Готові списки джерел за темами / Energy input output analysis

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Energy input output analysis"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Energy input output analysis"

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Fadavi, R., A. Keyhani, and S. S. Mohtasebi. "An analysis of energy use, input costs and relation between energy inputs and yield of apple orchard." Research in Agricultural Engineering 57, No. 3 (September 22, 2011): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/0/2010-rae.

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This study examines the energy balance between the input and the output per hectare for an apple orchard in the West Azarbaijan province in Iran (2008–2009). Data were collected by using random sampling method for 80 “face to face” questioners. Results showed that the highest share of energy consumption belongs to packaging (57%) and irrigation (16%). The highest share of expenses was found to be 34% and 30% for labor and packaging, respectively. The total energy input for apple production, energy productivity, net energy and output-input energy value were estimated as 101,505 MJ/ha, 0.23 kg/MJ, –56,320 MJ/ha and 0.44, respectively. Results indicated that 71% and 96.7% of total energy input were in indirect and non-renewable form, respectively. The benefit-cost ratio was estimated as 1.77. The regression results revealed that all exogenous variables (for machinery, fertilizers, farmyard manure and packaging energies) were found statistically significant. The packaging had the highest impact (3.23). According to the benefit-cost ratio, large farms were more successful in economic performance.
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2

Liu, Hai Qing, and En Ping Liu. "Energy Balance Analysis in Hainan Province's Agriculture Sector." Applied Mechanics and Materials 195-196 (August 2012): 1249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.195-196.1249.

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This paper collected energy input-output data of Hainan Province agriculture sector in 21 years (1988-2008).All the direct and indirect inputs of energy for the production of main crops in Hainan were evaluated.The inputs and outputs were calculated by multiplying the amounts of inputs and outputs by their energy equivalents.The results showed that total energy input increased from 16.06 in 1988 to 38.39GJha-1 in 2008, total output energy increased from 83.92 in 1988 to 149.06GJha-1 in 2008. The net energy gain was a positive value,but a majority of the input energy emanates from non-renewable sources of energy.The energy ratio was estimated to be 5.04 and showed a declining trend during the period.This indicates that increased use of inputs ha-1 in production was accompanied by a much less increase in the output levels.Improvements in fertilizer application can significantly affect the energy efficiency of Hainan agriculture sector.
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Ozkan, Burhan, Handan Akcaoz, and Cemal Fert. "Energy input–output analysis in Turkish agriculture." Renewable Energy 29, no. 1 (January 2004): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(03)00135-6.

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4

Han, Kun-Taik, Hye-Min Kim, and Seung-Hoon Yoo. "The Economic Effects of Integrated-Energy Business : An Input-Output Analysis." Journal of Energy Engineering 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2012): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5855/energy.2012.21.1.047.

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5

Bekhet, Hussain Ali, and Azlina Abdullah. "Energy Use in Agriculture Sector: Input-Output Analysis." International Business Research 3, no. 3 (June 11, 2010): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v3n3p111.

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Анотація:
Many sectors rely on energy as input to produce output. Even though the use of energy in agriculture sector is not as high as in other sectors, it is important to study the connectedness between the two sectors as there is no study done so far to show the linkages between them in Malaysia. Input-output analysis has been used to study the connectedness degree between the two sectors using input-output data for 1991-2000. The direct and total backward linkages analyses have shown that there is a significant increase in the use of energy in agriculture sector for the 1991-2000 period but the connectedness is still weak. Among the three energy-related sectors namely; crude oil, natural gas & coal, petrol & coal industries and electricity & gas, it was found that the agriculture sector depends more on inputs from petrol & coal industries as compared to the other two sectors. Based on these results, some policy implications have been proposed to help the decision-makers in economic planning especially on implementing policies related to energy and agriculture sectors.
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Treloar, Graham J. "Extracting Embodied Energy Paths from Input–Output Tables: Towards an Input–Output-based Hybrid Energy Analysis Method." Economic Systems Research 9, no. 4 (December 1997): 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09535319700000032.

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Shepard, Jun U., and Lincoln F. Pratson. "Hybrid input-output analysis of embodied energy security." Applied Energy 279 (December 2020): 115806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115806.

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Itoh, Yoshinori, and Toshihiko Nakata. "Input-Output Analysis for Installing Renewable Energy Systems." Energy & Environment 15, no. 2 (March 2004): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830504323153469.

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Mentzas, G. N., P. Capros, and J. E. Samouilidis. "REGIONAL INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS OF ENERGY RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT." Papers in Regional Science 64, no. 1 (January 14, 2005): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1988.tb01119.x.

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Karkacier, Osman, and Z. Gokalp Goktolga. "Input–output analysis of energy use in agriculture." Energy Conversion and Management 46, no. 9-10 (June 2005): 1513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2004.07.011.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Energy input output analysis"

1

Moodley, Shomenthree. "Energy emissions input-output analysis in South Africa." Pretoria: [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07292008-113130/.

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Saleemi, Furqan Mubashir. "Analysis and Design of Multiphase Multi-Interleave DC-DC Converter with Input-Output Bypass Capacitor." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2008. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/24.

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Анотація:
The power requirements for the microprocessor have been increasing as per Moore's Law. According to International Technology Roadmap (ITRS), the Voltage Regulator Module (VRM) for the microprocessor will be 200 W(with 1V, 200A output) in 2010. With the VRMs topology of synchronous buck, serious technical challenges such as small duty cycle, high switching frequencies, and higher current demands, contribute to decreased power density and increased cost. This thesis proposes a Multiphase Multi-Interleave Buck topology to solve the technical challenges of powering future microprocessors. The critical design parameter values are selected using the theoretical design equations and calculations. The design is simulated in OrCAD Pspice to evaluate the performance criteria of the VRM. A prototype of four-phase Multiphase Multi-Interleave Buck Converter is constructed. The critical performance parameters of the prototype are tested and measured. The thesis concludes with the performance of the prototype as compared with the performance of the design simulation.
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3

Zimmermannová, Jarmila. "Dopady zdanění elektřiny, zemního plynu a pevných paliv na odvětví výroby a spotřeby v České republice." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77221.

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The main target of the thesis is analysing of short-term indirect cross-sectoral impacts of taxation of electricity, solid fuels and natural gas on particular sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic, especially impacts on production prices. The key instrument for the analysis is the short-term price model for the Czech Republic, created as a component of the thesis. A secondary target is focused on the analysis of direct impacts, especially impacts on prices and expenditures of particular sectors of NACE. Within the scope of the main target, there are five different variants of taxation. For each of them the impact of taxation of particular commodities on changes in production prices of particular sectors of NACE is simulated. Than two different variants, both of them including taxation of all commodities, are compared. The thesis includes also two hypotheses, which are going to be confirmed or disproved on the basis of obtained results. For achieving the main target the methodology of Leontief input -- output analysis was chosen (Leontief, 1966). This is the key instrument for creating short-term price model for the Czech Republic. This method is suitable especially for analysing short-term cross-sectoral impacts, however under necessary condition of no changes in current technologies, agreements and cross-sectoral relations. This condition represents strict limitation for the price model created for the thesis. Regarding scientific contribution, the main asset of this thesis is creation of macroeconomic short-term price model for the Czech Republic, which is based on methodology of Leontief input -- output analysis. The additional contribution is calculation of the short-term impacts of new environmental taxation on production prices of particular sectors of NACE. Considering available information, environmental taxes in the Czech Republic have not been analysed by Leontief input - output methodology yet. There is not also sufficient analysis of environmental taxes impacts on particular sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided to seven chapters. The first chapter focuses on introduction to environmental tax regulation issue. The second chapter presents theories and concepts of taxation impact analysis. The third chapter focuses on models and empirical research in environmental taxation area. The fourth chapter is dealing with basic practical aspects of introduction of new energy taxation in the Czech republic and presents data useful for the following analysis. The fifth chapter consists of describing of applied methodology and describing of creation of the price model. The sixth chapter summarises results of simulation of direct impact of taxation on average prices for companies and on expenditures of particular sectors of NACE. The seventh chapter presents results of cross-sectoral analysis of indirect macroeconomic impacts for all variants; the chapter includes also testing of hypotheses and comments of final results.
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Zimmermannová, Ottová Jarmila. "Dopady zdanění elektřiny, zemního plynu a pevných paliv na odvětví výroby a spotřeby v České republice." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-161808.

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Анотація:
The main target of the thesis is analysing of short-term indirect cross-sectoral impacts of taxation of electricity, solid fuels and natural gas on particular sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic, especially impacts on production prices. The key instrument for the analysis is the short-term price model for the Czech Republic, created as a component of the thesis. A secondary target is focused on the analysis of direct impacts, especially impacts on prices and expenditures of particular sectors of NACE. Within the scope of the main target, there are five different variants of taxation. For each of them the impact of taxation of particular commodities on changes in production prices of particular sectors of NACE is simulated. Than two different variants, both of them including taxation of all commodities, are compared. The thesis includes also two hypotheses, which are going to be confirmed or disproved on the basis of obtained results. For achieving the main target the methodology of Leontief input – output analysis was chosen (Leontief, 1966). This is the key instrument for creating short-term price model for the Czech Republic. This method is suitable especially for analysing short-term cross-sectoral impacts, however under necessary condition of no changes in current technologies, agreements and cross-sectoral relations. This condition represents strict limitation for the price model created for the thesis. Regarding scientific contribution, the main asset of this thesis is creation of macroeconomic short-term price model for the Czech Republic, which is based on methodology of Leontief input – output analysis. The additional contribution is calculation of the short-term impacts of new environmental taxation on production prices of particular sectors of NACE. Considering available information, environmental taxes in the Czech Republic have not been analysed by Leontief input - output methodology yet. There is not also sufficient analysis of environmental taxes impacts on particular sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided to seven chapters. The first chapter focuses on introduction to environmental tax regulation issue. The second chapter presents theories and concepts of taxation impact analysis. The third chapter focuses on models and empirical research in environmental taxation area. The fourth chapter is dealing with basic practical aspects of introduction of new energy taxation in the Czech republic and presents data useful for the following analysis. The fifth chapter consists of describing of applied methodology and describing of creation of the price model. The sixth chapter summarises results of simulation of direct impact of taxation on average prices for companies and on expenditures of particular sectors of NACE. The seventh chapter presents results of cross-sectoral analysis of indirect macroeconomic impacts for all variants; the chapter includes also testing of hypotheses and comments of final results.
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5

Chung, Whan-Sam. "Structural Analysis of Socio-Technical Impacts on Energy Use and Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Korea Based on Energy Input-Output Tables." Kyoto University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/185184.

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Lundin, Johan. "EROI of crystalline silicon photovoltaics : Variations under different assumptions regarding manufacturing energy inputs and energy output." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-199639.

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Installed photovoltaic nameplate power have been growing rapidly around the worldin the last few years. But how much energy is returned to society (i.e. net energy) by this technology, and which factors contribute the most to the amount of energy returned? The objective of this thesis was to examine the importance of certain inputs and outputs along the solar panel production chain and their effect on the energy return on (energy) investment (EROI) for crystalline wafer-based photovoltaics. A process-chain model was built using publicly available life-cycle inventory (LCI) datasets. This model has been kept simple in order to ensure transparency. Univariate sensitivity analysis for processes and multivariate case studies was then applied to the model. The results show that photovoltaic EROI values are very sensitive to assumptions regarding location and efficiency. The ability of solar panels to deliver net energy in northern regions of the earth is questionable. Solar cell wafer thickness have a large impact on EROI, with thinner wafers requiring less silicon material. Finding an alternative route for production of solar-grade silicon is also found to be of great importance, as is introduction of kerf loss recycling. Equal system sizes have been found to yield an primary EROI between approximately 5.5-19 depending on location and assumptions. This indicates that a generalized absolute EROI for photovoltaics may be of little use for decision-makers. Using the net energy cliff concept in relation to primary EROI found in this thesis shows that primary EROI rarely decreases to less than the threshold of 8:1 in univariate cases. Crystalline photovoltaics under similar system boundaries as those in the thesis model does not necessarily constrain economic growth on an energetic basis.
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Dente, Sebastien. "Greenhouse Gas emission from Transportation associated with French Consumption : An input-output analysis approach." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12875.

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Анотація:
This thesis applies the framework of input-output analysis to the transportation of goods driven by the consumption of French household.It was found that transportation of goods amounts to 7 % of the average 22,4 tons of CO2 emitted by French households and that78 % of the emissions occured inside the EU 15, France included.In fact, 92 % of the tons consumed by French households are produced inside the EU 15 and are mainly transported via roadwhereas the remaining tons, coming from other countries, are mainly transported by ships.Consequently, the carbon efficiency of the transportation inside the EU15 is low compared to imports from other countriessince road transportation emits 40 times more carbon dioxide per tonne-kilometer transported.This demonstrates the need for an ambitious policy of transfer from road to rail, water or maritime ways via the development of the appropriate infrastructure and the combination of theadvantages of the different modes, flexibility of the road transporation associated with mass and environmentally friendly transportation of rail, waterway and maritime mode.Furthermore, the study gives some knowledge on the indirect emissions associated with French households, which correspond to the combination of the emissions driven by the transportation of goods withthe emissions associated with the production of these goods. It was found that petroleum products, food related sectors and the coal sector are the main contributor of the indirect emissions associated with French households representing as much as 57 % of them. As a result, future studies should focus on those sectors in order to isolate path of improvement both in production, consumption and transportation patterns.
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Koderová, Alena. "Modelování dopadů ekologické daňové reformy a možné směry jejího dalšího vývoje." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-77039.

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The main objective of the thesis is to identify appropriate approach to evaluation of impacts of the first phase of the ecological tax reform in the Czech Republic, its consequent adaption and application for the particular purpose. The input-output analysis has been found as the most convenient solution for such a sort of analysis. The analysis has been used for the evaluation of impacts on final production prices of each NACE sector resulting from introduction of new taxes on electricity, solid fuels, natural gas and some other kinds of gases in the Czech Republic. Because of unavailability of information about the final impact of taxes on particular objects in the economy, the analysis is conducted on the basis of five incidence assumptions about the impact of taxes on distributors and customers. While the aforementioned analysis is the essential chapter of the thesis, the work starts with a theoretical introduction related to optimal tax theories and theories about possible positive effects of environmental tax implementation. Additionally, energy tax implementation in the Czech Republic and in the European Union is mentioned. Furthermore, an important starting point in finding the most convenient model was to summarize various approaches to modelling energy tax impacts on the economy. Therefore, theoretical description of particular models is provided when history of the models, type of equations and dependences in the model are described. Moreover database requirements and possibilities to use the model for another purpose are discussed. The thesis also comprises of the analysis of pros and cons and additional important characteristics of relevant models together with the summary for which purpose was the particular model used in the Czech Republic. The introduction of energy tax in the Czech republic on the final production prices was proved to be unimportant and with only exceptions (namely the sector of production and distribution of electricity, natural gas and water) an increase in final production prices does not exceed 0,2 % and for a half of all the sectors the increase does not exceed 0,1 %.
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Engström, Rebecka. "Food, energy and the environment from a Swedish perspective." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Urban Planning and Environment, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4109.

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Det särskilda sektorsansvaret är en ordning inom miljöpolitiken som innebär att varje sektor har ansvar för att hantera de miljöproblem som orsakas inom sektorn. På grund av detta ansvar finns ett behov av att kartlägga miljöproblem från sektorer, att identifiera de viktigaste problemen och att hitta strategier för att minska miljöpåverkan. Jordbrukssektorn och energisektorn är två sektorer som orsakar stor miljöpåverkan, vilket gör dem intressanta som fallstudier.

För att undersöka miljöpåverkan och möjligheten att minska denna i de båda sektorerna används ett systemanalytiskt perspektiv. Ett sådant angreppssätt ger möjlighet att analysera frågorna på ett mer genomgripande sätt, så att problemen inte endast förflyttas och istället skapar problem på andra håll i världen eller för framtida generationer, eller att ett problem reduceras medan ett annat istället ökar. Med ett systemperspektiv kan även indirekta effekter inkluderas när strategier för minskad miljöpåverkan i sektorn analyseras. De indirekta effekterna omfattar påverkan som sker uppströms och nedströms produktionskedjan, liksom påverkan från konsumenter.

En metod för att bedöma miljöpåverkan från en sektor har utarbetats och testats på jordbruks- och energisektorn (Artikel I och II). Metoden är en hybridmetod baserad på miljöexpanderad input-output analys (IOA) och livscykelanalys (LCA). IOA-data från Miljöräkenskaperna används som utgångspunkt för inventeringen. Dessa data ger information om både direkt och indirekt miljöpåverkan från sektorn. För att fånga även sådana miljöaspekter som inte omfattas av miljöräkenskaperna används sedan de svenska miljökvalitetsmålen som en checklista, och information om den miljöpåverkan som inte finns med i IOA hämtas från litteraturen. För vidare hantering av den insamlade informationen om utsläpp och resursanvändning används karaktäriserings- och värderingsmetoder från LCA-metodologin. Därigenom kan s.k. hotspots, dvs de viktigaste problemen, identifieras.

Baserat på denna hybridmetod blev resultatet att i jordbrukssektorn är de viktigaste frågorna biologisk mångfald, växthuseffekt, övergödning, användning av icke-förnybara resurser och troligen även toxicitet genom användningen av bekämpningsmedel. I energisektorn är de viktigaste problemen luftkvalitet, växthuseffekt, användning av icke-förnybara resurser och toxicitet.

En analys av policies inom sektorerna (Artikel III) visar att både jordbruks- och energisektorn fokuserar delvis på de problem som identifierats som hotspots i sektorsanalyserna, men att vissa av de viktiga problemen inte ägnas så stor uppmärksamhet. I jordbrukssektorn är fokus huvudsakligen riktat mot biologisk mångfald och toxicitet, medan energisektorn framför allt fokuserar på växthuseffekt och användning av icke-förnybara resurser.

En andra IOA-LCA hybridmetod, Energy Analysis Programme, har använts för att studera hushållens direkta och indirekta energianvändning (Artikel IV och V). Genom en kombination av IOA och processdata kan energiintensiteten (dvs. energi per monetär enhet, MJ/SEK) beräknas av ett stort antal varor och tjänster. När dessa beräkningar kombineras med information om hur ett hushåll spenderar sin inkomst kan hushållens totala energianvändning beräknas. Beräkningarna ger också information om hur inkomsten kan spenderas på mer energisnåla sätt. En ytterligare studie gjordes för att visa på betydelsen av minskat livsmedelssvinn som strategi för minskad miljöpåverkan inom livsmedelssektorn (Artikel VI). Resultaten från studierna med konsumentperspektiv kan användas för att identifiera strategier för hur konsumenterna kan bidra till minskad miljöpåverkan i de båda fallsektorerna. För jordbrukssektorns del kan konsumenterna bidra till minskad miljöpåverkan framför allt genom en minskad konsumtion av animalier. När det gäller energisektorn är minskad energianvändning en viktig strategi, liksom att fortsatt sträva efter att ersätta fossila bränslen och uran med förnybara bränslen.


National sector responsibility legislation places specific obligations on Swedish sector authorities to handle environmental issues within their sector. Because of this responsibility, there is a need to map environmental impacts from sectors and to identify key problems and strategies to reduce impacts in each sector. Agriculture and energy are two sectors causing severe environmental impacts, and these are therefore interesting as case studies.

Employing a systems perspective when exploring impacts and options for their reduction ensures that problems are not simply shifted in time or space or between problems, but are considered in a holistic manner. Using this perspective, indirect effects such as changes upstream or downstream of the production chain, as well as among consumers, can be considered when seeking strategies to reduce environmental impacts in a sector.

A method to investigate environmental impacts from a sector was developed and tested in the cases of agriculture and energy (Papers I and II). The method was based on environmentally extended Input-Output Analysis (IOA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). IOA-data from Swedish Environmental Accounts were used as the starting point for the inventory. Such data provide information on direct and indirect impacts from the sector. To capture those aspects not included in the Environmental Accounts, the Swedish Environmental Quality Objectives were subsequently used as a checklist, and information on the missing aspects was obtained from literature. For further processing of the data, characterisation and weighting methods from LCA methodology were used to identify hotspots, i.e. the most important problems.

The results showed that biodiversity, greenhouse effect, eutrophication, use of non-renewable resources and toxicity were potential hotspots in the agriculture sector. In the energy sector, the hotspots were air quality, greenhouse effect, use of non-renewable resources and toxicity.

Analysis of sector policies (Paper III) showed that both sectors are focusing on some of the hotspots identified, but other important problems are not receiving sufficient attention. In the agriculture sector, the focus is principally on biodiversity and toxicity, while the energy sector mainly focuses on issues of climate change and non-renewable resources.

A second hybrid IOA-LCA method (Energy Analysis Programme, EAP) was employed to study direct and indirect use of energy carriers in households (Papers IV and V). Through a combination of IOA and process data, the energy intensity (energy per monetary unit, e.g. MJ/SEK) of a large number of goods and services was calculated. When combined with information on household expenditure, these data provided information on total household use of fuels and electricity and provided insights into spending patterns that could result in lower energy intensity. A final study investigated the significance of reducing food losses as a strategy to reduce environmental impacts from the food sector (Paper VI). The results from the studies with a consumer perspective were used to identify how consumers can contribute to reducing environmental impacts in the two sectors investigated. For agriculture, consumers can help reduce impacts through reduced consumption of animal products, while for energy, reduced energy use in households is important, as is further substitution of fossil fuels.

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Treloar, Graham John, and edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au wildol@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "A Comprehensive Embodied Energy Analysis Framework." Deakin University. School of Architecture and Building, 1998. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20041209.161722.

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Анотація:
The assessment of the direct and indirect requirements for energy is known as embodied energy analysis. For buildings, the direct energy includes that used primarily on site, while the indirect energy includes primarily the energy required for the manufacture of building materials. This thesis is concerned with the completeness and reliability of embodied energy analysis methods. Previous methods tend to address either one of these issues, but not both at the same time. Industry-based methods are incomplete. National statistical methods, while comprehensive, are a ‘black box’ and are subject to errors. A new hybrid embodied energy analysis method is derived to optimise the benefits of previous methods while minimising their flaws. In industry-based studies, known as ‘process analyses’, the energy embodied in a product is traced laboriously upstream by examining the inputs to each preceding process towards raw materials. Process analyses can be significantly incomplete, due to increasing complexity. The other major embodied energy analysis method, ‘input-output analysis’, comprises the use of national statistics. While the input-output framework is comprehensive, many inherent assumptions make the results unreliable. Hybrid analysis methods involve the combination of the two major embodied energy analysis methods discussed above, either based on process analysis or input-output analysis. The intention in both hybrid analysis methods is to reduce errors associated with the two major methods on which they are based. However, the problems inherent to each of the original methods tend to remain, to some degree, in the associated hybrid versions. Process-based hybrid analyses tend to be incomplete, due to the exclusions associated with the process analysis framework. However, input-output-based hybrid analyses tend to be unreliable because the substitution of process analysis data into the input-output framework causes unwanted indirect effects. A key deficiency in previous input-output-based hybrid analysis methods is that the input-output model is a ‘black box’, since important flows of goods and services with respect to the embodied energy of a sector cannot be readily identified. A new input-output-based hybrid analysis method was therefore developed, requiring the decomposition of the input-output model into mutually exclusive components (ie, ‘direct energy paths’). A direct energy path represents a discrete energy requirement, possibly occurring one or more transactions upstream from the process under consideration. For example, the energy required directly to manufacture the steel used in the construction of a building would represent a direct energy path of one non-energy transaction in length. A direct energy path comprises a ‘product quantity’ (for example, the total tonnes of cement used) and a ‘direct energy intensity’ (for example, the energy required directly for cement manufacture, per tonne). The input-output model was decomposed into direct energy paths for the ‘residential building construction’ sector. It was shown that 592 direct energy paths were required to describe 90% of the overall total energy intensity for ‘residential building construction’. By extracting direct energy paths using yet smaller threshold values, they were shown to be mutually exclusive. Consequently, the modification of direct energy paths using process analysis data does not cause unwanted indirect effects. A non-standard individual residential building was then selected to demonstrate the benefits of the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method in cases where the products of a sector may not be similar. Particular direct energy paths were modified with case specific process analysis data. Product quantities and direct energy intensities were derived and used to modify some of the direct energy paths. The intention of this demonstration was to determine whether 90% of the total embodied energy calculated for the building could comprise the process analysis data normally collected for the building. However, it was found that only 51% of the total comprised normally collected process analysis. The integration of process analysis data with 90% of the direct energy paths by value was unsuccessful because: • typically only one of the direct energy path components was modified using process analysis data (ie, either the product quantity or the direct energy intensity); • of the complexity of the paths derived for ‘residential building construction’; and • of the lack of reliable and consistent process analysis data from industry, for both product quantities and direct energy intensities. While the input-output model used was the best available for Australia, many errors were likely to be carried through to the direct energy paths for ‘residential building construction’. Consequently, both the value and relative importance of the direct energy paths for ‘residential building construction’ were generally found to be a poor model for the demonstration building. This was expected. Nevertheless, in the absence of better data from industry, the input-output data is likely to remain the most appropriate for completing the framework of embodied energy analyses of many types of products—even in non-standard cases. ‘Residential building construction’ was one of the 22 most complex Australian economic sectors (ie, comprising those requiring between 592 and 3215 direct energy paths to describe 90% of their total energy intensities). Consequently, for the other 87 non-energy sectors of the Australian economy, the input-output-based hybrid analysis method is likely to produce more reliable results than those calculated for the demonstration building using the direct energy paths for ‘residential building construction’. For more complex sectors than ‘residential building construction’, the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method derived here allows available process analysis data to be integrated with the input-output data in a comprehensive framework. The proportion of the result comprising the more reliable process analysis data can be calculated and used as a measure of the reliability of the result for that product or part of the product being analysed (for example, a building material or component). To ensure that future applications of the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method produce reliable results, new sources of process analysis data are required, including for such processes as services (for example, ‘banking’) and processes involving the transformation of basic materials into complex products (for example, steel and copper into an electric motor). However, even considering the limitations of the demonstration described above, the new input-output-based hybrid analysis method developed achieved the aim of the thesis: to develop a new embodied energy analysis method that allows reliable process analysis data to be integrated into the comprehensive, yet unreliable, input-output framework. Plain language summary Embodied energy analysis comprises the assessment of the direct and indirect energy requirements associated with a process. For example, the construction of a building requires the manufacture of steel structural members, and thus indirectly requires the energy used directly and indirectly in their manufacture. Embodied energy is an important measure of ecological sustainability because energy is used in virtually every human activity and many of these activities are interrelated. This thesis is concerned with the relationship between the completeness of embodied energy analysis methods and their reliability. However, previous industry-based methods, while reliable, are incomplete. Previous national statistical methods, while comprehensive, are a ‘black box’ subject to errors. A new method is derived, involving the decomposition of the comprehensive national statistical model into components that can be modified discretely using the more reliable industry data, and is demonstrated for an individual building. The demonstration failed to integrate enough industry data into the national statistical model, due to the unexpected complexity of the national statistical data and the lack of available industry data regarding energy and non-energy product requirements. These unique findings highlight the flaws in previous methods. Reliable process analysis and input-output data are required, particularly for those processes that were unable to be examined in the demonstration of the new embodied energy analysis method. This includes the energy requirements of services sectors, such as banking, and processes involving the transformation of basic materials into complex products, such as refrigerators. The application of the new method to less complex products, such as individual building materials or components, is likely to be more successful than to the residential building demonstration.
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Книги з теми "Energy input output analysis"

1

Kagawa, Shigemi. Frontiers of environmental input-output analysis. New York, NY: Routledge, 2011.

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O'Donoghue, Cathal. Carbon dioxide, energy taxation and industry: An input-output analysis. Dublin: Economic and Social Research Institute, 1997.

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Coon, Randal C. North Dakota lignite energy industry's contribution to the state economy. Fargo, N.D: Dept. of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, 2000.

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Keiō Gijuku Daigaku Sangyō Kenkyūjo and Chūgoku Kankyō Mondai Sangyō Renkan Bunseki Kenkyūkai, eds. Nitchū kyōtsū bunrui, enerugī shōhi, taiki osen bunsekiyō sangyō renkanhyō. [Tokyo]: Tsūshō Sangyōshō Tsūshō Sangyō Kenkyūjo, 1995.

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Gershenzon, Mikhail Abramovich. Imitat͡s︡ionnyĭ podkhod k issledovanii͡u︡ vzaimosvi͡a︡zeĭ v razvitii ėnergetiki i ėkonomiki. Irkutsk: Sibirskiĭ ėnerg. in-t SO AN SSSR, 1987.

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Bellany, Ian. British defence expenditure and its impact on jobs and energy use: An input-output analysis. Lancaster: University of Lancaster Centre for the Study of Arms Control and International Security, 1985.

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International, Symposium on Building Economics (4th 1987 Danish Building Research Institute Copenhagen). Building economics: CIB proceedings of the fourth International Symposium on Building Economics. : productivity studies, input-output analysis, management of energy and other nonrenewable resources. Hørsholm: Danish Building Research Institute, 1987.

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Heinz-Dieter, Kurz, Dietzenbacher Erik 1958-, and Lager Christian 1951-, eds. Input-output analysis. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar, 1998.

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Ciaschini, Maurizio, ed. Input-Output Analysis. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2607-3.

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Hewings, Geoffrey. Regional input-output analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1985.

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Частини книг з теми "Energy input output analysis"

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Proops, John L. R. "Energy intensities, input—output analysis and economic development." In Input-Output Analysis, 201–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2607-3_13.

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Chaudhuri, Chetana. "Energy Input–Output Analysis for Household Sector of India." In Applications of the Input-Output Framework, 157–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1507-7_7.

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Ranguwal, Sangeet, and Jasdev Singh. "Energy Use in Punjab Agriculture: Input-Output Analysis." In Encyclopedia of Green Materials, 1–12. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4921-9_118-1.

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Vringer, Kees, Kornelis Blok, and Barend van Engelenburg. "A Step-Wise Guide for Energy Analysis: How to Calculate the Primary Energy Requirements of Households?" In Handbook of Input-Output Economics in Industrial Ecology, 491–505. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5737-3_24.

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Hanson, Donald A., and John A. “Skip” Laitner. "Input-Output Equations Embedded Within Climate and Energy Policy Analysis Models." In Handbook of Input-Output Economics in Industrial Ecology, 417–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5737-3_21.

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Ríos, Manuel Ordóñez, Angel Arcos-Vargas, José Manuel Cansino Muñoz-Repiso, and Rocío Román Collado. "A Macroeconomic Contribution: Extended Environmental Input–Output Analysis." In The Role of the Electric Vehicle in the Energy Transition, 109–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50633-9_7.

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Ardent, Fulvio, Marco Beccali, and Maurizio Cellura. "Application of the IO Methodology to the Energy and Environmental Analysis of a Regional Context." In Handbook of Input-Output Economics in Industrial Ecology, 435–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5737-3_22.

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Cruz, Luís M. G. "Application of IO Energy Analysis for CO2 Emissions by the Portuguese Economy: The Case of Portugal." In Handbook of Input-Output Economics in Industrial Ecology, 507–32. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5737-3_25.

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Washizu, Ayu, and Satoshi Nakano. "An Assessment of Carbon Taxation by Input–Output Analysis: Upstream or Downstream?" In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 151–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_9.

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Abstract To analyze the ripple effects of CO2 emissions from the introduction of renewable energy power plants, this study developed input–output tables for analysis of next-generation energy systems (IONGES). The results revealed that the environmental benefits obtained from investing in power plants of the same capacity vary significantly depending on the type of renewable energy. Using the IONGES, under assumptions of three carbon taxation methods (upstream, midstream, and downstream), we calculated the taxable CO2 emissions induced when producing each good or service and estimated the carbon tax burden associated with the final demand. We found that, in the upstream method, the taxation effects of one unit of carbon tax is concentrated in energy goods such as coal products and petroleum basic, while the effects are relatively dispersed in the downstream taxation method. If renewable energy is added to the government target level in 2030, taxable CO2 emissions will decrease by 12–13.3%. Compared with the upstream taxation method, in the midstream and downstream methods, the CO2 emissions induced by each final demand are distributed more evenly across various goods and services. Compared to the downstream taxation method, upstream taxation leads to higher CO2 emissions from exports, but lower CO2 emissions from household consumption. This is because energy-intensive industries such as machinery have high export ratios. We analyzed which expenditure categories contribute to the carbon tax burden associated with household consumption. In the case of upstream taxation, households mainly focus on reducing electricity consumption; in the case of downstream taxation, households reduce consumption of various energy-intensive goods and services.
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Sugino, Makoto. "The Economic Effects of Equalizing the Effective Carbon Rate of Sectors: An Input-Output Analysis." In Economics, Law, and Institutions in Asia Pacific, 197–215. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6964-7_11.

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Abstract The 2 °C target of the Paris Agreement has stimulated the implementation of carbon reducing policies such as carbon taxes and emission trading schemes, which explicitly applies a price on carbon emitting fuels. However, OECD (2016) reports that the effective carbon rate must be at least 30 Euros per ton of CO2. The effective carbon rate includes the implicit carbon price, e.g. energy taxes, along with the explicit carbon price. Previous studies have focused on the effects of explicit carbon prices. In this chapter, we will focus on the effective carbon rate and estimate the effects of carbon policies that increase the effective carbon rate to the 30 Euro threshold. We find that the short-term effect of a carbon tax that raises the effective carbon rate for all industries above 30 Euros will not only effect energy intensive industries, but also downstream industries that already have high effective carbon rates. Furthermore, we find that the carbon tax implemented in 2012 increase the average effective carbon rate, but increases the difference between taxed emitters and non-taxed emitters. Thus, tax exemption for energy intensive industries sacrifices economic efficiency.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Energy input output analysis"

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Bottasso, Carlo L., and Stefano Cacciola. "Floquet Stability Analysis of Wind Turbines Using Input-Output Models." In 32nd ASME Wind Energy Symposium. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-0713.

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Tao, Du. "Energy and Environmental Efficiency Input-output Model and Its Analysis." In 2010 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2010.5449119.

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Maheswari, E., and A. Kavitha. "Bifurcation analysis in continuous input output buck boost PFC converter." In 2016 International Conference on Computation of Power, Energy Information and Commuincation (ICCPEIC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccpeic.2016.7557284.

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Lin, Wei, Rui Li, and Xiao-yan Qiu. "Strategy Analysis of Photovoltaic Grid Based on Input-Output Feedback Linearization." In 2012 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2012.6307164.

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Hendricks, Terry J., and Naveen K. Karri. "Probabilistic Design and Analysis for Robust Design of Advanced Thermoelectric Conversion Systems." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36085.

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Recent research investigated the impacts of single- and multi-variable stochasticity on optimum thermoelectric (TE) system design for automotive and industrial energy recovery because many critical design and environmental parameters used in design optimization can be randomly variable. Analysis tools and techniques have been developed to investigate a variety of stochastic behaviors in critical input parameters, including Gaussian, Log-Normal, Weibull, Gamma, or any type of user-defined probability distribution. Recent accomplishments discussed herein show that: 1) Gaussian input probability distributions can create non-Gaussian outcome distributions for optimum TE areas, required cold-side mass flow rates, and expected power generation; 2) optimum deterministically-derived designs (TE areas and cold-side mass flow rates) should be significantly modified in response to stochastically variable inputs; and 3) outcome parameter standard deviations can be significant and magnified relative to input parameter standard deviations. Multiple variable stochastic inputs tend to significantly increase the output design parameter variability (i.e., standard deviations). Interactive effects of multiple stochastic input parameters have demonstrated that reductions of optimum TE areas by 9–10% relative to deterministic optimum values was warranted in key stochastic analysis cases. Reductions in required cold-side mass flow rates may also be justified. Optimum system power output also was characterized by relatively high variability (i.e., standard deviation) resulting from stochastic input effects on the TE design optimization process. This is an important consideration when integrating the overall power system design with power management electronics and energy storage subsystems.
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Singh, Shuchi, and Sakshi Bangia. "LabVIEW based analysis of two input and two output interacting tank system." In 2016 IEEE 1st International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpeices.2016.7853726.

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Ma, Qingxuan, Qingyun Huang, and Alex Q. Huang. "Performance Analysis of an Input-Series-Output-Parallel LLC Resonant Converter with Parameters Mismatch." In 2021 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce47101.2021.9595433.

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T, Shibila Sherin P., and Ramesh Kumar P. "Analysis and Implementation of a Single Input Dual Output Boost Derived Hybrid Converter." In 2020 International Conference on Futuristic Technologies in Control Systems & Renewable Energy (ICFCR). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfcr50903.2020.9250001.

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Saeed, R. A., M. M. Faqe, and F. M. Khoshnaw. "Applying the Path Analysis Method to determine the significance of input parameters on the output of Derbendikhan power station." In ENERGY 2007. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/esus070131.

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Zhang, Bo, Yongping Li, Guohe Huang, Hao Zhang, and Jing Liu. "An Ecological-network-analysis Input-output Model for Analyzing Energy Consumption in Fujian Province." In EBEE 2021: 2021 3rd International Conference on E-Business and E-commerce Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3510249.3510273.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Energy input output analysis"

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Muhlestein, Michael, and Carl Hart. Numerical analysis of weak acoustic shocks in aperiodic array of rigid scatterers. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38579.

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Nonlinear propagation of shock waves through periodic structures have the potential to exhibit interesting phenomena. Frequency content of the shock that lies within a bandgap of the periodic structure is strongly attenuated, but nonlinear frequency-frequency interactions pumps energy back into those bands. To investigate the relative importance of these propagation phenomena, numerical experiments using the Khokhlov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznetsov (KZK) equation are carried out. Two-dimensional propagation through a periodic array of rectangular waveguides is per-formed by iteratively using the output of one waveguide as the input for the next waveguide. Comparison of the evolution of the initial shock wave for both the linear and nonlinear cases is presented.
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Felix, Meier, Wilfried Rickels, Christian Traeger, and Martin Quaas. Working paper published on NETs in strategically interacting regions based on simulation and analysis in an extended ACE model. OceanNets, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d1.5.

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Net-zero climate policies foresee deployment of atmospheric carbon dioxide removal wit geological, terrestrial, or marine carbon storage. While terrestrial and geological storage would be governed under the framework of national property rights, marine storage implies that carbon is transferred from one global common, the atmosphere, to another global common, the ocean, in particular if storage exceeds beyond coastal applications. This paper investigates the option of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) and storage in different (marine) reservoir types in an analytic climate-economy model, and derives implications for optimal mitigation efforts and CDR deployment. We show that the introduction of CDR lowers net energy input and net emissions over the entire time path. Furthermore, CDR affects the Social Cost of Carbon (SCC) via changes in total economic output but leaves the analytic structure of the SCC unchanged. In the first years after CDR becomes available the SCC is lower and in later years it is higher compared to a standard climate-economy model. Carbon dioxide emissions are first higher and then lower relative to a world without CDR. The paper provides the basis for the analysis of decentralized and potentially non-cooperative CDR policies.
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Klein, Mark H., and Thomas Ralya. An Analysis of Input/Output Paradigms for Real-Time Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada226724.

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Allison, T. The stability of input structures in a supply-driven input-output model: A regional analysis. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10158759.

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Feenstra, Robert, and Akira Sasahara. The ‘China Shock’, Exports and U.S. Employment: A Global Input-Output Analysis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24022.

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Dutta, Soumya, Jonathan Lee Woodring, and James Paul Ahrens. Uncertainty, sensitivity, and error analysis and visualization of high-dimensional Input-output models. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1392895.

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Regnier, Eva, and Dan Nussbaum. The Theory and Feasibility of Implementing an Economic Input/Output Analysis of the Department of Defense to Support Acquisition Decision Analysis and Cost Estimation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada543987.

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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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Cline, J., and J. Marticorena. A Systems Engineering Analysis of National Ignition Facility Industrial Controls Systems and Safety Interlock Systems Remote Input/Output Networking Migration from ControlNet to EtherNet/IP. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1875235.

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10

Fontanari, Claudia, Antonella Palumbo, and Chiara Salvatori. The Updated Okun Method for Estimation of Potential Output with Broad Measures of Labor Underutilization: An Empirical Analysis. Institute for New Economic ThinkingInstitute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp158.

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Анотація:
This paper extends to different indicators of labor underutilization the Updated Okun Method (UOM) for estimation of potential output proposed in Fontanari et al (2020), which, from a demand-led growth perspective, regards potential output as an empirical approximation to full-employment output, as in A.M.Okun’s (1962) original method. Based on the apparent incapability of the official rate of unemployment to fully account for labor underutilization, in this paper we offer estimates of Okun’s law both with broad unemployment indicators and with an indicator of ‘standardized hours worked’ which we propose as a novel measure of the labor input. The paper reflects on the possible different empirical measures of full employment. The various measures of potential output that we extract from our analysis show greater output gaps than those produced by standard methods, thus highlighting a systematic tendency of the latter to underestimate potential output. Output gaps that underestimate the size of the output loss or that tend to close too soon during recovery, may produce a bias towards untimely restriction.
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