatial extent, internal structure, socio-economic function, and network characteristics, an MA can refer to various entities from a metropolis to a Megacity-region. In an effort to clarify the MA concept, we review the origin of the MA concept and its development in various parts of the world, especially the United States, Japan and China, so as to propose a spectrum of MAs, and their relationship with specific human and natural geographical contexts. Particularly, we find MAs in China typically have a unique three-circle structure, which is composed of a core circle, a commuting circle, and a functional metropolitan circle. By international comparable standards which include factors such as population density, facility density, and economic activity intensity, and adjusted with reasonable context-dependent considerations in China, the three circles are designated as follows: the spatial extent with the highest development intensity and assuming a central regional role is identified as the core circle; the districts and counties around the core circle with a commuting rate greater than 10% are identified as the commuting circle; and the districts and counties within an one-hour accessible zone are identified as the functional metropolitan circle. To test the model, we utilize eight sources of big data covering ecological background, population, economy, transportation, real estate, land use, infrastructure, and culture characteristics, and with a fusion analysis of the data we show how the factors combined give rise to the three-circle structure in typical Chinese MAs, and why the combination of the same factors in the US and Japanese contexts works otherwise to fill different niches in the spectrum of MAs mentioned above. For a further inquiry, within the framework of the same model and using the same dataset, we identify 32 cities from all 338 prefecture-level cities in China that would qualify as an MA or potential MA, which we call “the Metropolitan Areas with Chinese Characteristics”, and designate the spatial extent of the three circles within each of the MAs. Additional analyses are also conducted to locate the main development corridors, key growth poles, and currently underdeveloped regions in each of the MAs. We conclude the paper with discussions of potential challenges of MA development in China vis-a-vis current policies, such as cross-administration collaboration between jurisdictions within the same MA, and cross-scale collaboration between MAs, cities, and city groups. Placing the research in the global context, and considering the vast similarities between China and other developing countries in terms of population density, land resources, urbanization level, and socio-economic development status in general, we argue that China’s model of MAs may be also applicable to other developing countries. Therefore, this research may shed lights to planning researchers and practitioners around the world, especially in developing countries in understanding the development conditions of MAs in their own contexts, and also in methods for identifying and planning potential MAs to achieve their specific policy objectives.
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van Doremaele, Koen, Emma Gibert-Suñé, and Emiel Meijer. "Construction in Antarctica and South Georgia: delicate works in a pristine environment." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1330.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>This paper describes the design and construction works of the new wharves in Rothera in the Antarctic Peninsula and in the Sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia, two exceptionally isolated and environmentally protected locations with extreme climate conditions. Construction in such pristine locations requires special measures and an integrated design, preparation and construction approach. Minimum impact is achieved by re-using existing materials and reducing the amount of new materials required. Strict biosecurity and environmental monitoring has been in place. Design choices were focused on limiting the extent of the works on site by pre-fabrication of the structural elements in Europe, which also ensures the quality standards can be achieved. Low maintenance and durability are also keys aspects to the design choices.</p>
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van Doremaele, Koen, Emma Gibert-Suñé, and Emiel Meijer. "Construction in Antarctica and South Georgia: delicate works in a pristine environment." In IABSE Congress, Ghent 2021: Structural Engineering for Future Societal Needs. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/ghent.2021.1330.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>This paper describes the design and construction works of the new wharves in Rothera in the Antarctic Peninsula and in the Sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia, two exceptionally isolated and environmentally protected locations with extreme climate conditions. Construction in such pristine locations requires special measures and an integrated design, preparation and construction approach. Minimum impact is achieved by re-using existing materials and reducing the amount of new materials required. Strict biosecurity and environmental monitoring has been in place. Design choices were focused on limiting the extent of the works on site by pre-fabrication of the structural elements in Europe, which also ensures the quality standards can be achieved. Low maintenance and durability are also keys aspects to the design choices.</p>
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Scenna, Richard, and Ashwani K. Gupta. "Effect of Oxygen Concentration on Distributed Flame Regime." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3798.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work investigated the effect of oxygen concentrations in the reactor on the partial oxidation of JP8 under the distributed reaction condition. Reforming efficiency as high as 74% was achieved; syngas composition consisted of 20.7 to 22.3% hydrogen and 20.2 to 21.5% carbon monoxide. Reformate product distribution and quality was found to depend on the reactor oxygen concentrations and, to a lesser extent on flame regime. Previous works operating at similar conditions found that higher reformate quality was associated with the more distributed reactor conditions. An increase in reactor oxygen concentrations fostered a more rapid chemical reaction, which shortened chemical time and length scales. While this resulted in a less distributed reactor, the potential decrease in reformate quality was offset by the increased availability of oxygen. As the reactions were limited by the availability of oxygen, the addition of oxygen enhanced the extent of reforming reactions, to promote increased conversion and reforming efficiency.
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Box, Ilona. "Applying Educational Research to Improve Teaching and Learning in Information Systems." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2443.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Universities need to respond to a change in student profile from the traditional academically committed student to a student who seeks a qualification for a job. This study reports on the application of educational research to the redesign of a single subject (or course). The aims were to engage students in deep learning; increase a learner's responsibility for learning; and encourage better study practices; improve teaching and subject objectives, and authenticate and validate the assessment method. Statistical results presented indicate that the aims were to some extent achieved. Several further improvements and research are identified.
Звіти організацій з теми "Extent of niche achieved"
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Rada, Gabriel. What are the effects of interventions to improve adherence to medication? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1608084.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The potential benefits of effective medications may not always be achieved if patients do not take them as prescribed. Adherence is defined as the extent to which a patient follows the instructions given for a prescribed treatment. Many adherence interventions are intended to assist patients with completing this task.
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Rada, Gabriel. What are the effects of behavioral interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/170206.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Adherence can be defined as the extent to which patients follow the instructions they are given for prescribed treatments. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has demonstrated remarkable success in reducing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs for HIV-positive people. The lifesaving benefits of HAART are not achieved if patients do not take them as prescribed. Behavioral interventions are intended to assist patients with this task.
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Soldano, Miguel, Verónica M. Gonzalez Diez, Ulrike Haarsager, María José Hernández, Ana María Linares, Juan Felipe García, Roni Szwedzki, et al. Executive Summary: IDB’s Ninth General Capital Increase: Implementation and Results. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006379.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This executive summary sums up OVE´s evaluation "IDB’s Ninth General Capital Increase: Implementation and Results". This evaluation reviews IDB’s implementation of the IDB-9 mandates and results to date. It follows the themes of OVE’s 2013 midterm evaluation (also mandated under IDB-9) and focuses more centrally on “the big picture” – to what extent IDB-9 mandates have been implemented, what has been achieved, and what challenges remain going forward.
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Soldano, Miguel, Roni Szwedzki, Jose Fajgenbaum, Ana Ramirez-Goldin, Rafael Brisco Couchonal, Hector Conroy, Juan Felipe Murcia, Darinka Vásquez Jordán, and Alejandro Soriano. Approach Paper: Country Program Evaluation: Costa Rica (2011-2014). Inter-American Development Bank, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010587.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This approach paper defines the scope and objectives of, and tools for, the Costa Rica Country Program Evaluation (CPE) for the 2011-2014 period. This evaluation covers the 2011-2014 period, during which the debate over the country's growth model sharpened. This evaluation will be governed by OVE's current Protocol for Country Program Evaluation (document RE-348-3), pursuant to which the past program will be evaluated to determine the extent to which its goals were achieved and to draw lessons.
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Martin, Lucia, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, and Juan Manuel Puerta. Approach Paper: Evaluation of PROCIDADES. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010598.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the creation of the facility, 22 projects for over US$500 million have been approved, and about half of the approved amounts have been either disbursed or cancelled. Therefore, the time is now ripe for taking stock of the PROCIDADES facility. In doing so, OVE's independent evaluation will not only validate the findings of the self-evaluation, but it will also address some new questions not raised there. For instance, the evaluation will look at the strategies to generate demand from the municipalities, the cost and benefits for the bank, and the importance of political cycles for the effectiveness of the projects. In general, the evaluation exercise has two overarching objectives: to assess PROCIDADES as a lending facility and evaluate the extent to which it achieved its objectives; and to analyze, to the extent possible, the impact on the municipalities benefiting from the program.
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Gui, Feng, and Sean Brossia. PR-186-073502-R01 Large-Scale Cathodic Disbondment Testing for Coal Tar Enamel(CTE). Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010646.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Corrosion protection of installed transmission pipelines is mainly achieved by isolating the pipeline from the environment through the use of applied coatings. In areas where coating damage (e.g., holidays) exist, cathodic protection (CP), often by impressed current, is used to protect any bare areas. The amount of current output required for CP tends to increase as the damaged area (e.g. holidays, cracks) progresses over time. Although CP is necessary to protect any bare areas, it can also enhance coating disbondment. Likewise, the extent of cathodic disbondment (CD) could increase as the current from the rectifier is augmented to compensate for the extended damage. In the United Stated approximately 50 % of the transmission pipelines are coated with coal tar enamel (CTE), many of which have been in service for more than 50 years. The extent of the coating damage (in the form of holidays, open disbondments, cracks and tears) requires incremental increases in CP levels to be applied over time. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of CP levels on the growth of CD of CTE coated pipes. The CD extent at under protected CP levels was investigated as well. Additionally, the effect of surface contaminant (chloride) on CD of the CTE coated pipes was evaluated.
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Hoinkes, Ulrich. Indexicality and Enregisterment as Theoretical Approaches to the Sociolinguistic Analysis of Romance Languages. Universitatsbibliothek Kiel, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21941/hoinkesindexenregromlang.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Social indexicality and enregisterment are basic notions of a theoretical model elaborated in the United States, the aim of which is to describe the relationship between the use of language variation and patterns of social behavior at the level of formal classification. This analytical approach is characterized by focusing on the interrelation of social performance and language awareness. In my contribution, I want to show how this modern methodology can give new impetus to the study of today’s problem areas in Europe, such as migration and language or urban life and language use. In particular, I am interested in the case of Catalan, which has been studied for some time by proponents of the North American enregisterment theory. This leads me to indicate that explicit forms of social conduct, such as language shift or the emblematic use of linguistic forms, can be interpreted with regard to the social indexicality of Catalan. I thus analyze them in a way which shows that authenticity and integration in Catalan society can be achieved to a considerable extent by practicing forms of linguistic enregisterment.
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Hauzenberger, Niko, Florian Huber, Gary Koop, and James Mitchell. Bayesian modeling of time-varying parameters using regression trees. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202305.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In light of widespread evidence of parameter instability in macroeconomic models, many time-varying parameter (TVP) models have been proposed. This paper proposes a nonparametric TVP-VAR model using Bayesian additive regression trees (BART). The novelty of this model stems from the fact that the law of motion driving the parameters is treated nonparametrically. This leads to great flexibility in the nature and extent of parameter change, both in the conditional mean and in the conditional variance. In contrast to other nonparametric and machine learning methods that are black box, inference using our model is straightforward because, in treating the parameters rather than the variables nonparametrically, the model remains conditionally linear in the mean. Parsimony is achieved through adopting nonparametric factor structures and use of shrinkage priors. In an application to US macroeconomic data, we illustrate the use of our model in tracking both the evolving nature of the Phillips curve and how the effects of business cycle shocks on inflationary measures vary nonlinearly with movements in uncertainty.
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Dembetembe, Gift, Xavier Raso-Domínguez, and Philippe Gugler. Engagements and disengagements of Multinational Enterprises with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: Where we are and where to go from here. Cantonal and University Library Fribourg, 2025. https://doi.org/10.51363/unifr.ewp.jqgg44.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With five years remaining to reach the year 2030, only 17% of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have been achieved. Due to Multinational Enterprises’ (MNEs) considerable influence on the global economy and their impact on global sustainability, it is important to examine how MNEs contribute to the SDG agenda. Available literature in this domain acknowledges a lack of knowledge about the extent to which MNEs implement SDGs in their operations. To fill this gap, we juxtapose academic and practice literature to uncover actual engagements and disengagements of MNEs with SDGs. We synthesize studies from the past eight years to evaluate the state of the field and propose a research agenda. Academic work typically identifies the SDGs MNEs engage with, while practitioner literature highlights challenges and opportunities. Our review of 168 studies finds that MNEs in emerging markets, developed markets and the global context engage with SDGs 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, and 17. We also find that MNEs disengage with SDGs 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, and 16 across all contexts. Thus, we identify 9 key research areas critical for strengthening theoretical understanding and offering practical guidance for MNEs and policymakers in advancing global sustainability.
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Fluhr, Robert, and Volker Brendel. Harnessing the genetic diversity engendered by alternative gene splicing. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696517.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Our original objectives were to assess the unexplored dimension of alternative splicing as a source of genetic variation. In particular, we sought to initially establish an alternative splicing database for Arabidopsis, the only plant for which a near-complete genome has been assembled. Our goal was to then use the database, in part, to advance plant gene prediction programs that are currently a limiting factor in annotating genomic sequence data and thus will facilitate the exploitation of the ever increasing quantity of raw genomic data accumulating for plants. Additionally, the database was to be used to generate probes for establishing high-throughput alternative transcriptome analysis in the form of a splicing-specific oligonucleotide microarray. We achieved the first goal and established a database and web site termed Alternative Splicing In Plants (ASIP, http://www.plantgdb.org/ASIP/). We also thoroughly reviewed the extent of alternative splicing in plants (Arabidopsis and rice) and proposed mechanisms for transcript processing. We noted that the repertoire of plant alternative splicing differs from that encountered in animals. For example, intron retention turned out to be the major type. This surprising development was proven by direct RNA isolation techniques. We further analyzed EST databases available from many plants and developed a process to assess their alternative splicing rate. Our results show that the lager genome-sized plant species have enhanced rates of alternative splicing. We did advance gene prediction accuracy in plants by incorporating scoring for non-canonical introns. Our data and programs are now being used in the continuing annotation of plant genomes of agronomic importance, including corn, soybean, and tomato. Based on the gene annotation data developed in the early part of the project, it turned out that specific probes for different exons could not be scaled up to a large array because no uniform hybridization conditions could be found. Therefore, we modified our original objective to design and produce an oligonucleotide microarray for probing alternative splicing and realized that it may be reasonable to investigate the extent of alternative splicing using novel commercial whole genome arrays. This possibility was directly examined by establishing algorithms for the analysis of such arrays. The predictive value of the algorithms was then shown by isolation and verification of alternative splicing predictions from the published whole genome array databases. The BARD-funded work provides a significant advance in understanding the extent and possible roles of alternative splicing in plants as well as a foundation for advances in computational gene prediction.