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Готові списки джерел за темами / Enteral feeding

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Enteral feeding"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 28 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Enteral feeding"

1

Weissman, T. E., B. K. Wershil, and H. M. Adam. "Enteral Feeding." Pediatrics in Review 29, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.29-3-105.

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2

Weissman, Taryn E., and Barry K. Wershil. "Enteral Feeding." Pediatrics In Review 29, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.29.3.105.

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3

Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N. "Enteral feeding." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 18, no. 2 (March 2002): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001574-200203000-00010.

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4

Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N. "Enteral feeding." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 19, no. 2 (March 2003): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001574-200303000-00007.

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5

Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N. "Enteral feeding." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 20, no. 2 (March 2004): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001574-200403000-00010.

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6

Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N. "Enteral feeding." Current Opinion in Internal Medicine 2, no. 1 (February 2003): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132980-200302010-00014.

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7

DeLegge, Mark H. "Enteral feeding." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 24, no. 2 (March 2008): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mog.0b013e3282f4dbab.

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8

&NA;. "Enteral feeding." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 28, no. 2 (March 2012): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mog.0b013e3283516692.

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9

Jeejeebhoy, Khursheed N. "Enteral feeding." Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 5, no. 6 (November 2002): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00075197-200211000-00013.

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10

Brody, Jane K. "Enteral Feeding." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 110, no. 1 (January 2010): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000366033.05712.54.

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Дисертації з теми "Enteral feeding"

1

Lee, Cheuk-hung, and 李卓雄. "Microbial contamination of enteral feeds." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31245596.

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2

李潔怡 and Kit-yue Samson Lee. "Evaluation of enteral feeding support in mechanically ventilated, critically-ill patients." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41710757.

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3

Lee, Kit-yue Samson. "Evaluation of enteral feeding support in mechanically ventilated, critically-ill patients." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41710757.

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4

Chhetri, Suresh Kumar. "Outcomes of enteral feeding in motor neurone disease." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2015. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/12862/.

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Motor Neurone Disease (MND) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of unknown aetiology characterised by the degeneration of motor neurones leading to progressive wasting and weakness of the bulbar, limb and respiratory muscles. Symptomatic treatment remains the cornerstone of management. Malnutrition is a common occurrence and an independent risk factor for worse prognosis. Clinical guidelines recommend enteral feeding when there is deterioration in nutritional status and/or dysphagia. However, it remains unclear whether enteral feeding offers any survival advantage. Moreover, the impact of enteral feeding on patients’ quality of life remains unknown. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of enteral feeding on survival and quality of life of patients with MND and describe the clinico-demographic characteristics of MND in Lancashire and South Cumbria in North West England. The study has both retrospective and prospective arms. The retrospective study was undertaken by reviewing the Preston MND database and case notes to examine the demographic, clinical and survival characteristics of MND in Lancashire and South Cumbria. The prospective study was undertaken over a period of three years to explore the perspectives of 21 patients with enteral feeding and its impact on their quality of life. The overall crude incidence of MND was 3.15 per 100,000. The mean age of onset was 67.28 (S.D. 11.06; range 22.78-93.06) years. Median overall illness duration was 1.98 (range 1.18-3.05) years. The presentation was limb onset in 62.1% cases and bulbar onset in 37.9% cases. A total of 91 (26.8%) patients received enteral feeding of which 67.0% were bulbar onset. Enteral feeding was not associated with a statistically significant survival advantage (χ2 (1) = 1.73, p = 0.19). iii Enteral feeding was associated with improved quality of life, despite the attendant inconveniences. Enteral feeding was perceived as being essential to survival by some participants while others reported a sense of relief and security that their nutritional needs were met. The body mass index stabilised following enteral feeding. A key finding, relevant for clinical practice, is that most study subjects acknowledged the importance of enteral feeding and a vast majority did not wish for the feeding tube to be removed, indicating a positive attitude towards enteral feeding. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a positive impact of enteral feeding on quality of life but not on survival. The lack of survival advantage should however, not dissuade clinicians from offering enteral feeding to patients with MND who manifest dysphagia and/or malnutrition. Even if enteral feeding does not add months to life, this study provides preliminary evidence that that it helps to add life to months.

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5

Singh, Rashmi Roshan. "Enteral feeding methods and surgical complications in children." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10057352/.

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Background: In the unwell child who is unable to feed orally, various methods for enteral feeding having been advocated. The ideal method for a particular child has to be tailored according to his/her anatomy, physiology and requirements. The impact of complex medical background on outcomes and complications following a surgical procedure in children remains largely unrecognized. Aims: 1. To determine whether percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is superior to radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG) 2. To determine outcomes following surgical jejunostomy (SJ) or radiologically inserted gastro-jejunal (RGJ) tube 3. To study complications after surgery and determine its effect Methods: A double-blinded randomised controlled trial was conducted in children needing gastric feeding, who received either a PEG or RIG. They were followed up for up to 3 years to record any complication. Retrospective reviews of buried bumpers (a specific complication of gastrostomy), and the nutritional outcomes following jejunostomy placement (SJ or RGJ) was carried out. Available scoring systems for post-operative complications were reviewed and initial development of a new paediatric complexity scoring system was performed. Results: In the trial 198 children were randomised (100 PEG and 98 RIG). They were followed up to a median of 1 year (6 weeks to 3 years). There was no difference between total number of complications or the rate of complications, following PEG or RIG. Both SJ and RGJ are able to maintain and improve growth in a carefully selected group of children. There is a need for validation of a developed paediatric complexity scoring system. Conclusions: PEG and RIG have equivalent rates of complications. SJ and RGJ cannot be compared as they are used for patients at different stages in a spectrum of malnutrition. Impact of the complexity of paediatric patients on their post-operative complications needs thorough consideration to improve outcomes.

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6

Athar, Nelofar, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, and Faculty of Science and Technology. "Development of indigenous enteral formulae." THESIS_FST_XXX_Athar_N.xml, 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/609.

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A procedure for preparing an enteral formula was developed, using Pakistani indigenous food items. The basis of development was that it would be nutritionally effective, easy to prepare and relatively cheap. 100 indigenous enteral diets were formulated using a computer aided master sheet in which various combinations were analysed. In order to prove the efficacy of these diets, a modified PER was carried out on 6 diets and results indicated a higher PER for the experimental diet. 29 formulations were shortlisted for preparation trials, and 2 main techniques were applied: incubation and cooking techniques. Physical and chemical analyses were carried out to assess the effect of preparation, the cooking methodologies were tried on various diets and 2 diets were shortlisted for human trials. To compare the efficacy of the indigenous enteral formula versus commercial formulae, a pilot study was carried out. Patient nutritional outcomes were assessed using biochemical parameters, and preliminary findings indicated that the experimental diet performed as well as the control diet.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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7

Athar, Nelofar. "Development of indigenous enteral formulae." Thesis, View thesis View thesis, 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/609.

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Анотація:

A procedure for preparing an enteral formula was developed, using Pakistani indigenous food items. The basis of development was that it would be nutritionally effective, easy to prepare and relatively cheap. 100 indigenous enteral diets were formulated using a computer aided master sheet in which various combinations were analysed. In order to prove the efficacy of these diets, a modified PER was carried out on 6 diets and results indicated a higher PER for the experimental diet. 29 formulations were shortlisted for preparation trials, and 2 main techniques were applied: incubation and cooking techniques. Physical and chemical analyses were carried out to assess the effect of preparation, the cooking methodologies were tried on various diets and 2 diets were shortlisted for human trials. To compare the efficacy of the indigenous enteral formula versus commercial formulae, a pilot study was carried out. Patient nutritional outcomes were assessed using biochemical parameters, and preliminary findings indicated that the experimental diet performed as well as the control diet.

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8

Athar, Nelofar. "Development of indigenous enteral formulae /." View thesis View thesis, 1995. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030521.092507/index.html.

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9

Westfall, Una Elizabeth. "Physiological responses to different enteral feeding schedules in rats /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7265.

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10

Beattie, Tara Kate. "Microbial contamination of enteral tube feeds and feeding systems." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.417337.

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Книги з теми "Enteral feeding"

1

Ontario. Ministry of Health. Assistive Devices Branch. Enteral feeding supplies. Toronto, Ont: Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1990.

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2

C, Borlase Bradley, ed. Enteral nutrition. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1994.

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3

Banks, Linda Jo. Patient care guidelines for tube feeding patients. Des Moines, Iowa: Briggs Corp., 1989.

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4

Dunn, Teresa S. Enteral feeding pumps: Review 2000. London: Medical Devices Agency, 2000.

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5

Bois, Donna Du. Enteral feedings in the nursing home. Houston, Tex: M & H Pub. Co., 1988.

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6

D, Gussler Judith, Ross Laboratories, and Ross Roundtable on Medical Issues (12th : 1991 : Hilton Head, S.C.), eds. Enteral nutrition support for the 1990s: Innovations in nutrition, technology, and techniques. Columbus, Oh: Ross Laboratories, 1992.

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7

Annalynn, Skipper, ed. Dietitian's handbook of enteral and parenteral nutrition. Rockville, Md: Aspen Publishers, 1989.

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8

Howard, Silberman, ed. Parenteral and enteral nutrition. 2nd ed. Norwalk, Conn: Appleton & Lange, 1989.

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9

University of Iowa. Hospitals and Clinics. Dietary Dept., ed. Enteral nutrition: A handbook for dietitians and health professionals. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1990.

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10

Agency, Medical Devices. Enteral feeding pump: Nestle UltraPump 2800. London: Medical Devices Agency, 2001.

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Частини книг з теми "Enteral feeding"

1

Bozo, Mahmoud, and Hisham M. Nazer. "Enteral Feeding." In Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics, 729–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_55.

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2

Cooley, Laura A., Daniel G. Bausch, Marija Stojkovic, Waldemar Hosch, Thomas Junghanss, Marija Stojkovic, Waldemar Hosch, et al. "Enteral Feeding." In Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine, 872. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00418-6_1551.

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3

Hanks, Chris, and Gill McEwing. "Enteral feeding." In Foundation Skills for Caring, 262–80. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11733-5_26.

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4

Chapple, Jan. "Enteral Feeding." In Dietary Treatment of Epilepsy: Practical Implementation of Ketogenic Therapy, 124–30. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118702772.ch14.

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5

Ciccolella, David E. "Enteral Feeding Tubes." In Critical Care Study Guide, 103–14. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3927-5_7.

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Ciccolella, David E. "Enteral Feeding Tubes." In Critical Care Study Guide, 116–29. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77452-7_7.

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7

Cooley, Laura A., Daniel G. Bausch, Marija Stojkovic, Waldemar Hosch, Thomas Junghanss, Marija Stojkovic, Waldemar Hosch, et al. "Enteral Tube Feeding." In Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine, 877. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00418-6_1554.

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Campbell, Scott, and Natalie Harvey. "Assisted Enteral Feeding." In Advanced Monitoring and Procedures for Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, 496–512. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118997246.ch40.

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Mezu-Ndubuisi, Olachi, and Akhil Maheshwari. "Minimal Enteral Feeding." In Nutrition for the Preterm Neonate, 27–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6812-3_2.

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Paxton, Catherine. "Enteral Feeding - Gastrostomy Care." In Care Planning in Children and Young People's Nursing, 282–90. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd,., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118785324.ch29.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Enteral feeding"

1

Quillin, M., J. Olivar, J. K. Graham, and C. Kelley. "Nurse-Led Protocol for Early Initiation of Enteral Feeding." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a2915.

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Liu, M. K. D., and A. L. Rafanan. "Do You Need to Hold Enteral Feeding Prior to Extubation?" In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a2786.

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3

Espinel, J., ME Pinedo, and V. Cano. "HOW TO AVOID THE RECURRENT DISPLACEMENT OF AN ENTERAL FEEDING TUBE." In ESGE Days 2019. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1681913.

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4

Toke, Nilesh, Harshad Joshi, Pradeep Ramaswamy, Charles Panackel, Benoy Sebastian, and Sunil Mathai. "IDDF2020-ABS-0102 Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG): an important enteral feeding route." In Abstracts of the International Digestive Disease Forum (IDDF), 22–23 November 2020, Hong Kong. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-iddf.81.

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5

Amandine, Gaudin, Peralta Aude, Toumi Chadia, Finci Sabine, Agodomou Tossavi, Horvat Come, Toin Tom, et al. "OP-023 Feasibility of short enteral feeding for bronchiolitis to avoid hospitalization." In 11th Europaediatrics Congress, Antalya, Türkiye, 17 – 21 April 2024. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2024-epac.23.

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Ads, Esraa, Hafsa Tufail, Anne O. Sullivan, and Jan Miletin. "1415 An audit of enteral feeding and human milk fortification in preterm infants." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference, Liverpool, 28–30 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-rcpch.317.

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Kidd, Catherine, Ramzi Hamzeh, Aparna Hoskote, Warren Rodrigues, and Graeme O’Connor. "44 Standardised enteral feeding protocols improve growth and clinical outcomes for infants on CICU." In GOSH Conference 2022 – Towards inclusion. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2023-gosh.44.

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Pérez Fácila, A., and JJ Saiz Molina. "5PSQ-086 Administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs in patients with enteral feeding tubes." In 28th EAHP Congress, Bordeaux, France, 20-21-22 March 2024. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2024-eahp.420.

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Barrett, Mrs Diane, Sue Merrick, Vincent Li, JingJing Ruan, Aravinth Murugananthan, and Helen Steed. "OTU-27 The hidden burden of emergency department attendances for late enteral tube feeding complications." In British Society of Gastroenterology Annual Meeting, 17–20 June 2019, Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-bsgabstracts.326.

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Musial, Abigail, Owen Densel, Conor Merritt, Lacey Yeager, Angela Younts, Jodi Kelley, James Rudloff, Lori Herbst, Angela Statile, and Amanda Schondelmeyer. "1 Decreasing time to goal enteral feeds in children with medical complexity with feeding intolerance." In IHI Scientific Symposium. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2020-ihi.1.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Enteral feeding"

1

Gutierrez-Arias, Ruvistay, and Francisco Salinas-Barahona. Interruption of enteral tube feeding during chest physiotherapy in critically ill adults. A scoping review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.8.0117.

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2

Wang, Mingxin, Lijun Lin, Chunjiao Zhou, and Zhijian Tan. Meta-analysis of risk factors for enteral nutritional feeding intolerance in Chinese patients with severe acute pancreatitis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.5.0055.

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3

Tornatore, Laura. Determination of the ideal medication characteristics for the safe and effective administration of medications via enteral feeding tubes. National Institute for Health Research, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.1115162.1.

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4

Wong, E. A., and Z. Uni. Modulating intestinal cellular maturation and differentiation in broilers by in ovo feeding. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2018.8134161.bard.

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Анотація:

Mortality in a broiler flock will typically range from 4-5% of the population over the course of 6- 7 weeks in the U.S. and 7-8% of the population in Israel. Suboptimal intestinal maturation and functionality are one of the major factors that contribute to early age mortality and hinder flock body weight uniformity. The development of absorptive and secretory functions is orchestrated by differentiation of cells that arise from stem cells. Supplying compounds by in ovo feeding (IOF) during late embryogenesis provides nutrients that may change the dynamics of stem cell differentiation. We hypothesize that the introduction of specific nutrients or probiotics to the late embryonic chick via IOF will result in an acceleration of the maturation of the small intestine as measured by villus/crypt morphology and the number and distribution of absorptive and secretory cells. A chick that can absorb nutrients more efficiently by increasing the number of cells expressing nutrient transporters and resist enteric pathogens by increasing the number of cells expressing mucin and host defense peptides will be healthier at hatch. This chick may have less need for antibiotics and may show reduced early mortality. The objectives of this proposal are to: 1) develop a model for the development of putative stem cells and absorptive/secretory cells in the small intestine of the late embryonic and early post hatch broiler. 2) determine the ability of IOF of nutrients to modulate the population of differentiated cells in the intestine. 3) determine the ability of IOF of probiotics to modulate the population of differentiated cells in the intestine. 4) reduce early mortality and increase body weight uniformity by IOF of selected nutrients or probiotics. This proposal combines the IOF expertise of Zehava Uni (Hebrew University) with the RNAscope in situ hybridization technique of Eric Wong (Virginia Tech). Previous studies using quantitative PCR to examine expression of genes in the intestine were unable to identify specific cells expressing these genes. RNAscope allows the ability to identify putative stem, absorptive and secretory cells in the small intestine. Thus, we will be able to investigate the effect of IOF on the presence of intestinal absorptive and secretory cells at the cellular level. Understanding the mechanisms for intestinal development and function are key to maintaining peak growth and health of chickens and thus would be of great economic benefit to the poultry industry.

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Uni, Zehava, and Peter Ferket. Enhancement of development of broilers and poults by in ovo feeding. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695878.bard.

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Анотація:

The specific objectives of this research were the study of the physical and nutritional properties of the In Ovo Feeding (IOF) solution (i.e. theosmostic properties and the carbohydrate: protein ratio composition). Then, using the optimal solution for determining its effect on hatchability, early nutritional status and intestinal development of broilers and turkey during the last quarter of incubation through to 7 days post-hatch (i.e. pre-post hatch period) by using molecular, biochemical and histological tools. The objective for the last research phase was the determination of the effect of in ovo feeding on growth performance and economically valuable production traits of broiler and turkey flocks reared under practical commercial conditions. The few days before- and- after hatch is a critical period for the development and survival of commercial broilers and turkeys. During this period chicks make the metabolic and physiological transition from egg nutriture (i.e. yolk) to exogenous feed. Late-term embryos and hatchlings may suffer a low glycogen status, especially when oxygen availability to the embryo is limited by low egg conductance or poor incubator ventilation. Much of the glycogen reserve in the late-term chicken embryo is utilized for hatching. Subsequently, the chick must rebuild that glycogen reserve by gluconeogenesis from body protein (mostly from the breast muscle) to support post-hatch thermoregulation and survival until the chicks are able to consume and utilize dietary nutrients. Immediately post-hatch, the chick draws from its limited body reserves and undergoes rapid physical and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in order to digest feed and assimilate nutrients. Because the intestine is the nutrient primary supply organ, the sooner it achieves this functional capacity, the sooner the young bird can utilize dietary nutrients and efficiently grow at its genetic potential and resist infectious and metabolic disease. Feeding the embryo when they consume the amniotic fluid (IOF idea and method) showed accelerated enteric development and elevated capacity to digest nutrients. By injecting a feeding solution into the embryonic amnion, the embryo naturally consume supplemental nutrients orally before hatching. This stimulates intestinal development to start earlier as was exhibited by elevated gene expression of several functional genes (brush border enzymes an transporters , elvated surface area, elevated mucin production . Moreover, supplying supplemental nutrients at a critical developmental stage by this in ovo feeding technology improves the hatchling’s nutritional status. In comparison to controls, administration of 1 ml of in ovo feeding solution, containing dextrin, maltose, sucrose and amino acids, into the amnion of the broiler embryo increased dramatically total liver glycogen in broilers and in turkeys in the pre-hatch period. In addition, an elevated relative breast muscle size (% of broiler BW) was observed in IOF chicks to be 6.5% greater at hatch and 7 days post-hatch in comparison to controls. Experiment have shown that IOF broilers and turkeys increased hatchling weights by 3% to 7% (P<0.05) over non injected controls. These responses depend upon the strain, the breeder hen age and in ovo feed composition. The weight advantage observed during the first week after hatch was found to be sustained at least through 35 days of age. Currently, research is done in order to adopt the knowledge for commercial practice.

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