Готові списки джерел за темами / Evaporatore

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Evaporatore"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Evaporatore"

1

Rachman, Arfidian, and Lisa Nesti. "Experimental Study to Performance Improvement of Vapor Compression Cooling System Integrated Direct Evaporative Cooler and Condenser." MATEC Web of Conferences 215 (2018): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821501017.

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For areas with very hot and humid weather condition increased latent and sensible load are a major problem in cooling systems that will increase compressor work so that electricity consumption will also increase. Combined condenser with direct evaporate cooling will increase the heat removal process by using an evaporative cooler effect that will increase the efficiency of energy use. This paper presents the study of the use of evaporator cooling and condenser. This paper mainly calculated energy consumption in steam compression cooling systems and related problems. From the results of this study, the use of condensers with evaporative cooling, power consumption can be reduced to 46% and performance coefficient (COP) can be increased by about 12%, with 1,2 kW cooling capacity.
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2

Permatasari, Rosyida, Muhammad Alwan Ridhoarto, Sally Cahyati, and Martinus Bambang Susetyarto. "Determining Position of the Evaporator in a Smart Classroom Concept Using CFD Method." International Journal of Electrical, Energy and Power System Engineering 4, no. 3 (October 31, 2021): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ijeepse.4.3.178-184.

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Various, different evaporator placements in a room have produced different airflow patterns, temperature distribution, and airflow velocities. In this study, the average room temperature and airflow velocity measured at 27 points of the CFD simulation for 4 positions of the planned evaporator placements were compared to determine the most ideal position based on the comfortable temperature and the maximum airflow velocity pursuant to the SNI 03-6572-2001 recommendation. On Position 1, two evaporators were given to the west wall. Position 2, two evaporators were placed on the south wall. On Position 3, two evaporators were given to the north wall. Moreover, on Position 4, two evaporators were placed opposite to each other where an evaporator was placed on the south wall, and the other evaporator was placed on the north wall. An ANSYS Fluent software was employed to make the CFD simulation. Based on the results of the study, it was found out that Position 2 was the most ideal evaporator placement position since it met the comfortable temperature limit and has the highest number of airflow velocity points meeting the recommended maximum airflow velocity pursuant to the SNI 03-6572-2001 recommendation.
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3

Smith, R. A., and P. D. Hills. "3.5.2 EVAPORATORS: TYPES OF EVAPORATOR." Heat Exchanger Design Updates 8, no. 2 (2001): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/heatexchdesignupd.v8.i2.20.

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4

Riadi, Indra, Zulfan Adi Putra, and Heri Cahyono. "Thermal integration analysis and improved configuration for multiple effect evaporator system based on pinch analysis." Reaktor 21, no. 2 (August 11, 2021): 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.21.2.74-93.

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Pinch analysis for a sugar plant production capacity 4000 TCD has been carried out to reduce its energy consumptions. The plant has ten evaporators that can be configured to several multiple effect evaporators. It has been running with five-effect evaporator (quintuple) scheme. To maximize energy utilization within the plant, three multiple effect evaporator schemes were evaluated. They are triple effect evaporator, quadruple effect evaporator, and quintuple effect evaporator as the benchmark. The result shows that the quintuple effect evaporator yields the highest energy efficiency by about 10%. Options to achieve such target is to use low pressure steam only for the first effect and to use steam bleeding from the first effect to heat a tertiary juice heater. With this proposed scenario, sugar dryer, wash water RVF unit and wash water HGF unit no longer need external steam for its operation.
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5

Chantasiriwan, Somchart. "Increased Energy Efficiency of a Backward-Feed Multiple-Effect Evaporator Compared with a Forward-Feed Multiple-Effect Evaporator in the Cogeneration System of a Sugar Factory." Processes 8, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030342.

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The cogeneration system of a sugar factory consists of boiler, steam turbine, and sugar juice evaporation process. The multiple-effect evaporator used for the conventional sugar juice evaporation process is the forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator, in which steam and sugar juice flow in the same direction. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the energy efficiency of the backward-feed multiple-effect evaporator, in which steam and sugar juice flow in opposite directions, compared with that of the forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator. Mathematical models are developed for both multiple-effect evaporators, and used to compare the performances of two cogeneration systems that use the forward-feed and backward-feed multiple-effect evaporators. The forward-feed multiple-effect evaporator requires extracted steam from a turbine at one pressure, whereas the backward-feed multiple-effect evaporator requires steam extraction at two pressures. Both evaporators have the same total heating surface area, process the same amount of sugar juice, and operate at the optimum conditions. It is shown that the cogeneration system that uses the backward-feed multiple-effect is more energy efficient than the cogeneration system that uses the forward-feed multiple-effect because it yields more power output for the same fuel consumption.
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6

Trinh, Ngoc Van, Younghyeon Kim, Hongjip Kim, and Sangseok Yu. "Evaporation of Methanol Solution for a Methanol Steam Reforming System." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 4862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14164862.

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In a methanol-reforming system, because the mixture of methanol and water must be evaporated before reaching the reforming reaction zone, having an appropriate evaporator design is a fundamental requirement for completing the reforming reaction. This study investigates the effect of the evaporator design for the stable reforming of methanol–water mixtures. Four types of evaporator are compared at the same heat duty of the methanol-reforming system. The four evaporators are planar heat exchangers containing a microchannel structure, cylindrical shell-and-tube evaporators, zirconia balls for internal evaporation, and combinations of cylindrical shell-tubes and zirconia balls. The results show that the evaporator configuration is critical in performing stable reform reactions, especially for the flow-field mode of the evaporator. Additionally, the combination of both internal and external evaporation methods generates the highest performance for the methanol-reforming system, with the methanol conversion reaching almost 98%.
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7

Fei, Ji You, Qi Chao Guo, Hua Li, and Ran Deng. "Study on the Intervascular Two-Phase Flow Characters of Horizontal-Tube Falling Film Evaporator." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.208.

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In this paper, the mathematical model of a horizontal-tube falling film evaporator that used in air condition and refrigeration system was founded. The evaporative tubes of the evaporator were cold and staggered arrangement. The numerical simulation of the intervascular flow of the oil-bearing refrigerant R134a was carried out, under the conditions of varies flow mode and varies structures of distributed equipment. Under the standard condition of air conditioning, the study of the intervascular two-phase flow characters of the horizontal-tube falling film evaporator were analyzed in the last. The research achievements can provide theoretical laws for relief the effects of the intervascular vapor shear stress on the quality of the liquid film formed outside the evaporative tubes. And the conclusions have practical and guide means for the horizontal-tube falling film evaporator design and evaporative tubes arrangement optimization.
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8

Yang, Maoli, Xianyun Wu, Wenping Zhou, Xiangshu Liu, Rui Qiang, and Fuchuan Huang. "Experimental Study on Effects of Different Water Flow Rates on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Evaporator." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2418, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2418/1/012003.

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Abstract Since China set forth the goal of “dual carbon”, studies on heat transfer characteristics of evaporators have been one of the hot spots in the field of refrigeration and heating. This paper conducts an experimental study on the heat transfer performances of evaporators under different flow rates by changing the water flow of the evaporator and condenser. The results shows that on the premise of unchanged water flow of condenser, cooling coefficient of performance (COP) and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) grow with the increases in flow rates of evaporator and temperatures of inlet and outlet water. However, the changes in HTC are relatively smooth; the compressor’s inhalation and expulsion temperatures grow with the increases in water flow rates of the evaporator, and the changes are quite evident. The paper also discusses and analyzes deeply those manifestations, which provides experimental evidence for the experiments and improvement of the evaporator, optimization of evaporator design, and the enhancement of the economic performance of the system.
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9

O’Reilly, J. M., and P. F. Monaghan. "Wind Evaporator Heat Pumps—Part II: Thermal Performance Results." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905955.

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Wind evaporators are alternative evaporators for air source heat pumps which rely on wind-driven or natural convection to move air across the heat transfer surfaces. A fully automatic, computer-controlled test facility which allows side-by-side testing of wind evaporator and conventional heat pumps and monitoring of weather conditions has been designed and built at University College Galway. The aim of this paper is to quantify the advantages of wind evaporators by comparing the performance of a wind evaporator heat pump with that of a conventional heat pump over an extended testing period and by examining the relationship between weather conditions and heat pump performance. In this paper, results are presented in the form of plots of coefficient of performance (COP), compressor power, evaporator and condenser heat transfers and climatic variables against time. In addition, a testing period coefficient of performance has been calculated for each heat pump. The results show that wind speed is the dominant climatic variable affecting wind evaporator heat pump performance, and that frost growth does not significantly reduce this performance. Even at extremely low wind speeds, the COP of the wind evaporator heat pump is not significantly affected. After over 460 hr of testing, the testing period COP of the wind evaporator heat pump shows a 16 percent increase over that of the conventional heat pump. (Refer to Nomenclature in Part I of this paper.)
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10

Monaghan, P. F., D. P. Finn, and J. M. O’Reilly. "Wind Evaporator Heat Pumps—Part I: Test Methods." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905954.

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Анотація:
Wind evaporators are alternative evaporators for air source heat pumps which rely on wind-driven or natural convection to move air across the heat transfer surfaces. It is believed that, in certain climates, wind evaporators can operate satisfactorily with frost on their surfaces for extended periods of time and defrost passively during switch-off periods. If so, an active defrost cycle would be unnecessary in these climates. Wind evaporators present an opportunity for heat pumps to be less expensive, more reliable, and more energy-efficient. However, the heat transfer performance of wind evaporators varies as a result of changes in a wide range of climatic variables. To determine the technical feasibility of wind evaporators, it is necessary to test complete wind evaporator heat pumps and to compare their monitored field performance over extended periods to that of conventional heat pumps with fan-assisted, finned-tube evaporators. In this paper, a test facility which allows side-by-side testing of wind evaporator and conventional heat pumps and monitoring of weather conditions is described. The choice of measurement technique for each variable is discussed and estimates of the measurement uncertainty for each sensor are made.
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Дисертації з теми "Evaporatore"

1

Schiano-Phan, Rosa. "The development of passive downdraught evaporative cooling systems using porous ceramic evaporators and their application in residential buildings." Thesis, Open University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417587.

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Passive Evaporative Cooling is a method that uses the evaporation of water to cool the air. It is traditionally used and is most suitable in hot and dry climates. Its application is based on the availability of water resources and the creation of air movement through the building. The use of clay and porous ceramic in passive downdraught evaporative cooling has a track record in the vernacular architecture of hot and dry climatic regions. As part of this project, an improved design for porous ceramic evaporators has been developed for integration into a perimeter cavity wall system, as an alternative form of passive evaporative cooling. This research demonstrates that passive evaporative cooling using porous ceramic can provide thermal comfort conditions inside residential buildings in hot dry climates. Porous ceramic components can be integrated simply and effectively within existing housing of 1940s to 1970s which are due for refurbishment. Performance simulations on a case study building in Seville demonstrated that the system can provide comfort conditions after a series of energy saving strategies were applied to reduce cooling loads. An applicability study focusing on the residential stock of Seville assessed that the proposed system can avoid the need for mechanical cooling in 70% of the existing buildings. This could result in substantial energy and CO2 savings, contributing to Spain’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2010. An outline specification of a typical wall-integrated Porous Ceramic System (PCS) was set out and costed. A Life Cycle Cost analysis over 25 years compared the proposed PCS with a conventional room air-conditioning unit, demonstrating that its cost is half of the conventional option. The application of the proposed passive cooling system to apartment buildings in Southern European cities could considerably improve comfort and living conditions of the occupants, as well as reduce the use of room air-conditioning. If applied on a large scale, this could produce substantial energy savings and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere.
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2

Sovernigo, Enrico. "Influence of nanostructured heterojunctions on the electrical properties of photovoltaic cells." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/4480.

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2009/2010
Le celle fotovoltaiche basate su strati sottili di materiali organici hanno raggiunto efficienze dell' 8.3% ed hanno le potenzialità per diventare un'alternativa a basso costo delle celle basate su silicio amorfo. Alcune delle problematiche legate alle proprietà intrinseche di generazione, separazione e trasporto delle cariche possono essere affrontate non solo con lo studio della chimica e dei processi per materiali organici e fullerene, ma anche con lo sviluppo di nuove architetture delle celle basate sul controllo e l'organizzazione alla scala del nanometro. Il presente lavoro di tesi è basato sulla convinzione che quest'ultimo approccio, complementare a quello basato sul miglioramento delle proprietà intrinseche dei materiali, contribuirà sostanzialmente al progresso di questo campo della ricerca applicata. L'obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di dimostrare il principio di funzionamento di una serie di diversi e nuovi prototipi di dispositivi basati su micro- e nano-architetture. In particolare, abbiamo realizzato: un nanomodulo di 1 cm2 che mostra una tensione di circuito aperto di quasi 1 kV, una cella solare basata su un'eterogiunzione con interfaccia avente strutture di 20 nm interpenetrate, e abbiamo ottimizzato deposizione di ossido di indio stagno (ITO) per lo sviluppo di un nostro dispositivo di intrappolamento della luce basato su serie di microlenti. Tuttatavia, riteniamo che ulteriori sforzi nella stessa direzione siano necessari per dimostrare l'utilità delle nano-architetture nel fotovoltaico organico. Parte del lavoro di ricerca è stato dedicato allo sviluppo e messa in opera di strumentazione specifica per la lavorazione e caratterizzazione per il fotovoltaico come un evaporatore in vuoto ad angolo inclinato connesso ad una camera a guanti in azoto per la deposizione di metalli e di organici.
Thin-film photovoltaic (PV) cells based on the bulk hetero-junction of organic materials reached a record efficiency of 8.3% and have the potential to become a lower-cost alternative to amorphous silicon. Some of the issues related to the intrinsic properties of generation, separation and transport of charges, may be addressed not just by working on the details of the chemistry and processing of the organic/fullerenes materials, but also by implementing new cell architectures organized and well controlled down to the nanoscale. The present work of thesis is based on the conviction that the latter approach, complementary to that focused on the improvement of the intrinsic properties of the materials, will substantially contribute to the progress of this field of applied research. The goal of this work is that of demonstrating the working principle of a series of different and new micro- and nano-architectures into prototypical organic solar devices. In particular, we realized: a 1 cm2 nanomodule with almost 1 kV of open circuit voltage, a solar cell with a controlled nanostructured interface heterojunction with interpenetrating features of 20 nm, and we optimized the sputtering deposition of indium tin oxide (ITO) for our light trapping device based on microlenses array. However, we believe that additional efforts in the same direction will be necessary to demonstrate the usefulness of nanoarchitectures in organic photovoltaics. Part of the research work was devoted to the development and the commission of specific instrumentation for PV processing and characterization as an oblique angle vacuum evaporator connected to a nitrogen glove-box for the deposition of metals and organics.
XXIII Ciclo
1980
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3

Howell, John Michael. "Whey permeate fouling of evaporators." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10686.

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Whey permeate fouling was studied to gain a better understanding of the processes involved and find methods of alleviation. An apparatus was built which allowed study of fouling under industrial conditions. It was found that pretreatment by heating at 80°C for two minutes and then centrifuging at 630 g reduced fouling in the apparatus by 94%. This was attributed to precipitation of calcium phosphate in the solution bulk during preheating, which reduced the level of supersaturation. Heat treatment with the same conditions but without centrifuging reduced fouling by only 39%. Precipitate which forms in the bulk of solution fouls in later heat treatment processes and separation of the precipitated mineral is needed to minimise fouling. Storage time affected fouling. In the short term (about 2 weeks), fouling slightly increased with storage time. When held for longer times (about 1 month) whey permeate did not appreciably foul. The use of additives was also found to be an effective alleviation method, reducing fouling by 66% with 0.1% addition (by dry weight) of tetrasodium pyrophosphate. This addition would increase the price of a ton of lactose by $16.32 /ton. Nanoftltration, ion dialysis and electrodialysis were also examined, but rejected as being uneconomic. By observing the effect of preheating and storage time it was proposed that calcium phosphate exists in whey in two forms. The majority of the minerals are associated with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) species, which tends to provide stability and prevent precipitation. In the other form the calcium phosphate is in solution as free ions. When the NPN species release minerals due to cleavage by enzymes or denaturation by heat, the concentration of ionic species increases past the solubility product and precipitation occurs.
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4

Quy, Tiffany Anne. "Characterization of micro-capillary wicking evaporators." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2006/T_Quy_081806.pdf.

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5

Lagos, Arcangel. "Heat transfer enhancement in DX evaporators." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311210.

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6

Karpiscak, Martin, and Mary H. Marion. "Evaporative Cooler Water Use." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146414.

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7

McCafferty, J. B. "Refrigerant distribution in shell and tube evaporators." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1027.

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8

Wadell, Robert Paul. "Experimental Investigation of Compact Evaporators for Ultra Low Temperature Refrigeration of Microprocessors." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7198.

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It is well known that microprocessor performance can be improved by lowering the junction temperature. Two stage cascaded vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) is a mature, inexpensive, and reliable cooling technology that can offer chip temperatures down to ?? C. Recent studies have shown that for a power limited computer chip, there is a non-linear scaling effect that offers a 4.3X performance enhancement at ?? C. The heat transfer performance of a compact evaporator is often the bottleneck in sub-ambient heat removal. For this reason, the design of a deep sub-ambient compact evaporator is critical to the cooling system performance and has not been addressed in the literature. Four compact evaporator designs were investigated as feasible designs - a baseline case with no enhancement structures, micro channels, inline pin fin arrays, and alternating pin fin arrays. A parametric experimental investigation of four compact evaporator designs has been performed aiming at enhancing heat transfer. Each evaporator consists of oxygen free copper and has a footprint of 20 mm x 36 mm, with a total thickness of 3.1 mm. The micro channel evaporator contains 13 channels that are 400 um wide by 1.2 mm deep, and the pin fin evaporators contain approximately 80 pin fins that are 400 um wide by 1.2 mm tall with a pitch of 800 um. Two phase convective boiling of R508b refrigerant was investigated in each evaporator at flow rates of 50 - 70 g/min and saturation temperatures of ??to ??C. Pressure drop and local heat transfer measurements are reported and used to explain the performance of the various evaporator geometries. The results are compared to predictions from popular macro- and micro-channel heat transfer and pressure drop correlations. The challenges of implementing a two stage cascade VCR systems for microprocessor refrigeration are also discussed.
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9

Jin, Dae-Hyun. "Investigation on refrigerant distribution in evaporator manifolds." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3845.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.
Thesis research directed by: Mechanical Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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10

Shepherd, Adrian M. "Safeguarding of evaporator operations in reprocessing plant." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411377.

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Книги з теми "Evaporatore"

1

S, Kakaç, ed. Boilers, evaporators, and condensers. New York: Wiley, 1991.

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2

Meer, Jakob Stefanus van der Meer. Simulation of a refrigerant evaporator. Delft: Werktuigkundig Ingenieur, 1987.

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3

Office, Energy Efficiency. Plate evaporator for process industries. London: Department of the Environment, 1993.

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4

1937-, Brown Will K., ed. Evaporative air conditioning handbook. 3rd ed. Lilburn, GA: Fairmont Press, 1997.

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5

Watt, John R. Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2259-7.

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6

R, Watt John. Evaporative air conditioning handbook. 2nd ed. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1986.

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7

Stainless steels for evaporators and concentrators. Toronto, Ont: Nickel Institute, 2020.

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8

Moore, Rob. Why does water evaporate? New York: PowerKids Press, 2010.

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9

Industrial evaporators: Principles of operation and control. Research Triangle Park, NC: Instrument Society of America, 1985.

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10

Bologa, M. K. Ėlektrogidrodinamicheskie isparitelʹno-kondensat͡s︡ionnye sistemy. Kishinev: "Shtiint͡s︡a", 1991.

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Частини книг з теми "Evaporatore"

1

Collier, J. G. "Evaporators." In Two-Phase Flow Heat Exchangers, 683–705. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2790-2_23.

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2

Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "evaporate." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 196. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_3818.

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3

Koelet, P. C., and T. B. Gray. "Evaporators and Condensers." In Industrial Refrigeration, 132–90. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11433-7_5.

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4

Ali Adib, Tarif. "Thermal Evaporator Design." In Handbook of Food Process Design, 460–88. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444398274.ch17.

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5

Yates, John T. "Electron Beam Evaporator." In Experimental Innovations in Surface Science, 658–59. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2304-7_194.

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6

De Angelis, Alessandra, Onorio Saro, Giulio Lorenzini, Stefano D’Elia, and Marco Medici. "Evaporative Cooling." In Simplified Models for Assessing Heat and Mass Transfer in Evaporative Towers, 1–4. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79360-8_1.

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7

Metcalf, Harold J., and Peter van der Straten. "Evaporative Cooling." In Graduate Texts in Contemporary Physics, 165–75. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1470-0_12.

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8

Klinke, Gregor. "Evaporators for Coarse Vacuum." In Vacuum Technology in the Chemical Industry, 221–34. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527653898.ch11.

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9

Minea, Vasile. "Air-to-Refrigerant Evaporators." In Heating and Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Cold and Moderate Climates, 97–111. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003032540-10.

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10

Watt, John R. "Introduction." In Evaporative Air Conditioning Handbook, 1–4. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2259-7_1.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Evaporatore"

1

Calloway, T. Bond, Christopher J. Martino, Carol M. Jantzen, William R. Wilmarth, Michael E. Stone, Robert A. Pierce, Jamal E. Josephs, et al. "Radioactive Waste Evaporation: Current Methodologies Employed for the Development, Design and Operation of Waste Evaporators at the Savannah River Site and Hanford Waste Treatment Plant." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4515.

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Evaporation of High Level and Low Activity (HLW & LAW) radioactive wastes for the purposes of radionuclide separation and volume reduction has been conducted at the Savannah River and Hanford Sites for more than forty years. Additionally, the Savannah River Site (SRS) has used evaporators in preparing HLW for immobilization into a borosilicate glass matrix. The Hanford River Protection Project (RPP) is in the process of building the world’s largest radioactive waste treatment facility, Waste Treatment Plant (WTP), which will use evaporators to concentrate the liquid waste and plant recycles prior to immobilization into a borosilicate glass matrix. Radioactive waste is evaporated at each site using various evaporator designs (e.g., forced circulation, horizontal bent tube). While the equipment used to evaporate radioactive waste is relatively simple in design, the complexity in the evaporator processes in current service and in those currently in the design stages stems from the heterogeneous nature of the waste and the effects of seemingly minor components (e.g., Si) on the process. Aqueous electrolyte thermodynamic modeling and experiments have been conducted by the SRS Savannah River Technology Center (SRTC) in support of the SRS HLW and Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF) Evaporators and the Hanford RPP WTP. After 40 years of successful operation, accumulation of two solid phases (a nitrated aluminosilicate, Na8AL6Si6O24(NO3)2•4H2O and sodium diuranate, Na2U2O7) developed as an insoluble phase in the Savannah River Site (SRS) 2H evaporator in 1996. The aluminosilicate scale deposit caused the SRS 2-H evaporator to become completely inoperable by October 1999. Accumulation of the sodium diuranate phase on the aluminosilicate scale has caused criticality concerns. Modeling and experiments were conducted to develop a method to control the process chemistry in order to prevent the formation of aluminosilicate deposits in the future. The lessons learned from the development, design, and operation of the SRS waste treatment facilities and the currently operating 242-A Hanford HLW evaporators were applied by SRTC in support of the development and design of the Hanford WTP evaporators. Thermodynamic equilibrium modeling along with solubility and physical property experiments are being conducted to develop process control and flow sheet models. Additionally, lessons learned from the development of an advanced antifoam agent for the SRS vitrification process evaporators are being applied to the testing and development of an antifoam agent for the Hanford WTP evaporators. This paper will discuss the methodologies, results, and achievements of the SRTC evaporator development program that was conducted in support of the SRS and Hanford WTP evaporator processes. The “cross-pollination” and application of waste treatment technologies and methods between the Savannah River and Hanford Sites will be highlighted. The “cross-pollination” of technologies and methods is expected to benefit the Department of Energy’s Mission Acceleration efforts by reducing the overall cost and time for the development of the baseline waste treatment processes.
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2

Semenic, Tadej, and Ivan Catton. "Heat Removal and Thermophysical Properties of Biporous Evaporators." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15928.

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This paper presents a study of different biporous evaporators as potential candidates for cooling high-power electronic devices. A biporous evaporator has two characteristic pore size distributions, which due to an enhancement in capillarity and vapor permeability greatly increase the critical heat flux (CHF) of the evaporator. In this work, eleven biporous evaporators are made by sintering together clusters of copper particles. Particles with diameters of 58, 76, 83, and 98μm are sintered into clusters with diameters of 302, 605, and 855μm. Clusters are subsequently sintered into evaporators with constant thickness-to-cluster diameter ratios of 3.3 and 0.32cm2 evaporator area. Finally, they are tested with degassed distilled water at 0.07bar. The highest CHF, 471W/cm2 at 149°C wall temperature and 104°C superheat, is measured for the 855/58 evaporator. A comparison of heat fluxes removed at a constant wall temperature of 125°C for all eleven evaporators shows that the highest heat flux of 388W/cm2 is removed with the 302/83 evaporator. A statistical regression analysis on heat fluxes at 125°C wall temperatures for all evaporators tested yields a correlation that relates the heat fluxes to cluster and particle diameters and is further used to predict a region of particle and cluster diameters with the highest heat flux.
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Semenic, Tadej, and Xudong Tang. "Evaporators for High Temperature Lift Vapor Compression Loop for Space Applications." In ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88205.

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An Advanced Vapor Compression Loop (AVCL) for high temperature lift for heat rejection to hot lunar surface during lunar daytime was developed. The loop consists of an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and an electronic expansion valve. Different types of evaporators were evaluated in this study: a circular tube evaporator, a circular tube evaporator with a twisted tape, a circular tube evaporator with a wick, and a circular tube evaporator with a wick and a twisted tape. The evaporators were tested with two different compressors. The first was a 0.5hp oil-less compressor and the second was a 5.3hp compressor that used oil as lubricant. A heat exchanger (recuperator) was used to subcool the high pressure liquid and to superheat the low pressure vapor. Tests were performed with and without the recuperator. Vapor superheat during the tests was controlled with an electronic expansion valve controller. The working fluid was R134a. The results show that the heat source-to-working fluid thermal resistance of the circular tube evaporator with the wick and the twisted tape was one-third of that of the circular tube evaporator. The recuperator was able to decrease the vapor quality at the evaporator inlet and increase the vapor superheat at the compressor inlet. The evaporators without wicks were able to operate at a heat flux of 5.7W/cm2 with the recuperator and vapor superheat set at 5°C. Evaporators with wicks reached dryout at lower heat fluxes when maintaining superheat at 5°C. However, the wicked evaporators reached a heat flux of 7.6W/cm2 when decreasing superheat below 5°C. A temperature lift of 70°C was achieved with the 5.3hp compressor.
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4

Park, Chanwoo, and Michael Crepinsek. "Experimental Analysis of Dual-Evaporators Hybrid Two-Phase Cooling Loop." In ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2012-58474.

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A mechanical pump-assisted and capillary-driven (hybrid) two-phase cooling loop, with dual-evaporators in the same loop placed in parallel and series, was constructed to experimentally investigate the performance of the multi-evaporators cooling loop. This paper discusses various heat input experiments using the dual-evaporators loop that were tested up to 1200 Watts, or 600 Watts (102 W/cm2) for each evaporator. Difficulties and limitations experienced with both parallel and series tests are discussed. It is found from the tests that the total heat inputs in the system determine the system temperatures and pressures and the individual heat input to each evaporator determines the evaporator temperatures. Setting up the evaporators in parallel allows for more cooling than series.
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5

Park, Chanwoo, Aparna Vallury, Jon Zuo, Jeffrey Perez, and Paul Rogers. "Electronics Thermal Management Using Advanced Hybrid Two-Phase Loop Technology." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32962.

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The paper discusses an advanced Hybrid Two-Phase Loop (HTPL) technology for electronics thermal management. The HTPL combined active mechanical pumping with passive capillary pumping realizing a reliable yet high performance cooling system. The evaporator developed for the HTPL used 3-dimensional metallic wick structures to enhance boiling heat transfer by passive capillary separation of liquid and vapor phases. Through the testing using various prototype hybrid loops, it was demonstrated that the hybrid loops were capable of removing high heat fluxes from multiple heat sources with large surface areas up to 135cm2 and 10kW heat load. Because of the passive capillary phase separation, the hybrid loop operation didn’t require any active flow control of the liquid in the evaporator, even at highly transient and asymmetrical heat inputs between the evaporators. These results represent the significant advance over state-of-the-art heat pipes, loop heat pipes and evaporative spray cooling devices in terms of performance, robustness and simplicity.
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6

Furberg, Richard, Rahmatollah Khodabandeh, Bjo¨rn Palm, Shanghua Li, Muhammet Toprak, and Mamoun Muhammed. "Experimental Investigation of an Evaporator Enhanced With a Micro-Porous Structure in a Two-Phase Thermosyphon Loop." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56471.

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Following is an experimental study of six different evaporators in a closed two-phase thermosyphon loop system, where the influence of various evaporator dimensions and surfaces was investigated. The evaporators featured a 30 mm long rectangular channel with hydraulic diameters ranging from 1.2–2.7 mm. The heat transfer surface of one of the tested evaporators was enhanced with copper nano-particles, dendritically connected into an ordered micro-porous three dimensional network structure. To facilitate high speed video visualization of the two-phase flow in the evaporator channel, a transparent polycarbonate window was attached to the front of the evaporators. Refrigerant 134A was used as a working fluid and the tests were conducted at 6.5 bar. The tests showed that increasing channel diameters generally performed better. The three largest evaporator channels exhibited comparable performance, with a maximum heat transfer coefficient of about 2.2 W/(cm2K) at a heat flux of 30–35 W/cm2 and a critical heat flux of around 50 W/cm2. Isolated bubbles characterized the flow regime at peak performance for the large diameter channels, while confined bubbles and chaotic churn flow typified the evaporators with small diameters. In line with previous pool boiling experiments, the nucleate boiling mechanism was significantly enhanced, up to 4 times, by the nano- and micro-porous enhancement structure.
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7

Cataldo, Filippo, and Raffaele Luca Amalfi. "Dual-Evaporator Thermosyphon Cooling System for Electronics Cooling." In ASME 2022 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2022-97729.

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Abstract When dealing with thermosyphon systems for electronics cooling, there is a dearth of experimental studies addressing the physics of having multiple evaporators in parallel. Indeed, it is very common to have several processing units on the same device, such as the Central Processing Units (CPUs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) on desktop computers or servers. In this study, a thermosyphon-based system composed of two evaporators and a single air-cooled condenser is designed and tested for the layout typical of a desktop computer, workstation, or crypto-currency miner. Two evaporators at different heights and orientations compose the loo: the vertical evaporator occupies the highest position, while the evaporator is horizontal and located at the bottom of the loop. The total power dissipation of the thermosyphon-based system is 880 W when both the vertical and horizontal evaporators were cooling the corresponding units. The results show that the thermosyphon can effectively cool both processing units without instabilities. Moreover, the thermosyphon system can operate safely even when one of the two evaporators is not working.
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8

Cho, Honggi, Keumnam Cho, Hyoungmo Koo, Seong-Ho Kil, and Jeung-Hoon Kim. "Feasibility Study on the Prototype Microchannel Evaporator for the Residential Air-Conditioning Application." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2004-2370.

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The present study was aimed to test the feasibility of the prototype microchannel evaporator for the residential air-conditioning application using R-22 refrigerant under wet condition. Eight prototype evaporators were manufactured and tested using a psychrometric calorimeter. Each evaporator consisted of two or three parallel flow heat exchangers connected with return pipes. The parallel flow heat exchanger had 41 parallel microchannel tubes that brazed to the inlet and outlet headers. The tube had 8 rectangular ports with the hydraulic diameter of 1.3mm. The louvered fin had louver angle of 27°, louver pitch of 1.4mm and flow depth of 18.8mm. The cooling capacities of the different test evaporators were severely changed as both mass flow rate and inlet quality were increased due to the flow mal-distribution in the evaporator. The cooling capacity was increased as the vertical inclination angle of the evaporator increased. The condensate under wet condition was also measured. The flow area ratio of the evaporator affected the most seriously among the test parameters on the cooling capacity. Pressure drops on both refrigerant and air sides for the best prototype evaporator were 28.6kPa and 2.5mmAq, respectively.
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9

Agostini, Francesco, Waylon Puckett, Ryan Nelson, Daniele Torresin, Bruno Agostini, and Mathieu Habert. "Experimental Investigation of Enhanced Two-Phase Evaporator Using Aluminum Foams." In ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2015-48020.

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A novel two-phase thermosyphon with a metal foam based evaporator is presented as a solution for the cooling of power-electronic semiconductor modules. A horizontal evaporator configuration is investigated: the evaporator consists of an aluminum chamber, with aluminum foam brazed to the base plate in three different configurations. One of the configurations has an open vapor chamber above the foam, another has foam filling the entire evaporator chamber, and the third has bores drilled in the foam parallel to the base plate from inlet to outlet along the direction of the vapor flow. The aluminum foam has a porosity of 95%, and a pore density of 20 PPI (pores per inch). A liquid distribution and a vapor collector chamber are respectively present at the entrance and at the exit of the evaporator. The power modules are attached on the evaporator body that collects the heat generated during the operation of the semiconductor devices. A vapor riser guides the vapor to a finned-tube air-cooled heat exchanger. A liquid downcomer from the condenser constantly feeds the evaporator channels. The system works with gravity-driven circulation only. The described system was designed and tested with an extensive experimental campaign. The evaporators were tested for power losses ranging between 500 and 3000 W, corresponding to applied heat fluxes between 3 and 20 W/cm2. The experimental results will be presented for inlet air at ambient temperature of 20°C with volumetric flow rates between 100 and 680 m3/h. The working fluid was refrigerant R245fa. The fluid filling effect was investigated. For each evaporator the results will be presented in terms of maximum thermal resistance and cooler base temperature. The base temperature distribution between different evaporators will also be presented and discussed being an important design parameter in power electronics cooling. Thermal resistances were measured between 15 and 30 K/kW. The experimental results indicated a promising conclusion favoring the implementation of aluminum foam evaporators for enhancement of heat transfer during pool boiling.
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10

Cho, Honggi, and Keumnam Cho. "Performance Evaluation of Prototype Microchannel Evaporators for the Residential Air-Conditioning Application." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72475.

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Анотація:
The present study was aimed to evaluate the performance of prototype microchannel evaporators for the residential air-conditioning application using R-22 refrigerant under wet condition. Eight prototype evaporators were manufactured and tested using psychrometric calorimeter test facilities. Each evaporator consisted of two or three parallel flow heat exchangers connected with return pipes. The parallel flow heat exchanger had 41 parallel microchannel tubes that brazed into the inlet and outlet headers. The tube had 8 rectangular ports with the hydraulic diameter of 1.3 mm. The louvered fin had louver angle of 27°, louver pitch of 1.4 mm and flow depth of 18.8 mm. It was found that the flow area ratio had a great effect on the cooling capacity of the microchannel evaporator from experimental results of prototypes 4, 5 and 6, and there was an appropriate range for cooling capacity. The flow distribution characteristics were slightly affected by the pressure drop resulting from the configuration of the refrigerant flow at the exit of the evaporator like merging manifold, which means that it could be possible to reduce the manufacturing cost of the microchannel evaporator. Both refrigerant and air-side pressure drops for the best prototype evaporator were 28.6 kPa and 2.53 mmAq, respectively, which could be affordable for the residential air-conditioning application.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Evaporatore"

1

Wilmarth, W. R. Evaporator Cleaning Studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6025.

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2

Wilmarth, W. R. Evaporator Neutralization Experiments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/779676.

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3

Stone, M. DWPF Recycle Evaporator Simulant Tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/890169.

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4

Jacobs, R. A. Organic evaporator steam valve failure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6756100.

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5

Jacobs, R. A. Organic Evaporator steam valve failure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10148900.

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6

Rozeveld, A., and D. B. Chamberlain. Mobile evaporator corrosion test results. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/565551.

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7

Adu-Wusu, K. Tank 26F-2F Evaporator Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1059829.

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8

Jacobs, R. A. Organic evaporator steam valve failure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10113151.

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9

Jacobs, R. A. Organic Evaporator steam valve failure. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6863266.

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10

Weber, C. F. Thermodynamic Modeling of Savannah River Evaporators. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/788505.

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