Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Exposition des populations à la pollution"
Оформте джерело за APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard та іншими стилями
Ознайомтеся зі списками актуальних статей, книг, дисертацій, тез та інших наукових джерел на тему "Exposition des populations à la pollution".
Біля кожної праці в переліку літератури доступна кнопка «Додати до бібліографії». Скористайтеся нею – і ми автоматично оформимо бібліографічне посилання на обрану працю в потрібному вам стилі цитування: APA, MLA, «Гарвард», «Чикаго», «Ванкувер» тощо.
Також ви можете завантажити повний текст наукової публікації у форматі «.pdf» та прочитати онлайн анотацію до роботи, якщо відповідні параметри наявні в метаданих.
Статті в журналах з теми "Exposition des populations à la pollution":
1
Il’ina, Valentina, Anna Mitroshenkova, Irina Nalivayko, and Ludmila Husnutdinova. "Ontogenetic structure of lichen populations as the index of the condition of the urbanized territories." E3S Web of Conferences 138 (2019): 01023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913801023.
Анотація:
The results of population monitoring in lichen indication promote the detection of resistance of lichen species to the pollution of environment. The population of Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. on the territory of the city of Samara and in the neighborhood of the Bolshaya Glushitsa settlement (Bolsheglushitsky district, Samara region) (Russia) were studied. For identification of ontogenetic conditions of talluses, the approaches and a nomenclature of population and ontogenetic researches of Magnoliophyta were used. Taking into account the exposition, the projective cover of Ulmus pumila trunks with Xanthoria parietina talluses was revealed. On Ulmus pumila tree stems in the Bolshechernigovsky municipal district of Samara region the prevailing ontogenetic group in populations of Xanthoria parietina is young generative group, within the city it is mature generative group. Talluses in the same course of ontogenetic development have the least area, and then, the vitality, on the western part of a trunk, and the greatest on the south side. At the same time the vital level of tallus directly depends on the level of environmental pollution. The decrease in the number of talluses is related to indexes of density, illumination, natural tree mortality, cuttings, fires, diseases of tree species.
2
Carrier, Mathieu, Anne-Marie Séguin, Philippe Apparicio, and Dan Crouse. "Les résidences pour personnes âgées de l’île de Montréal appartenant aux parcs social et privé : une exposition inéquitable à la pollution de l’air ?" Cahiers de géographie du Québec 57, no. 161 (May 5, 2014): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1024903ar.
Анотація:
Résumé La qualité des milieux à proximité des résidences pour personnes âgées sur l’île de Montréal, tant celles du parc privé que du parc social, est analysée sous l’angle de la pollution générée par la circulation automobile. Deux types d’indicateurs de polluants sont utilisés pour évaluer la pollution. Les premiers sont basés sur la proximité des axes majeurs de circulation et les seconds estiment, dans un rayon de 200 m, la concentration de NO2. Nos résultats montrent que les résidences privées et celles du parc social se localisent plus souvent à proximité d’axes majeurs de circulation que les résidences de l’ensemble de la population et de la population âgée. Les résidences privées se caractérisent toutefois par des concentrations moindres de NO2 comparativement à ces deux mêmes populations, alors qu’on observe l’inverse pour les résidences du parc social. Ceci s’explique notamment par leur distribution respective au sein du territoire urbanisé.
3
Sabirova, Zulfya F., O. V. Budarina, M. V. Vinokurov, and N. F. Fattachova. "METHODICAL QUESTIONS OF THE STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE POPULATION’S HEALTH." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 10 (March 27, 2019): 987–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-10-987-989.
Анотація:
On the basis of the analysis and an assessment of publications devoted to the impact of the pollution of atmospheric air on the population’s health and results of own researches in the field of oil processing, petrochemistry, chemistry, metallurgy insufficient informational content and validity of evidential base of “exposition - answer” dependence is established. Methodical questions allowing interpret correctly results of a quantitative assessment of the influence of chemical pollution on the population’s health are considered. The characteristic of informational content, choice criteria of air pollution indices and the state of the population’s health, methods of an assessment and statistical processing of results are given. Advantages of calculated models to study and the description of air pollution are shown.
4
Amato-Lourenco, Luis Fernando, Bianca Bonetto Moreno Garcia, Pamela Souza De Almeida, Douglas Rene Rocha Silva, Martha Cristina Motta Godinho Neto, Thais Mauad, Paulo H. N. Saldiva, Maria Eugênio Carretero, and Regiani Carvalho Oliveira. "The Exhaled Nitric Oxide (Feno) As A Screening Tool To Assess Air Pollution Exposition In An Elderly Population." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2015, no. 1 (August 20, 2015): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2015.2015-1415.
5
Amato-Lourenco, Luis Fernando, Bianca Bonetto Moreno Garcia, Pamela Souza De Almeida, Douglas Rene Rocha Silva, Martha Cristina Motta Godinho Neto, Thais Mauad, Paulo H. N. Saldiva, and Regiani Carvalho Oliveira. "The Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) As A Screening Tool To Assess Air Pollution Exposition In An Elderly Population." ISEE Conference Abstracts 2015, no. 1 (August 20, 2015): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/isee.2015.2015-1418.
6
Castresana, Gabriela Pérez, Elsa Castañeda Roldán, Wendy A. García Suastegui, José L. Morán Perales, Abel Cruz Montalvo, and Anabella Handal Silva. "Evaluation of Health Risks due to Heavy Metals in a Rural Population Exposed to Atoyac River Pollution in Puebla, Mexico." Water 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2019): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020277.
Анотація:
The health risks of Emilio Portes Gil’s population, for the exposition to the Atoyac River pollution in the State of Puebla, was evaluated. The objective was to determine the concentration of nine heavy metals by ingesting water from wells and spri ngs. The chronic daily water intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk index (CRI) in adults, teenagers, and children were estimated. The results showed that the concentration of Fe, Al, Ni, and Pb in some of the samples exceeded the recommended standards for human consumption and was significantly higher in the dry season. The hazard index (HI), due to the collective intake of metals, was higher in children (> 50% compared to adults), due to the consumption of spring water in the dry season. Risk of noncancerous diseases was not detected in the long term, since the indices did not exceed the unit (reference value). The carcinogenic risk from oral exposure to Cr (CRIchildren = 3.2 × 10−4), was greater than the acceptable limit (1 × 10−6) in the water spring, and Cr and Pb were the main metals that contributed to the potential health risk of the inhabitants. The study showed the risks by the intake of polluted water from the sources of supply in the region, and that the risk is higher in the dry season (> 100% compared with rainy season).
7
Перова, S. Perova, Походзей, L. Pokhodzey, Пальцев, Yuriy Paltsev, Рубцова, Nina Rubtsova, Токарский, and A. Tokarskiy. "Ensuring of Professional and Ecological Electromagnetic Safety: Problems, State and Solutions." Safety in Technosphere 5, no. 4 (August 25, 2016): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23761.
Анотація:
Assurance of workers and population’s electromagnetic safety represents a big relevance in connection with the increasing
electromagnetic pollution both of in-plant and natural environment and increase with respect thereto in risk of health loss.
Implementation of the principles for protection against electromagnetic fields (EMF) can be not always realized in practice
by time, distance, and application of collective and individual means of protection. The question of human being’s protection
against EMF has a high relevance especially in connection with potential carcinogenicity of some ranges and modes for EMF
generation. Relevance of enhancement of hygienic standards and control methods for EMF, especially taking into account
determination of values not only for falling energy, but for the absorbed one, has been demonstrated. The developed
modern principle for solution of the problem related to adequate assessment of EMF exposition using a combination of
numerical and experimental dosimetry methods, and investigational studies on animals has been separately considered.
8
Kráľová, Katarína, and Josef Jampílek. "Impact of Environmental Contaminants on Breast Cancer / Wpływ Zanieczyszczenia Środowiska Na Raka Piersi." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 9–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2015-0001.
Анотація:
Abstract Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women. It is believed that among the causes of breast cancer, hereditary factors account for only 5-10% of risk and the environmental exposures to environmental contaminants account for an additional 30-50% of risk. This paper summarizes findings related to the risk of breast cancer due to exposure to following environmental contaminants: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorous pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, parabens, organic solvents, atmospheric pollutants, alkylphenols, metals, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic field and light pollution. Results obtained in in vitro experiments with breast cancer cell lines and in vivo with model rodents as well as in population based case-control studies are presented and the mode of action of individual environmental contaminants on mammary gland is discussed. Attention is also devoted to the effects of the timing of exposure to environmental contaminants (mainly exposition during development of the mammary gland) on breast cancer risk. Outcomes of professional exposure to some environmental contaminants on breast cancer risk are analysed as well
9
Badilla, Gustavo López, Montserrat Lujan De Leon, Gerardo Vigil Rendón, Raúl Oswaldo Alvarado Valencia, Mayra Faviola Álvarez Rodríguez, Víctor Hugo Ferman Victoria, Nancy Guadalupe González Medina, and Elizabeth Vinalay Carbajal. "Correlation Analysis of the Effect of Atmospheric Factors on the Negative Effect on the Health of the Population of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico." Asian Journal of Basic Science & Research 05, no. 01 (2023): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajbsr.2023.5108.
Анотація:
This investigation was made to determine the correlation analysis of the presence of the atmospheric factors as air pollution agents as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), ozone (O3) and carbon monoxide (CO), and climatic parameters as relative humidity (RH) and temperature in the generation indices of lung cancer with death of pulmonary symptoms in the Tijuana city, which is considered as one of the most city contaminated in the Mexican Republic. Also were evaluated the health effects of persons in the skin as skin cancer detected in some persons of this border city, by the effect of the exposition for long time to the ultraviolet rays of sun, due to the deterioration of the ozone layer, which was detected by the ozone particles close to the ground surface in this city. In this city are presented air pollutants mentioned above, as the principal air pollutants and addition to the climatic factors as variations of relative humidity (RH) and temperature, were a negative effect n the health of population of this city, specially in the health symptoms mentioned above. To determine the relation of atmospheric factors and the occurrence of health symptoms mentioned above, was made an analysis with the Spearmen analysis. This scientific study was made in 2022.
10
Cannavò, S., F. Ferraù, M. Ragonese, L. Curtò, M. L. Torre, M. Magistri, A. Marchese, A. Alibrandi, and F. Trimarchi. "Increased prevalence of acromegaly in a highly polluted area." European Journal of Endocrinology 163, no. 4 (October 2010): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-10-0465.
Анотація:
ObjectiveDespite the contribution of national registries and population-based reports, data concerning the epidemiology of acromegaly is scanty. In addition, the role of the environmental context has not been investigated.DesignEpidemiology of acromegaly was studied in the province of Messina (Sicily, Italy), focusing on the influence of environmental factors.MethodsFour zones, characterized by different degrees of exposition to environmental toxins due to industrial pollution, were identified in the province: area A (76 338 inhabitants), area B (287 328 inhabitants), area C (243 381 inhabitants), and area D (47 554 inhabitants) at low, middle-low, middle, and high industrial density respectively. We identified all acromegalics who were born and resided in the province of Messina, among patients either referred to our endocrine unit or referred elsewhere but recorded in the archives of the provincial healthcare agency.ResultsIn the province of Messina, we found 64 patients (2 in area A, 24 in area B, 28 in area C, and 10 in area D). Macroadenomas were 60%, the male/female ratio was 1, and mean age at diagnosis (±s.e.m.) was 45.4±1.6 years. Overall, prevalence was 97 c.p.m. in the province (26 c.p.m. in area A, 84 c.p.m. in area B, 115 c.p.m. in area C, and 210 c.p.m. in area D). Risk ratio (RR), calculated in every area assuming area A as a reference, showed an increased risk of developing acromegaly in people residing in area D (RR=8.03; P<0.0014).ConclusionThis study confirms the prevalence of acromegaly reported recently. The increased risk of developing this disease in area D suggests that the pathogenetic role of environmental context needs to be better evaluated.
Дисертації з теми "Exposition des populations à la pollution":
1
Pujol, Sophie. "Le bruit environnemental en milieu urbain : exposition d'une population d'enfants et performances scolaires." Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA3018/document.
Анотація:
La relation entre exposition sonore environnementale et performance scolaire a été étudiée auprès des 900 élèves scolarisés en CE2 en 2006-2007 dans les écoles publiques de la ville de Besançon (120 000 habitants). Un questionnaire, complété par les familles de 724 élèves a permis de localiser les habitations et recueillir les facteurs associés à leur réussite ou échec scolaire.L'exposition sonore de cette population a été évaluée par deux approches complémentaires : une campagne de mesure, conduite au domicile de 44 enfants pendant 8 jours consécutifs (niveaux sonores intra- et extra-domiciliaires) ; une carte stratégique de bruit, à l'échelle de la ville (niveaux sonores en façade des écoles et du domicile de chacun des élèves). Ces niveaux sonores ont été confrontés aux résultats obtenus lors des évaluations diagnostiques de l'Education nationale, organisées à l'entrée en CE2, à l'aide de modèles de régressions linéaires multi-niveaux. Un lien significatif entre niveau d'exposition sonore en façade de l'école et baisse des scores obtenus en français et mathématiques a été mis en évidence, y compris après ajustement sur les facteurs de confusion. La tendance est similaire entre niveau sonore en façade du domicile et score en français, bien qu'en limite de signification après ajustement sur les cofacteurs.Ce travail s'inscrit dans une démarche pluridisciplinaire d'évaluation du risque environnemental, avec un accent particulier porté sur l'évaluation de l'exposition. L'évaluation de l'impact des nuisances sonores sur la santé est d'autant plus importante que l'exposition sonore environnementale concerne une large part de la population, en Europe et dans le mondeThe aim of this thesis was to quantify children's exposure to environmental ambient noise at home and at school and to assess the relation between noise exposure and school performance of 8-9 year-old-schoolchildren. This study was conducted among the 900 children living in a 120, 000 inhabitants city and attending one of the 35 public primary schools in key stage 2, year 4 in 2006-2007. Questionnaires were distributed to the families to locate the children's home and collect data on potential confounding factors associated with school achievement or failure. These questionnaires were completed by 724 families living in the city.A noise measurement campaign was performed at the residence of 44 randomly sampled schoolchildren (outdoor and indoor noise levels during one week) and a strategic noise map was built at the city scale to calculate the outdoor environmental ambient noise levels at home and at school. These noise levels were compared with the children's school performance at the national standardised assessment test in French and mathematics. A linear exposure-effect relation between noise exposure at school and impaired Mathematics score was found after adjustment for confounding factors. Furthermore, both the ambient noise exposure at school and at home individually considered were found to be associated with an impaired children French performance.This study mainly focused on the assessment of the noise exposure in an urban area. The magnitude of the effect we observed on school performance may seem to be modest, but, when considering the number of people potentially chronically exposed to similar environmental noise levels, this effect may be of importance
2
Schnackenberg, Ashley. "Les effets d’amendements sur la fonctionnalité des sols de potagers contaminés par les éléments métalliques et sur la réduction des dangers environnementaux et sanitaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR055.
Анотація:
Le besoin de nature en ville, l'engouement pour le « manger sain » et le contexte socio-économique difficile contribuent au développement du jardinage en milieu (péri)-urbain. Les collectivités sont régulièrement sollicitées pour la création de jardins collectifs. Or, de par leurs contextes environnementaux et historiques, les sols de potagers sont des milieux complexes, encore peu connus ; leurs fonctionnements peuvent être fortement perturbés par des dégradations physiques, chimiques et biologiques. Leur contamination peut même présenter un danger sanitaire notamment, en lien avec l'ingestion de particules de terre ou de légumes. Parmi les techniques pouvant améliorer le fonctionnement des sols et influer sur le comportement des polluants, notamment métalliques, l'ajout d'amendements tels que le compost de déchets verts, les produits phosphatés et carbonatés, les zéolites naturelles ou synthétiques, ou les sous-produits industriels (boues rouges, grenailles de fer, oxy-hydroxydes de fer) sont cités comme pouvant réduire la mobilité et la biodisponibilité des éléments métalliques. Se posent néanmoins les questions de l'efficacité de ces amendements et sa pérennité. La gestion des amendements, qu'ils soient organiques ou minéraux, pose toutefois question puisque ces derniers peuvent présenter des contaminants métalliques et/ou organiques. Or, le recours aux amendements comme méthode de gestion des sols de potagers et les risques sanitaires sur sols amendés restent encore assez peu étudiés.Le sujet de la thèse vise à étudier l'intérêt d'amendements organique et minéraux, pour gérer des sols de potagers urbains présentant des contaminations anthropiques modérées. Il s'agit d'évaluer le potentiel de ces amendements (utilisés seuls ou en mélange) pour réduire de façon durable la phytodisponibilité des polluants métalliques ainsi que l'exposition des jardiniers et de leur famille. Des expérimentations in situ seront réalisées dans différents contextes environnementaux et urbains et s'appuieront en amont sur des expérimentations ex situ visant à sélectionner le choix des amendements étudiésThe need for nature in the city, the craze for "healthy eating" and difficult socio-economic contexts contribute to the development of gardening in (peri-)urban areas. Communities are regularly solicited for the creation of collective gardens. However, due to their environmental and historical contexts, the soils of vegetable gardens are complex environments, still little known; their functioning can be strongly disturbed by physical, chemical and biological degradation. Their contamination can even present health hazards, particularly in connection with the ingestion of soil particles or vegetables. Among the techniques that can improve the functioning of soils and influence the behavior of pollutants, especially metallic ones, the addition of amendments such as green waste compost, phosphate and carbonate products, natural or synthetic zeolites, or industrial by-products (red mud, iron shot, iron oxy-hydroxides) are cited as being able to reduce the mobility and bioavailability of metallic elements. However, the effectiveness of these amendments and their durability are still in question. The management of amendments, whether organic or mineral, raises questions since they may contain metallic and/or organic contaminants. However, the use of soil amendments as a method of managing vegetable garden soils and the health risks on amended soils are still relatively unstudied.The subject of this thesis is to study the interest of organic and mineral amendments to manage urban vegetable garden soils with moderate anthropogenic contamination. The aim is to evaluate the potential of these amendments (used alone or in mixtures) to reduce in a sustainable way the phyto-availability of metallic pollutants as well as the exposure of gardeners and their families. In situ experiments will be carried out in different environmental and urban contexts and will be based on ex situ experiments aimed at selecting the choice of the studied amendments
3
Tagne, Fotso Romuald. "Imprégnation aux métaux et métalloïdes en population générale du Nord–Pas-de-Calais : niveaux, déterminants et liens avec le débit de filtration glomérulaire." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S031/document.
Анотація:
La biosurveillance humaine permet aujourd’hui d’évaluer notre exposition aux produits chimiques par la mesure soit des substances elles-mêmes, soit de leurs métabolites ou marqueurs d'effets sur la santé, à partir des fluides corporels ou des tissus. Les informations recueillies dans le cadre d’enquêtes épidémiologiques renseignent sur l'exposition humaine et constituent des bases précieuses dans la recherche des relations exposition-réponse chez les humains. Les travaux de cette thèse s’inscrivent dans le cadre de l’enquête transversale IMePoGe conduite entre 2008-2010 dans la région Nord–Pas-de-Calais (au nord de la France), incluant 2000 résidents adultes âgés de 20 à 59 ans, et visant à quantifier les niveaux d’imprégnation de la population à 14 métaux et métalloïdes (aluminium, antimoine, arsenic total, béryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chrome, mercure, manganèse, nickel, plomb, thallium, vanadium, zinc) choisis pour leurs effets toxiques et la fréquence de l’exposition professionnelle et environnementale. Les objectifs spécifiques de cette thèse étaient, tout en portant une attention particulière au plomb et au cadmium, deux métaux néphrotoxiques connus dans la littérature : i) d’établir la distribution de l’imprégnation aux métaux et métalloïdes dans la population du Nord de la France et de comparer le niveau régional d’imprégnation avec les données nationales et internationales ; ii) d’identifier les facteurs majeurs de variation de l’imprégnation et les sources d’exposition au plomb et au cadmium dans la population générale ; iii) d’étudier la relation entre la variation du débit de filtration glomérulaire et les niveaux d’imprégnation aux métaux. Globalement, les concentrations sanguines et urinaires de la plupart des métaux et métalloïdes étaient plus élevées que celles rapportées dans l’enquête nationale nutrition santé conduite sur la même période dans la population française, à l’exception du vanadium urinaire et du plomb sanguin. La plombémie moyenne régionale (moyenne géométrique) était de 18,8 μg/L. De nombreuses sources d’exposition au plomb existaient dans la population et étaient à la fois d’origine professionnelle, environnementale et alimentaire. Pour ce qui est du cadmium, le tabagisme se présentait comme la principale source d’exposition récente ou chronique au métal : la cadmiémie moyenne, reflet de l’exposition récente, était de 0,39 μg/L et passait de 0,26 μg/L chez les non-fumeurs à 0,84 μg/L chez les fumeurs ; la cadmiurie moyenne, reflet de l’exposition chronique, était de 0,37 μg/L (0,33 μg/g créatinine) et passait de 0,33 μg/L (0,29 μg/g créatinine) chez les non-fumeurs à 0,46 μg/L (0.37 μg/g créatinine) chez les fumeurs. Enfin, dans le cadre de l’étude de la relation entre l’imprégnation aux métaux et le débit de filtration glomérulaire, notre étude a montré que la prise en compte de la co-exposition à d’autres métaux et métalloïdes potentiellement néphrotoxiques bouleversait considérablement les associations antérieures jusqu’ici rapportées spécifiquement avec le plomb et le cadmium, dans le cadre de faibles niveaux d’imprégnation en population généraleHuman Biomonitoring allows us to evaluate our exposure to chemicals by measuring substances themselves or their metabolites or markers of health effects, from body fluids or tissues. The information collected through epidemiological surveys provide information on human exposure and are valuable databases in the research of exposure-response relationships in humans. This thesis is part of the cross-sectional IMePoGe survey conducted between 2008-2010 in the Nord–Pas-de-Calais region (in northern France), including 2,000 adult residents aged 20 to 59 years old, and aimed to quantify the impregnation levels of the population to 14 metals and metalloids (aluminum, antimony, total arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, thallium, vanadium, zinc) chosen for their toxic effects and the frequency of occupational and environmental exposure. The specific objectives of this thesis were, which a special interest for lead and cadmium, two nephrotoxic metals known in the literature: i) to establish the distribution of impregnation metals into the northern population of France and compare the exposure regional level to metals and metalloids with the national and international data; ii) to identify the major factors of variation of the impregnation and the sources of exposure to lead and cadmium in the general population; iii) to study the relationship between the change in glomerular filtration rate and the impregnation levels to metals. Overall, blood and urinary concentrations of most metals and metalloids were higher than those found in the national nutritional health survey conducted during the same period in the French population, with the exception of urinary vanadium and blood lead. The regional mean of blood lead level (geometric mean) was 18.8 μg/L. Several sources of lead exposure existed in the population and were link to the occupational, environmental and consumption parameters. Regarding cadmium, smoking was the main source of recent or chronic exposure to metal: the geometric mean of blood cadmium, reflecting a recent exposure, was 0.39 μg/L and increased from 0.26 μg/L in non-smokers to 0.84 μg/L in smokers; the geometric mean of urinary cadmium, reflecting the chronic exposure, was 0.37 μg/L (0.33 μg/g creatinine) and increased from 0.33 μg/L (0.29 μg/g creatinine) in non-smokers to 0.46 μg/L (0.37 μg/g creatinine) in smokers. Finally, as part of the study of the relationship between the metal levels and the glomerular filtration rate, our study showed that taking into account the multiple exposure to the other potentially nephrotoxic metals and metalloids upset considerably the previous associations specifically reported with lead and cadmium, in the context of low levels exposure in the general population
4
Duché, Sarah. "La pollution de l'air en région parisienne : exposition et perception sur les sites touristiques." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840818.
Анотація:
La métropole parisienne concentre un grand nombre d'activités anthropiques et une forte densité de bâtis engendrant de fortes émissions de polluants. L'ozone, le dioxyde d'azote et les particules dépassent fréquemment les seuils critiques annuels et journaliers fixés par l'Union Européenne et la France. L'exposition à des concentrations exceptionnelles de ces polluants peut engendrer des problèmes respiratoires et cardio-vasculaires pour la population et les nombreux touristes en région parisienne. La qualité de l'air peut être une source de nuisance lors du séjour de ces derniers et avoir un impact négatif sur l'image de la région, dont le tourisme est une des premières activités économiques. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d'évaluer, d'une part, quand et où les touristes sont le plus exposés à la pollution de l'air, et d'autre part, comment ils la perçoivent. Pour évaluer l'exposition des touristes, les variabilités spatiale et temporelle de l'ozone, du dioxyde d'azote et des particules ont été étudiées à deux échelles différentes : la première régionale, avec les données issues du réseau de mesures Airparif, et la seconde, plus locale, avec des mesures de concentrations d'ozone et de particules sur différents itinéraires et sites touristiques parisiens. L'exposition est différente selon les polluants, la saison et le lieu. Les touristes sont le plus exposés à l'ozone de mai à septembre lors de journées ensoleillées et dans les espaces verts, loin de la circulation routière. À l'inverse, ils sont le plus exposés aux particules et au dioxyde d'azote d'octobre à avril lors de temps calme avec des inversions thermiques matinales, et à proximité du trafic routier. La perception des touristes de la pollution de l'air a été évaluée à l'aide d'enquêtes sur les sites de la Tour Eiffel, du Sacré-Cœur et de Notre-Dame sur plusieurs jours. Les touristes estiment globalement une qualité de l'air bonne ou moyenne à Paris. Cette perception varie selon les jours, dépendant essentiellement des conditions météorologiques et de la visibilité du smog, et selon les sites, résultant de nuisances visuelles, olfactives et sonores perçues différemment. L'origine des touristes influe sur leur perception avec une principale différence entre les touristes français et les touristes étrangers.
5
Pedrosa, João André da Mota. "Microevolutionary dynamics and genetic erosion in pollution-affected Chironomus populations." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17941.
Анотація:
Doutoramento em BiologiaAs populações que vivem em ecossistemas de água doce extremamente contaminados por metais podem estar sujeitas a forte seleção e deriva genética. Este processo de erosão genética poderá ameaçar a sua sobrevivência a longo prazo, uma vez que a capacidade de adaptação das populações a alterações das condições ambientais está diretamente relacionada com os níveis de diversidade genética. Neste sentido, a procura por novos bioindicadores, que aumentem a relevância ecológica da avaliação de risco ambiental, tem levado a um crescente interesse pela toxicologia evolutiva e por medidas de diversidade genética. O trabalho aqui apresentado tem como objetivo último compreender de que forma os níveis de diversidade genética da espécie modelo em ecotoxicologia Chironomus riparius (Meigen) podem ser usados como indicadores de qualidade ecológica de sistemas de água doce. Para tal, avaliaram-se respostas microevolutivas à contaminação histórica por metais em populações de C. riparius, incluindo determinação dos níveis de diversidade genética, adaptação genética a metais e potenciais custos de fitness. A diversidade genética foi estimada com base na variação de sete marcadores de microssatélites enquanto que a adaptação genética a metais e potenciais custos de fitness foi avaliada através da tolerância aguda e crónica a diferentes stressores ambientais, medidas de balanço energético e mecanismos de defesa após manter as diferentes populações durante várias gerações em condições laboratoriais controlo. Por fim, as respostas microevolutivas de C. riparius à contaminação por metais foram comparadas com a diversidade e composição das comunidades de macroinvertebrados. Para determinar a relação de causa-efeito entre respostas microevolutivas e contaminação, os efeitos da poluição por metais foram investigados em diferentes locais historicamente contaminados por metais e comparados com várias referências. Os resultados demonstraram elevados níveis de diversidade genética e uma considerável homogeneidade genética entre as populações monitorizadas em condições naturais. No entanto, observaram-se evidências de adaptação genética a metais nas populações de locais contaminados, incluindo maior tolerância à exposição aguda por metais e elevados níveis basais de glutationas e metalotioninas que possivelmente aumentam a capacidade de resposta das populações à exposição a metais. Além do mais, observaram-se maiores custos energéticos em populações de locais contaminados quando expostas a metais, enquanto que uma das populações de locais contaminados apresentou também custos de fitness em condições controlo. Finalmente, verificou-se que a diversidade e composição das comunidades de macroinvertebrados dos locais contaminados foi fortemente afetada e muitos grupos taxonómicos sensíveis à contaminação foram eliminados e substituídos por outros mais oportunistas, tais como C. riparius. De um modo geral, as medidas de diversidade genética de populações naturais de C. riparius não mostraram ser ferramentas de biomonitorização particularmente vantajosas per se uma vez que não refletiram as respostas microevolutivas das diferentes populações à poluição histórica por metais. Tal facto poderá estar relacionado com a elevada densidade populacional e dinamismo da espécie em condições naturais, uma vez que se observou uma considerável perda de diversidade genética quando as populações foram mantidas em laboratório durante períodos de tempo relativamente longos. Não obstante, algumas linhas de evidência do presente trabalho sugerem o uso de medidas de diversidade genética de C. riparius em diversas situações experimentais como sejam: deteção de hibridização interespecífica; estabelecimento de níveis mínimos de diversidade genética em laboratório; e, finalmente, uso integrativo de medidas de diversidade genética em programas de biomonitorização com um foco mais direcionado para os efeitos ao nível da comunidade de macroinvertebrados. Os resultados apresentados pretendem estimular a discussão acerca da adequabilidade de C. riparius como espécie modelo em toxicologia evolutiva bem como a sensibilidade e robustez das medidas de diversidade genética como indicadores de qualidade ambiental em avaliação de risco ecológico.
Natural populations inhabiting heavily metal impacted freshwater ecosystems may face intense selection and genetic drift that conduct populations to severe reductions of genetic diversity, the so-called process of genetic erosion. Because the ability of populations to adapt to environmental change is directly related to the levels of genetic diversity, contaminant-driven genetic erosion may threaten the long-term survival of populations. The search for more robust and context-driven bio-indicators that add ecological relevance to the environmental risk assessments has increased interest in evolutionary toxicology and measures of genetic diversity. The research described in the present thesis was performed with the ultimate goal of understanding whether the levels of genetic diversity of the model ecotoxicological species Chironomus riparius (Meigen) may be used as ecological indicators of the health of freshwater systems. For that, an integrative study was undertaken investigating microevolutionary responses of C. riparius towards historical metal pollution. This included assessments of levels of genetic diversity as well as determination of genetic adaptation to metals and associated fitness costs. Genetic diversity was estimated based on the variation of seven microsatellite markers. Genetic adaptation and associated fitness costs were investigated through acute and chronic exposures to different environmental stressors, measurements of energy budget and biochemical mechanisms of tolerance to metals, after maintaining populations for several generations under standard laboratory conditions. Microevolutionary responses of C. riparius to metal pollution were, afterwards, compared with macroinvertebrate diversity and composition metrics. To draw general conclusions of causal-relationship between microevolutionary responses and pollution history, effects were investigated across multiple metal polluted and reference site. Globally, the levels of genetic diversity were globally high and there was a remarkable genetic homogeneity among all C. riparius populations in the field. However, C. riparius populations from metal polluted sites showed signs of genetic adaptation to metals as suggested by the increased tolerance to acute concentrations of metal and high basal levels of glutathiones and metallothioneins that likely enhance the fitness of populations to cope with metal toxicity. Furthermore, populations from metals contaminated sites had higher energetic costs when exposed to metals and one of the populations from contaminated sites showed also a poorer performance under control clean conditions. Finally, diversity and composition of macroinvertebrate communities from metal polluted sites was strongly affected and many sensitive taxonomic groups were eliminated and replaced by more opportunistic ones such as C. riparius. Overall, measures of genetic diversity of C. riparius natural populations do not seem to be particularly advantageous biomonitoring tools per se once they did not reflect the underlying microevolutionary responses of natural populations to historical metal pollution. This is likely because of the large population densities together with the highly dynamic nature of C. riparius in the field as we observed genetic erosion in population reared under laboratory conditions over relatively long periods of time. However, several lines of evidence indicate that measures of genetic diversity may accrue valuable information in several experimental situations: detection of interspecific hybridization; establishment of minimum levels of genetic diversity in laboratory-reared C. riparius populations; finally, integrative use of measures of genetic diversity in biomonitoring programs with more community-level focus. The results presented in this thesis aim to stimulate discussion on the suitability of C. riparius as a model species in evolutionary ecotoxicology studies as well as the sensitivity and robustness of genetic diversity measures as indicators of environmental quality in ecological risk assessment.
6
Youssouf, Hassani. "Effets respiratoires de la pollution atmosphérique : prise en compte de plusieurs niveaux de pollution." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066456/document.
Анотація:
Les objectifs de cette thèse sont d'étudier les effets respiratoires de la pollution atmosphérique en prenant en compte 3 niveaux d'exposition: les niveaux macroscopique, semi-individuel et individuel.Pour le niveau macroscopique, nous avons étudié les effets sanitaires des émissions des feux de forêts dans une étude de type écologique. Au travers d'une revue de la littérature, nous avons observé que plusieurs études épidémiologiques avaient mis en évidence l'association entre l'exposition aux émissions des feux et l'augmentation des maladies cardiopulmonaires et la mortalité pour les individus habitant à proximité. La principale limite à ces études est donnée par l'évaluation de l'exposition. Dans une étude de cas sur les incendies de Marseille de 2009, nous avons observé des effets à la limite de la signification 8 et 9 jours après l'exposition entre les concentrations des particules fines(PM2.5 ) issues des incendies et les effets respiratoires.Pour le niveau semi-individuel, nous avons étudié le lien entre la pollution domestique et professionnelle et les maladies respiratoires chez des agriculteurs auvergnats dans le cadre d'une étude de type transversale. Nous avons observé que les dérivés halogénés et l'étyl-butoxyacetate étaient associés de façon significative aux maladies des petites voies aériennes. La concentration de benzène dans la pièce de vie principale de la ferme était significativement associée à une augmentation du risque d'asthme. Enfin, l'utilisation de l'acide mercapturique, dans le cadre d'une étude de type cas témoin nichée nous a permis de mesurer la dose interne d'exposition du benzène parmi des enfants de l'étude et son lien avec l'asthmeThe objectives of this thesis were to study the respiratory effects of air pollution by taking into account three levels of exposure: the macroscopic, semi-individual and individual levels. For the macroscopic level, we studied the health effects of emissions from forest fires in an ecological study. Through a literature review, we found that several epidemiological studies have shown the association between exposure to wildfire emissions and increase cardiopulmonary disease and mortality for the people living nearby. The main limitation of these studies is given by the exposure assessment. In a case study of the wildfire occurred in Marseille in the summer 2009, we observed effects at the limit of significance 8 and 9 days after exposure between concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5) from fire and respiratory effects .For semi-individual level, we have studied the link between domestic and occupational pollution and respiratory diseases among farmers from Auvergne using a cross-sectional study. We observed that the halogenated hydrocarbons and Etyl-butoxyacetate were significantly associated with the small airways disease. Benzene concentration in the living room of the farm was significantly associated with an increased risk of asthma. Finally, the use of a biomarker (the mercapturic acid) in the context of a case-control study allowed us to measure the internal dose of the exposure to benzene and its link with asthma among children included the study
7
Mills, Stephen William. "Sewage treatment in waste stabilisation ponds : physiological studies on the microalgal and faecal coliform populations." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328437.
8
Harrison, Adrian Briscoe. "Hydrocarbon pollution of soil : effects on microbial populations and biomediation methods." Thesis, University of York, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362025.
9
Molle, Romain. "Exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l’air dans les autobus : caractérisation des sources et des transferts." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1127.
Анотація:
Ce travail permet d'approfondir les connaissances sur l'exposition des voyageurs aux polluants de l'air dans les autobus via des mesures représentatives en fonction du matériel roulant (Agora Long, Agora Standard), le taux de renouvellement de l'air, de la qualité de l'air extérieur et des paramètres du trafic routier. Les expériences ont été réalisées en étudiant la répartition des polluants dans l'habitacle, un sujet peu abordé jusqu'à présent dans la littérature. Sont quantifiées certaines sources de pollution comme le relargage des nouveaux matériaux et le transfert des effluents du bus vers sa cabine (auto-pollution). Dans le cadre de cette démarche, une campagne inédite a été créée pour quantifier l'auto-pollution minimum et maximum pour ces deux types de bus. Dans des conditions réelles de circulation, les concentrations en polluants (NO2, PM2.5, concentration en nombre des particules entre 0,02-1µm) ont été plus élevées dans les habitacles des bus par rapport au fond urbain. De plus il a été constaté des concentrations en NO2 plus faibles à l'avant par rapport à l'arrière du bus, position du pot d'échappement et du moteur. Cette surexposition a été expliquée par une auto-pollution plus importante à l'arrière par rapport à l'avant (0,13% contre 0,05% dans des conditions défavorables). Enfin l'influence du relargage des matériaux, du trafic routier, des ouvertures des portes, de la vitesse du vent sur les concentrations des polluants dans les habitacles des bus a été démontréeThis study can increase knowledge about the travelers' exposure to air pollution inside buses through measures based representative of rolling stock (Agora Long, Agora Standard), the air change rate, air outdoor quality and traffic parameters. The experiments were performed by studying the distribution of pollutants in the cabin, a subject little discussed in the literature. Some sources of pollution such as the material emissions and the transfer of bus exhaust in the cabin are quantified (self-pollution). As part of this approach, an unprecedented campaign was conducted to quantify the maximum and minimum self-pollution for both types of bus. In real traffic conditions, the pollutant concentrations (NO2, PM2.5, particle number concentration between 0.02-1µm) are higher in the instrumented buses compared to outdoors. Moreover the lowest concentrations of NO2 have been measured in the front of the cabin compared to the rear, the localization of exhaust pipe and the engine. This overexposure was explained by a self-pollution higher in the rear of the cabin compared to the front (0.13% against 0.05% in adverse conditions). Finally the influence of the material emissions, traffic, door openings, the wind speed on the pollutant concentrations inside buses have been demonstrated
10
Lebepe, Jeffrey. "Assessment of the effects of environmental contaminants on feral fish populations in the Olifants river system." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2450.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph.D (Zoology)) --University of Limpopo, 2018Freshwater ecosystems are the most threatened systems globally, suffering from channel modification, over extraction of water and, of particular concern, pollution. In South Africa, Olifants River is categorised as the third most polluted river system. Acid mine drainage seeping from derelict and abandoned mines has been described as the primary stressor in the upper Olifants catchment. The increase of metal concentration in the water, sediment and fish tissues has been evident over the past few decades. As a result, there has been an increasing concern regarding the effects of increased metal concentrations on the health of fish and the safety of communities consuming fish from the polluted Olifants River system. This study used enzymatic and histopathologic biomarkers to assess the physiological response of Oreochromis mossambicus and Labeo rosae to environmental contaminants. The study further investigated the metal accumulation trend of across different fish tissues and assessed the edibility of O. mossambicus and L. rosae from Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams. Water, sediment and fish samplings were carried out concurrently during low flow and high flow seasons in 2014. Water and sediment sampling were done at the inflow, middle and dam wall. A minimum of 10 fish specimens for each species were collected from Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams during each sampling. For bioaccumulation analysis, liver, gill and muscle tissues were dissected out, wrapped with aluminium foil and frozen. Frozen samples were sent to SANAS accredited laboratory for metal analysis. For Histopathology, tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin prior processing. Tissue processing was done at the Pathology laboratory of the University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort campus. For biomarker analysis, liver and brain tissues were fixed in liquid nitrogen in the field and transferred to the -80°C biofreezer at the University of Limpopo, Biotechnology Unit laboratory. Metal concentrations in the muscle tissue were used to calculate hazard quotient for human health risk assessment which was based on the assumptions that an adult weighting 70 kg consume 150 g portion once per week. Alkaline pH was observed in the water throughout the study. Most water constituents were within the guidelines at both dams. The water at Flag Boshielo Dam was oligotrophic with Loskop Dam showing mesotrophic conditions. Concentrations were below detection level for most metals; however, significant concentrations were recorded in the bottom sediment. Although Loskop Dam is being described as a repository for pollutants from the upper Olifants catchment, no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed for metal concentrations in sediment between the two dams. Coinciding with sediment metal concentrations, liver, gills and muscle have shown notable concentrations for both species at Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams. The common trend of liver accumulating higher metal concentration followed by gill and muscle (liver>gills>muscle) was observed for most metals on O. mossambicus and L. rosae at both dams. In contrast, lead, strontium and manganese showed higher concentrations in the gills. Muscle exhibited lowest concentrations for most metals. Remarkable trends on the activities of biomarkers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were detected for both species at Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams. Labeo rosae population have shown a significantly high (p<0.05) LDH activities at Loskop Dam and no significant difference (p>0.05) was observed for Oreochromis mossambicus. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities exhibited no significant difference (p>0.05) for both species between the two dams. Labeo rosae have shown a significantly high (p<0.05) GST activities at Loskop Dam whereas Oreochromis mossambicus exhibited no significant difference (p>0.05) between the two dams. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has shown no significant difference (p>0.05) for both species between the Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams. LDH, G6PDH and GST activities have shown relationship with metal concentrations, which makes them good biomarkers of metal exposure.The condition factor indicated that overall conditions of O. mossambicus and L. rosae from Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams were good. Hepatosomatic index results were not conclusive. Most histopathological alterations were recorded on both species at both dams, but with different magnitude of severity. Regressive changes were more prominent in the liver and gills of both species at Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams followed by progressive change. Gills of Oreochromis mossambicus exhibited moderate modifications (score >20) at Loskop Dam and slight modification (score <20) at Flag Boshielo Dam. Labeo rosae populations have shown slight modifications (score <20) in the gills at both dams. Both species have shown significant difference (p<0.05) on the gill index between the two dams. Liver index has also exhibited significant difference (p<0.05) for each species between Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams. Slight modifications (score <20) were observed in the liver for both species at Loskop and Flag Boshielo dams. Both species have shown to accumulate metals within their tissues with liver accumulating higher concentration for most metals, followed by gills and muscle, respectively. Although muscle showed to accumulate lesser metal concentrations, it still raise a serious concern as it is the tissue consumed by human. Lead, chromium, cobalt and antimony concentrations have been the only metals of concern in this river system over the past few years; nevertheless, the present study has shown that other metals viz. arsenic, silver and selenium have exceeded international levels for safe consumption. Given the metal concentration trend reported over the past two decade in fish tissues, there is a need for urgent intervention to address the acid mine drainage problem to ensure sustainable development of the Olifants River and safety of communities depending on it for their livelihood.
NRFand RAD
Книги з теми "Exposition des populations à la pollution":
1
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Radon exposure of the U.S. population--status of the problem. Bethesda, Md: The Council, 1991.
2
Rowell, Andrew. Populations at risk from ambient air pollution in England. [United Kingdom?]: Greenpeace UK, 1992.
3
1943-, Albers Peter H., Heinz Gary H, Ohlendorf Harry M, and Symposium on Environmental Contaminants and Terrestrial Vertebrates: Effects on Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems (1998 : College Park, Md.), eds. Environmental contaminants and terrestrial vertebrates: Effects on populations, communities, and ecosystems. Pensacola, Fla: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2000.
4
A, Schroeder Roy, Martin Peter 1953-, United States Marine Corps, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Microbial populations in a jet-fuel-contaminated shallow aquifer at Tustin, California. Sacramento, Calif: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.
5
A, Schroeder Roy, Martin Peter 1953-, United States Marine Corps, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. Microbial populations in a jet-fuel-contaminated shallow aquifer at Tustin, California. Sacramento, Calif: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1985.
6
Sindermann, Carl J. Quantitative effects of pollution on marine and anadromous fish populations. Woods Hole, Mass: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Region, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 1994.
7
M, Koth Ronald, Stone Clifton C, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Region 6, Colorado, eds. Contaminants, fish, and hydrology of the Missouri River and western tributaries, South Dakota: Final report. [Denver, Colo.?]: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 6, Contaminants Program, 1994.
8
Sindermann, Carl J. Quantitative effects of pollution on marine and anadromous fish populations: [microform]. Woods Hole, Mass: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Region, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 1994.
9
McMaster, M. E. Impact of bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) on fish populations near Terrace Bay, Ontario. [Toronto]: Environment Ontario, 1991.
10
Clarke, K. J. Free viruses in the freshwater environment: A scoping study. Marlow, Bucks: Foundation for Water Research, 1998.
Частини книг з теми "Exposition des populations à la pollution":
1
Romano, Megan E., Olivia J. Diorio, and Mary D. Chamberlin. "Pollution, Cancer Risk, and Vulnerable Populations." In Cancer and Society, 27–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05855-5_3.
2
Smith, Kirk R. "Exposures and Doses to Individuals and Populations." In Biofuels, Air Pollution, and Health, 109–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0891-1_4.
3
Shaw, A. Jonathan. "Ecological Genetics of Plant Populations in Polluted Environment." In Ecological Genetics and Air Pollution, 313–20. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3060-1_18.
4
Kuenen, J. G., and L. A. Robertson. "The use of natural bacterial populations for the treatment of sulphur-containing wastewater." In Microorganisms to Combat Pollution, 115–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1672-5_9.
5
Taylor, George E., and Louis F. Pitelka. "Genetic Diversity of Plant Populations and the Role of Air Pollution." In Air Pollution Effects on Biodiversity, 111–30. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3538-6_7.
6
Parsons, David J., and Louis F. Pitelka. "Plant Ecological Genetics and Air Pollution Stress: A Commentary on Implications for Natural Populations." In Ecological Genetics and Air Pollution, 337–43. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3060-1_20.
7
Gregorius, Hans-Rolf. "The importance of genetic multiplicity for tolerance of atmospheric pollution." In Genetic Effects of Air Pollutants in Forest Tree Populations, 163–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74548-5_13.
8
Bergmann, F., and F. Scholz. "Selection effects of air pollution in Norway spruce (Picea abies) populations." In Genetic Effects of Air Pollutants in Forest Tree Populations, 143–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74548-5_12.
9
Karnosky, D. F., P. C. Berrang, F. Scholz, and J. P. Bennett. "Variation in and natural selection for air pollution tolerances in trees." In Genetic Effects of Air Pollutants in Forest Tree Populations, 29–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74548-5_3.
10
Mussali-Galante, Patricia, Efraín Tovar-Sánchez, Mahara Valverde, and Emilio Rojas. "Genetic Structure and Diversity of Animal Populations Exposed to Metal Pollution." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 79–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01327-5_3.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Exposition des populations à la pollution":
1
Sandoval Campos, Sebastian, Fabián A. Ballesteros Higuera, Sebastián Roa Prada, Claudia I. Cáceres Becerra, and Alfredo A. Díaz Claro. "Development of a Low-Cost Sensor Network for Community-Made Measurements of Air Pollution." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23994.
Анотація:
Abstract The levels of pollution present in the air have been dramatically increasing over the years due to the continuous emission of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CO, NOx and H2S, among others. The main source of these emissions is from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. This represents a tremendous risk to the populations located near the emission sources where people get exposed to dangerous concentrations of such gases on a daily basis. The lack of open real-time monitoring tools makes people unaware of the damage these pollutants cause to their health. This research proposes the development and implementation of a low-cost independent solution to keep the members of a community informed about concentration levels of air pollution due to local emissions. This tool must be easily accessible to the users so that the data about the number of particulates per million of a specific gas within a zone of interest can be viewed at any time. The proposed solution consists of a sensor network, covering the widest possible area, with respect to the point of interest. The collected data is sent to a cloud server, which operates as storage center and in which the data can be latter accessed for subsequent analysis. The measurements are sent to the server by means of a wireless communication protocol, carried out by a General Packet Radio Service, GPRS, communication module connected to each station. In this way, the coverage of the network is not limited by issues such as the use of local area networks which at the same time facilitates the transportation and installation of the stations at any desired measurement site. Since each station can collect large amounts of data during a given period of time, it was necessary to implement techniques such as Big Data in order to extract important information and to identify patterns from the data such as the areas having the highest concentration of gases and possible correlations with other variables such as local weather conditions. This information could be used to support the making of decisions that benefit the communities impacted by air pollution, for example the early triggering of bad air quality alarms or the development of policies to regulate industry operation that can potentially impact the health of neighboring communities. A pilot case study was implemented in the city of Floridablanca, Colombia, to demonstrate the monitoring of the emissions of hydrogen sulfide of a big wastewater processing plant.
2
Pop, Petru A., Mircea Veres, Mircea Gordan, and Petru Ungur. "Aspects About Sonic Pollution and Vibrations Sources in Urban Area and Solutions for Them Suppressing." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-10737.
Анотація:
This paper presents some aspects about sonic pollution and vibrations sources in urban area, respectively in Oradea town with its metropolitan zone, and suppressing solutions. The noise and vibration pollution in urban area represents an actual theme of environment protection in Europe and other world’s zone. In last time, Oradea Town has known a large urban and economical development, which due to including inside of urban zone two metallic railway bridges “Oradea East” and “Oradea West”, over “Crisul Repede” River. This ambient noise level and vibration loads produced by railway bridges on passing trains must be reduce, increasing of working bridge’s age and population’s comfort. The experiments about of automotive and tram traffic influence of historical monuments and public Oradea’s buildings have been extended, such as church and hospital. The tests have emphasized the necessity of suppressing noise and vibration pollution by mounting of sonic absorbent panels near buildings from railway bridges, phonic insulation of buildings walls, hour’s restriction program of traffic in these areas, and other solutions.
3
Ozaveshe, Peter Oviroh, Kingsley Ukoba, and Tien Chien Jen. "Renewable Energy Resources in the Long-Term Sustainability of Water Desalination As a Freshwater Source." In ASME 2023 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2023-113293.
Анотація:
Abstract Due to growing populations, climate change, and water pollution, freshwater is becoming increasingly scarce. Managing the increasing water and energy demands requires addressing the relationship between energy production, which requires water, and water production, which uses energy. Desalination, as an option, is becoming a viable solution for meeting water demand in an increasing number of water-stressed areas. However, the increased demand for desalination to enhance the water supply and concerns about the environmental impact of fossil fuel use to power it are becoming issues. These have increased interest in renewable energy-powered desalination systems. As a result, there is an urgent need to advance sustainable and renewable energy technologies and water purification processes and technologies to meet the growing societal demand for water and energy. This review looks at some renewable energy sources, such as bioenergy, marine energy, and a hybrid of renewable energy sources, in meeting the energy demand. It highlighted the additional beneficial incorporation of other applications and possible energy source combinations. The primary goal of this study is to examine recent advances in the technical, economic, environmental, and social impacts of desalination systems. The second goal is to present an overview of the role of renewable energy technologies in the long-term sustainability of projected water systems that will rely increasingly on desalination.
4
Jiang, Wei, Ayou Hao, Wei Li, and Jonathan Chen. "Carbon Nanotube Modified Electrically Conductive Cellulose Film." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-88597.
Анотація:
In recent decades, the energy resource and environment pollution is becoming a main challenge for the sustainability of global economic development as a result of population growth and industrial development. Costs of the synthetic materials are rising due to the short supply of fossil oil. Meanwhile the synthetic materials are not biodegradable and renewable. So the materials with biodegradable and renewable properties need to be investigated. With an annual yield of about 7 × 1011 tones, cellulose is the Earth’s most abundant natural organic material [1]. Many methods and chemicals have been developed to process cellulose into different products [2–6].
5
Cha´vez, Rosa H., and Javier de J. Guadarrama. "Contamination Prevention of the Sulfur Dioxide Using Structured Packing." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33198.
Анотація:
The atmospheric contamination is a significant problem for the population of the big cities. This problem has its origin in the burning of heavy oil, that is carried out to liberate its energy content. Its use as a primary source of energy has high pollution effects in its process due to the formation and expulsion of gases and particles as a consequence of its combustion that contaminate the atmosphere. Although it has had enough relative elements of legal type relative to the contamination, specially atmospheric contamination, there is a lack of solutions adapted to the characteristics of the problem for each country. The present work quantifies the improvements in mass transfer, using absorption column with structured packing of high efficiency for the recovery of the SO2, through the process of removal of SO2 in the form of CaSO3. For such study, the hydrodynamic and mass transfer models are used to design the column, as well as to prove different packings (national production, denominated ININ in Mexico, SulzerBX, Mellapak and Raschig) to evaluate the separation efficiency. It is discussed that the ININ packing was one of the best of those tested because it has the highest separation efficiency.
6
Ribeiro, A., C. Vilarinho, J. Araújo, and J. Carvalho. "Integrated Process for Textile Cotton Waste (TCW) Valorization: Waste-to-Energy and Wastewater Decontamination." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-66706.
Анотація:
The increasing of world population, industrialization and global consuming, existing market products existed in the along with diversification of raw materials, are responsible for an exponential increase of wastes. This scenario represents loss of resources and ultimately causes air, soils and water pollution. Therefore, proper waste management is currently one of the major challenges faced by modern societies. Textile industries represents, in Portugal, almost 10% of total productive transforming sector and 19% of total employments in the sector composed by almost 7.000 companies. One of the main environmental problems of textile industries is the production of significant quantities of wastes from its different processing steps. According to the Portuguese Institute of Statistics (INE) these industries produce almost 500.000 tons of wastes each year, with the textile cotton waste (TCW) being the most expressive. It was estimated that 4.000 tons of TCW are produced each year in Portugal. In this work an integrated TCW valorisation procedure was evaluated, firstly by its thermal and energetic valorisation with slow pyrolysis followed by the utilization of biochar by-product, in lead and chromium synthetic wastewater decontamination. Pyrolysis experiments were conducted in a small scale rotating pyrolysis reactor with 0.1 m3 of total capacity. Results of pyrolysis experiments showed the formation of 0,241 m3 of biogas for each kilogram of TCW. Results also demonstrated that the biogas is mostly composed by hydrogen (22%), methane (14 %), carbon monoxide (20%) and carbon dioxide (12%), which represents a total high calorific value of 12.3 MJ/Nm3. Regarding biochar, results of elemental analysis demonstrated a high percentage of carbon driving its use as low cost adsorbent. Adsorption experiments were conducted with lead and chromium synthetic wastewaters (25, 50 and 100 mg L−1) in batch vessels with controlled pH. It was evaluated the behaviour of adsorption capacity and removal rate of each metal during 120 minutes of contact time using 5, 10 and 50 g L−1 of adsorbent dosage. Results indicated high affinity of adsorbent with each tested metal with 78% of removal rate in chromium and 95% in lead experiments. This suggests that biochar from TCW pyrolysis may be appropriated to wastewaters treatment, with high contents of heavy metals and it can be an effective alternative to activated carbon.
7
Pabón Villamizar, Dany, and Sebastián Roa Prada. "Computer Aided Methodology for the Optimization of an Electric Motorcycle Suspension." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-12160.
Анотація:
Abstract There are almost 9 million motorcycles registered only in the United States, while in other much smaller countries such as Colombia, this number can exceed 8 million. However, the population of Colombia is about six times smaller than the population in the United States. This demonstrates that for many people around the world, motorcycles are a great transportation method, which at the same time can provide a solution to the problems of urban traffic and scarcity of parking space. In addition to the problems associated with traffic, there are also public health problems related to the air pollution generated by internal combustion engines in motor vehicles. The issue of greenhouse gases emission from motor vehicles is being tackled by electric propulsion systems. The massive use of electric vehicles can have a strong positive impact in the quality of life of people and the environment. Therefore, electric motorcycles can become an optimal solution for transportation, by reducing the problems of urban traffic and space, while also being friendly with the environment. Two ways to help popularizing these vehicles are by reducing their cost and improving their performance. This work focuses on the optimization of the suspension system which is one of the key components of a motorcycle. The main function of the suspension system is to provide safety and comfort to the riders, two conditions that must be guaranteed in a good design. This article proposes a methodology for the optimal design of a motorcycle suspension, considering the different phases of development, starting with the geometric design, where the different parameters are determined for the front suspension, such as Rake Angle and Trail, and for the rear suspension, such as the inclination and the geometry of the swing arm system. Next, the detailed design is carried out, making sure that the elements of the suspension coincide with the dimensions at the attachment points to the chassis. Once all the geometry is available, the kinematic analysis is carried out, to assess the behavior of the system during the wheel trip. A structural analysis is performed to evaluate stresses, stiffness and resonance frequencies of the system, and to evaluate the minimum safety factor of the structure under the action of typical loads. With the final geometry of the system, a lumped parameter model can be obtained to rapidly observe its transient behavior under the effect of different irregularities that may be encountered on the road, which lead to the optimization of the parameters that offer greatest comfort to the rider. This set of parameters was used as inputs for the representation of the system in the physical modeling simulation interface Simmechanics® to generate final performance graphs. The results obtained with this methodology covered the different aspects that must be considered in the design of an important part of a transportation system such as an electric motorcycle.
8
Wu, C., L. Tam, J. Clark, and P. Rosenfeld. "Dioxin and furan blood lipid concentrations in populations living near four wood treatment facilities in the United States." In AIR POLLUTION 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air090291.
9
Huang 1, Zihang. "HARMONIZING ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION: DECOUPLING POLLUTION FROM PROSPERITY." In ICBEL Boston 2024–International Conference on Business, Economics & Law, 12-13March. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/icbellp.2024.218229.
Анотація:
Environmental pollution and climate change effects being experienced by present global populations can be attributed to economic growth. With the increase in industrialization, the generation of waste without proper treatment and disposal has resulted in polluted air that risks the health of the population. It has also resulted in increased global earth temperatures, which have in turn affected the agricultural productivity of the earth, a primary source of livelihood for human populations. Despite these great consequences, there can be a harmonious existence of economic growth and reduced environmental pollution through decoupling. Government efforts are critical in the implementation of decoupling efforts, with their commitments expressed through policies and legislation.
10
"Preventing electrical pollution." In 2008 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdc.2008.4517092.
Звіти організацій з теми "Exposition des populations à la pollution":
1
Kukurina, Borislava, Milena Georgieva, and George Miloshev. Genotypic Profile Changes in Taraxacum officinale Populations as a Response to Environmental Pollution with Heavy Metals. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.07.08.
2
Al Hosain, Nourah, and Alma Alhussaini. Evaluating Access to Riyadh’s Planned Public Transport System Using Geospatial Analysis. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp10.
Анотація:
The King Abdulaziz Project for Public Transport in Riyadh city is one of the world’s largest urban transit systems being developed. The project aims to meet the demands of the city’s growing urban population while reducing traffic congestion, heavy private car dependence and air pollution. The performance of any public transport system largely depends on its accessibility. Therefore, this study evaluates the populations’ access to Riyadh’s public transport stations using network analysis tools based on geographic information systems.
3
Scholl, Lynn, and Alejandro Guerrero. Comparative Case Studies of Three IDB-supported Urban Transport Projects: Cali Case Study Annex. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009256.
Анотація:
This case study presents the main findings and lessons learned from implementing a BRT system in Cali, to inform a larger comparative case study evaluation of IDB-supported integrated mass transit projects. The case study seeks to identify factors that affected success and created challenges and barriers to effective implementation of the Cali system. In addition, it assesses the extent to which the project delivered on key objectives: improving mobility and access for the general public, and particularly for low-income populations, and reducing local and global pollution.
4
Mercer Clarke, Colleen S. L., Alexander J. Clarke, Murray Simpson, John D. Clarke, and Daniel Scott. Coastal Setbacks in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Study of Emerging Issues and Trends that Inform Guidelines for Coastal Planning and Development. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009056.
Анотація:
Bank investments in tourism and other coastal development projects have been on the rise, generating an interest in the development of instruments and tools that would more effectively inform Bank staff on critical issues, and support the management of the environmental and social risks of the Bank's portfolio. Coastal areas, which are home to the majority of the population of the LAC Region, are challenged by rising populations, sprawling and sometimes unplanned development, and the associated pressures of pollution, overexploitation of marine and freshwater resources, loss of biodiversity, severe storms, and the longer-term threats of climate change and attendant sea level rise.
5
McFee, Erin, and Jonathan Röders. Research Brief: Conflict, Climate Change and Environmental Degradation. Trust After Betrayal, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59498/99780.
Анотація:
This research brief examines the interconnected challenges of climate change, environmental degradation (ED), and armed conflict. The brief highlights the complex relationships between natural resources, ED, and organised violence through multi-sited examples of habitat destruction, pollution, water scarcity, oil and gas-related conflicts, and deforestation. Every such fragile setting exhibits an intricate interwovenness of climate change and ED into the tapestry of sociopolitical and economic violence. Effectively addressing the causes of armed conflict influenced by environmental factors necessitates a contextualised understanding of this dynamic. The research brief also acknowledges the differential impacts of ED's consequences on marginalised populations while highlighting the potential for women to play a transformative role in addressing ED and insecurity.
6
Reichmuth, David, Matthew Beyer, Román Partida-López, and Ashley Gerrity. Cleaner Cars, Cleaner Air. Union of Concerned Scientists, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47923/2023.15101.
Анотація:
Gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles 20 years old or older expose Californians to significant harmful air pollution even though they represent a relatively small fraction of the passenger vehicles on the road. Moreover, the harm falls disproportionately on Latino and Black Californians, lower-income households, and communities the state designates as disadvantaged. To ensure that all Californians have access to cleaner transportation options, UCS and the Greenlining Institute recommend the following changes in state policies and programs: • Prioritize existing incentive programs, such as Clean Cars 4 All and the Clean Vehicle Assistance Program, toward priority populations owning old cars. • Target outreach and education to households in areas with high concentrations of old cars and limited uptake of zero-emissions vehicles. • Provide transportation solutions that go beyond private passenger vehicles. • Evaluate and adjust incentive programs based on changing conditions in the electric vehicle market
7
Bennett, Oliver. Freshwater habitat restoration. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn709.
Анотація:
Freshwater habitats, such as rivers and wetlands, provide major benefits to society through services such as flood risk reduction and drinking water. However, many of these habitats are in a poor condition. They have been damaged by a range of human activities including physical modification and pollution. For example, an estimated 90% of wetlands have been lost over the last century. Restoration of freshwater habitats can be achieved by addressing the causes of degradation and by enhancing or extending habitats. There is good evidence on the benefits of some forms of restoration. For example, restoration can deliver effective flood defence and restore fish populations. However, certain restoration measures are less well-studied. There are numerous national and international targets for the restoration of freshwater habitats. These include a commitment to improving at least 75% of waters to close to their natural state as soon as practicable by 2042. However, some stakeholders believe that these commitments will not be met under current plans in England. There have been calls for various actions including: increased and long-term funding to deliver larger-scale projects changes to policy and legislation to deliver more joined-up decision making and to include small water bodies and headwaters further prevention of degradation, including better enforcement of existing legislation the removal of barriers to nature-based solutions Policy in this area is devolved. For England, the UK Government published a Plan for Water in 2023 that contained new actions to help improve the condition of freshwater habitats. The Office for Environmental Protection will publish an assessment of the Government’s approach in 2024.
8
O'Connell, Kelly, David Burdick, Melissa Vaccarino, Colin Lock, Greg Zimmerman, and Yakuta Bhagat. Coral species inventory at War in the Pacific National Historical Park: Final report. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302040.
Анотація:
The War in the Pacific National Historical Park (WAPA), a protected area managed by the National Park Service (NPS), was established "to commemorate the bravery and sacrifice of those participating in the campaigns of the Pacific Theater of World War II and to conserve and interpret outstanding natural, scenic, and historic values on the island of Guam." Coral reef systems present in the park represent a vital element of Guam?s cultural, traditional, and economical heritage, and as such, are precious and in need of conservation. To facilitate the management of these resources, NPS determined that a scleractinian (stony coral) species survey was necessary to establish a baseline for existing coral communities and other important factors for conservation. EnviroScience, Inc. performed a survey of stony coral species, coral habitat, and current evidence of stressors at WAPA?s H?gat and Asan Units in 2022. This report summarizes these findings from a management perspective and compares its findings to previous survey data from 1977 and 1999 (Eldridge et al. 1977; Amesbury et al. 1999). WAPA is located on the tropical island of Guam, located on the west-central coast of the island, and encompasses 2,037 acres. Underwater resources are a significant component of the park, as 1,002 acres consists of water acres. The park is comprised of seven units, of which two of these, the H?gat and Asan Beach Units, include all the oceanic water acres for the park. The H?gat Beach Unit (local spelling, formerly known as ?Agat?) is located at the south-west portion of the park and consists of 38 land acres and 557 water acres (NPS 2003). The Asan Beach Unit consists of 109 acres of land and 445 water acres (NPS 2003). A current baseline for existing coral communities and other important factors for conservation necessitates the need for up-to-date data on the location, presence, relative abundance, and present health of corals. Park managers need this updated data to determine where and how to best focus conservation priorities and identify restoration opportunities. Management actions in park reef areas informed by this inventory included identifying locations where there were: high rates of sedimentation; high coral biomass; rare or threatened species, with a priority given to species endemic to Guam and listed as ?threatened? under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA; Acropora globiceps, A. retusa, A. speciosa, and Seriatopora aculeata); coral persistence and decline, disease and/or nuisance species, including the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster cf. solaris, ?COTS?) and the sponge Terpios hoshinota; and bleached areas. All work carried out was in accordance with the NPS statement of work (SOW) requirements, which involved a quantitative inventory using both new and pre-existing transects. The resulting transects totaled 61 (including the four from the 1999 study), each measuring 50 meters in length and distributed across depths of up to 50 feet. Divers took photo-quadrat samples covering an area of approximately 9 m?, encompassing 50 photo-quadrats of dimensions 0.50 m x 0.36 m (n=50). The collective area surveyed across all 61 transects amounted to ~549 m?. Additionally, a qualitative search was conducted to enhance documentation of coral species that have limited distribution and might not be captured by transects, along with identifying harmful species and stressors. Timed roving diver coral diversity surveys were carried out at a total of 20 sites occurring within the waters of WAPA, including eight sites at the H?gat unit and 12 sites at the Asan unit. The findings from this report reveal significant disparities in benthic cover compositions between H?gat and Asan units. The H?gat unit exhibits high abundances of turf algae and unconsolidated sediment while the Asan beach unit presents a different scenario, with hard coral as the dominant benthic cover, followed closely by crustose coralline algae (CCA). The Asan unit is also more difficult to access from shore or boat relative to H?gat which provides that unit some protection from human influences. The Asan beach unit's prevalence of hard coral, CCA, and colonizable substrate suggests a more favorable environment for reef growth and the potential benefits of maintaining robust coral cover in the area. These distinct differences in benthic communities highlight the contrasting ecological dynamics and habitats of the two study areas. Across both H?gat and Asan beach unit transects, a total of 56 hard coral species were recorded from 27 genera, with 44 species recorded from the H?gat unit and 48 species recorded from the Asan unit. Of the four historical transects surveyed in the Asan unit from 1999, three experienced declines in percent coral cover (17.38-78.72%), while the fourth had an increase (10.98%). During the timed roving diver coral diversity surveys, a total of 245 hard coral species, including 241 scleractinian coral species representing 49 genera and 4 non-scleractinian coral species representing 4 genera were recorded. Uncertainties related to coral identification, unresolved boundaries between morphospecies, differences in taxonomists' perspectives, and the rapidly evolving state of coral taxonomy have significant implications for species determinations during coral diversity surveys. While the recent surveys have provided valuable insights into coral diversity in WAPA waters, ongoing taxonomic research and collaboration among experts will be essential to obtain a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of coral biodiversity in the region. Of the several ESA coral species that were searched for among the H?gat and Asan beach units, Acropora retusa was the only coral species found among quantitative transects (n=2) and A. globiceps was observed during coral diversity surveys. Acropora speciosa, which was dominant in the upper seaward slopes in 1977, is now conspicuously absent from all the surveys conducted in 2022 (Eldredge et al., 1977). The disappearance and reduction of these once-dominant species underscores the urgency of implementing conservation measures to safeguard the delicate balance of Guam's coral reefs and preserve the diversity and ecological integrity of these invaluable marine ecosystems. Other formerly common or locally abundant species were infrequently encountered during the diversity surveys, including Acropora monticulosa, A. sp. ?obtusicaulis?, A. palmerae, Stylophora sp. ?mordax?, Montipora sp. ?pagoensis?, and Millepora dichotoma. Significant bleaching-associated mortality was recorded for these species, most of which are restricted to reef front/margin zones exposed to moderate-to-high levels of wave energy. Sedimentation was present in both H?gat and the Asan units, though it was more commonly encountered in H?gat transects. While significant portions of the reef area within the WAPA H?gat unit are in poor condition due to a variety of stressors, some areas still hosted notable coral communities, which should be a potential focus for park management to prevent further degradation. There is a need for more effective management of point source pollution concerns, particularly when subpar wastewater treatment or runoff from areas with potential pollution or sediment-laden water is flowing from nearby terrestrial environments. Future monitoring efforts should aim to establish a framework that facilitates a deeper understanding of potential point source pollution incidents. This would empower park managers to collaborate with adjacent communities, both within and outside of park boundaries, to mitigate the localized impacts of pollution (McCutcheon and McKenna, 2021). COTS were encountered during transect surveys as well as in coral diversity surveys. including along the upper reef front/reef margin at site Agat-CS-2. The frequency of these observations, particularly in the WAPA H?gat unit and where stress-susceptible corals are already uncommonly encountered, raise concern about the ability of the populations of these coral species to recover following acute disturbance events, and calls in to question the ability of some of these species to persist in WAPA waters, and in Guam?s waters more broadly. More frequent crown-of-thorns control efforts, even if only a handful of sea stars are removed during a single effort, may be required to prevent further loss to vulnerable species. There were several documented incidents of Terpios hoshinota covering large sections of branching coral in the reef flat along transects, but it is still unclear how detrimental this sponge is to the overall reef system. There is a concern that elevated levels of organic matter and nutrients in the water, such as those resulting from sewage discharge or stormwater runoff, could lead to increased Terpios populations (De Voogd et al. 2013). Consequently, it is important to track populations in known areas of sedimentation and poor water quality. The presence of unique species at single survey sites within the study areas underscores the ecological importance of certain locations. Some species are known to occur in other locations in Guam, while a few may be limited to specific sites within WAPA waters. These differences are likely influenced by environmental and biological factors such as poor water quality, severe heat stress events, chronic predation by crown-of-thorns sea stars, disease, and reduced herbivore populations. These factors collectively shape the condition of the benthic community, leading to variations in species distribution and abundance across the study sites. Documenting coral stress and identifying potentially harmful species allows for proactive management strategies to prevent the establishment of nuisance or detrimental species while populations are still manageable. Updated data on the location, presence, relative abundance, and health of corals is essential for park managers to prioritize conservation efforts and identify restoration opportunities effectively. Observations from this report raise concerns about the health and resilience of coral ecosystems in the H?gat unit and emphasize the need for knowledge of local factors that shape benthic community structure. Understanding the drivers responsible for these variations is crucial for effective conservation and management strategies to preserve the ecological balance and overall health of coral reefs in both units. Continued monitoring efforts will be critical in assessing long-term trends and changes in benthic cover and enabling adaptive management approaches to safeguard these valuable marine ecosystems in the face of ongoing environmental challenges.
9
Coulson, Saskia, Melanie Woods, Drew Hemment, and Michelle Scott. Report and Assessment of Impact and Policy Outcomes Using Community Level Indicators: H2020 Making Sense Report. University of Dundee, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001192.
Анотація:
Making Sense is a European Commission H2020 funded project which aims at supporting participatory sensing initiatives that address environmental challenges in areas such as noise and air pollution. The development of Making Sense was informed by previous research on a crowdfunded open source platform for environmental sensing, SmartCitizen.me, developed at the Fab Lab Barcelona. Insights from this research identified several deterrents for a wider uptake of participatory sensing initiatives due to social and technical matters. For example, the participants struggled with the lack of social interactions, a lack of consensus and shared purpose amongst the group, and a limited understanding of the relevance the data had in their daily lives (Balestrini et al., 2014; Balestrini et al., 2015). As such, Making Sense seeks to explore if open source hardware, open source software and and open design can be used to enhance data literacy and maker practices in participatory sensing. Further to this, Making Sense tests methodologies aimed at empowering individuals and communities through developing a greater understanding of their environments and by supporting a culture of grassroot initiatives for action and change. To do this, Making Sense identified a need to underpin sensing with community building activities and develop strategies to inform and enable those participating in data collection with appropriate tools and skills. As Fetterman, Kaftarian and Wanderman (1996) state, citizens are empowered when they understand evaluation and connect it in a way that it has relevance to their lives. Therefore, this report examines the role that these activities have in participatory sensing. Specifically, we discuss the opportunities and challenges in using the concept of Community Level Indicators (CLIs), which are measurable and objective sources of information gathered to complement sensor data. We describe how CLIs are used to develop a more indepth understanding of the environmental problem at hand, and to record, monitor and evaluate the progress of change during initiatives. We propose that CLIs provide one way to move participatory sensing beyond a primarily technological practice and towards a social and environmental practice. This is achieved through an increased focus in the participants’ interests and concerns, and with an emphasis on collective problem solving and action. We position our claims against the following four challenge areas in participatory sensing: 1) generating and communicating information and understanding (c.f. Loreto, 2017), 2) analysing and finding relevance in data (c.f. Becker et al., 2013), 3) building community around participatory sensing (c.f. Fraser et al., 2005), and 4) achieving or monitoring change and impact (c.f. Cheadle et al., 2000). We discuss how the use of CLIs can tend to these challenges. Furthermore, we report and assess six ways in which CLIs can address these challenges and thereby support participatory sensing initiatives: i. Accountability ii. Community assessment iii. Short-term evaluation iv. Long-term evaluation v. Policy change vi. Capability The report then returns to the challenge areas and reflects on the learnings and recommendations that are gleaned from three Making Sense case studies. Afterwhich, there is an exposition of approaches and tools developed by Making Sense for the purposes of advancing participatory sensing in this way. Lastly, the authors speak to some of the policy outcomes that have been realised as a result of this research.
10
Jones, David, Roy Cook, John Sovell, Matt Ley, Hannah Shepler, David Weinzimmer, and Carlos Linares. Natural resource condition assessment: Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301822.
Анотація:
The National Park Service (NPS) Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program administered by the NPS Water Resources Division evaluates current conditions for important natural resources and resource indicators using primarily existing information and data. NRCAs also report on trends in resource condition, when possible, identify critical data gaps, and characterize a general level of confidence for study findings. This NRCA complements previous scientific endeavors, is multi-disciplinary in scope, employs a hierarchical indicator framework, identifies and develops reference conditions/values for comparison against current conditions, and emphasizes spatial evaluation of conditions where possible. Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial (LIBO) was authorized by an act of Congress on February 19, 1962, (Public Law 87-407) to preserve the site associated with the boyhood and family of President Abraham Lincoln, including a portion of the original Tom Lincoln farm and the nearby gravesite of Nancy Hanks Lincoln. The 200-acre memorial commemorates the pioneer farm where Abraham Lincoln lived from the age of 7 to 21. The NRCA for LIBO employed a scoping process involving Colorado State University, LIBO and other NPS staffs to establish the NRCA framework, identify important park resources, and gather existing information and data. Indicators and measures for each resource were then identified and evaluated. Data and information were analyzed and synthesized to provide summaries and address condition, trend and confidence using a standardized but flexible framework. A total of nine focal resources were examined: four addressing system and human dimensions, one addressing chemical and physical attributes, and four addressing biological attributes. The quality and currentness of data used for the evaluation varied by resource. Landscape context ? system and human dimensions included land cover and land use, natural night skies, soundscape, and climate change. Climate change and land cover/land use were not assigned a condition or trend?they provide important context to the memorial and many natural resources and can be stressors. Some of the land cover and land use-related stressors at LIBO and in the larger region are related to the development of rural land and increases in population/housing over time. The trend in land development, coupled with the lack of significantly sized and linked protected areas, presents significant challenges to the conservation of natural resources of LIBO to also include natural night skies, natural sounds and scenery. Climate change is happening and is affecting resources, but is not considered good or bad per se. The information synthesized in that section is useful in examining potential trends in the vulnerability of sensitive resources and broad habitat types such as forests. Night skies and soundscapes, significantly altered by disturbance due to traffic, development and urbanization, warrant significant and moderate concern, respectively, and appear to be in decline. Air quality was the sole resource supporting chemical and physical environment at the memorial. The condition of air quality can affect human dimensions of the park such as visibility and scenery as well as biological components such as the effect of ozone levels on vegetation health. Air quality warrants significant concern and is largely impacted by historical and current land uses outside the memorial boundary. The floral biological component was examined by assessing native species composition, Mean Coefficient of Conservation, Floristic Quality Assessment Index, invasive exotic plants, forest pests and disease, and forest vulnerability to climate change. Vegetation resources at LIBO have been influenced by historical land uses that have changed the species composition and age structure of these communities. Although large tracts of forests can be found surrounding the park, the majority of forested areas are fragmented, and few areas within and around LIBO exhibit late-successional or old-growth characteristics. Vegetation communities at LIBO have a long history of being impacted by a variety of stressors and threats including noxious and invasive weeds, diseases and insect pests; compounding effects of climate change, air pollution, acid rain/atmospheric chemistry, and past land uses; and impacts associated with overabundant white-tail deer populations. These stressors and threats have collectively shaped and continue to impact plant community condition and ecological succession. The sole metric in good condition was native species composition, while all other indicators and metrics warranted either moderate or significant concern. The faunal biological components examined included birds, herptiles, and mammals. Birds (unchanging trend) and herptiles (no trend determined) warrant moderate concern, while mammal populations warrant significant concern (no trend determined). The confidence of both herptiles and mammals was low due to length of time since data were last collected. Current forest structure within and surrounding LIBO generally reflects the historical overstory composition but changes in the hardwood forest at LIBO and the surrounding area have resulted in declines in the avian fauna of the region since the 1970s. The decline in woodland bird populations has been caused by multiple factors including the conversion of hardwood forest to other land cover types, habitat fragmentation, and increasing human population growth. The identification of data gaps during the course of the assessment is an important NRCA outcome. Resource-specific details are presented in each resource section. In some cases, significant data gaps contributed to the resource not being evaluated or low confidence in the condition or trend being assigned to a resource. Primary data gaps and uncertainties encountered were lack of recent survey data, uncertainties regarding reference conditions, availability of consistent long-term data, and the need for more robust or sensitive sampling designs. Impacts associated with development outside the park will continue to stress some resources. Regionally, the direct and indirect effects of climate change are likely but specific outcomes are uncertain. Nonetheless, within the past several decades, some progress has been made toward restoring the quality of natural resources within the park, most notably the forested environments. Regional and park-specific mitigation and adaptation strategies are needed to maintain or improve the condition of some resources over time. Success will require acknowledging a ?dynamic change context? that manages widespread and volatile problems while confronting uncertainties, managing natural and cultural resources simultaneously and interdependently, developing disciplinary and interdisciplinary knowledge, and establishing connectivity across broad landscapes beyond park borders.