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Статті в журналах з теми "Europe (satellite)":
1
Chaplin, Jon. "ESA Olympus provides distance learning in Europe." Industry and Higher Education 2, no. 1 (March 1988): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042228800200112.
Анотація:
OLYMPUS is a programme supported by 8 ESA member states, including the UK, Italy and Canada. Its objectives are to develop and prove, in orbit, key satellite technologies which will be relevant to commercial satellite programmes in the 1990s, and to demonstrate new applications of satellites for communications and broadcasting, stimulating all the players in the game. The use of the satellite for service demonstrations starting in 1989 will be normally free of charge but, in principle, the participating organizations will have to meet all other costs of the demonstration, including transport of the material to be transmitted to one of the few uplink stations.
2
Volkmer, Ingrid. "Satellite cultures in Europe." Global Media and Communication 4, no. 3 (December 2008): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742766508096079.
3
Vries, Gijs de. "Satellite broadcasting in Europe." Space Policy 3, no. 4 (November 1987): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-9646(87)90035-x.
4
Forssell, Börje. "Loran-C in a European Navigation Perspective." Journal of Navigation 51, no. 2 (May 1998): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463398007796.
Анотація:
After a brief overview of Loran-C system operation and performance, the present situation of the system in Europe is described. Loran-C is now in operation under the NELS agreement in north-western Europe in newly established chain configurations with old and new transmitter positions. Parallel to Loran-C the Russian equivalent, Chayka, is also operating, with three chains in Europe. There is an agreement between Norway and Russia concerning cooperation and possibly joint chain operations between the two system providers in the north; similar agreements in the Baltic and Mediterranean/Black Sea areas are being worked on. The situation around the Iberian peninsula has not yet been clarified. Being the only long/medium-range terrestrial system in Europe in the 2000+ time frame, Loran-C could be seen as a supplement to satellite systems. Due to the good penetration properties of its low-frequency signals, it can be used in many circumstances where satellite systems fail because of limited satellite visibility. Integration of Loran-C and (differential) satellite receivers, where Loran-C is calibrated by the satellite system as long as there are enough visible satellites, could in fact give the best of both worlds. For this reason, Loran-C is being considered in the perspective of a future international, civil satellite navigation system, initiated in Europe.
5
Novák, Andrej, and Kristína Kováčiková. "AMSS in Europe." AEROjournal 20, no. 2 (2022): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/aer.c.2022.2.2.
Анотація:
Nowadays, technology is developing rapidly, therefore satellite and aviation systems need to keep pace with modern trends and new technology. The paper is focused on satellite systems and aviation systems. Based on analysis of the issues it is possible to take measures against problems that may arise in the future. There is a need for satellite-based navigation system that can solve the problems of the existing systems and make the existing systems better and more efficient by providing great convenience to the airspace users for the safe, efficient, comfortable and economical realisation of flights in the future. The paper contains information about Air Communication and Navigation Systems and discusses the state of current aviation and satellite systems.
6
Jaksic, Krsto, Ivana Milosevic, Branimir Jaksic, Vladimir Maksimovic, and Jelena Todorovic. "Structure and share of satellite TV channels and DTH platforms in Europe." Acta Scientiarum. Technology 44 (July 28, 2022): e59237. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v44i1.59237.
Анотація:
This work deals with the structure of TV channels that are distributed from satellite positions where DTH platforms offer their services in European countries. The structure is being considered via service availability (FTA and PAY TV), resolution (SDTV, HDTV and UHDTV), standards of broadcasting (DVB-S and DVB-S2), satellites and satellite positions, as well as market share of leading satellite operators at European market through which DTH providers do their services to the ultimate users. We also represent the market of TV channel distribution through the number of household which use cable, satellite, terrestrial and IPTV. Collected data are represented as a table and graph for the period from 1996 to 2020.
7
Forrest, J. R. "Commercial satellite broadcasting for Europe." IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 34, no. 4 (1988): 443–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/11.16487.
8
Collins, R. "Public service broadcasting by satellite in Europe: Eurikon and Europa." Screen 34, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 162–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/screen/34.2.162.
9
Kothe, Steffen, Elizabeth Good, André Obregón, Bodo Ahrens, and Helga Nitsche. "Satellite-Based Sunshine Duration for Europe." Remote Sensing 5, no. 6 (June 7, 2013): 2943–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs5062943.
10
Johnstone, Bill. "New education satellite planned for Europe." Nature 327, no. 6122 (June 1987): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/327453c0.
Дисертації з теми "Europe (satellite)":
1
Pichler, Marie Helen. "Copyright problems of satellite and cable television in Europe." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65445.
2
Bichon, de la Tour Jean-Eudes. "Satellite et libre diffusion des émissions télévisuelles en Europe." Paris 10, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA100123.
Анотація:
De l'explosion de la "radiodiffusion directe par satellite" a l'avenement des "autoroutes de l'information" en europe, un pas important a ete franchi a la vitesse de la lumiere par les techniques de communication audiovisuelle (nous pensons specialement a l'exploitation commerciale des satellites via l'espace a des fins de radiodiffusion). Le droit, instrument fondamental dans la reglementation de ces nouveaux secteurs, n'a pas ete en mesure de "suivre le rythme". Au dela de carences juridiques de taille telles que la question du franchissement des frontieres par l'emission satellitaire sans qu'existe aucun controle, le reglement du droit d'auteur; qu'en est-il de l'adaptation des grands principes juridiques europeens, notamment la liberte de prestation des services au sein de l'union europeenne enoncee dans le traite de rome et le droit "a la liberte d'expression, de recevoir ou de communiquer des informations ou des idees. . . ". Sont-ils respectes et appliques sans amenagements ni discernement a des domaines aussi nouveaux? quel droit est competent pour reglementer le satellite dans l'espace extra-atmospherique, c'est a dire hors de toute legalite territoriale?"from the explosion of the "digital broadcasting satellite" (dbs) to the advent of the "information motorways" in europe, an important step has been realised by the technology of audiovisual communication. The legislation, fundamental instrument of reglementation of those new fields, has not been able to follow the rythm. Beyond juridical fails such as the legislation on the copyright and the question of the frontiers and their crossing by the digital broadcasting satellite without any control; is it possible to evaluate the adaptation of the fundamental juridical principles in europe (free expression, free information, free prestation of services established in the treaty of rome for the eec)? those principles are they respected and applied without any perception to such new spheres? wich law is habilited for the reglementation of the satellite in the extra-atmospherical area, wich means out of any territorial jurisdiction?
3
Lesage, Elodie. "Etude du cryovolcanisme sur Europe Cryomagma ascent on Europa Constraints on effusive cryovolcanic eruptions on Europa using topography obtained from Galileo images." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ008.
Анотація:
Europe est une lune de Jupiter couverte de glace d’eau, et abritant un océan interne global d’eau liquide d’une centaine de kilomètres d’épaisseur. L’intérieur d’Europe est réchauffé par les forces de marées induites par la présence de Jupiter, qui fournissent une quantité d’énergie suffisante à maintenir une activité géologique vigoureuse sur ce satellite. La surface d’Europe est très jeune avec un âge estimé à 70-90 Ma, ce qui démontre son ressurfaçage récent. De nombreuses structures géologiques ont été identifiées à la surface d’Europe, et certaines comme les plaines lisses, les dômes ou les dépôts sombres pourraient indiquer la présence de réservoirs d’eau liquide ou de saumures (cryomagma) stockés dans la couche de glace. Nous proposons dans cette thèse un modèle d’éruption cryovolcanique depuis un réservoir de cryomagma contenu dans la couche de glaces. Le moteur de l’éruption est la surpression générée dans le réservoir par le gel du cryomagma, qui peut être suffisante pour entrainer la fracturation de la couche de glaces sus-jacente et laisser les cryolaves se répandre en surface. Ce modèle prédictif permet de connaître les caractéristiques d’une éruption telles que sa durée et le volume de cryolave émis en surface en fonction de la profondeur du réservoir. Il permet aussi d’évaluer la pression dans le réservoir et la vitesse du fluide s’en échappant au court de l’éruption. Nous avons testé l’influence de la composition du cryomagma et de la rhéologie de la couche de glace sur la faisabilité d’une éruption. Nous avons notamment modélisé la déformation d’un réservoir contenu dans une couche de glace viscoélastique. Quelques images d’Europe prises par la sonde Galileo dans les années 1990 montrent des structures lisses quasi-circulaires que nous interprétons comme de possibles écoulements de cryolaves à la surface. Nous avons souhaité utiliser le volume de ces objets afin de contraindre notre modèle d’éruption. Pour ce faire, nous avons généré des modèles numériques de terrain (MNT) de ces images grâce à la photoclinométrie, et plus particulièrement avec l’AMES StereoPipeline (ASP) fourni par la NASA. Nous avons porté une attention particulière à l’estimation des incertitudes sur les MNT en menant une étude de sensibilité de l’ASP. Nous avons pu mesurer le volume de quatre plaines lisses, et en déduire la taille des réservoirs de cryomagma requis pour les créer lors d’éruptions. Les missions JUICE (ESA) et Europa Clipper (NASA) devraient partir dans les prochaines années et permettront une étude plus poussée de la surface d’Europe. Cette thèse a pour vocation d’aider à la sélection des zones les plus susceptibles de présenter des bio-signatures en vue de ces missions. Les plaines lisses étudiées dans cette thèse peuvent possiblement représenter des zones d’échange d’eau liquide entre la surface et la sub-surface d’Europe, et sont donc d’un grand intérêt pour l’exploration future de cette luneEuropa is a Jupiter’s moon covered with a water-ice layer, hiding a global liquid water ocean approximately 100 km thick. Europa’s interior is heated by the tidal forces induced by Jupiter, that provide enough energy to maintain a vigorous geological activity on this moon. Europa’s surface is very young, with an age estimated around 70-90 Ma, which demonstrates a recent resurfacing of the moon. Various geological features have been identified at Europa’s surface, and some of them, like the smooth plains, domes and chaos might indicate the presence of sub-surface reservoirs of liquid water or brines (cryomagma). In this thesis, we propose a cryovolcanic eruption model from a cryomagma reservoir stored in the ice crust. The overpressure generated during the cryomagma freezing could be high enough to fracture the ice crust and let the cryolava rise toward the surface and spread on it. This predictive model allows us to know the duration of an eruption, and the total cryolava volume erupted as a function of the reservoir depth in the ice crust. It also allows us to calculate the pressure in the reservoir and the fluid velocity in the fracture during the eruption. We investigated the influence of the cryomagma composition and the ice crust rheology on the possibility of an eruption. We finally modeled the deformation of a reservoir stored in a viscoelastic ice crust. A few images taken by the Galileo spacecraft during the 1990’s show quasi-circular smooth features, that may be interpreted as cryolava flows. We wanted to use these images to constrain our eruption model by measuring the volume of these objects. To do this, we generated digital elevation models (DEMs) of these images thank to the photoclinometry technique. We used the AMES StereoPipeline (ASP) tool, provided by the NASA. We estimated the uncertainties on the DEMs produced by the ASP by doing a sensitivity study of this tool. We also measured the volume of four smooth plains and deduced the size of reservoir needed to generate these thanks to our eruption model. Two missions, JUICE (ESA) and Europa Clipper (NASA) will be launch in the next years and should provide new insights on Europa’s sub-surface. In this context, this thesis could help to select the zones the more likely to show biosignatures. The smooth plains studied in this thesis might be linking the interior and the surface of the Europa, which could present a great interest for the future exploration of this moon
4
Oza, Apurva. "Detection and dynamics of satellite exospheres." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066224/document.
Анотація:
Je présente une analyse multidisciplinaire du comportement d’une exosphère d’un satellite dont la limite inférieure est une surface solide. Une exosphère par définition n’a pas de limite supérieure, est constituée d’un gaz dont la dynamique n’est pas régie par des collisions et correspond à la région d’interaction entre un objet planétaire et sa planète mère ou étoile. Dans cette thèse, je montrerai qu’une population exosphérique d’un satellite qui serait volatile et dont la dynamique serait fortement dépendante de la température de surface, aura une évolution orbitale synchrone avec le cycle diurne. Par exemple, l’oxygène moléculaire autour d’Europa et de Ganymède, satellites de Jupiter,devrait suivre une telle évolution. Je m’attacherai donc à comparer les résultats d’un modèle 3D Monte Carlo reconstruisant l’évolution de cette exosphère et les observations d’émissions aurorales par le télescope Hubble pour souligner la persistance d’une asymétrie matin/soir caractéristique de ce cycle diurne. Par ailleurs,une analyse plus théorique de l’origine de cette asymétrie nous suggère qu’un réservoird’O2 sous forme gazeuse dans le régolite pourrait être à l’origine de la formation de cette exosphère. En plus de la description de l’O2 exosphérique autour d’Europa, je soulignerai les différences notables avec l’H2O et ses produits. Enfin, j’ai également travaillé à la caractérisation d’une nouvelle technologie pour une source d’ionisation basée sur l’utilisation de nano-tubes de carbone. Cet émetteur d’électron utilisé pour la spectrométrie de masse neutre s’avère nettement plus efficace que les émetteurs classiquement utilisés dans le spatial et devrait donc nous aider à explorer ces exosphèresI present a multidisciplinary analysis on the behavior of asurface-bounded exosphere synchronously rotating about its primary. Anexosphere is the boundless, external envelope of gas extending from aplanetary surface or atmosphere. This collisionless gas represents theinterface between planets and stars, as it directly interacts with theinterplanetary medium. Should the exosphere possess a population ofvolatiles strongly coupled with the surface temperature, the exospherewill be capable of experiencing a diurnal cycle over an orbitalperiod. I provide the first evidence of the existence of such adiurnal cycle in the molecular oxygen exospheres of two of Jupiter’sicy moons: Europa and Ganymede. The evidence was surmounted by anin-depth comparison between the near-surface ultraviolet oxygenaurorae observations by the Hubble Space Telescope and 3-D Monte Carlosimulations of Europa’s near-surface O2 exosphere, where both auroraeand exospheres where found to be strongly peaking at dusk. Thedusk-over-dawn asymmetry analysis also provides evidence that Europamay harbor a large O2 reservoir embedded in its ice today. Inaddition to O2 , I present the first orbital simulations of all knownwater-products at Europa, and provide perspectives on discerning theeffects of cryovolcanism on the exosphere. Lastly, at LATMOS, Icharacterized a novel ionization source: a carbon nanotube electrongun (CNTeg). This in-situ device used for neutral mass spectrometry,may prove to be a very efficient electron emitter (P < 10 milliWatts)and should aid future searches to detect trace gases in any exosphere
5
Chakroun, Meriem. "La variabilité des nuages et son rôle sur le climat en Europe : télédétection et simulation régionale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV067/document.
Анотація:
Les nuages sont une composante majeure du système Terre-océan-atmosphère car ils couvrent en moyenne 40% de la surface du globe. Ils contribuent à refroidir la troposphère car ils réfléchissent une part importante du rayonnement solaire (effet d’albédo), mais ils contribuent également à la réchauffer car ils réémettent une partie du rayonnement infrarouge terrestre (effet de serre naturel). La détermination des effets radiatifs des nuages a été identifiée par le GIEC comme l’une des sources principales d’incertitude sur la prévision du climat. Dans ce contexte, la question se pose quant au rôle de la variabilité décennale de ces propriétés nuageuses. Plus particulièrement, on cherche à identifier une possible évolution ou variation des propriétés des nuages et à comprendre l'impact de cette variabilité sur celle du climat régional (température au sol), et inversement : ici, la région d'étude est l'Europe. On sait en effet qu'au 1er ordre le climat régional européen est contrôlé par la circulation atmosphérique de grande échelle (Cattiaux et al., ou Cassou et al., 2005) mais celle-ci ne suffit pas à expliquer certaines anomalies ou extrêmes de température. Des anomalies de propriétés nuageuses sont donc une piste importante à étudier pour expliquer ce type d’événement extrême. Durant cette thèse, nous proposons donc d'appréhender cette question à partir d'observations spatiales et de simulations. Les observations seront celles de l'Aqua-Train : (1) l'instrument MODIS à bord du satellite Aqua permet, à l'aide d'algorithmes développés à la Nasa, de caractériser le forçage radiatif des nuages depuis 9 ans (i.e. leur capacité à refroidir ou à réchauffer); (2) le lidar du satellite CALIPSO couplé au radar du satellite CloudSat nous renseigne sur la structure verticale de ces mêmes couches nuageuses, leurs propriétés précipitantes et microphysiques depuis 7 ans. Les simulations utilisées pour compléter ces observations sont déjà existantes : elles ont été réalisées avec le modèle régional WRF et couvrent l'ensemble de l'Europe sur une période suffisamment longue pour pouvoir travailler sur la variabilité interannuelle à décennale des nuages. L’objet de la thèse est d'analyser à l'échelle régionale les relations entre les anomalies nuageuses et les anomalies de température. On cherchera à comprendre si les propriétés des nuages sont perturbées pour un régime synoptique donné et si ces perturbations peuvent expliquer certaines anomalies de température via leur effet radiatif direct ou plus indirect dans le cas des nuages convectifs. La démarche suivante sera appliquée : (1) Les observations et les simulations seront analysées conjointement pour mieux caractériser les propriétés nuageuses et surtout leur variabilité spatiale et interannuelle. (2) Ce travail de caractérisation des propriétés nuageuses devra se faire pour chaque régime synoptique identifié. Les saisons d'hiver et d'été seront caractérisées grâce aux régimes de l'Oscillation Nord Atlantique (NAO) (en collaboration avec le LSCE), tandis qu'un travail sur les régimes des saisons intermédiaires sera nécessaire. (3) Nous chercherons ensuite à comprendre comment ces propriétés typiques d’un régime sont perturbées. A régime fixé, nous tenterons de relier des anomalies de couverture nuageuse à des anomalies de température, et les périodes identifiées seront étudiées en détail pour comprendre quels sont les mécanismes qui permettent de passer d’une anomalie de l’un à une anomalie de l’autre : en d’autres termes, il s’agira d’estimer si le forçage radiatif de ces « anomalies nuageuses » peut conduire à l’anomalie de température détectée. Les comparaisons entre simulations et observations seront utiles pour analyser ces liens (existent dans les 2, ou uniquement dans l'un et pourquoi). Le travail de thèse pourra alors consister à réaliser de nouvelles simulations afin de mieux comprendre ces relationsWe characterize the seasonal and inter-annual variabilities of the clouds fraction profiles in both observations and simulation since they are critical to better assess the impact of clouds on climate variability. The spaceborne lidar onboard CALIPSO, providing cloud vertical profiles since 2006, is used together with a 23-year WRF simulation at 20 km resolution. A lidar simulator helps to compare consistently model with observations. The bias in observations due to the satellite under-sampling is first estimated. Then we examine the vertical variability of both occurrence and properties of clouds. It results that observations indicate a similar occurrence of low and high clouds over continent, and more high than low clouds over the sea except in summer. The simulation shows an overestimate (underestimate) of high (low) clouds comparing to observations, especially in summer. However the seasonal variability of the cloud vertical profiles is well captured by WRF. Concerning inter-annual variability, observations show that in winter, it is twice more important for high clouds than for low clouds, which is well simulated. In summer, the observed inter-annual variability is vertically more homogeneous while the model still simulates more variability for high clouds than for low clouds. The good behavior of the simulation in winter allows us to use the 23 years of simulation and 8 years of observations to estimate the time period required to characterize the natural variability of the cloud fraction profile in winter, i.e the time period required to detect significant anomalies and trends
6
Asloun, Benaïssa. "L'information des télévisions internationales reçues au Maroc : le cas de TV5 Europe et MBC." Paris 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA020006.
Анотація:
Incontestablement, s'il fallait designer le fait le plus remarquable intervenu ces dernieres annees dans le domaine de la diffusion televisuelle dans le monde, il serait difficile de ne pas susciter en premier lieu, la survenance des chain es de television a vocation internationale. Ces nouveaux venus, en empruntant le plus haut minaret du ciel qu'est le satellite, permettent a des telespectateurs, naguere isoles par des barrieres insurmontables de saisir une meme informat ion et une meme image. Exploit technologqiue pour les uns, negation de soi pour les autres. Les televisions satellitaire s fascinent et effarent a la fois. Le but de la presente recherche n'est pas tant de degager la problematique de cette nouvelle race de television a l'echelle mondiale, mais plus modestement tenter de : d'abord, demontrer, par le biais de l'analyse des journaux televises de deux chaines a vocation internationale (tv5 europe et mbc), que la valeur internatio nale des informations proposees est relatives, ne serait ce que parce qu'elles obeissent, entre autres, a la sacro-saint e regle de la proximite geographique. Ensuite, prouver que l'avenement des televisions internationales au maroc n'a pas, contrairement aux idees en vogue, tue le systeme de television nationale, mais il a grandement contribue a son evolutio n et son enrichissement. Enfin, mettre en relief le fait que la desertion considerable des telespectateurs marocains ver s les televisions internationales s'explique aisement par la recherche d'une satisfaction de besoin mal ou non comble pa r l'offre televisuelle localeThere is no doubt that the televisual terrain have been recently marked by the emergence of television with an "international" vocation. Using new technologies, mainly satellite communications, the new comers allow millions of tele vision viewers to get the same information and image simultaneously or otherwise. Until recently, the same viewers have been isolated by geographical and political barriers. While some celebrate this technological innovation, others are more concerned about their cultural identity. The purpose of the present research is not inasmuch to engage the debate over this new phenomenon. It is, however, a mod est contribution to demonstrate, through the analysis of televised news of tv5 europe and mbc, the relativity of the con cept and the proposed value of the "international" at another level, the arrival of "international" television to morroc o, did not destroy nor delay the natural evolution of the national media system. Contrary to this received view, "international" television has enormously contributed to the positive evolution of moroccan television system to meet th e new needs of a demanding public. Inaddition, we attempt to argue that the considerable abondon of moroccan television viewers and their escape to "international" television is justified by their continuing search for quality and satisfaction
7
Williams, D. H. "A vehicle-mounted terminal for European satellite-mobile radio services : Development of a low-cost vehicle-mounted earth station for projected satellite-mobile services in Europe and considerations for achievement of multiple service access capability." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381064.
8
Záklasníková, Alena. "Communication Strategy of Market Entry in Eastern Europe in the Area of International Tolling." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-3898.
Анотація:
This thesis concerns development of a communication strategy in Eastern Europe, particularly Bulgaria, as a model country, in the area of international tolling, more precisely road user charging system offered by Satellic. In this strategy the promotion mix tools such as advertising, personal selling, PR, public affairs, events and conferences are applied. A concrete target group, the key message, the goal, the message strategy and the budget are created in each of the above noted promotion mix tools.
9
Kennedy, Susannah. "Representing Arabness in the 'global marketplace' : an anthropological approach to Arabic-language satellite television in Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404537.
10
Chakroun, Meriem. "La variabilité des nuages et son rôle sur le climat en Europe : télédétection et simulation régionale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV067.
Анотація:
Les nuages sont une composante majeure du système Terre-océan-atmosphère car ils couvrent en moyenne 40% de la surface du globe. Ils contribuent à refroidir la troposphère car ils réfléchissent une part importante du rayonnement solaire (effet d’albédo), mais ils contribuent également à la réchauffer car ils réémettent une partie du rayonnement infrarouge terrestre (effet de serre naturel). La détermination des effets radiatifs des nuages a été identifiée par le GIEC comme l’une des sources principales d’incertitude sur la prévision du climat. Dans ce contexte, la question se pose quant au rôle de la variabilité décennale de ces propriétés nuageuses. Plus particulièrement, on cherche à identifier une possible évolution ou variation des propriétés des nuages et à comprendre l'impact de cette variabilité sur celle du climat régional (température au sol), et inversement : ici, la région d'étude est l'Europe. On sait en effet qu'au 1er ordre le climat régional européen est contrôlé par la circulation atmosphérique de grande échelle (Cattiaux et al., ou Cassou et al., 2005) mais celle-ci ne suffit pas à expliquer certaines anomalies ou extrêmes de température. Des anomalies de propriétés nuageuses sont donc une piste importante à étudier pour expliquer ce type d’événement extrême. Durant cette thèse, nous proposons donc d'appréhender cette question à partir d'observations spatiales et de simulations. Les observations seront celles de l'Aqua-Train : (1) l'instrument MODIS à bord du satellite Aqua permet, à l'aide d'algorithmes développés à la Nasa, de caractériser le forçage radiatif des nuages depuis 9 ans (i.e. leur capacité à refroidir ou à réchauffer); (2) le lidar du satellite CALIPSO couplé au radar du satellite CloudSat nous renseigne sur la structure verticale de ces mêmes couches nuageuses, leurs propriétés précipitantes et microphysiques depuis 7 ans. Les simulations utilisées pour compléter ces observations sont déjà existantes : elles ont été réalisées avec le modèle régional WRF et couvrent l'ensemble de l'Europe sur une période suffisamment longue pour pouvoir travailler sur la variabilité interannuelle à décennale des nuages. L’objet de la thèse est d'analyser à l'échelle régionale les relations entre les anomalies nuageuses et les anomalies de température. On cherchera à comprendre si les propriétés des nuages sont perturbées pour un régime synoptique donné et si ces perturbations peuvent expliquer certaines anomalies de température via leur effet radiatif direct ou plus indirect dans le cas des nuages convectifs. La démarche suivante sera appliquée : (1) Les observations et les simulations seront analysées conjointement pour mieux caractériser les propriétés nuageuses et surtout leur variabilité spatiale et interannuelle. (2) Ce travail de caractérisation des propriétés nuageuses devra se faire pour chaque régime synoptique identifié. Les saisons d'hiver et d'été seront caractérisées grâce aux régimes de l'Oscillation Nord Atlantique (NAO) (en collaboration avec le LSCE), tandis qu'un travail sur les régimes des saisons intermédiaires sera nécessaire. (3) Nous chercherons ensuite à comprendre comment ces propriétés typiques d’un régime sont perturbées. A régime fixé, nous tenterons de relier des anomalies de couverture nuageuse à des anomalies de température, et les périodes identifiées seront étudiées en détail pour comprendre quels sont les mécanismes qui permettent de passer d’une anomalie de l’un à une anomalie de l’autre : en d’autres termes, il s’agira d’estimer si le forçage radiatif de ces « anomalies nuageuses » peut conduire à l’anomalie de température détectée. Les comparaisons entre simulations et observations seront utiles pour analyser ces liens (existent dans les 2, ou uniquement dans l'un et pourquoi). Le travail de thèse pourra alors consister à réaliser de nouvelles simulations afin de mieux comprendre ces relationsWe characterize the seasonal and inter-annual variabilities of the clouds fraction profiles in both observations and simulation since they are critical to better assess the impact of clouds on climate variability. The spaceborne lidar onboard CALIPSO, providing cloud vertical profiles since 2006, is used together with a 23-year WRF simulation at 20 km resolution. A lidar simulator helps to compare consistently model with observations. The bias in observations due to the satellite under-sampling is first estimated. Then we examine the vertical variability of both occurrence and properties of clouds. It results that observations indicate a similar occurrence of low and high clouds over continent, and more high than low clouds over the sea except in summer. The simulation shows an overestimate (underestimate) of high (low) clouds comparing to observations, especially in summer. However the seasonal variability of the cloud vertical profiles is well captured by WRF. Concerning inter-annual variability, observations show that in winter, it is twice more important for high clouds than for low clouds, which is well simulated. In summer, the observed inter-annual variability is vertically more homogeneous while the model still simulates more variability for high clouds than for low clouds. The good behavior of the simulation in winter allows us to use the 23 years of simulation and 8 years of observations to estimate the time period required to characterize the natural variability of the cloud fraction profile in winter, i.e the time period required to detect significant anomalies and trends
Книги з теми "Europe (satellite)":
1
Orrell, Keith. Satellite eye over Europe. London: Channel 4, 1993.
2
Collins, Richard. Satellite broadcasting in Western Europe. London: Libbey, 1990.
3
Richard, Collins. Satellite television in Western Europe. London: John Libbey, 1992.
4
Richard, Collins. Satellite television in Western Europe. London: J. Libbey, 1989.
5
White, Stewart. Satellite communications in Europe: Law and regulation. London: Longman, 1994.
6
Stéphan, Le Goueff, ed. Satellite regulation in Europe: Legal texts and materials. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001.
7
Robert, Brousse, and M.-Sat Corporation, eds. L' Europe vue par satellite: Images M-SAT. Genève: Minerva, 1998.
8
I, Edelson Burton, ed. Satellite communications systems and technology--Europe, Japan, Russia. Park Ridge, N.J., U.S.A: Noyes Data Corp., 1995.
9
Williams, Richard S., and Jane G. Ferrigno. Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world: Europe. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1993.
10
Pichler, Marie Helen. Copyright problems of satellite and cable television in Europe. London: Graham & Trotman, 1987.
Частини книг з теми "Europe (satellite)":
1
Collins, Guy. "Satellite Television." In Europe in Space, 110–22. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10125-2_11.
2
Tronche, C. "Satellite Communication." In Gallium Arsenide Technology in Europe, 10–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78934-2_2.
3
Collins, Guy. "The Telecommunication Satellite Revolution." In Europe in Space, 102–9. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10125-2_10.
4
"Satellite Scorecard." In Satellite Regulation in Europe, 599–601. Brill | Nijhoff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004481466_072.
5
Noam, Eli. "Direct Satellite Broadcasting." In Television in Europe, 299–314. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195069426.003.0028.
Анотація:
Abstract One form of broadcasting that threatens to overcome national boundaries is high-powered direct broadcast satellites (DBS). DBS as a concept goes back to 1977, when a World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC), in a contentious meeting pitting the United States against the rest of the world, established the basic framework (Pool, 1991). At the time, European officials saw DBS as imminent. They regarded it as a wide-open field where no country had yet achieved technological dominance and where the potential existed to develop domestic electronic strength. It was also viewed as a way to establish the traditional national broadcast institutions in space, since DBS’s large power requirements permitted only a small number of channels, thus causing little disruption to the existing national systems. To achieve high-power beam required a small “footprint” of coverage; thus, the scarcity of channels in the sky would match the scarcity of channels on the ground.
6
"SATELLITE BROADCASTING: THE REGULATORY ISSUES IN EUROPE." In Satellite Broadcasting, 61–86. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203773451-9.
7
"CEPT/ECTRA Decision of 03 July 1997 on Harmonisation of Authorisation Conditions and Co-Ordination of Procedures in the Field of Satellite Personal Communications Services (S-PCS) in Europe, Operating within the Bands 1610–1626.5 MHz, 2483.5–2500 MHz, 1980–2010 MHz and 2170–2200 MHz (CEPT/ECTRA/DEC(97)02)." In Satellite Regulation in Europe, 567–78. Brill | Nijhoff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004481466_067.
8
"Council Decision of 28 November 1997 Concerning the Conclusion on Behalf of the European Community, as Regards Matters within Its Competence, of the Results of the WTO Negotiations on Basic Telecommunications Services (97/838/EC)." In Satellite Regulation in Europe, 261–76. Brill | Nijhoff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004481466_019.
9
"Memorandum of Understanding to Facilitate Arrangements for Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite, Including Regional Systems (GMPCS-MoU)." In Satellite Regulation in Europe, 602–5. Brill | Nijhoff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004481466_073.
10
"Memorandum of Understanding-GMPCS (Geneva, 12–13 March 1998)." In Satellite Regulation in Europe, 615–20. Brill | Nijhoff, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004481466_075.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Europe (satellite)":
1
Sodnik, Zoran, Hanspeter Lutz, Bernhard Furch, and Rolf Meyer. "Optical satellite communications in Europe." In SPIE LASE, edited by Hamid Hemmati. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.847075.
2
Mihalčinová, Nikola, and Miriam Jarošová. "Meteorological satellite as an important source of meteorological information for aviation." In Práce a štúdie. University of Žilina, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/pas.z.2021.1.15.
Анотація:
This paper is focused on the use of information provided from meteorological satellites in air transport, its development and current status. The work defines general knowledge in the field of meteorology such as the history of meteorological satellites, the division of orbits and current meteorological satellites in orbits. The work also includes the characteristics of measured quantities and monitoring methods. The practical contribution of this work is the analysis of satellite images in Europe. Finally, the work deals with the future use of meteorological satellites and the development of new satellites.
3
TAFAZOLLI, R., and B. EVANS. "Mobile/personal communication systems in Europe." In 14th International Communication Satellite Systems Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1992-1911.
4
null. "ICO - benefits of Europe." In IEE Colloquium on Satellite Systems for European Markets - Looking to the Next Millennium. IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19970146.
5
Taylor, Stuart. "Technology developments in Europe for future mobile satellites." In 15th International Communicatons Satellite Systems Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1994-911.
6
Smith, Arthur. "Gas pipeline monitoring in Europe by satellite SAR." In International Symposium on Remote Sensing, edited by Manfred Ehlers. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.462349.
7
Vallone, Giuseppe, Daniele Dequal, M. Tomasin, M. Schiavon, F. Vedovato, Davide Bacco, Simone Gaiarin, Giuseppe Bianco, Vincenza Luceri, and Paolo Villoresi. "Satellite quantum communication towards GEO distances." In SPIE Photonics Europe, edited by Jürgen Stuhler and Andrew J. Shields. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2228613.
8
Esguerra, Luisa, Leon Mesner, Elizabeth Robertson, Mustafa Gundogan, and Janik Wolters. "Towards satellite-suited noise-free quantum memories." In 2021 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleo/europe-eqec52157.2021.9542293.
9
Simon, P. C., M. de Maziere, L. Delbouille, G. Roland, S. GODIN, K. Kunzi, J. de La Noe, and P. T. Woods. "Stratospheric Monitoring Stations in Europe." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1990.thc2.
Анотація:
Measurements of the trends in ozone and other stratospheric trace species require a coordinated scientific effort in establishing ground based observations coupled with satellite measurements in order to quantitatively detect early changes in stratospheric composition and structure and to improve the understanding of short term processes needed to validate either long term observations or model simulations.
10
MIGNOSA, B., M. DESILVIO, and P. LEONE. "Present status and perspectives of VSAT networks in Europe." In 14th International Communication Satellite Systems Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1992-1980.
Звіти організацій з теми "Europe (satellite)":
1
Portela, Clara, and Raúl González Muñoz. The EU Space Strategy for Security and Defence: Towards Strategic Autonomy? Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/lhsq8207.
Анотація:
Satellite navigation, communications and imagery are critical to military doctrine. They provide the capability and functionalities required to operate increasingly complex military assets with unprecedented precision. On account of their growing importance, there is a need for EU member states to develop their own satellite infrastructure, and to ensure control over and superiority in the space landscape in which satellites operate in order to protect their security. This paper analyses the EU Space Strategy, which is the first of its kind, identifying its strengths and areas where there is room for improvement, as well as the challenges facing the project to establish a common European space defence policy, in terms of both institutional and industrial collaboration.
2
Perrels, Adriaan, and Kaisa Juhanko. Socio-economic Benefits of the EPS Sterna constellation at high latitudes. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361836.
Анотація:
This report presents a combined meteorological and economic study commissioned by EUMETSAT as part of the planning trajectory for the EPS-Sterna polar-orbiting satellite constellation. The focus of the study is on the foreseeable effects of EPS Sterna on meteorological forecasts and the resulting socioeconomic benefits, particularly regarding application at high latitudes, with emphasis on the Nordic countries. The study has an explorative character, hence the quantified estimates of benefits only indicate orders of magnitude for selected sectors. A more comprehensive assessment of expected benefits would necessitate a larger study. The report focuses on sectors for which significant benefits were expected, being civil aviation in Nordic countries (excluding Iceland) and wind turbine-based electricity production in the Nordpool area. For civil aviation, increased precision in forecasting winterly precipitation enhances preparedness on airports, thereby reducing weather-related delays. The potential annual benefit for the aviation sector in the Nordic countries is estimated at approximately €5 million, with an additional €1 million in avoided travel time loss. The upscaled effect for aviation in Europe is estimated at around €15 million per year. In wind power production, timely identification of probable formation of ice and snow on turbine blades benefits the Nordic power market through smoother operations and cost savings. The expected annual benefits for society are approximately €15 million, growing to €27 million when considering growth in electricity use. Applying a satellite constellation lifetime of 12 years (2029–2040), the estimated cumulative benefits range from €240 million (using base year levels without expansion) to €495 million (using maximum values per sector). No discounting of benefits nor costs has been applied. Other sectors with potential benefits include construction, tourism, urban operational management, and more. A coarse assessment for the Finnish building sector suggests expected annual benefits of about €1 million. The study notes that EPS Sterna's forecast improvements may lead to the development of new smart services, influencing property management and generating economic effects. Realizing the benefit potential of EPS Sterna data requires dedicated weather service development and improved data integration with non-meteorological data. The report recommends establishing a repository of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) data and results to facilitate future evaluations of satellite constellations.
3
Daras, Ilias, Gûnther March, Joint Mass Chnge Mission Expert Group, D. Wiese, C. Blackwood, F. Forman, B. Loomis, et al. Next Generation Gravity Mission (NGGM) Mission Requirements Document. ESA, September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/esa.nggm-mrd.2023-09-v1.0.
Анотація:
The Next Generation Gravity Mission (NGGM) is a Mission of Opportunity as part of ESA’s FutureEO programme. NGGM will extend and improve time series of satellite gravity missions by providing enhanced spatial and temporal resolution time-varying gravity field measurements with improved performance and and latency. The mission addresses international user needs as expressed by IUGG and GCOS and demonstrates operational capabilities relevant for Copernicus. The NGGM Mission Requirement Document (MRD) defines unambiguous requirements for NGGM, traceable to the joint ESA/NASA MAss Change and Geosciences International Constellation (MAGIC) MRD (c.f. MAGIC MRD), and provides recommendations for MAGIC. MAGIC will combine the NASA/DLR GRACE-C (former Mass Change) mission as a first pair of satellites in a near-polar orbit, complemented by the ESA NGGM mission as a second pair of satellites in an inclined controlled orbit (Bender constellation), to deliver significantly improved time-space sampling and constellation performance to demonstrate the benefits of operational gravimetry. The NGGM MRD v1.0 was issued in September 2023 at the end of NGGM Phase A. Further revisions are expected in the upcoming phases of development. Citation Daras, I. (Ed), 2023, Next Generation Gravity Mission (NGGM) Mission Requirements Document, Issue 1.0, Earth and Mission Science Division, European Space Agency, https://doi.org/10.5270/ESA.NGGM-MRD.2023-09-v1.0
4
Krabill, Eleanor, Vivienne Zhang, Eric Lepowsky, Christoph Wirz, Alexander Glaser, Jaewoo Shin, Veronika Bedenko, and Pavel Podvig. Menzingen Verification Experiment - Verifying the Absence of Nuclear Weapons in the Field. Edited by Pavel Podvig. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/23/mve.
Анотація:
The Menzingen Verification Experiment described in this report was designed to test practical procedures for verifying the absence of nuclear weapons at a storage site. The experiment, which was conducted on 8 March 2023, was organized by UNIDIR in partnership with the Swiss Armed Forces, Spiez Laboratory, Princeton University’s Program on Science and Global Security, and the Open Nuclear Network. The project was supported by the Governments of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Norway, and Switzerland. The experiment modelled an on-site inspection of a nuclear weapons storage site, represented by a former air defence site near Menzingen, Switzerland. In preparation for the experiment, UNIDIR developed a model protocol governing the inspection activities. Together with its partners, it designed procedures to confirm the non-nuclear nature of the inspected items, including radiation measurements with active sources, and arranged for the acquisition of satellite imagery of the site. The scenario developed for the experiment assumed that the inspection was conducted as part of an agreement that requires the parties to remove all nuclear weapons from storage sites associated with military bases that host nuclear-capable delivery systems. The inspection procedures used in the experiment were modelled on those developed for the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty and New START. The Menzingen Verification Experiment demonstrated in practice the viability of the approach to nuclear disarmament based on removing nuclear weapons from their delivery systems. It provided an opportunity to test in practice specific verification procedures and techniques, provided valuable insights into the challenges that can be encountered during an on-site inspection, and identified promising new approaches to verification that can create political space for arms control and disarmament initiatives.
5
Calafat, Francisco Mir, Thomas Frederikse, and Kevin Horsburgh. Mediterranean trend and acceleration sea-level estimates. EuroSea, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d5.2_v2.
Анотація:
Sea-level change is geographically non-uniform, with regional departures that can reach several times the global average rate of change. Characterizing this spatial variability and understanding its causes is crucial to the design of adaptation strategies for sea-level rise. This, as it turns out, is no easy feat, primarily due to the sparseness of the observational sea-level record in time and space. Long tide gauge records are restricted to a few locations along the coast. Satellite altimetry offers a better spatial coverage but only since 1992. In the Mediterranean Sea, the tide gauge network is heavily biased towards the European shorelines, with only one record with at least 35 years of data on the African coasts. Past studies have attempted to address the difficulties related to this data sparseness in the Mediterranean Sea by combining the available tide gauge records with satellite altimetry observations. The vast majority of such studies represent sea level through a combination of altimetry-derived empirical orthogonal functions whose temporal amplitudes are then inferred from the tide gauge data. Such methods, however, have tremendous difficulty in separating trends and variability, make no distinction between relative and geocentric sea level, and tell us nothing about the causes of sea level changes. Here, we combine observational data from tide gauges and altimetry with sea-level fingerprints of land-mass changes using a Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) to quantify the sources of sea-level changes since 1960 in the Mediterranean Sea. The Bayesian estimates are provided on 1/4o x 1/4o regular grid. We find that Mediterranean Sea level rose at a relatively low rate from 1960 to 1990, at which point it started rising significantly faster with comparable contributions from sterodynamic sea level (ocean dynamics and thermal expansion) and land-mass changes. (EuroSea Deliverable, D5.2_v2)
6
Bézy, Michel, and Burr Settles. The Duolingo English Test and East Africa: Preliminary linking results with IELTS & CEFR. Duolingo, August 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.46999/clox5352.
Анотація:
We study the validity of the Duolingo English Test for high-stakes university admissions, using data from Carnegie Mellon University’s satellite campus in Rwanda. We find that Duolingo scores submitted during the 2015 application process are significantly correlated with IELTSTM scores (r = 0.834). We then link Duolingo test scores to the IELTS exam, with results that are consistent with previous research linking Duolingo scores to the TOEFL® iBT exam. Finally, we infer CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference) levels from this linking, and find that they are consistent with the design of the Duolingo English Test scale.
7
Collins, Clarence O., and Tyler J. Hesser. altWIZ : A System for Satellite Radar Altimeter Evaluation of Modeled Wave Heights. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39699.
Анотація:
This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering Technical Note (CHETN) describes the design and implementation of a wave model evaluation system, altWIZ, which uses wave height observations from operational satellite radar altimeters. The altWIZ system utilizes two recently released altimeter databases: Ribal and Young (2019) and European Space Agency Sea State Climate Change Initiative v.1.1 level 2 (Dodet et al. 2020). The system facilitates model evaluation against 1 Hz1 altimeter data or a product created by averaging altimeter data in space and time around model grid points. The system allows, for the first time, quantitative analysis of spatial model errors within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Wave Information Study (WIS) 30+ year hindcast for coastal United States. The system is demonstrated on the WIS 2017 Atlantic hindcast, using a 1/2° basin scale grid and a 1/4° regional grid of the East Coast. Consistent spatial patterns of increased bias and root-mean-square-error are exposed. Seasonal strengthening and weakening of these spatial patterns are found, related to the seasonal variation of wave energy. Some model errors correspond to areas known for high currents, and thus wave-current interaction. In conjunction with the model comparison, additional functions for pairing altimeter measurements with buoy data and storm tracks have been built. Appendices give information on the code access (Appendix I), organization and files (Appendix II), example usage (Appendix III), and demonstrating options (Appendix IV).
8
Fourrier, Marine. Integration of in situ and satellite multi-platform data (estimation of carbon flux for trop. Atlantic). EuroSea, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d7.6.
Анотація:
This report presents the results of task 7.3 on “Quantification of improvements in carbon flux data for the tropical Atlantic based on the multi-platform and neural network approach”. To better constrain changes in the ocean’s capture and sequestration of CO2 emitted by human activities, in situ measurements are needed. Tropical regions are considered to be mostly sources of CO2 to the atmosphere due to specific circulation features, with large interannual variability mainly controlled by physical drivers (Padin et al., 2010). The tropical Atlantic is the second largest source, after the tropical Pacific, of CO2 to the atmosphere (Landschützer et al., 2014). However, it is not a homogeneous zone, as it is affected by many physical and biogeochemical processes that vary on many time scales and affect surrounding areas (Foltz et al., 2019). The Tropical Atlantic Observing System (TAOS) has progressed substantially over the past two decades. Still, many challenges and uncertainties remain to require further studies into the area’s role in terms of carbon fluxes (Foltz et al., 2019). Monitoring and sustained observations of surface oceanic CO2 are critical for understanding the fate of CO2 as it penetrates the ocean and during its sequestration at depth. This deliverable relies on different observing platforms deployed specifically as part of the EuroSea project (a Saildrone, and 5 pH-equipped BGC-Argo floats) as well as on the platforms as part of the TAOS (CO2-equipped moorings, cruises, models, and data products). It also builds on the work done in D7.1 and D7.2 on the deployment and quality control of pH-equipped BGC-Argo floats and Saildrone data. Indeed, high-quality homogeneously calibrated carbonate variable measurements are mandatory to be able to compute air-sea CO2 fluxes at a basin scale from multiple observing platforms. (EuroSea Deliverable, D7.6)
9
Rémy, Elisabeth, Romain Escudier, and Alexandre Mignot. Access impact of observations. EuroSea, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d4.8.
Анотація:
The accuracy of the Copernicus Marine Environment and Monitoring Service (CMEMS) ocean analysis and forecasts highly depend on the availability and quality of observations to be assimilated. In situ observations are complementary to satellite observations that are restricted to the ocean surface. Higher resolution model forecasts are required by users of the CMEMS global and regional ocean analysis and forecasts. To support this with an efficient observational constrain of the model forecast via data assimilation, an increase observation coverage is needed, associated with an improved usage of the available ocean observations. This work exploits the capabilities of operational systems to provide comprehensive information for the evolution of the GOOS. In this report, we analyse the use and the efficiency of the in-situ observations to constrain regional and global Mercator Ocean systems. Physical and biogeochemical variables are considered. The in-situ observations are used either to estimate physical ocean state at global and regional scale via data assimilation or to estimate BGC model parameters. The impact of the physical in situ observations assimilated in open ocean and coastal areas is assessed with numerical data assimilation experiments. The experiments are conducted with the regional 1/36° resolution and global 1/12° resolution systems operated by Mercator Ocean for the Copernicus Marine Service. For the global physical ocean, the focus is on the tropical ocean to better understand how the tropical mooring observations constrain the intraseasonal to daily variability and the complementarity with satellite observations and the deep ocean. The tropical moorings provide unique high frequency observations at different depth, but they are far away from each other, so part of the signal in the observation are decorrelated from one mooring to the others. It is only via an integrated approach, as data assimilation into a dynamical model and complementarity with other observing networks that those observations can efficiently constrain the different scales of variability of the tropical ocean circulation. As the satellite observations brings higher spatial resolution between the tropical moorings but for the ocean surface, we show that the tropical mooring and Argo profile data assimilation constrain the larger scale ocean thermohaline vertical structure (EuroSea D2.2; Gasparin et al., 2023). The representation of the high frequency signals observed at mooring location is also significantly improved in the model analysis compared to a non-assimilative simulation. The ocean below 2000 m depth is still largely under constrained as very few observations exist. Some deep ocean basins, as the Antarctic deep ocean, shows significant trend over the past decade but they are still not accurately monitored. Based on the spread of four deep ocean reanalysis estimates, large uncertainties were estimated in representing local heat and freshwater content in the deep ocean. Additionally, temperature and salinity field comparison with deep Argo observations demonstrates that reanalysis errors in the deep ocean are of the same size as or even stronger than the observed deep ocean signal. OSSE already suggested that the deployment of a global deep Argo array will significantly constrain the deep ocean in reanalysis to be closer to the observations (Gasparin et al., 2020). At regional and coastal scales, the physical ocean circulation is dominated by higher frequency, smaller scale processes than the open ocean which requires different observation strategy to be well monitor. The impact of assimilating high frequency and high-resolution observations provided by gliders on European shelves is analysed with the regional Iberic Biscay and Irish (IBI) system. It was found that repetitive glider sections can efficiently help to constrain the transport of water masses flowing across those sections. BGC ocean models are less mature than physical ocean models and some variable dependencies are still based on empirical functions. In this task, Argo BGC profile observations were used to optimize the parameters of the global CMEMS biogeochemical model, PISCES. A particle filter algorithm was chosen to optimize a 1D configuration of PISCES in the North Atlantic. The optimization of the PISCES 1D model significantly improves the model's ability to reproduce the North Atlantic bloom Recommendations on the in-situ network extensions for real time ocean monitoring are given based on those results, and the one also obtained in the WP2, Task 2.2 where data assimilation experiments but with simulated observations where conducted. Argo extension and the complementarity with satellite altimetry was also extensively studied. (EuroSea Deliverable ; D4.8)
10
Hibbert, Angela, Jue Lin, and Begona Pérez Gómez. Automated tide gauge data quality control software and report. EuroSea, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d5.7.
Анотація:
The WP5 Coastal Resilience and Operational Services demonstrator aims to design and deploy innovative sea level monitoring systems, integrating their observations with downscaled model forecasts into an alert-based monitoring and forecasting tool (OSPAC) that is design for use by ports and local authorities. As part of this data integration process, sea level observations must be quality-controlled in near real-time, to minimise the risk of false alarms. This has historically been achieved using an established open-source software package (SELENE). Recent progress using automatic quality control (QC) in delayed mode has led to the development of additional functionality that could enhance the SELENE software. At the same time, the delivery of new sea level time series from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), provides an additional means of data validation. WP5 aims to enhance the SELENE software by incorporating these enhancements and new data feeds, thereby improving the quality of the OSPAC tool. A delay in the installation of the sea level monitoring systems has led to a corresponding delay in the provision of data inputs to SELENE and subsequently to OSPAC. Some development work has been possible using alternative test time series, but a key implementer in presently taking parental leave, which will delay further development work until October 2023. This deliverable report will be updated thereafter. (EuroSea Deliverable, D5.7)