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Статті в журналах з теми "Essai au feu":
1
Bell, Sheila M., and C. W. Thompson. "Lamiel: Fille du Feu: Essai sur Stendhal et l'energie." Modern Language Review 94, no. 3 (July 1999): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3737048.
2
Husson, Jean-Pierre. "Les difficultés d'approvisionnement en bois de chauffage des villes lorraines à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Essai de géographie historique." Hors-collection des Cahiers de Fontenay 9, no. 1 (1991): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/cafon.1991.913.
Анотація:
Après 1770, les villes lorraines, confrontées à une croissance démographique importante, sont gênées, dans leur développement, par de graves difficultés d'approvisionnement en bois de feu. La multiplication des usines à feu et la diffusion du taillis-sous-futaie, provoquée par la généralisation des pratiques sylvicoles françaises, se conjuguent pour expliquer une rapide mais inégale détérioration de la situation. Cet essai de géographie historique a pour but de présenter une analyse critique des sources utilisées, d'apprécier l'étendue des pressions exercées sur la couverture forestière et d'esquisser un état des disparités paysagères, nées de la juxtaposition d'espaces dégradés ou sous-exploités.
3
Méchin, Colette. "La soupe au lard et le pot-au-feu : essai d’anthropologie culinaire." Revue des sciences sociales de la France de l'Est 16, no. 1 (1988): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/revss.1988.2887.
4
PEARSON, R. "Review. 'Lamiel' fille du feu: Essai sur Stendhal et l'energie. Thompson, C. W." French Studies 52, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/52.4.474.
5
Fonio, Filippo. "Jean Paul Barbier-Müller, Jean Edouard Du Monin voleur de feu… d’artifice. Essai biographique." Studi Francesi, no. 147 (XLX | III) (December 1, 2005): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/studifrancesi.32978.
6
Nesci, Catherine, and Kathryne Adair. "Prométhéa moderne. Création, rébellion et pouvoir dans le roman féminin." Tangence, no. 94 (May 13, 2011): 61–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1003490ar.
Анотація:
À partir des récits de création qui mettent en jeu la figure de Prométhée au xixe siècle, cet essai se penche sur la féminisation du mythe de George Sand à Rachilde. Centrée sur le roman Méphis de Flora Tristan et sur Monsieur Vénus de Rachilde, l’enquête cible la manière dont les romancières ont mis en oeuvre l’imaginaire mythique qu’incarne le Prométhée moderne de Mary Shelley et les modes selon lesquels leurs textes représentent la création de l’humain et la différence des sexes. Voleuses de feu et démiurges modernes, les romancières pensent également la libération du personnage féminin et remettent en question une culture centrée sur la norme masculine. La réflexion porte sur le pouvoir féminin en se fondant sur la critique des institutions sociales qui s’exprime à travers la dynamique amoureuse mise en scène dans ces romans.
7
Kotowska-Miziniak, Joanna. "« Salir pour nettoyer » : autour de la notion de pureté dans la pensée de G. Bachelard et dans la prose (néo) romanesque de M. Butor." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Romanica, no. 15 (December 30, 2020): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1505-9065.15.21.
Анотація:
Le Nouveau romancier Michel Butor bouleverse la vision optimiste des quatre éléments de la nature élaborée, entre 1938 et 1961, par son ancien professeur de philosophie à la Sorbonne, Gaston Bachelard. Celui-ci considère l’air, l’eau, le feu et la terre comme détenteurs de qualités et de valeurs morales, à l’instar de la pureté, qui leur permet de contribuer à la transformation, tant matérielle que spirituelle, d’un monde impur en un univers immaculé. Cinq ans avant la parution du sixième et dernier essai théorique de Bachelard, Butor publie son Emploi du temps (1956), roman qui fait vaciller les principes de la vision idéalisée des éléments. Ayant reçu une formation philosophique, le romancier entreprend une polémique littéraire avec le concept de la pureté des éléments, si cher à Bachelard, et fonde l’univers romanesque de son ouvrage sur une antivaleur, l’impureté, jusqu’à ce que la saleté omniprésente devienne le cinquième élément, la quintessentia symbolique du monde.
8
JAMES, E. D. "Review. The Complete Works. Vol. 17. 1737: 'Essai sur la nature du feu, et sur sa propagation'. 'Merope, tragedie'. 'Discours en vers sur l'homme'. 'Le Songe de Platon'. Minor Verse. Edited by W. H. Barber and Ulla Kolving. Voltaire." French Studies 49, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/49.3.335.
9
Paganotti, Ivan. "Acusações, notícias “falsas” e críticas na censura do site Crusoé pelo STF." Fronteiras - estudos midiáticos 22, no. 3 (November 18, 2020): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4013/fem.2020.223.11.
Анотація:
O artigo avalia a censura promovida pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) contra os sites Crusoé e O Antagonista, acusados de publicar notícias falsas contra o presidente dessa corte. Pretende-se questionar se é possível qualificar como “notícia falsa” a divulgação de informação que consta em processos judiciais (como foi o caso), e se é legítimo que o próprio judiciário intervenha, removendo essas publicações. Este artigo procura avaliar o impacto desse caso de censura, considerando como o contraditório conceito das “fake news” pode ter sido usado politicamente para remover conteúdos incômodos aos ministros do STF. Para isso, serão analisados os argumentos adotados em caso judicial envolvendo a liberdade de expressão e a repercussão do caso pela própria imprensa, ponderando como essa proibição procura se distinguir – com eficácia problemática – da censura.Palavras-chave: Jornalismo. Censura. Notícias falsas.
10
Faria, Alexandre. "Miopia estratégica." GV-executivo 5, no. 4 (October 3, 2006): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12660/gvexec.v5n4.2006.34216.
Анотація:
Cresce a popularidade das estratégias de marketing focadas na base da pirâmide. O fenômeno tem sido liderado por grandes corporações globais e observado principalmente em economias emergentes. A expectativa endereçada a essas estratégias é de que atinjam, ao mesmo tempo, um alvo econômico e um alvo social, com a erradicação da pobreza mediante a ampliação do consumo. Este artigo destaca questões estratégicas ignoradas por essa perspectiva em marketing e aponta como essa miopia estratégica deve ser superada em economias emergentes.
Дисертації з теми "Essai au feu":
1
Rekik, Mohamed. "Le Feu au corps : essai sur les métamorphoses suivant l'aspect de l'évolution dans l'involution de la forme." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010589.
Анотація:
Ma thèse s'attache à savoir comment et pourquoi «le corps» envahit par «le feu» et la flamme est employé dans la pratique artistique contemporaine, Le feu possède un très fort caractère d'ambivalence dans l'imaginaire des hommes. Il est souvent associé à la couleur rouge, au cœur. Tantôt il incarne la passion, l'amour ou la colère, tantôt il symbolise l'esprit. Il est essentiel à la vie. Il réchauffe et éclaire, il cuit les aliments, il protège du danger et du mal, il détruit pour purifier. Il est encore amour spirituel; dans la verticalité de sa flamme il faut voir la symbolisation de l'élévation spirituelle et immatérielle, il brille au Paradis. Mais le feu est aussi puissamment destructeur. Il brûle sous terre en Enfer au cœur des volcans comme dans le ciel. Mon hypothèse de travail est que l'obtention d'une image du corps autre, restructuré de façon novatrice, implique une déstructuration préalable. C est par une pratique artistique réflexive et créative que j'espère tester la validité de cette hypothèse; pour ce faire je vais tenter de cibler l'image recherchée tout d'abord, il un niveau conceptuel, puis dans un déroulement souhaité logique, il un niveau formel. La démonstration plastique s'appuiera sur des recherches et des divers possibles attachés au feu et au corps. A ma grande surprise, et au fil des recherches élaborées sur l'effet du feu brûlant, les aboutissements formels infinis se métamorphosent pour donner naissance et apparition a des nombreuses corps étranges. Je m’arrêterai là, je ne chercherai pas à démontrer le mécanisme de cette métamorphose mais au contraire, cette inflammation subit par le feu, pour sortir du sujet qui m'occupe.
2
Pinton, Eric. "Modélisation du comportement d'un conteneur d'hexafluorure d'uranium soumis à un feu." Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0174.
Анотація:
Cette these est motivee par les besoins en etudes de surete sur le transport et le stockage de conteneurs remplis d'uf#6. Pour definir le comportement de ce type d'emballage lorsqu'il est plonge dans un feu, une modelisation a ete developpee. Avant d'aborder la modelisation numerique, une interpretation phenomenologique de resultats experimentaux de conteneurs places dans un four (800c) pendant une duree donnee, a ete realisee. Elle a permis d'ameliorer considerablement la connaissance des transferts internes. Le modele 2d elabore avec le logiciel ansys prend en compte la quasi-totalite des phenomenes physiques intervenant dans ce genre de probleme (ebullition, condensation, evaporation, rayonnement a travers un gaz semi-transparent, convection, pressurisation, resistance de contact, evolution spatiale de l'uf#6 (dilatation), l'affaissement de la phase solide dans le liquide, deformations elastiques et plastiques de l'enveloppe metallique). Ce modele a ensuite ete confronte avec succes aux experiences
3
Djankoff, Christine Gamita M. "Essai d'anthropologie visuelle & sonore d'un "rite élémentaire" - Film de recherche "La joie du feu" : ethnographie de la permanence d'une praxie ontologique pyrobate & de la croyance afférente en Europe orientale." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA070095.
Анотація:
De nos jours en Europe, les nestinari en Bulgarie, les anesténarides du Nord de la Grâce dansent sur les braises, baignés de la même ferveur que celle des pyrobates de l'Espagne septentrionale et des Nyungwes de Tété en Afrique australe : Ce rituel « élémentaire » de marche ou de danse sur le feu a été abordé sous l'angle de ses origines, des mécanismes psychosociologiques, neurophysiologiques patents -mis en oeuvre pour ce qui touche a l' «Incombustibilité» et à l'insensibilisation-, des comportements individuels et collectifs, des évolutions historiques comme des significations sociales. Ce point de vue s'est reposé sur une tradition philosophique zététique & méthodologique liées au champ ethnologique. Il,s'est agi de susciter une « synergie transversale » afin de mettre en cause et impliquer directement le parallélisme des diverses branches des sciences humaines considérant le rituel et le « fait de communication » dans sa globalité, toute en construisant progressivement une réflexion à caractère témoin grâce à l'outil majeur de l'anthropologie visuelle et sonore. Son intérêt se peut donc résumer ainsi : - Permettre l'approfondissement d'une manifestation culturelle supposée non décrite ainsi,- Déterminer avec plus d'exactitude l'influence de l'environnement social, lors de leur déroulement. Cette recherche compte dans son analyse principale l'élaboration d'un document audiovisuel à portée anthropologique, portrait d'une nestinarka, inclus & soutenu en ce mémoire numériqueNowadays in Europe, the "Nestinari" from Bulgaria, the "Anestenarides" from Northern Greece dance on burning charcoals, enlightened by the same enthusiasm as the pyrobates from septentrional Spain and the "Nyungwes of Tété" from Southern Africa : its "elementary rite of walking or dancing on fire was discussed through the perspectives of its origins, of its sociopsychological and obviously neurophysiological mechanisms — in connection with the belief of the incombustibility and insensitivity of the human body - , of its individual and collective behaviours , of its historical evolution, as well as its social meanings. This point of view relies on a zetetic methodological and philosophical tradition, related to the ethnological domain. The point was to give rise to a "transverse synergy" in order to directly involve the parallelism of the various branches of the social sciences considering the rite: and the "way of communication" as a whole, while building gradually a conception in a pilot matter thanks to visual anthropology. Its interest can thus be summarised as follows : - Allowing to deepen a assumablely not described cultural event, - Determining more accurately the influence of the social environment throughout the unfolding of this event. This research includes in its analysis the realisation of an audio-visual document in the anthropological range, the portrait of a "Nestinarka", included and argued in this digitally formatted work
4
Ogabi, Raphael. "Experimental study of the fire behavior of synthetic and bio-sourced composite materials impacted by heat flux density on a medium and large scale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourges, INSA Centre Val de Loire, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ISAB0001.
Анотація:
Dans le but d'améliorer la compréhension du comportement au feu des matériaux composites synthétiques et biosourcés, l'objectif de cette thèse vise à mettre en évidence des phénomènes physico-chimiques en rapport avec la sécurité incendie pour des matériaux pouvant être utilisés dans des applications aéronautiques et/ou automobiles. Dans ce contexte, une partie des tests expérimentaux a été réalisée à l'aide du brûleur NexGen développé suivant les exigences de la FAA afin de réaliser des tests de certification au feu. La deuxième partie des résultats a été obtenue à l’aide d’un cône calorimètre dans le but de mettre en évidence le comportement au feu des matériaux composites à moyenne échelle. En plus des tests de certification au feu, la présente étude de recherche s’est intéressée au développement de matériaux composites biosourcés. En effet, en considérant le caractère non biodégradable des matériaux composites synthétiques tels que le carbone-PEKK, le carbone-BMI et le carbone-phénolique, le manque de travaux traitant du sujet et la problématique du réchauffement climatique, cette thèse propose une caractérisation physico-chimique de matériaux composites biosourcés soumis à différentes densités de flux de chaleur. Les matériaux composites biosourcés fabriqués dans le cadre de cette thèse sont constitués de fibres de lin et de fibres de banane ; fabriqués selon la méthode VARTM. Dans le but d’améliorer les propriétés thermo-physiques de ces matériaux pour augmenter leurs performances du point de vue sécurité incendie, une couche supplémentaire de retardateur de flamme a été appliquée sur la surface de ces derniers. Pour l’étude de dégradation thermique des matériaux biosourcés, trois densités de flux de chaleur ont été utilisés notamment 20, 35 et 50 kW/m². L’étude paramétrique s’est focalisée sur l'indice de performance du feu, l'indice de croissance du feu, la perte de masse, le débit de pyrolyse, la température de surface de la face arrière et de la face avant de l’échantillon et les émissions gazeuses obtenues pour chaque configuration de tests.À l’aide des résultats, il est montré que pour la configuration caractérisée par la flamme la plus intense, le matériau composite carbone-PEKK est le plus stable thermiquement. De plus, pour les trois flux de chaleurs étudiés, les matériaux composites biosourcés présentent des comportement thermo-physiques différents. En effet, à moyenne échelle, les matériaux à base de fibres de lin présentent des propriétés thermiques supérieures à celles à de matériaux à base de fibres de banane. Cependant, à grande échelle, l’observation opposée a été mise en évidence. Il en ressort que les propriétés thermiques des matériaux biosourcés dépendent fortement de leur tailleWith the aim of improving the understanding of the fire behavior of synthetic and bio-sourced composite materials, the objective of this thesis is to highlight physicochemical phenomena related to fire safety for materials that can be used in applications of aeronautics and/or automobiles. In this context, part of the experimental tests was carried out using the NexGen burner developed according to FAA requirements to carry out fire certification tests. The second part of the results was obtained using a cone calorimeter to assess the fire behavior of composite materials on a medium scale. In addition to fire certification tests, this research study focused on the development of bio-sourced composite materials. Indeed, considering the non-biodegradable nature of synthetic composite materials such as carbon-PEKK, carbon-BMI, and carbon-phenolic, the lack of work dealing with the subject and the problem of global warming, this thesis proposes a physical characterization -chemical of bio-sourced composite materials subjected to different heat flow densities. The bio-sourced composite materials manufactured as part of this thesis consist of flax fibers and banana fibers; manufactured using the VARTM method. To improve the thermo-physical properties of these materials to increase their performance from a fire safety point of view, an additional layer of flame retardant was applied to their surface. For the study of the thermal degradation of bio-sourced materials, three heat flow densities were used, notably 20, 35, and 50 kW/m². The parametric study focused on the fire performance index, the fire growth index, the mass loss, the pyrolysis flow rate, the surface temperature of the rear face and the front face of the sample, and the gaseous emissions obtained for each test configuration. Using the results, it is shown that for the configuration characterized by the most intense flame, the carbon-PEKK composite material is the most thermally stable. In addition, for the three heat flows studied, the bio-sourced composite materials present different thermo-physical behavior. Indeed, on a medium scale, materials based on flax fibers have thermal properties superior to those of materials based on banana fibers. However, on a large scale, the opposite observation was highlighted. It appears that the thermal properties of bio-sourced materials strongly depend on their size
5
Filleron, Jean-Charles. "Essai de géographie systématique : les paysages du Nord-Ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130787.
Анотація:
Cette thèse privilégie dans l'analyse de l'espace géographique la pluie et la rivière, le relief et la roche, la végétation, la surface du sol et le sol... mais l'on ne s'étonnera pas d'y rencontrer des champs et des jachères, des villages et des vergers. Elle a l'ambition de participer au développement d'une géographie centrée sur l'organisation d'un espace matériel produit conjointement par la nature et l'homme. C'est dans l'étude des changements de dimensions, dans « l'analyse scalaire », que se trouve l'essentiel de son explication scientifique et c'est à cette recherche que l'auteur s'est attaché... La méthode d'analyse des milieux et des paysages est celle de l'« École d'Abidjan » dont Jean-Charles Filleron a été l'un des fondateurs. Trente mois ont été consacrés à la description de 826 relevés de la végétation, de la surface du sol et du sol sur le terrain et plus de 2500 photos aériennes ont été analysées du double point de vue de la forme et du milieu. Les traitements statistiques multivariés, ACP, AFC et classifications ont permis la réalisation d'une systématique des milieux et paysages aux différentes échelles scalaires.
Le champ d'application est le Nord-Ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire, vaste territoire de 49000 km2 dont l'essentiel est dévolu aux savanes plus ou moins boisées couvrant plateaux cuirassés et inselbergs. Sur ce territoire faiblement peuplé, l'auteur met en évidence le rôle des sociétés rurales... et de la nature du substrat rocheux... dans la diversité des milieux et des paysages et renouvelle le discours écologique sur les milieux tropicaux.
6
Márquez, Costa Juan Pablo. "Caractérisation et modélisation des interfaces dans les composites organiques stratifiés à haute température : Application à la tenue au feu des structures aéronautiques PhyFire LOT 2 - Développement de modèles de comportement du composite Caractérisation en température de la ténacité en mode II des interfaces des CMO en utilisant l’effet Joule Caractérisation du comportement visqueux des interfaces CMO et influence sur la propagation de délaminage Convention PhyFIRE 2 - LOT 2 : Développement d’un cadre de modélisation pour les matériaux composites Durabilité des matériaux composites en conditions extrêmes : vers la prédiction des propriétés de tenue au feu Durability of Composite Materials under Severe Temperature Conditions : Influence of Moisture Content and Prediction of Thermo- Mechanical Properties During a Fire Towards the Prediction of Sandwich Composites Durability in Severe Condition of Temperature : A New Numerical Model Describing the Influence of Material Water Content during a Fire Scenario." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ESMA0004.
Анотація:
Dans le cadre de la tenue au feu des matériaux composites, il est nécessaire d’évaluer la dégradation de leurs propriétés thermiques et mécaniques due à des pertes de masse, de la fissuration matricielle et/ou des délaminages. Néanmoins, peu d’études dans la littérature sur la tenue en température des composites aéronautiques concernent le comportement mécanique et la rupture des interfaces avant toute dégradation thermique, sujet qui est l’objet principal de ce travail. Ainsi, l’objectif est de proposer un modèle de prévision de rupture concernant tant l’amorçage que la propagation du délaminage pour des chargements thermomécaniques. Ce travail a porté en grande partie sur la caractérisation des propriétés d’interfaces à l’aide d’une analyse d’essais de propagation de fissure en mode II pour des éprouvettes chauffées par effet Joule. Ces analyses numériques montrent que le comportement du pli n’explique pas la réponse macroscopique pseudo-ductile observée expérimentalement. Ainsi, une méthode de dialogue essai-calcul, comparant les champs cinématiques mesurés par corrélation d’images numériques et ceux simulés par éléments finis, souligne l’importance du comportement visqueux à l’échelle de l’interface.C’est par une approche similaire de type FEMU que les paramètres d’une loi de rupture de type cohésif ont été identifiés en température et en tenant compte des différentes sources d’incertitude. Ce travail met en évidence la similitude entre le cisaillement plan et hors plan, tant sur le comportement que sur la rupture. En parallèle, l’analyse d’essais de tenue en température par impact laser a permis d’établir un critère d’amorçage par une approche couplée en contrainte et en énergie. Une confrontation de ce critère aux paramètres de la loi de zone cohésive identifiés précédemment permet de discuter de l’échelle de modélisation de l’interfaceWithin the framework of the fire resistance of composite materials, it is necessary to assess the degradation of their thermal and mechanical properties due to mass losses, matrix cracking and/or delamination cracks. Nevertheless, few studies in the literature about the temperature resistance of aeronautical composites concern the mechanical behaviour and the rupture of interfaces before any thermal degradation,subject which is the main topic of this work. Thus, the objective is to propose a failure model concerning both the delamination crack initiation and growth under thermomechanical loads. Much of this work has focused on the characterisation of interface properties using an analysis of mode II crack propagation tests for Joule heated specimens. These numerical analyses show that the ply behaviour does not explain the macroscopic pseudo-ductile response observed experimentally. Thus, a test-calculation dialog method, comparing the kinematic fields measured by digital images correlation and those simulated by finite elements, underlines the importance of the viscous behaviour at the interface scale. By a similar FEMU approach the parameters of a cohesive-type fracture law have been identified in temperature and taking into account the different sources of uncertainty. This work highlights the similarity between plane and out-of-plane shearing, both on behaviour and on failure. In parallel, the analysis of temperature resistance tests by laser impact made it possible to establish a crack initiation criterion by a coupled stress and energy approach. A comparison of this criterion with the parameters of the cohesive zone law previously identified makes it possible to discuss about the modeling scale of the interface
7
Fernandez, Cristian. "Caractérisation et modélisation du comportement au feu de poutres en bois lamellé collé." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10099.
Анотація:
Le bois s'affinne de plus en plus dans l'ensemble des matériaux de construction, notamment gracé à de nombreuses caractéristiques spécifiques: par exemple, le bois est un très bon isolant grâce à sa faible conductivité thermique, il apporte aujourd'hui une réponse à la crise énergétique et conduit à une réduction du coût de la consommation d'énergie. Cependant, le bois est classé comme un matériel combustible, ce qui pose des questions quant à la résistance à l'incendie de structures en bois. Contrairement aux idées reçues et malgré cette classification, le bois offre une excellente résistance au feu: il est ainsi reconnu depuis longtemps que lors d'un incendie, une structure en bois perd moins rapidement sa capacité portante qu'une structure en acier ou en béton armé. Le contexte particulier de ce travail est lié à la problématique du feu appliquée aux poutres en bois lamellé collé. Actuellement, les adhésifs les plus utilisés dans l'industrie de bois lamellé collé sont: la résorcine-formaldéhyde, phénol-résorcine-fonnaldéhyde, l'urée-formaldéhyde, et la mélamine-urée-formaldéhyde. Les principaux inconvénients de ces adhésifs sont qu'ils se présentent sous la forme de deux composants (résine et durcisseur), ce qui rend leur utilisation assez délicate et que le bois doit être séché avant d'être collé, ce qui augmente le coût et le délai de fabrication. Pour répondre à ces inconvénients, d'autres solutions se présentent aujourd'hui sur le marché, comme les adhésifs polyuréthannes, qui se présentent sous fonDe d'un mono composant liquide directement applicable sur le bois et qui être utilisé sur du bois humide. Toutefois, ces colles présentent un niveau de fluage très élevé à haute température, ce qui peut conduire à des dangers importants dans un contexte d'incendie. Au cours de notre travail, nous avons caractérisé le comportement des colles polyuréthannes d'usage structurel dans une situation d'incendie en prenant comme paramètre de comparaison les deux colles les plus utilisées (phénolrésorcine-formaldéhyde et mélarnine-urée-fonnaldéhyde). Dans un premier temps, nous avons caractérisé le comportement des différentes colles soumises à de hautes températures (entre 20 et 250°C). Dans une seconde étape, nous avons établi le comportement au feu du bois lamellé collé avec ces différents adhésifs: pour ce faire, nous avons choisi de réaliser des essais avec des panneaux rayonnants en conservant un flux de chaleur constant (15, 25, 45 et 60 kW/m2). Le principal résultat est que le type de colle n'influence pas la résistance à l'incendie de poutres en bois lamellé-collé. Enfm, dans une troisième étape, nous avons modélisé les différents phénomènes: un modèle thermique par éléments finis pennet de suivre en continu l'évolution du champ de température au sein de la poutre en bois lamellécollé soumise à un flux de chaleur. En intégrant les données de raideur et de module d'élasticité issues des essais en fluage, nous avons alors pu prédire le comportement en fluage et le temps à rupture pour une poutre en bois lamellécollé soumise à un flux de chaleur simulant un incendie. Les résultats obtenus sont conformes à ceux des essais et montrent que le type de colle n'a pas d'influence sur la résistance au feu car le charbon créé à la surface du bois est un très bon isolant qui limite la profondeur de bois chaud et ainsi la perte de résistance mécaniqueWood is increasingly being used as building rnaterial due to its specific characteristics, such as its high insulating capacity given by its low thermal conductivity. Nowadays, wood may be considered as an answer to the cUITent energy cri sis, resulting in cost reduction in energy consumption. Wood is classified as a combustible material, which makes us doubt about its structural tire resistance. However, contrarily to !bis idea and spite of its classification, wood provides an excellent tire resistance. It bas long been recognized that under a tire situation, a wood structure loses resistance more slowly than a steel or concrete structure. The particular context of this study relates to tire applied to glulam. Currently, the most used adhesives in the glulam industry are: Resorcinol-Formaldehyde, Phenol-Resorcinol-Formaldehyde, Urea-Formaldehyde, and MelamineUrea-Formaldehyde. The main problem arising from these adhesives is their two-component fonnulation (adhesive and hardening), making their usage more complicated. Moreover, wood bas to be dried before gluing, which in turn increases the costs and building time. Ln order to solve these inconveniences, there are currently other solutions in the market, e. G. Polyurethane adhesives consist of only one liquid component applied directly on wood even if it is wet. However, this kind of adhesive shows a high level of creep at high temperatures, which rnay lead to a dangerous situation during a tire. Ln the development of !bis thesis, we characterized the behavior of structural polyurethane adhesives under tire, considering as parameter for comparison the most used adhesives, i. E. Phenol-Resorcinol-Formaldehyde and MelamineUrea-Formaldehyde. As a first stage we characterized the different adhesives subject to high temperatures (between 30°C and 250 °C). As a second stage we established the tire behavior of glulams under the different studied adhesives. For !bis, we chose to perfonn tests with a radiant panel at constant flow (15, 25, 45 and 60 kW/m2). The main result was that the kind of adhesive used in glulams bas no influence on tire resistance. The final stage of fuis study consisted on modeling the different occurring phenomena: A thermal model through a finite element allowed to follow-up in time the temperature distribution in the glulam transversal section subject to a heat flow. By integrating the stiffness database and the elasticity modulus resulting from the creep tests, we have been able to predict the creep behavior and failure time for a glulam subject to a temperature flow that simulates a tire. The results agree with the tests and show that the kind of adhesive bas no influence on tire resistance as the char layer that forms in the glulam surface is a good insulator that limits the depth of the wood darnaged by temperature and thus, its loss of mechanical resistance
8
Nguyen, Manh-Hung. "Évaluation des performances de protections passives au feu pour les structures métalliques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0046.
Анотація:
Les structures hybrides acier-bois sont de plus en plus utilisées dans le secteur de la construction. Elles offrent plusieurs avantages pratiques en tant que solutions durables avec des capacités de charge et des résistances au feu élevées. Cependant, en raison de la conductivité thermique de l'acier et de la diminution de ses performances mécaniques à haute température, les structures en acier doivent être protégées contre le feu. Le bois, bien que combustible, a un effet isolant et peut être utilisé comme protection passive de l'acier en vue de maintenir sa résistance mécanique aussi longtemps que possible. Les travaux menés dans le cadre de la thèse visent à analyser le comportement thermique d'éléments hybrides acier-bois en combinant essais d’exposition au feu et modélisation numérique. Les essais sont réalisés dans un four construit au laboratoire permettant de monter à une température de 1200 °C. Ils permettent d’obtenir l'évolution de la température sur les surfaces des profilés en acier et dans le bois. Ainsi, des thermocouples sont installés sur la surface des profilés en acier et à différentes profondeurs dans les éléments en bois. Les essais au feu ont été réalisés sur différentes associations acier-bois en utilisant des sections en acier (T et I) et différentes essences de bois. Les résultats montrent que le bois offre une protection significative à la section en acier, principalement au profilé IPE entièrement encapsulé. Le bois se comporte comme un matériau isolant qui réduit de manière significative l'augmentation de température de l'acier. Cette solution contribue au développement de la protection passive des structures en acier en utilisant des matériaux biosourcés. Les résultats expérimentaux sont comparés à ceux obtenus par des simulations thermiques à l'aide du logiciel Abaqus. La comparaison montre que le modèle numérique peut être utilisé pour évaluer l'augmentation de température dans l'élément en acier protégé par du bois dans des conditions de haute températureSteel-timber hybrid structures are becoming more and more common in the construction industry. They offer high practical advantages as sustainable solutions with high load-bearing capacities and fire resistance. However, due to steel thermal conductivity and the decrease of mechanical performance with high temperatures, steel structures need to be protected in case of fire. Wood is occasionally used as passive protection of steel to maintain its mechanical strength as long as possible with the aim to prevent structural collapse under fire. This thesis aims to analyse the thermal behaviour of hybrid steel-timber elements through experimental tests and numerical modelling. Experiments in the furnace are performed to obtain the evolution of temperature on the steel profile surfaces and inside the timber element. Thus, thermocouples are installed on the steel profile surface and different depths of timber elements. The fire tests were performed on various steel-timber combinations using T and I steel cross-sections with various wood species. A high-temperature furnace up to 1200 °C built in the laboratory was used. The results show that wood provides significant protection to the steel cross-section mainly the fully encapsulated IPE profile. Wood behaves as an insulating material that significantly reduces the temperature rise in steel. This solution contributes to the development of passive protection of steel structures using bio-based materials. The experimental results are compared to those obtained through thermal simulations using Abaqus software. The comparison shows that the numerical model can be used to evaluate the temperature increase in the steel element protected by timber in high-temperature conditions
9
Rizk, Georgio. "Durabilité des matériaux composites sandwichs en conditions extrêmes : tenue au feu et évolution des propriétés mécaniques." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4098/document.
Анотація:
Les matériaux composites jouent un rôle de plus en plus important dans notre société dans de très nombreux domaines (aéronautique, naval, génie civil), de par leurs avantages en terme de légèreté, d’inaltérabilité et de rigidité. Il est donc primordial de comprendre et d’évaluer leurs propriétés sur le long terme (durabilité). Cependant, l’utilisation de ce type de matériau nécessite des précautions particulières notamment en ce qui concerne la tenue au feu. En effet, les composites sandwichs sont hautement inflammables et résistent mal à la chaleur. L’objectif de ce projet de thèse est d’étudier de manière combinée la durabilité thermo-mécanique (tenue au feu) de matériaux composites sandwichs à matrice polymère par le biais de mesures expérimentales au cône calorimètre. Il s'agit également de modéliser les variations de propriétés mécaniques induites en fonction de la température et du temps de combustion, en utilisant un modèle multiphysique basé sur une approche éléments finis (Abaqus). Les processus de dégradation thermique de ces matériaux sont présentés en fonction de la température et du temps, ainsi que les lois de comportement et les modèles d’estimation des propriétés thermiques et mécaniques. Un modèle numérique thermique amélioré est programmé sur le logiciel Abaqus et validé en lien avec des mesures expérimentales de tenue au feu (four, cône calorimètre). Des confrontations mesures expérimentales / modèle numérique, effectuées sur plusieurs configurations de scénario de tenue au feu, sont réalisées afin de comprendre et prédire le comportement et les propriétés thermo-mécaniques des matériaux composites sandwichsComposite materials play an increasingly important role in our society in many fields (aeronautics, naval, civil engineering), because of their advantages in terms of lightness, unalterability and rigidity. It is therefore essential to understand and evaluate their properties in the long term (durability). However, the use of this type of material requires special precautions, particularly with regard to fire resistance. Indeed, sandwich composites are highly flammable and poorly heat resistant. The aim of this thesis project is to study in a combined way the thermomechanical durability (fire resistance) of polymer matrix composite sandwich materials by means of experimental measurements with a calorimeter cone. It is also a question of modeling the variations of mechanical properties induced as a function of the temperature and the combustion time, using a multiphysical model based on a finite element approach (Abaqus). The processes of thermal degradation of these materials are presented as a function of temperature and time, as well as behavior laws and of thermal and mechanical properties predictions. An improved thermal numerical model is programmed and validated in relation to experimental fire resistance measurements (oven, calorimeter cone). Confrontations between experimental measurements and numerical model, performed under several fire resistance scenario configurations, are carried out in order to understand and predict the behavior and thermomechanical properties of composite sandwich materials
10
Abdallah, Rafik. "Comportement au feu des briques de terre comprimée." Thesis, Pau, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PAUU3065.
Анотація:
La présente thèse de doctorat porte sur le comportement à haute température d'un matériau de terre crue compactée et d'un matériau de terre stabilisée au ciment, susceptibles d'être utilisés dans des bâtiments exposées au feu.Une campagne complète d'essais en laboratoire a été menée sur les deux matériaux. Des tests résiduels, qui comprenaient des tests mécaniques, thermiques et de perméabilité, ont été effectués après chauffage lent à une vitesse de 2°C.min-1 en utilisant un four électrique pour atteindre des températures de 80°C, 120°C, 200°C, 350°C, 450°C et 600°C. Puis, des essais au feu ont été réalisés, ce qui a permis d'exposer des briques de ces matériaux à une vitesse de chauffage élevée à l'aide d'un four à gaz mobile conçu pour suivre une courbe de feu ISO 834-1 afin de reproduire un accident de feu réel dans les bâtiments.Outre l'effet de la composition du matériau sur le comportement à haute température, l'effet de la teneur en eau sur ce comportement a également été étudié après avoir soumis les échantillons des deux matériaux à différentes humidités relatives (HR) : condition sèche, 50% HR, 75% HR et 100% HR, à une température ambiante de 23°C. Ainsi, le comportement de ces matériaux est mieux décrit, ce qui permet d’appréhender des applications réelles dans diverses ambiances. La composition du matériau et sa teneur en eau influencent significativement son comportement à haute température. A l’issue des essais au feu, les échantillons selon leur composition et état hydrique ont été classés en deux catégories : thermiquement stables et instables. Les différences dans les comportements observés ont été attribués à des phénomènes thermomécaniques. Ils résultent d'une part de gradients thermiques formés induits par les contraintes thermiques conséquentes qui diminuent avec la teneur en eau ; et d’autre part par les propriétés mécaniques intrinsèques des matériaux (qui diminuent avec la teneur en eau). Il a ensuite été prouvé que ces facteurs jouent un rôle majeur dans le comportement au feu du matériau et dans leur capacité portante à haute température, qui a été évaluée grâce à un chargement mécanique des échantillons pendant des essais au feuThe present PhD thesis addresses the high temperature behavior of a compacted raw earth material and a cement stabilized earth material, both of which are likely to be used in fire-prone buildings.A complete campaign of laboratory tests was carried out on the two materials. Residual tests, which included mechanical, thermal and permeability tests were performed after slowly heating at a rate of 2 °C.min-1 using an electric furnace to attain temperatures of 80 °C, 120 °C, 200 °C, 350 °C, 450 °C and 600 °C. Then, fire tests were performed, which allowed for the exposure of these materials' bricks to a high heating rate using a mobile gas furnace designed to follow an ISO 834-1 fire curve in order to simulate a real-life fire accident in a building.Besides the effect of the material composition on the high temperature behavior, the effect of the water content on this behavior was also studied after subjecting the samples of the two materials to different relative humidities (RH): dry condition, 50 % RH, 75 % RH and 100 % RH, at an ambient temperature of 23 °C. As a result, the behavior of these materials is better characterized, allowing for a better understanding of real-world applications in a variety of environments.The material's composition and water content influence significantly its behavior at high temperatures. Following the fire tests, the samples were classified into two categories based on their composition and water state: thermally stable and unstable. The observed differences in behaviors have been ascribed to thermomechanical phenomena. They are caused, on the one hand, by the formed thermal gradients induced as a result of the consequent thermal stresses, which decrease as the water content increases, and, on the other hand, by the intrinsic mechanical properties of the materials (which decrease with the water content). These factors were subsequently demonstrated to play a major role in the material's fire behavior and load-bearing capacity at high temperatures, as assessed by mechanical loading of the samples during fire tests
Книги з теми "Essai au feu":
1
Derrida, Jacques. Feu la cendre: Essai. Paris: Des Femmes, 1987.
2
Rojtman, Betty. Feu noir sur feu blanc: Essai sur l'herméneutique juive. Lagrasse [France]: Verdier, 1986.
3
Thompson, C. W. Lamiel, fille du feu: Essai sur Stendhal et l'énergie. Paris, France: L'Harmattan, 1997.
4
Dellisse, Luc. Le feu central: Neuf écrivains-clés du XIXe siècle : essai. Paris, France: L'Harmattan, 2005.
5
Kartheuser, Bruno. Au commencement était le feu: Essais. Sankt Vith: Krautgarten, 2011.
6
Vigée, Claude. L' héritage du feu: Essais, poèmes, entretiens. Paris: Mame, 1992.
7
Rochlitz, Rainer. Feu la critique: Essais sur l'art et la littérature. Bruxelles: Lettre volée, 2002.
8
Rochlitz, Rainer. Feu la critique: Essais sur l'art et la littrature. Bruxelles: La lettre vole, 1998.
9
Li, Guifang. Mu luo shi fen. 8th ed. Beijing: Guang ming ri bao chu ban she, 1995.
10
Zinsou, Lionel. Le fer de lance: Essai sur les nationalisations industrielles. Paris: O. Orban, 1985.
Частини книг з теми "Essai au feu":
1
Khare, Sarth. "Gurgaon: Unfinished City, a photographic essay." In Embodying Peripheries, 258–73. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-661-2.12.
Анотація:
As Gurgaon expands horizontally and vertically, it continues to transition from farms to urban villages to a concrete maze. This photographic project documents the growth of Gurgaon a city recently developed near India's capital, Delhi. It is a booming financial and industrial center, home to most Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and has third highest per-capita income in India. As its advocates often like to point out, Delhi’s booming neighbor has 1,100 high-rises, at least 30 malls and thousands of small and big industries. On the other hand, as its detractors unfailingly like to note, the dust bowl’s population has grown two and a half fold, it has 12-hour power blackouts, and its groundwater would probably not last beyond this decade. Gurgaon's transformation began sometime around 1996, with the advent of Genpact, then a business unit of General Electric. Other multinational companies followed it slowly thereafter. It helped that the city was a few kilometers away from Delhi. Two decades on, Gurgaon is already "on its deathbed." From 0.8 million in 2001, the city is expected to reach a population of 6.9 million in 2031. It is speckled with glass buildings with curtain walls, and swish apartment blocks with Greco-Roman influences, but there is little water or power for them. These numbers alone don’t capture the lived reality of Gurgaon, though. The skyline that its older residents were accustomed to has completely disappeared. And yet on the periphery, one sees the "Unfinished City" growing. The landscapes and flora shouting; their sentiments brutalized by evictions and concrete. Slaughtered farms now seem witness to monstrosity with desolate faces and fading memories. Set in 2014 the project explores the ephemerality of Gurgaon’s glamor and defective town planning. Families had been displaced, laborers’ children were growing up on heaps of cement, and farmlands had turned into things of memories.
2
Biagini, Enza. "L’io nello sguardo dell’altra. L’arte del monologo di Claudio Magris." In Biblioteca di Studi di Filologia Moderna, 211–52. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-338-3.20.
Анотація:
The current essay aims to highlighting a few aspects of the fine ‘art of the monologue’ practiced by Claudio Magris in his remarkable theatrical achievements (three dramatic monologues and two choral plays), in particular, on his most compelling play, Lei dunque capirà (2006). On one hand, the play highlights his masterly use of the stylistic/dialogic capacity of the monologue on stage and, on the other, it offers an unprecedented and extraordinary (parodic) re-actualization of the myth of Orpheus.
3
Eriksen, Arild, Deni Ruggeri, and Esben Slaatrem Titland. "Urban Agriculture and the Right to the City: A Practitioner’s Roadmap." In Urban Agriculture in Public Space, 223–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41550-0_10.
Анотація:
AbstractThis essay approaches urban agriculture from the perspective of an architect and urban farmer/beekeeper practicing bottom-up, participatory design in Oslo. It discusses the motivations for the co-creation of livable, experientially rich, place-making, and inclusive urban agriculture in public space to complement to compact city development. It touches on a few critical dimensions of urban agriculture in public space, which relate to the private and corporate claim on these landscapes, and their potentiality as multifunctional and abundant contributors to sociocultural and ecological diversity, food security, health, and democratic discourse. It also critiques its current aesthetics of impermanence and temporality and questions the notion that the joy and a sense of freedom urban agriculture brings to a community should be built upon and enriched by future development and policy. Rather than a replicable model of urban gardening, what emerges from this essay is a rich collection of stories of regeneration and change and of collective action and cultivation.
4
Gregorio, Massimiliano. "La cesura dottrinale di fine anni Trenta. Itinerari della giuspubblicistica italiana tra fascismo e Repubblica." In Studi e saggi, 23–38. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-202-7.04.
Анотація:
The essay aims to answer a simple but very relevant question: how could be possible that the constitutionalists who gave the most important contribution in the theoretical building of Italian constitutional democracy were the same who, only a few years before, wrote about the fascist constitutional order with sincere interest (and sometimes with real appreciation)? Political opportunism? No. The answer lies in the paths of their constitutional interpretations that reveal the existence of a real doctrinal fracture in the Italian constitutionalist culture of late Thirties, created by a new generation of jurists.
5
Castore, Antonio. "Incomplete and Self-Dismantling Structures." In Errans, 93–112. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-24_4.
Анотація:
The present essay engages with the short story ‘The Burrow’, written by Franz Kafka between 1923 and 1924, a few months before his death. The ambiguity of the original title, ‘Der Bau’, which defies translation by pointing at the same time at a construction and an excavation work, anticipates the multi-layered image of the burrow itself. While both nature and function of the burrow are hard to pinpoint (is it a dwelling, a shelter, a fortress, a labyrinth, a ruin?), the initially reported success of its construction is revealed as illusory, thus prompting the ongoing first-person narration of the incessant builder’s work. Similarly unsuccessful is any attempt of the reader to attain metaphorical closure. In the light of other impossible, i.e., unfinished, bound-to-fail, ruinous, or self-dismantling structures portrayed by Kafka, as well as on the background of coeval texts by Paul Valéry and Georg Simmel, the essay investigates the wide and deep significance of the burrow’s countering the classical ideal of architectural wholeness.
6
Corazza, Luisa. "Al di là del rapporto di lavoro: fenomenologie e stili del potere datoriale." In Studi e saggi, 167–76. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-484-7.11.
Анотація:
The essay aims at investigating new forms and styles of the power of the employer. Since the main regulatory intervention on employment relationship (above all the Statuto dei lavoratori ) significant changes occured in the context were the relationship performs, so that a rethinking of the basis of employer’s power is required. The role of labour market, new forms of organization of the firm and the diversification of workers types are few of different examples of this changing context. Therefore, regulatory tecniques need a refoundation, taking into account that the power of the employer performs not only within the employment relationship but also outside the employment relationship.
7
Zangari, Mattia. "Caterina Colombini, o della cugina sedotta. Una ‘ricostruzione’ della figura di Caterina attraverso i testi." In Le vestigia dei gesuati, 57–71. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-228-7.07.
Анотація:
In this essay the author demonstrates that it is possible to “reconstruct” the figure of Caterina Colombini (1340?-1387) – Giovanni Colombini’s cousin – through a group of texts: the hagiography of Caterina, the letters sent to her by Giovanni Colombini and, finally, Giovanni’s biography written by Feo Belcari. The author divides his text into four parts: the first part analyzes the content of Caterina’s hagiography; the second examines the linguistic form of the hagiographic text; in the third, the author analyzes the latent meaning of the window, a symbolic place where Giovanni and Caterina converse on divine topics; in the last part, to conclude, the teachings that Giovanni gives to Catherine and her spiritual daughters – the Gesuate – are analyzed.
8
"Essai sur la nature du feu, et sur sa propagation." In Œuvres complètes de Voltaire (Complete Works of Voltaire) 17, edited by W. A. Smeaton and Robert L. Walters, 1–90. Voltaire Foundation, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.10704350.8.
9
Lynn II, John A. "What Does Surrender Mean? An Essay." In Cessez-le-feu, cesser les combats ?, 33–68. Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/books.septentrion.136843.
10
Macansantos, Monica. "Creative Essay." In Katherine Mansfield and Children, 152–62. Edinburgh University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474491907.003.0012.
Анотація:
This chapter describes how one can make sense of one’s pandemic-related grief by reading the stories of Katherine Mansfield, who lived through the First World War and the Spanish Flu pandemic and was no stranger to loss. The author describes how she found solace in the stories of Katherine Mansfield during the pandemic, whose strength in confronting her personal losses as well as her own impending death after being diagnosed with tuberculosis helped the author deal with her own grief and despair. The author also explains how Mansfield’s stories allowed some light into her life during the first few months of the pandemic in the Philippines, while also giving her space to grieve. Death is a constant presence in Mansfield’s stories without dampening life’s radiance, and reading her work can teach us how to celebrate life while also acknowledging our grief.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Essai au feu":
1
Pereira, Flávia Lopes Martins, and Marcos Aurélio Castanha Junior. "DESENROLA ESSA IDENTIDADE DE MARCA E NÃO ME ENROLA COM ESSES ESTEREÓTIPOS SOBRE PERIFERIA." In ANAIS DO 10º FóRUM DE PESQUISA FAU MACKENZIE. Galoa, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17648/faumackenzie-2022-159008.
2
Marinho, Jeziel C., Rafael T. Anchiêta, and Raimundo S. Moura. "Essay-BR: a Brazilian Corpus of Essays." In Dataset Showcase Workshop. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/dsw.2021.17414.
Анотація:
Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) is the computer technology that evaluates and scores the written essays, aiming to provide computational models to grade essays automatically or with minimal human involvement. While there are several AES studies in a variety of languages, few of them are focused on the Portuguese language. The main reason is the lack of a corpus with manually graded essays. We create a large corpus with several essays written by Brazilian high school students on an online platform in order to bridge this gap. All of the essays are argumentative and were scored across five competences by experts. Moreover, we conducted an experiment on the created corpus and showed challenges posed by the Portuguese language. Our corpus is publicly available at https://github.com/rafaelanchieta/essay.
3
Feng, Xiaocheng, Ming Liu, Jiahao Liu, Bing Qin, Yibo Sun, and Ting Liu. "Topic-to-Essay Generation with Neural Networks." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/567.
Анотація:
We focus on essay generation, which is a challenging task that generates a paragraph-level text with multiple topics.Progress towards understanding different topics and expressing diversity in this task requires more powerful generators and richer training and evaluation resources. To address this, we develop a multi-topic aware long short-term memory (MTA-LSTM) network.In this model, we maintain a novel multi-topic coverage vector, which learns the weight of each topic and is sequentially updated during the decoding process.Afterwards this vector is fed to an attention model to guide the generator.Moreover, we automatically construct two paragraph-level Chinese essay corpora, 305,000 essay paragraphs and 55,000 question-and-answer pairs.Empirical results show that our approach obtains much better BLEU score compared to various baselines.Furthermore, human judgment shows that MTA-LSTM has the ability to generate essays that are not only coherent but also closely related to the input topics.
4
Tebeanu, Ana voichita, and George florian Macarie. "ADDRESSING ETHICAL VALUES IN EDUCATIONAL PRACTICE. AN ESSAY." In eLSE 2018. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-18-156.
Анотація:
Teaching ethical aspects in the social sciences has always been a challenge, both for the professors and students involved. Ethical values and dilemmas can be presented through educational movies, examples from clinical, organizational or pedagogical practice, or even through personal disclosures offered with 'pros' and 'cons' arguments. In the past few years we took over this challenge, when conducting classes and seminaries at the disciplines "Educational Psychology" and "Foundations of Pedagogy" with first and second year students enrolled in the Teachers' Training Module, at the University "POLITEHNICA" of Bucharest. Several themes for applications (e.g., designing and conducting a social experiment; naive subjects; cooperation and empathy; obedience and authority; manipulation of external variables in a social context, e.g. a laboratory or a classroom) tackled the concept of how the moral values develop from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. For their exemplification we chose from time to time to present the series of experiments conducted by Stanley Milgram. In this classical, yet impossible to repeat nowadays experiment, he concluded that people- from various walks of life- obey either out of fear or out of a desire to appear cooperative, even when acting against their own better judgment, moral values and desires. Discussing with the students about the results of this experiment left us, almost every time, with a controversial state- students divided themselves into 'those who obey' vs. 'rebels', with some of them situating in between ("obeyed but blames themselves') (exactly as the participants in the original experiments!) In the long run, due to this extraordinary reaction we had from our students, these applications used for educational purpose became more complex. Thus, we translated a topic for an essay used by us in a Master of Bioethics program in the USA (2014-2015) and we reframed it for educational purpose. The topic refers to "Death and dying" and presents 6 types of killing which are legally sanctioned in the United States, including, for example, killing in self-defence or the capital punishment. The initial task we had in the Master program was, leaving legality aside and focusing only on morality, to rank each six of the categories in order--most immoral (#1) to least immoral (#6) according to our personal values. In doing so, we were also asked to provide a moral argument to justifying our ranking. Also, we were told that for the purposes of this essay, religious or legal arguments are not acceptable. This essay presents in extenso a personal exemplification of a possible ranking of these categories, the results of the exercise performed with the students, and proposes furthermore an educational framework- ready to be used by them. Thus, we hope to offer a relevant and actual application for teaching ethical issues in an university setting, which goes beyond a mere description of theoretical concepts and provides ethical tools for understanding the social life.
5
Melo, Celia Regina Miranda, and Maria Augusta Justi Pisani. "A Contribuição do Zoneamento Ambiental Municipal para as Cidades Costeiras do Brasil." In V JORNADA DISCENTE DO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO - FAU MACKENZIE. Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/2238-5037.20210013.
Анотація:
Este artigo se refere à trajetória que possibilitou o desenvolvimento da tese intitulada “A Contribuição do Zoneamento Ambiental Municipal para as Cidades Costeiras do Brasil”. A partir da avaliação realizada no roteiro do zoneamento ambiental municipal já publicado, ficou evidenciada a necessidade de ajustes para este poder atender as especificidades de alguns municípios, como é o caso dos costeiros. Essa análise evidenciou a desconexão existente entre as políticas públicas de uso e ocupação do solo e as de meio ambiente, além das consequências advindas da expansão urbana sem critérios ambientais preestabelecidos. A partir disso, foi construída uma nova proposta de roteiro voltada exclusivamente para os municípios costeiros que propicie a criação de políticas públicas mais sustentáveis para essa região de tanta importância para o país. O método empregado utilizou levantamentos bibliográficos; avaliação de dados oficiais disponíveis; experiências práticas e um estudo de caso, realizado no município de Maceió, Alagoas. Os resultados obtidos poderão auxiliar na elaboração deste novo roteiro bem como em novas propostas para zoneamentos ambientais de outras categorias de cidades do Brasil, sempre visando a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população.
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Israel, Me Haniel. "Vilanova Artigas e a Casa de Praia em Caiobá (1961): Reconstituição Gráfica De Objeto Arquitetônico." In V JORNADA DISCENTE DO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ARQUITETURA E URBANISMO - FAU MACKENZIE. Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/2238-5037.20210010.
Анотація:
O objetivo deste trabalho é documentar a Casa de praia de Giocondo Artigas, hoje demolida, cujo projeto arquitetônico foi concebido por Vilanova Artigas em 1961 em Caiobá, litoral do Paraná. Visa explicitar, portanto, essa residência enquanto objeto de estudo junto a uma narrativa histórica no contexto da produção arquitetônica do mesmo arquiteto. Essa casa apresenta valor simbólico na conjuntura da arquitetura brasileira pós-Brasília. Trata-se de um dos marcos memoráveis da obra do arquiteto Vilanova Artigas. Para tanto, recorre-se à leitura do objeto arquitetônico em si sob o método descritivo-analítico a partir de fragmentos disponibilizados e a uma construção narrativa histórico-contextualizada para compreensão da existência do próprio edifício em seu tempo. Como também parte dos procedimentos metodológicos, adotou-se por instrumento a análise de imagens, fotografias, plantas e desenhos técnicos, assim como consulta de peças nos arquivos iconográficos. Como resultado, este trabalho evidenciou a possibilidade de uma aproximação gráfica para reconstituição de obras a partir de elementos verbais e não-verbais, no intuito de se resgatar por meio de técnicas de representação, o valor dessa obra tanto para sua inserção no quadro das lacunas sobre as residências de Artigas quanto para o entendimento da produção arquitetônica brasileira.
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Paula, Frederico Braida Rodrigues de, Maria Fernanda Pinheiro Assunção, Gabriele Santos Gouvêa, and Natália Rosa Fantin. "Célula BIM FAU-UFJF." In V ENCONTRO NACIONAL SOBRE O ENSINO DE BIM. ANTAC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/enebim.v5i00.3361.
Анотація:
Este trabalho versa sobre os caminhos percorridos pela Célula BIM FAU/UFJF, vinculada ao curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo (CAU) da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo (FAU) da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF). Partiu-se da seguinte questão: como tem-se estruturado a Célula BIM FAU/UFJF e quais têm sido suas potencialidades em impactar a implementação do building information modeling (BIM) na FAU/UFJF? Tendo como base o panorama realizado, a partir de uma pesquisa descritiva e de uma reflexão crítica sobre a presença da Célula BIM na FAU/UFJF, são apresentadas as ações desenvolvidas, que levaram em conta as especificidades e as demandas da Célula BIM FAU/UFJF, para além daquelas que estão em consonância com as proposições da Rede de Células BIM ANTAC, como os diagnósticos de maturidade e de permeabilidade BIM na matriz curricular do CAU/UFJF. Desse modo, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é evidenciar a trajetória da referida célula para promover um ambiente propício para a implementação da tecnologia BIM no CAU/UFJF.
As ações desenvolvidas pela Célula BIM FAU/UFJF compreenderam, até o momento, atividades de pesquisa e extensão, bem como de planejamento, capacitação e divulgação da própria célula. Essas ações estão diretamente vinculadas aos objetivos geral e específicos da célula e permeiam os aspectos processuais, tecnológicos e políticos do BIM. Ao se olhar para a linha do tempo das ações já desenvolvidas, pode-se destacar que: (a) a capacitação do grupo tem se dado, desde o início, por meio da realização de cursos da Plataforma BIM BR, entre outras, e se mantido, na medida do possível, de forma continuada; (b) em relação à pesquisa, têm sido desenvolvidas duas investigações, sendo uma de iniciação científica e outra de mestrado, dentro do Laboratório de Estudos das Linguagens e Expressões na Arquitetura, no Urbanismo e no Design (LEAUD/CNPq), vinculado à FAU/UFJF e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente Construído (PROAC/UFJF), respectivamente com subsídios da UFJF e financiamento da FAPEMIG, intituladas “Impacto da Rede Célula BIM no ensino da modelagem da informação da construção nos cursos de Engenharia Civil e Arquitetura e Urbanismo no Brasil” e “Possibilidades e limitações da implementação da modelagem da informação da construção (BIM) no curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora”; (c) no âmbido da extensão, foi realizada a “I SEMANA CÉLULA BIM FAU/UFJF: o BIM para arquitetos”, que contou com a presença de convidados que atuam no mercado e no meio acadêmico, e que possibilitou a difusão de assuntos metodológicos e conceituais do BIM. Entre as pautas abordadas, uma foi unanimidade em todos os dias: “como o paradigma BIM pode ajudar a sociedade?” Por meio de uma proposição da própria Célula BIM, cada convidado apresentou diferentes perspectivas e experiências pessoais e profissionais para a questão supracitada. Também foi realizada uma oficina sobre o BIM (sem a utilização de recursos informáticos) durante a Semana do Calouro da FAU/UFJF, no primeiro semestre de 2023 (a qual se repetirá no início do segundo semestre). Vale mencionar que essa oficina atingiu os estudantes recém-chegados no curso, criando uma base para a comunidade acadêmica sobre o BIM antes mesmo de os calouros tomarem contato com os softwares, ação que corrobora a aprendizagem e a difusão da metodologia como preparatória para a posterior lida com os softwares BIM. Por fim, (d) para a divulgação da própria Célula BIM FAU/UFJF quanto das suas atividades nos meios de comunicação, foram criados dois canais: (1) webpage da célula, hospedada no site do CAU/FAU/UFJF (ver https://www.ufjf.br/arquitetura/oportunidades/celula-bim-fauufjf/) e (2) um perfil no Instagram, @celulabim.fauufjf (ver https://www.instagram.com/celulabim.fauufjf/).
Como se pode notar, os trabalhos da Célula BIM FAU/UFJF ainda estão voltados para a disseminação conceitual, metodológica e comportamental do BIM. A fim de criar um ambiente propício para uma implementação do BIM na FAU/UFJF, optou-se pelas ações de pesquisa e extensão em detrimento de ações predominantemente de ensino. Ao se analisar o contexto da FAU/UFJF, verificou-se a demanda por um processo de conscientização sobre a relevância do BIM na contemporaneidade, seus aspectos processuais e políticos, e a desconstrução de uma visão meramente tecnológica. Inclusive, é dado a esse diagnóstico que as ações de ensino ainda não foram iniciadas, para que o BIM não fosse assimilado somente como o uso de softwares, tais como Revit e ArchiCAD, causando a repulsa decorrentes dos preconceitos daqueles menos entusiastas em relação à incorporação das tecnologias de informação e comunicação nas diversas áreas da Arquitetura e do Urbanismo. Havia uma demanda por ações que pudessem promover uma transformação comportamental dos discentes e docentes, para, posteriormente, haver o terreno bem pavimentado propício para o desenvolvimento de uma implementação abrangente do BIM. Porém, agora, já são vislumbradas ações de ensino, como minicursos e oficinas, voltados para toda a comunidade interna da FAU. Verifica-se, também, a necessidade por ações de recrutamento de discentes, docentes e TAEs, uma vez que a adesão voluntária para a composição da Célula BIM FAU/UFJF e o engajamento nas atividades propostas ainda percebem-se aquém do desejado e do necessário para uma verdadeira implementação do BIM. De todo modo, deve-se destacar que, aos poucos, a Célula BIM FAU/UFJF, com um pouco mais de um ano de existência, vem dando sua contribuição e marcando a presença na difusão local do BIM. Cabe, ainda, ressaltar que, com as ações já desenvolvidas pela Célula BIM FAU/UFJF, espera-se que, em curto prazo, o curso capaz de implantar uma disciplina piloto, que contribua para uma efetiva implementação do BIM na FAU/UFJF.
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Prelovšek, Anita. "Music in the Life and Works of Boris Leonidovich Pasternak." In Socratic lectures 10. University of Lubljana Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55295/psl.2024.i30.
Анотація:
Abstract: This article describes how the life and works of Boris Pasternak were strongly connected with music. Pasternak began his artistic career as a musician, namely a pianist and student of composition. His interest in music was contributed by his acquaintance with the composer Alexander Scriabin, who made a strong impression on the young Pasternak and inspired him to music. Pasternak devoted several chapters to Scriabin in his short prose Safe Conduct and Essay in Autobiography. A few years later, when Pasternak gave up music, his sense of the musicality of the verse remained in his poetry. Even in his prose work, we can find several passages that mention music or musicians. Pasternak uses musical examples to describe the outer and inner world of his literary heroes. This article focuses on Pasternak's prose work, especially on the novel Doctor Zhivago and the autobiographical works Safe Conduct and Essay in Autobiography, but also gives a very few examples from his rich poetry. Keywords: Boris Pasternak, Doctor Zhivago, Scriabin, Musicality of the verse
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Melo, Ana. "ENFRENTAMENTO À VIOLÊNCIA ESCOLAR: UM OLHAR A PARTIR DA RELAÇÃO FAMÍLIA E ESCOLA." In XIX Congresso Internacional de Tecnologia na Educação. SENAC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61917/2764-684x.2023.030.
Анотація:
Este artigo emergiu afim de oportunizar possíveis caminhos oriundos da parceria entre família e escola no enfrentamento da violência escolar, que possam contribuir no combate a essa violência que pode estar presente nas instituições de ensino. Como procedimento metodológico, essa pesquisa fez uso de uma abordagem qualitativa e da Metodologia Interativa (Oliveira, 2016), utilizando instrumentos de coleta de dados como a entrevista semiestruturada e o questionário, aplicados através da técnica do Círculo Hermenêutico Dialético (CHD). Os dados foram obtidos através de uma amostra de seis professores atuantes de uma escola pública municipal. A definição de violência, os impactos e desafios que a violência escolar pode trazer para todo o contexto das instituições de ensino, bem como a parceria entre família e escola são apresentadas na fundamentação teoria deste artigo. Nossos resultados mostram os benefícios que essa parceria traz, não apenas para o combate da violência escolar, mas também para o pleno desenvolvimento dos alunos e para isso trazemos como proposta as ações que podem nortear essa parceria e torna-la mais consistente.
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Gomes, Leonardo Cinésio, and Iranilda Cinésio Gomes. "Ensino Remoto Desenvolvido em Escolas Indígenas Potiguara da Paraíba." In Congresso sobre Tecnologias na Educação. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/ctrle.2020.11401.
Анотація:
Esta pesquisa tem como finalidade socializar para a comunidade acadêmica a importância da educação diferenciada para os povos indígenas e os impactos sofridos nesta educação com o isolamento social causado pela pandemia decorrente do novo corona vírus Covid-19, com foco nos Povos Potiguara da Paraíba, as escolas indígenas lutam por sua autonomia. Essas escolas atuam com ensino diferenciado, essas escolas têm seu publico alvo indígenas. Como metodologia optou-se por estudo de caso e pesquisa bibliográfica e qualitativa. Os desafios da inclusão digital nas escolas indígenas são grandes, e com o isolamento social e o ensino remoto a distância se fez necessário. As escolas, professores e estudantes não estavam preparados para esse desafio, todos tiveram que se reinventar, para superar mais esse desafio.
Звіти організацій з теми "Essai au feu":
1
MacFarlane, Andrew. 2021 medical student essay prize winner - A case of grief. Society for Academic Primary Care, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/medstudessay.2021.1.1.
Анотація:
As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.
2
Badrinarayan, Aneesha, and Linda Darling-Hammond. Developing State Assessment Systems That Support Teaching and Learning: What Can the Federal Government Do? Learning Policy Institute, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54300/885.821.
Анотація:
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) invited states to use multiple measures of “higher-order thinking skills and understanding,” including “extended-performance tasks,” to create state assessment systems that support teaching for deeper learning. However, few states have been able to navigate federal assessment requirements in ways that result in tests with these features that can support high-quality instruction. This report describes three ways that federal executive action can help states realize their visions for more meaningful assessments: 1. Better align technical expectations for assessment quality with ESSA’s intentions 2. Enable ESSA’s Innovative Assessment Demonstration Authority to better support innovation 3. Create additional pathways to higher-quality assessments through existing or new funding mechanisms
3
Galbraith, James K. The Gift of Sanctions: An Analysis of Assessments of the Russian Economy, 2022 – 2023. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp204.
Анотація:
This essay analyzes a few prominent Western assessments, both official and private, of the effect of sanctions on the Russian economy and war effort. It seeks to understand the main goals of sanctions, alongside bases of fact and causal inference that underpin the consensus view that sanctions have been highly effective so far. Such understanding may then help to clarify the relationship between claims made by economist-observers outside Russia and those emerging from sources inside Russia – notably from economists associated with the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) – which draw sharply different inferences from the same facts. We conclude that when applied to a large, resource-rich, technically proficient economy, after a period of shock and adjustments, sanctions are isomorphic to a strict policy of trade protection, industrial policy, and capital controls. These are policies that the Russian government could not plausibly have implemented, even in 2022, on its own initiative.
4
Das, Jishnu, Joanna Härmä, Lant Pritchett, and Jason Silberstein. Forum: Why and How the Public vs. Private Schooling Debate Needs to Change. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-misc_2023/12.
Анотація:
“Are private schools better than public schools?” This ubiquitous debate in low- and middle-income countries is the wrong one to have. The foreword and three essays collected in this Forum each explore how to move past the stuck “public vs. private” binary. Jason Silberstein is a Research Fellow at RISE. His foreword is titled “A Shift in Perspective: Zooming Out from School Type and Bringing Neighborhood Education Systems into Focus.” It summarizes the current state of the “public vs. private” debate, outlines an alternative approach focused on neighborhood education systems, and then synthesizes key findings from the other essays. Jishnu Das has conducted decades of research on school systems in low-income countries, including in Zambia, India, and Pakistan. His essay is titled “The Emergence and Consequence of Schooling Markets.” It describes exactly what schooling markets look like in Pakistan, including the incredible variance in school quality in both public and private schools within the same village. Das then reviews the evidence on how to engineer local education markets to improve learning in all schools, including polices that have underdelivered (e.g., vouchers) and more promising policies (e.g., finance and information structured to take advantage of inter-school competition, and a focus on the lowest performing public schools). Das’ research on Pakistan is available through leaps.hks.harvard.edu, which also houses the data and documentation for the project. Lant Pritchett writes from a global lens grounded in his work on systems thinking in education. His essay is titled “Schooling Ain’t Just Learning: Controlling the Means of Producing Citizens.” It observes that governments supply, and families demand, education for many reasons. The academic emphasis on one of these reasons, producing student learning, has underweighted the critical importance of other features of education, in particular the socialization function of schooling, which more persuasively explain patterns of provision of both public school and different kinds of private schools. With this key fact in mind, Pritchett argues that there is a strong liberty case for allowing private schools, but that calls for governments to fund them are either uncompelling or “aggressively missing the point”. Joanna Härmä has done mixed-methods research on private schools across many cities and rural areas in sub-Saharan Africa and India, and has also founded a heavily-subsidized private school in Uttar Pradesh, India. Her essay responds to both Das and Pritchett and is titled “Why We Need to Stop Worrying About People’s Coping Mechanism for the ‘Global Learning Crisis’—Their Preference for Low-Fee Private Schools”. It outlines the different forces behind the rise of low-fee private schools and asserts that both the international development sector and governments have failed to usefully respond. Policy toward these private schools is sometimes overzealous, as seen in regulatory regimes that in practice are mostly used to extract bribes, and at other times overly solicitous, as seen in government subsidies that would usually be better spent improving the worst government schools. Perhaps, Härmä concludes, “we should leave well enough alone.”
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Cunha e Melo, Mariana, and Jonas de Abreu Castro. Contribuições Fórum Pix: Gestor de Pagamentos. Center for Technology and Public Interest, SL, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59262/wf2jbb.
Анотація:
O presente documento está dividido em três partes. A primeira é destinada à exposição de uma proposta alternativa à regulamentação da figura de um gestor de pagamento. Vamos expor algumas preocupações com a criação de um novo intermediário no arranjo do Pix e uma proposta alternativa focada em um mecanismo de pagamentos com múltiplos recebedores (split pay). A segunda parte é destinada à discussão de um outro tema objeto da 19a Plenária do Fórum Pix: a especificação do Pix automático. Neste ponto, vamos defender uma abordagem que unifica as jornadas de pagamento automático e amplifica o escopo e impacto desse mecanismo. Por fim, a terceira parte amarra as propostas das duas primeiras partes e descreve como ambas poderiam ser incorporadas na API Pix para máximo impacto no sistema de pagamentos. Nossa contribuição adota a posição de que a solução de formalizar a figura do gestor de pagamentos não é o melhor caminho para alcançar os objetivos do Banco Central de fomentar a inovação no mercado de pagamentos sem comprometer princípios importantes, como o combate à lavagem de dinheiro. Defendemos que a necessidade que o mercado está mostrando é resultado de três questões subjacentes e que uma solução efetiva deve atacar essas questões em suas raízes. A primeira questão subjacente pode ser uma frustração com o funcionamento da API Pix oferecidas pelos bancos para acessar as funcionalidades do Pix. Aqui, nossa proposta é corrigir esse problema específico implementando requisitos mínimos de experiência do usuário para as APIs da mesma maneira que o BCB fez com os aplicativos bancários desde o primeiro dia. Se as APIs funcionassem e dessem acesso a todas as funcionalidades do Pix, os intermediários poderiam gerenciar os pagamentos sem participar do fluxo de dinheiro. A segunda questão subjacente é que terceirizar os pagamentos também é muito difícil. Até mesmo a atividade de simplesmente registrar ordens de pagamento para aprovação futura pode ser difícil. Novamente, as APIs do Pix poderiam resolver esse problema permitindo a geração de credenciais para os operadores, mesmo que a aprovação final exija um nível mais alto de credencial. Por fim, a terceira questão é que participar do fluxo de dinheiro pode reduzir muito o risco de inadimplência, já que o intermediário pode deduzir sua taxa do que é finalmente encaminhado para o beneficiário final. Para resolver esse caso de uso específico, propusemos a implementação de um fluxo para acomodar o _split pay_. Ou seja, pagamentos com vários destinatários. O recurso de split pay estaria disponível para todos os beneficiários em seus aplicativos bancários ou APIs, para que os gerentes de conta pudessem configurar os QR Codes já com o split pay configurado. Também fizemos uma proposta adicional em relação à segunda questão mencionada acima. Sugerimos que o BCB considere o Pix automático como apenas uma nova forma de enviar descrições de pagamento para o banco do pagador para confirmação do pagador e início do fluxo de dinheiro. Isso significa que a mensagem que os bancos pagadores recebem dos bancos recebedores em um débito automático deve ser exatamente o conteúdo de um QR Code que um pagador pode digitalizar. Também sugerimos que tanto o Pix automático quanto os QR Codes possam ser únicos, recorrentes ou únicos e recorrentes. Se o BCB aceitar essa sugestão, poderíamos ter pagamentos por push em larga escala no Brasil.