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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Energy efficiency level"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022
Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Energy efficiency level"

1

Tonn, Bruce, and Jean H. Peretz. "State-level benefits of energy efficiency." Energy Policy 35, no. 7 (July 2007): 3665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.01.009.

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2

Wysokiński, Marcin, Joanna Domagała, Arkadiusz Gromada, Magdalena Golonko, and Paulina Trębska. "Economic and energy efficiency of agriculture." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 8 (August 24, 2020): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/170/2020-agricecon.

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Article concerns economic and energy efficiency of agriculture in European Union countries. The study period concerned 2016. For analysis and presentation of materials, descriptive, tabular and graphic methods and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method – CCR (Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes) model focused on input-oriented minimisation were used. An assessment of the socio-economic development of the EU countries was made using the following measures: Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (USD per inhabitant). Modern agriculture depends on industrial energy sources and as the socio-economic development changes into more and more energy-intensive production technologies. After presenting the introduction and review of the literature, the economic and energy efficiency of agriculture in the EU countries in 2016 was examined, which was at a high level – the DEA reached 0.67. Then, the correlation between the socio-economic development of countries and their economic and energy efficiency was analysed. It was also found that along with socio-economic development in the EU countries, the economic and energy efficiency of agriculture is increasing.
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3

Dörr, Marcus, Sylvia Wahren, and Thomas Bauernhansl. "Methodology for Energy Efficiency on Process Level." Procedia CIRP 7 (2013): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2013.06.048.

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4

Viholainen, Juha, Mika Luoranen, Sanni Väisänen, Antti Niskanen, Mika Horttanainen, and Risto Soukka. "Regional level approach for increasing energy efficiency." Applied Energy 163 (February 2016): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.101.

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5

Yakovleva, O. Y., M. G. Khmelniuk, and O. V. Ostapenko. "Energy efficiency projects." Refrigeration Engineering and Technology 54, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/ret.v54i2.1099.

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Анотація:
Answers to the question ‘what should we do to improve energy efficiency?’ will have to advance beyond the notion of simply ‘saving energy’ to an enhanced paradigm of policy options as cross-sectoral issue. In this paper we propose to improve rate of successfully performed energy efficiency project. In order to reach target, we need to study and summarize the best practices of improving the energy efficiency level within the economy for developing recommendations, to create risk model for modifying energy policy approaches and working processes with an abstraction level increase for the successful energy efficiency projects realization. Two issues have been addressed in this paper. The links between sustainable development concept analysis and “Green Economy” are defined. The key factors for the sustainable development of energy policy intended for the development of successful energy efficient projects while improving energy efficiency and environmental safety are identified.
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6

Yu, Sha, Qing Tan, Meredydd Evans, Page Kyle, Linh Vu, and Pralit L. Patel. "Improving building energy efficiency in India: State-level analysis of building energy efficiency policies." Energy Policy 110 (November 2017): 331–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.013.

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7

Paulussen, R. M., G. F. Ten Harve, T. Ploeg, and A. Zoeteman. "Increasing railway energy efficiency: A three-level method." International Journal of Transport Development and Integration 1, no. 3 (January 15, 2017): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/tdi-v1-n3-491-500.

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8

Wang, Junhai, Jianbing Yin, Lin Chen, Zhiyuan Chen, Yingfei Gong, and Qingkun Tan. "Analysis of Energy Efficiency Level of Typical Countries." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1838, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1838/1/012053.

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9

Drosos, Dimitrios, Grigorios L. Kyriakopoulos, Stamatios Ntanos, and Androniki Parissi. "School Managers Perceptions towards Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 10, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2021.36704.

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Анотація:
Global economic growth is accompanied by increased energy demand, thus conventional fuels such as coal, oil and gas, which are the primary energy sources, are gradually being depleted. At the same time, the combustion of conventional fuel for energy production causes serious adverse effects on the environment and contributes to climate change due to the emitted greenhouse gases. For the above reasons, most of the developed and developing countries especially during the last decades, have introduced various incentives for the greater penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) in all sectors of the economy. Concerning the building sector, several measures have been adopted, including the promotion of energy efficiency and energy saving. A significant proportion of the building stock are the school buildings where students and teachers spend a significant proportion of their daily time. Teachers' attitudes and views, especially the school unit managers concerning the use of RES in schools, are important in the effort to rationalize and control energy use. This study was conducted through a structured questionnaire applied to a sample of 510 school managers in Greece's primary and secondary education. The school unit managerial role for the case of Greek schools is performed by the school principal who has both administrative and educational duties. Statistical analysis included the application of Friedman's test and hypothesis test on questions concerning school manager environmental perceptions and energy-saving habits. According to the results, Greek school managers have a high degree of environmental sensitivity, since 97.6 % agreed or strongly agreed that the main concern should focus on energy saving. Furthermore, 71% of the respondent reported to have good knowledge on solar energy, followed by 64% on wind energy while only 34% are knowledgeable on biomass. Almost all the respondents (99%) agreed that it is important to provide more RES-orientated education through the taught curricula. Concerning energy saving behaviour, around 90% reported that they switch off the lights when leaving the classroom and they close the windows when the air-condition is operating. Hypothesis tests revealed a relationship between the school managers' ecological beliefs, the energy saving habits in the school environment, and the recognition of the importance of environmental education. Conclusions highlighted the need to intensify environmental education programs in the school environment concerning RES in schools. This will lead to a higher level of environmental awareness of both teachers and students and therefore to a more dynamic behaviour towards the effort to “greenify” the school environment.
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10

Zhou, Yuwei, Bruno Froppier, and Tchanguiz Razban. "Radiofrequency ambient level energy harvesting." Wireless Power Transfer 2, no. 2 (September 2015): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wpt.2015.8.

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Анотація:
This paper presents a study of Schottky diode rectenna (rectifying antenna) for radiofrequency (RF) energy-harvesting systems. These rectennas are suitable for wireless sensors with the rechargeable battery technology especially at low-power densities. A rectifying circuit is proposed with single high responsivity Schottky diode for RF–DC conversion. A matching circuit is optimized to improve not only the power transfer between the antenna and the diode, but also to reject harmonic signals. The radiating part is a monopole antenna, with a large bandwidth in the frequency domain and an omni-directional radiation pattern in the azimuthal plane. We show that antenna frequency response takes part in the improvement of the efficiency. The rectifier is integrated with the antenna on a printed circuit board, leading to 30% of size reduction with the same performance. The aim is to reach the highest efficiency with a single tone signal and a compact rectenna. This rectenna was simulated using both Agilent ADS and Ansoft HFSS software. An output DC voltage of 210 mV was measured inside an anechoic chamber which received a single tone signal of 2 µW/cm2power density. The highest efficiency of 34% was obtained at a power density of 1.3 µW/cm2.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Energy efficiency level"

1

Gonzalez, Hernandez Ana. "Site-level resource efficiency analysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284771.

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Анотація:
To achieve agreed targets for reducing global carbon emissions, industry must become more resource-efficient. To this end, two viable strategies exist: energy efficiency and material efficiency. Despite their inherent interdependence, industry continues to treat these two strategies as isolated pursuits, providing in the process only a partial insight into the potential of resource efficiency. To resolve this disconnect, this thesis attempts to develop and apply tools that help integrate industrial energy and material efficiency analyses. Three areas of research are explored. The first is concerned with a fundamental component of industrial performance: efficiency benchmarks. No agreed-upon metric exists to measure the efficiency with which the sector trans- forms both energy and materials - that is, how resource-efficient they are. This thesis applies exergy - a well-established method to consolidate energy and materials into a single metric - to a case study of the global steel industry in 2010. Results show that this exergy-based metric provides a suitable proxy to capture the interactions between energy and materials. By comparing energy and material efficiency options on an equal footing, this metric encourages the recovery of material by-products - an intervention excluded from traditional energy efficiency metrics. To realise resource efficiency opportunities, individual industry firms must be able to identify them at actionable time-frames and scopes. Doing this hinges on understanding resources flows through entire systems, the most detailed knowledge of which resides in control data. No academic study was found to exploit control data to construct an integrated picture of resources that is representative of real operations. In the second research area, control data is extracted to track the resource flows and efficiency of a basic oxygen steel-making plant from TataSteel. This second case study highlights the plant's material efficiency options during operations. It does so by building close-to-real-time Sankey diagrams of resource flows (measured in units of exergy) for the entire plant and its constituent processes. Without the support of effective policies the new exergy approach is unlikely to be widely adopted in industry. By collating evidence from interviews and policy documents, the third area explores why the European Union's industrial energy and emissions policies do not incentivise material efficiency. Results suggest several contributing factors, including: the inadequacy of monitored indicators; an imposed policy lock-in; and the lack of a designated industry lobby and high-level political buy-in. Policy interventions are then proposed to help integrate material efficiency into energy and climate agendas. The European Union's limited agency stresses the need for Member States and industry to drive the move to a low-carbon industry in the short-term.
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2

Sachdeva, Gitanjali. "Measuring and Optimizing Energy Efficiency in Internet Communication : Implementing a Packet-Level Energy Model for Content Delivery Networks." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for telematikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22693.

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Green ICT (Information and Communication Technology) aims at reducing the environmental impacts of ICT operations, maximizing energy efficiency and promoting recyclability. The ICT industry is resource intensive with rapidly increasing demands for more infrastructure and power. It is heavily dependent on full-time network connectivity. Therefore, networks play a crucial role in the overall green ICT initiatives. Various research efforts are being made by network equipment manufacturers as well as researchers to promote energy efficiency in the networks. The target of this master thesis is to develop mechanisms that allow measuring the energy consumption in networks and using them to optimize network usage. The thesis implements a packet-level energy accounting model using NS-3 simulator. The main idea is that IP packets collect the information of energy they consume at each hop while traversing a network. This information is later processed to account for the overall network energy consumption.The thesis work analyzes a specific use case of selecting energy-efficient servers in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) to deliver content to end users. The energy model is implemented and tested for different traffic scenarios and sample network topologies. Simulation results show that the model can prove highly useful in the CDN use case. The energy accounting scheme allows end users to choose energy-efficient server alternatives for accessing content over the internet. End users are made aware of their carbon footprint and are able to contribute to green networking.Additionally, there is also a possibility to integrate the model with other network performance metrics such as network throughput in order to increase its usability.
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3

Thucanakkenpalayam, Sundararajan Karthik. "Energy efficient cache architectures for single, multi and many core processors." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9916.

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Анотація:
With each technology generation we get more transistors per chip. Whilst processor frequencies have increased over the past few decades, memory speeds have not kept pace. Therefore, more and more transistors are devoted to on-chip caches to reduce latency to data and help achieve high performance. On-chip caches consume a significant fraction of the processor energy budget but need to deliver high performance. Therefore cache resources should be optimized to meet the requirements of the running applications. Fixed configuration caches are designed to deliver low average memory access times across a wide range of potential applications. However, this can lead to excessive energy consumption for applications that do not require the full capacity or associativity of the cache at all times. Furthermore, in systems where the clock period is constrained by the access times of level-1 caches, the clock frequency for all applications is effectively limited by the cache requirements of the most demanding phase within the most demanding application. This motivates the need for dynamic adaptation of cache configurations in order to optimize performance while minimizing energy consumption, on a per-application basis. First, this thesis proposes an energy-efficient cache architecture for a single core system, along with a run-time support framework for dynamic adaptation of cache size and associativity through the use of machine learning. The machine learning model, which is trained offline, profiles the application’s cache usage and then reconfigures the cache according to the program’s requirement. The proposed cache architecture has, on average, 18% better energy-delay product than the prior state-of-the-art cache architectures proposed in the literature. Next, this thesis proposes cooperative partitioning, an energy-efficient cache partitioning scheme for multi-core systems that share the Last Level Cache (LLC), with a core to LLC cache way ratio of 1:4. The proposed cache partitioning scheme uses small auxiliary tags to capture each core’s cache requirements, and partitions the LLC according to the individual cores cache requirement. The proposed partitioning uses a way-aligned scheme that helps in the reduction of both dynamic and static energy. This scheme, on an average offers 70% and 30% reduction in dynamic and static energy respectively, while maintaining high performance on par with state-of-the-art cache partitioning schemes. Finally, when Last Level Cache (LLC) ways are equal to or less than the number of cores present in many-core systems, cooperative partitioning cannot be used for partitioning the LLC. This thesis proposes a region aware cache partitioning scheme as an energy-efficient approach for many core systems that share the LLC, with a core to LLC way ratio of 1:2 and 1:1. The proposed partitioning, on an average offers 68% and 33% reduction in dynamic and static energy respectively, while again maintaining high performance on par with state-of-the-art LLC cache management techniques.
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4

Stanić, Milan. "Design of energy-efficient vector units for in-order cores." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405647.

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Анотація:
In the last 15 years, power dissipation and energy consumption have become crucial design concerns for almost all computer systems. Technology feature size scaling leads to higher power density and therefore to complex and costly cooling. While power dissipation is critical for high-performance systems such as data centers due to large power usage, for mobile systems battery life is a primary concern. In the low-end mobile processor market, power, energy and area budgets are significantly lower than in the server/desktop/laptop/high-end mobile markets. The ultimate goal in low-end systems is also to increase performance, but only if area/energy budget is not compromised. Vector architectures have been traditionally applied to the supercomputing domain with many successful incarnations. The energy efficiency and high performance of vector processors, as well as their applicability in other emerging domains, encourage pursuing further research on vector architectures. However adding support for them using conventional design incurs area and power overheads that would not be acceptable for low-end mobile processors and also there is a lack of appropriate tools to perform this research. In this thesis, we propose an integrated vector-scalar design for the low-power ARM architecture that mostly reuses scalar hardware to support the execution of vector instructions. The key element of the design is our proposed block-based model of execution that groups vector computational instructions together to execute them in a coordinated manner. We complement this with an advanced integrated design which features three energy-performance efficient ideas: (1) chaining from the memory hierarchy, (2) direct result forwarding and (3) memory shape instructions. This thesis also presents two tools for measuring and analyzing an application suitability for vector microarchitectures. The first tool is VALib, a library that enables hand-crafted vectorization of applications and its main purpose is to collect data for detailed instruction level characterization and to generate input traces for the second tool. The second tool is SimpleVector, a fast trace-driven simulator that is used to estimate the execution time of a vectorized application on a candidate vector microarchitecture. The thesis also evaluates characteristics of Knights Corner processor with simple in-order SIMD cores. Acquired knowledge is applied in the integrated design.
En los últimos 15 años, la potencia disipada y el consumo de energía se han convertido en elementos cruciales del diseño de la práctica totalidad de sistemas de computación. El escalado del tamaño de los transistores conlleva densidades de potencia más altas y, en consecuencia, sistemas de refrigeración más complejos y costosos. Mientras que la potencia disipada es crítica para sistemas de alto rendimiento, como por ejemplo centros de datos, debido a su uso de gran potencia, para sistemas móviles la duración de la batería es la preocupación principal. Para el mercado de procesadores móviles de prestaciones más modestas, los límites permitidos para la potencia, energía y área del chip son significativamente más bajas que para los servidores, ordenadores de sobremesa, portátiles o móviles de gama alta. El objetivo final en sistemas de gama baja es igualmente el de incrementar el rendimiento, pero sólo si el "presupuesto" para energía o área no se ve comprometido. Tradicionalmente, las arquitecturas vectoriales han sido usadas en el ámbito de la supercomputación, con diversas implementaciones exitosas. La eficiencia energética y el alto rendimiento de los procesadores vectoriales, así como que se puedan aplicar a ámbitos emergentes, motivan a continuar la investigación en arquitecturas vectoriales. No obstante, añadir soporte paravectores basado en diseños convencionales conlleva incrementos de potencia y área que no son aceptables para procesadores móviles de gama baja. Además, no existen herramientas apropiadas para realizar esta investigación. En esta tesis, proponemos un diseño integrado vectorial-escalar para arquitecturas ARM de bajo consumo, que principalmente reutiliza el hardware escalar ya presente en el procesador para implementar el soporte de ejecución de instrucciones vectoriales. El elemento clave del diseño es nuestro modelo de ejecución por bloques propuesto en la tesis, que agrupa instrucciones de cómputo vectorial para ejecutarlas de manera coordinada. Complementamos esto con un diseño integrado avanzado que implementa tres ideas para incrementar el rendimiento eficientemente en cuanto a la energía consumida: (1) encadenamiento (chaining) desde la jerarquía de memoria, (2) reenvío (forwarding) directo de los resultados, y (3) instrucciones de memoria "shape", con patrones de acceso complejos. Además, esta tesis presenta dos herramientas para medir y analizar lo apropiado de usar microarquitecturas vectoriales para una aplicación. La primera herramienta es VALib, una biblioteca que permite la vectorización manual de aplicaciones, cuyo propósito principal es el de recolectar datos para una caracterización detallada a nivel de instrucción, así como el de generar trazas para la segunda herramienta, SimpleVector. SimpleVector es un simulador rápido basado en trazas que estima el tiempo de ejecución de una aplicación vectorial en la microarquitectura vectorial candidata. Finalmente, la tesis también evalúa las características del procesador Knight's Corner, con unidades SIMD en orden sencillas. Lo aprendido en estos análisis se ha aplicado en el diseño integrado.
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5

Sin, Heung Gweon. "Field Evaluation Methodology for Quantifying Network-wide Efficiency, Energy, Emission, and Safety Impacts of Operational-level Transportation Projects." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29124.

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Анотація:
This thesis presents a proposed methodology for the field evaluation of the efficiency, energy, environmental, and safety impacts of traffic-flow improvement projects. The methodology utilizes Global Positioning System (GPS) second-by-second speed measurements using fairly inexpensive GPS units to quantify the impacts of traffic-flow improvement projects on the efficiency, energy, and safety of a transportation network. It should be noted that the proposed methodology is incapable of isolating the effects of induced demand and is not suitable for estimating long-term impacts of such projects that involve changes in land-use. Instead, the proposed methodology can quantify changes in traffic behavior and changes in travel demand. This thesis, also, investigates the ability of various data smoothing techniques to remove such erroneous data without significantly altering the underlying vehicle speed profile. Several smoothing techniques are then applied to the acceleration profile, including data trimming, Simple Exponential smoothing, Double Exponential smoothing, Epanechnikov Kernel smoothing, Robust Kernel smoothing, and Robust Simple Exponential Smoothing. The results of the analysis indicate that the application of Robust smoothing (Kernel of Exponential) to vehicle acceleration levels, combined with a technique to minimize the difference between the integral of the raw and smoothed acceleration profiles, removes invalid GPS data without significantly altering the underlying measured speed profile The methodology has been successfully applied to two case studies provided insights as to the potential benefits of coordinating traffic signals across jurisdictional boundaries. More importantly two case studies demonstrate the feasibility of using GPS second-by-second speed measurements for the evaluation of operational-level traffic flow improvement projects. To identify any statistically significant differences in traffic demand along two case study corridors before and after traffic signal condition, tube counts and turning counts were collected and analyzed using ANOVA technique. The ANOVA results of turning volume counts indicated that there is no statistically significant difference in turning volumes between the before and after conditions. Furthermore, the ANOVA results of tube counts also confirmed that there did not appear to be a statistically significant difference (5 percent level of significance) in the tube counts between the before and after conditions.
Ph. D.
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6

Oner, Basak. "Promoting Energy Efficiency In Turkey In The Light Of Best Practices At The Level Of European Union And Selected Member States: Denmark And Germany." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606822/index.pdf.

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Анотація:
The aim of this thesis is to suggest the ways of promoting energy efficiency in Turkey in the light of best practices at the level of European Union and most energy efficient Member States, Denmark and Gremany. This thesis provides a critical evaluation of Turkish energy efficiency policies in transmission, distribution and consumption stages of energy by pointing out their weaknesses. The evaluations highlight the fact that Turkey has substantial energy saving potential in electricity distribution grids and end-use sectors. The EU, Danish and German experiences demonstrate that the greatest energy efficiency improvement could be achieved in industry sector. By taking these experiences and the problems of Turkey into consideration, this thesis recommends possible measures. It is concluded that, when the energy efficiency potential is evaluated, primarily attention could be paid to industry sector.
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7

Kuolt, Harald, Tim Kampowski, Simon Poppinga, Thomas Speck, Atena Moosavi, Ralf Tautenhahn, Jürgen Weber, Felix Gabriel, Erika Pierri, and Klaus Dröder. "Increase of energy efficiency in vacuum handling systems based on biomimetic principles." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71213.

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Анотація:
Vacuum handling is a widespread technology in automated production systems for gripping of workpieces. Unfortunately, this solution accounts for a considerable share of industrial energy consumption. This consumption is mainly due to the losses in the involved steps like air compression, distribution, vacuum generation and gripper suction. However, the energy efficiency of vacuum handling systems is still relatively unexplored. The consortium partners are working together in the BiVaS project, which is funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). In this project, the drawback of high energy consumption is approached by the development of an energyefficient ejector, a biomimetic suction gripper as well as on system integration and the development of energy-efficient operating strategies and their energetic balancing in order to reduce the consumption of compressed air by 20 %. This reduction will be quantified experimentally in a pilot plant benchmark, where a realistic handling process is developed and examined. This paper shows the state of the art focusing on energy consumption of vacuum handling technology and the behaviour of the involved components during different handling operations. Furthermore, first biomimetic concepts and an estimation of the increase of energy efficiency will be presented for the running project.
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8

SILVA, Gabriel Santana da. "Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de novilhos mestiços leiteiros submetidos a dietas com diferentes níveis de concentrado." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2012. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/6753.

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Анотація:
Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-04-11T13:19:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Santana da Silva.pdf: 742973 bytes, checksum: 747cb64f302ff9ce86e6e8d39b493166 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T13:19:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriel Santana da Silva.pdf: 742973 bytes, checksum: 747cb64f302ff9ce86e6e8d39b493166 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-23
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of diets with increasing levels of concentrate (17.0, 34.0, 51.0, 68.0) on consumption, digestibility, performance, physical characteristics and commercialization of the carcass of 25 crossbred steers Of dairy breeds, with no defined blood level, in confinement. A completely randomized design was used. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. Dry matter intake (CMS) increased linearly; The consumption of the other nutrients consumed the same behavior, except for the consumption of neutral detergent fiber and acid (NDF and FDA), which were influenced linearly and negatively. (P> 0.001), and positive for the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), NDF, crude protein (CP), ethereal extract (EE), organic matter (OM) and carbohydrates Non-fibrous (CNF). Final body weights (PCF) were not influenced. However, total and average daily weight gains added 1.16 kg and 9.90 g for each 1% increase in concentrate, respectively. The empty body weight (PCVZ), warm carcass weight (PCARQ) and cold carcass weight (PCARF) responded linearly to the increase in concentrate. The warm carcass yields (RCARQ); Cold carcass yield (RCARF); (GPCVZ) and carcass (GCAR) gains were also influenced positively and linearly, in the same way as carcass deposition efficiency (EDCAR) and carcass deposition rate (TXCAR). The increase in concentrate levels increased the consumption and digestibility of dry matter and other nutrients, improving food efficiency, performance and physical characteristics of the carcass, however, influencing linearly and negatively the economic return.
Objetivou-se investigar a influência do fornecimento de dietas com crescentes níveis de concentrado (17,0; 34,0; 51,0; 68,0) sobre consumo, digestibilidade, desempenho, características físicas e de comercialização da carcaça de 25 novilhos mestiços de raças leiteiras, sem grau de sangue definido, em confinamento. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os dados foram submetidos a análises de variância e regressão. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) aumentou linearmente; o consumo dos demais consumos dos nutrientes seguiu o mesmo comportamento, com exceção dos consumos de fibra em detergente neutro e ácido (FDN e FDA), que foram influenciados linear e negativamente. Foi verificada influência linear, altamente significativa (P>0,001), e positiva para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, (MS), FDN, proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria orgânica (MO) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). Os pesos corporais finais (PCF) não foram influenciados. No entanto, os ganhos de peso total e médio diário acrescentaram 1,16 Kg e 9,90 g para cada aumento de 1% de concentrado, respectivamente. O peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ), peso de carcaça quente (PCARQ) e peso de carcaça fria (PCARF) responderam linearmente ao aumento de concentrado. Os rendimentos de carcaça quente (RCARQ); rendimento de carcaça fria (RCARF); ganhos de peso corporal vazio (GPCVZ) e de carcaça (GCAR) também foram influenciados positiva e linearmente, da mesma forma que a eficiência de deposição de carcaça (EDCAR) e taxa de deposição de carcaça (TXCAR). O acréscimo dos níveis de concentrado aumentou o consumo e digestibilidade da matéria seca e demais nutrientes, melhorando a eficiência alimentar, o desempenho e as características físicas da carcaça, no entanto, influenciando linear e negativamente o retorno econômico.
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9

Луцик, Тарас Миколайович. "Підвищення точності визначення класу енергетичної ефективності будівель на стадії проектування". Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2021. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/46781.

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Актуальнicть теми. В даній роботі ми визначаємо клас енергоефективності для будівлі на стадії проектування і визначаємо методики для полегшення створення сертифікату енергоефективності будівлі на стадії проектування, для чіткого розуміння порівняння методики енергозбереження будівлі на стадії проектування і збудованої будівлі і для вибору найбільш оптимальної методики енергозбереження будівлі. Енергетична ефективність будівель визначається відповідно до методики, що розробляється з урахуванням вимог актів законодавства Європейського Союзу, Енергетичного Співтовариства, гармонізованих європейських стандартів у сфері енергетичної ефективності будівель та затверджується центральним органом виконавчої влади, що забезпечує формування державної політики у сфері будівництва. Під час проведення розрахунку енергетичної ефективності будівель може використовуватися програмне забезпечення для визначення енергетичної ефективності будівель, всі розрахункові елементи якого відповідають вимогам методики визначення енергетичної ефективності будівель та застосовуються у порядку, встановленому центральним органом виконавчої влади, що забезпечує формування державної політики у сфері будівництва. У процесі визначення енергетичної ефективності будівель обов’язково враховується інформація про: 1) місцеві кліматичні умови; 2) функціональне призначення, архітектурно-планувальне та конструктивне рішення будівлі; 3) геометричні (враховуючи розташування та орієнтацію огороджувальних конструкцій), теплотехнічні та енергетичні характеристики будівлі, а також енергетичний баланс будівлі; 4) нормативні санітарно-гігієнічні та мікрокліматичні умови приміщень будівлі; 5) нормативний строк експлуатації огороджувальних конструкцій та елементів (у тому числі обладнання) інженерних систем; 6) технічні характеристики інженерних систем; 7) використання відновлюваних джерел енергії, пасивних сонячних систем та систем захисту від сонця, а також енергії, виробленої шляхом когенерації. Особливості визначення енергетичної ефективності будівлі, приміщення якої мають різне функціональне призначення, встановлюються методикою, описаною в законі України про енергетичну ефективнсть. Тема дослідження. Підвищення точності визначення класу енергетичної ефективності будівель на стадії проектування. Мета дослідження: підвищення достовірності сертифікатів енергетичної ефективності будівель на стадії проектування. Завдання дослідження: 1. Аналіз нормативних вимог до енергетичного сертифікату будівель і споруд . 2. Аналіз нормативних вимог щодо класів енергетичної ефективності та особливості до складання енергетичних сертифікатів в Україні. 3. Аналіз методики визначення класу енергетичної ефективності будівель та споруд. 4. Співставний аналіз методів розрахунку класів енергетичної ефективності побудованої будівлі та будівлі на стадії проектування. 5. Визначення особливостей розрахування класу енергетичної ефективності будівлі на стадії проектування Об’єктом дослідження є процес сертифікації будівель щодо рівня енергоефективності. Предмет дослідження: методи визначення рівня енергетичної ефективності будівель та споруд. Методи дослідження. Розробки і дослідження проводилися на основі визначення класу енергоефективності збудованої будівлі та будівлі на стадії проектування і складання сертифікату . Елементи наукової новизни одержаних результатів. 1. На основі аналізу нормативних вимог до енергетичного сертифікату будівель ми вдосконалили методику розрахунку енергетичного сертифікату, що надає змогу підвищити точність розрахунку енергетичного сертифікату. 2. На основі проведеного співставного аналізу методів розрахунку класів енергетичної ефективності побудованої будівлі та будівлі на стадії проектування ми визначили особливості розрахування класу енергетичної ефективності будівлі на стадії проектування, що надало змогу підвищити достовірність енергетичних сертифікатів на стадії проектування. Практичне значення одержаних результатів. Дослідження, що було проведене в роботі може бути використане: - для полегшення створення сертифікату енергоефективності будівлі на стадії проектування; - для чіткого розуміння порівняння методики енергозбереження будівлі на стадії проектування і збудованої будівлі; - для вибору найбільш оптимальної методики енергозбереження будівлі.
Relevance of the topic. In this paper we define the energy efficiency class for a building at the design stage and define methods to facilitate the creation of a building energy efficiency certificate at the design stage, to clearly understand the comparison of building energy saving techniques at the design stage and constructed building and to choose the best energy saving method. Energy efficiency of buildings is determined in accordance with the methodology developed taking into account the requirements of European Union legislation, the Energy Community, harmonized European standards in the field of energy efficiency of buildings and approved by the central executive body for state policy in construction. When calculating the energy efficiency of buildings can be used software to determine the energy efficiency of buildings, all elements of which meet the requirements of the methodology for determining the energy efficiency of buildings and are used in the manner prescribed by the central executive body. In the process of determining the energy efficiency of buildings, information on: 1) local climatic conditions; 2) functional purpose, architectural-planning and constructive decision of the building; 3) geometric (taking into account the location and orientation of enclosing structures), thermal and energy characteristics of the building, as well as the energy balance of the building; 4) normative sanitary-hygienic and microclimatic conditions of the building premises; 5) standard service life of fencing structures and elements (including equipment) of engineering systems; 6) technical characteristics of engineering systems; 7) use of renewable energy sources, passive solar systems and solar protection systems, as well as energy produced by cogeneration. Peculiarities of determining the energy efficiency of a building, the premises of which have different functional purposes, are established by the method described in the Law of Ukraine on Energy Efficiency. Research topic. Improving the accuracy of determining the energy efficiency class of buildings at the design stage. The purpose of the study: to increase the reliability of energy performance certificates of buildings at the design stage. Objectives of the study: 1. Analysis of regulatory requirements for the energy certificate of buildings and structures. 2. Analysis of regulatory requirements for energy efficiency classes and features of energy certificates in Ukraine 3. Analysis of the methodology for determining the energy efficiency class of buildings and structures. 4. Comparative analysis of methods for calculating energy efficiency classes of the constructed building and the building at the design stage. 5. Determining the features of calculating the energy efficiency class of the building at the design stage The object of research is the process of certification of buildings on the level of energy efficiency. Subject of research: methods for determining the level of energy efficiency of buildings and structures. Research methods. Developments and researches were carried out on the basis of definition of a class of energy efficiency of the constructed building and the building at a stage of designing and drawing up of the certificate. The practical significance of the results obtained. The research conducted in this work can be used: - to facilitate the creation of a certificate of energy efficiency of the building at the design stage; - for a clear understanding of the comparison of the method of energy saving of the building at the design stage and the constructed building; - to choose the most optimal method of energy saving the building.
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Sharabaroff, Alexander M. "An Assessment of the Impact of the Deregulation of the Electric Power Sector in the U.S. on the Efficiency of Electricity Generation and the Level of Emissions Attributed to Electricity Generation." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1210903115.

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Книги з теми "Energy efficiency level"

1

Pikulik, I. I. Improving energy efficiency of paper machine dryer sections: Final level one report. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Industrial Programs, 1988.

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2

Anufriev, Valeriy, Yuliya Gudim, and Aytkali Kaminov. Sustainable development. Energy efficiency. Green economy. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1226403.

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The monograph examines the problems of sustainable development and energy efficiency using the scientific and methodological approach proposed by the authors for the development of regional fuel and energy programs based on the KhMAO, the Sverdlovsk region, and the oil and gas production enterprise JSC Yuganskneftegaz, and presents the results of the environmental and economic assessment. This approach allows us to evaluate and select the most effective investment project for the utilization of associated petroleum gas from the point of view of energy, environmental and climate security on comparable indicators (tons, rubles). The authors proposed to distinguish from more than 200 UN indicators four basic indicators: the change in the green area (country, region, city, household) for the year; the level of energy efficiency; the amount of pollutants released per year; the annual amount of greenhouse gas emissions. It is proposed to consider the possibility of using the" energy " ruble of S. A. Podolinsky (kW / h) as a possible world reserve currency. Taking into account the unique experience of the region's participation in various projects of sustainable development, energy-efficient and low-carbon economy, it is proposed to create a market for waste and greenhouse gas emissions on the basis of the trade exchange of the Sverdlovsk region as a pilot platform for the implementation of the green economy. The history of the term "green economy", the essence of this concept is considered; the results of the application of green economy in different countries are shown. The international experience of green solutions and technologies is analyzed, the psychological aspects of the transition to a green economy are studied. For all those interested in the environmental development of the economy.
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3

Dan, York. ACEEE's 3rd national scorecard on utility and public benefits energy efficiency programs: A national review and update of state-level activity. Washington, DC: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 2005.

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4

Bashir, Al-Hashimi, and Eles Petru, eds. System-level design techniques for energy-efficient embedded systems. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2004.

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5

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment. High-level radioactive waste legislation: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session on H.R. 1301, to implement the national energy strategy, and for other purposes, H.R. 776 to provide for improved energy efficiency, hearing held in Las Vegas, NV, January 10, 1992. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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6

Sarkar, Ashok, Neha Mukhi, Padu S. Padmanaban, Amit Kumar, Kulbhushan Kumar, Manoj Bansal, Shyamasis Das, Shuboday Ganta, and Anurag Verma. India’s State-Level Energy Efficiency Implementation Readiness. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/26318.

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7

Āzis, Reinis. A Breath of Fresh Air for the European Green Deal: Energy Efficiency and Climate Neutrality Factors. RTU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934226809.

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The topics covered and the research framework as such provide multiple level takeaways regarding energy efficiency and climate neutrality. The research, therefore, elaborates on concepts central to the academic debate at the time of the writing and undercuts patterns and proposals relevant for multiple actors within the local and global energy market. In fact, the research develops broader discussion regarding any strategic energy-efficiency related goal and the complexity and multiple threads that meeting such a goal would entail. The research also explicitly elaborates on the role of energy efficiency in both climate transition and energy system transformation. In addition, it uncovers the scope of various policies implemented on a local level and discusses their role in meeting the climate targets in medium and long-term. Furthermore, the research also elaborates on the role of bioeconomy and climate neutrality.
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8

González Huerta, R. G., J. M. Sandoval Pineda, N. Hernández Pérez, and E. Álvarez del Rio. Interconnection to the network and energy storage systems. State of the art. EPOMEX-UAC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26359/epomex.cemie022017.

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For technical reasons, the amount of electricity fed to the electrical grid must always remain at the same level of the demand requested by theconsumers to prevent blackouts and damage to the network. This leads to situations where production is greater than consumption and vice versa. This is where storage system technologies and interconnection to the network play a key role in balancing these disadvantages. Untilrecently, the utility of energy storage systems was focused on improving the efficiency of conventional generation systems, such as the use of pumped hydroelectricity to supplement the supply to the network in periods of extra demand or for plant start-ups. This type of storage technology is today the most reliable and in many ways the only one economically available. However, its use it is limited to specific cases that meet strict characteristics. Currently globally, the approach to storage technologies of energy, is to help improve the overall sustainability of large quantities of renewable energies, coming from intermittent sources such like the sun, the sea or the wind
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9

Nikolaas, Dietsch, Elliott R. Neal, Kushler Martin, Langer Therese, Nadel Steven, and American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy., eds. Energy efficiency's next generation: innovation at the state level. Washington, D.C: American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy, 2003.

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10

Bankes, Nigel. Transitioning to a Lower Carbon Future. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0016.

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This chapter discusses the legal and policy issues associated with adopting an aggressive transition to renewable and lower carbon fuels in Alberta’s electricity market. The chapter describes the evolution of Alberta’s electricity sector and restructuring that will involve the addition of a capacity market to supplement the existing energy only market. The chapter examines Canada’s international commitments with respect to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, coal phase-out, and developments in climate change and energy efficiency policy at both the federal level and for Alberta, which currently has a carbon-intensive energy mix. The chapter then presents Alberta’s current climate change policy and the Climate Leadership Plan, focussing on the implications of this policy for the electricity sector and for market design within that sector.
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Частини книг з теми "Energy efficiency level"

1

Brown, Philip. "Ensuring energy efficiency at the individual level." In Retrofitting the Built Environment, 170–83. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118273463.ch13.

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2

Thorup, Nils. "Energy Use of Central Heating Pumps, Appliance Efficiency at the Component Level." In Energy Efficiency in Household Appliances and Lighting, 192–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56531-1_25.

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3

Saidul Huq, Kazi Mohammed, Shahid Mumtaz, and Jonathan Rodriguez. "An Overview of 4G System-Level Energy-Efficiency Performance." In Energy Management in Wireless Cellular and Ad-hoc Networks, 45–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27568-0_3.

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4

Stier, Christian, Dominik Werle, and Anne Koziolek. "Deriving Power Models for Architecture-Level Energy Efficiency Analyses." In Computer Performance Engineering, 214–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66583-2_14.

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5

Soares, George Alves, Ronaldo de Paula Tabosa, and Alexandre Novgorodcev. "Brazilian Minimum Efficiency Level for Industrial Motors: A Successful Low Cost Program." In Energy Efficiency Improvements in Electronic Motors and Drives, 472–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59785-5_47.

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Santarius, Tilman. "Energy Efficiency and Social Acceleration: Macro-level Rebounds from a Sociological Perspective." In Rethinking Climate and Energy Policies, 143–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38807-6_9.

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7

Zakaria, Mohamad Hilmi Akmal, Mohamad Adha Mohamad Idin, Muhammad Firdaus Othman, and Noorezal Atfyinna Mohd Napiah. "Assessment of Energy Efficiency Level on UiTMPP’s Dewan Besar Building." In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Future of ASEAN (ICoFA) 2017 – Volume 2, 185–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8471-3_18.

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Muhamad Nor, Muhammad Daniel, Mohamad Adha Mohamad Idin, Muhammad Firdaus Othman, and Noorezal Atfyinna Mohd Napiah. "Assessment of Energy Efficiency Level on Unit Kesihatan UiTMPP’s Building." In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Future of ASEAN (ICoFA) 2017 – Volume 2, 195–202. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8471-3_19.

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9

Samad, Amirul Ashraf, Mohamad Adha Mohamad Idin, Muhammad Firdaus Othman, and Noorezal Atfyinna Mohd Napiah. "Assessment of Energy Efficiency Level on UiTMPP’s Baiduri College Building." In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Future of ASEAN (ICoFA) 2017 – Volume 2, 203–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8471-3_20.

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10

Yang, Ming. "Completed Energy Efficiency Projects: A Portfolio-Level Analysis of Funding." In Closing the Gap, 111–33. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4516-5_8.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Energy efficiency level"

1

Zyuban, Victor. "Unified architecture level energy-efficiency metric." In the 12th ACM Great Lakes Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/505306.505313.

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Tao, LONG, and BIE Zhaohong. "Energy Efficiency Optimal Dispatch for Park-Level Energy Internet." In 2019 IEEE 8th International Conference on Advanced Power System Automation and Protection (APAP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apap47170.2019.9225132.

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3

Yang, Chuan-Yue, Jian-Jia Chen, Chia-Mei Hung, and Tei-Wei Kuo. "System-Level Energy-Efficiency for Real-Time Tasks." In 10th IEEE International Symposium on Object and Component-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isorc.2007.55.

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4

Herzog, Benedict, Stefan Reif, Fabian Hügel, Timo Hönig, and Wolfgang Schröder-Preikschat. "Towards Automated System-Level Energy-Efficiency Optimisation using Machine Learning." In e-Energy '21: The Twelfth ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3447555.3466566.

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Najjar, Mohammad, Morten Nymand, and Alireza Kouchaki. "Efficiency Comparisons of Two-level and Three-level GaN/SiC based Converters." In 2021 IEEE 12th Energy Conversion Congress & Exposition - Asia (ECCE-Asia). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce-asia49820.2021.9479380.

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Mazloum, Nafiseh, Dripta Ray, Ratna Pavan Kumar Ponna, and Ove Edfors. "Taking Cellular IoT Energy Efficiency to the Next Level." In 2019 53rd Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf44664.2019.9049016.

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Komarov, Aleksandar, Nikola Jovanović, and Dušica Dragojlović. "Fan Coil Energy Efficiency Improvement and Noise Level Reduction." In 48th International HVAC&R Congress. Union of Mechanical and Electrotechnical Engineers and Technicians of Serbia (SMEITS), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.017.48.1.247.

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Ma, K., R. S. Munoz-Aguilar, P. Rodriguez, and F. Blaabjerg. "Thermal and efficiency analysis of five-level multi-level clamped multilevel converter considering grid codes." In 2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce.2012.6342597.

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Krishnan, S. S., N. Balasubramanian, Eswaran Subrahmanian, V. Arun Kumar, G. Ramakrishna, A. Murali Ramakrishnan, and Ajay Krishnamurthy. "Machine level energy efficiency analysis in discrete manufacturing for a sustainable energy infrastructure." In 2009 Second International Conference on Infrastructure Systems and Services: Developing 21st Century Infrastructure Networks (INFRA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infra.2009.5397871.

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Yang, Tianjun. "Study on Energy Efficiency Level and Energy Conservation Technology of Highway Passengers Stations." In 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Materials. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007531403350341.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Energy efficiency level"

1

Tonn, Bruce Edward. State-Level Benefits of Energy Efficiency. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/972301.

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Tonn, B. E. A Methodology to Measure Synergy Among Energy-Efficiency Programs at the Program Participant Level. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885854.

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3

Brosh, Arieh, Gordon Carstens, Kristen Johnson, Ariel Shabtay, Joshuah Miron, Yoav Aharoni, Luis Tedeschi, and Ilan Halachmi. Enhancing Sustainability of Cattle Production Systems through Discovery of Biomarkers for Feed Efficiency. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592644.bard.

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Feed inputs represent the largest variable cost of producing meat and milk from ruminant animals. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of feed utilization are needed to improve the global competitiveness of Israeli and U.S. cattle industries, and mitigate their environmental impact through reductions in nutrient excretions and greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of innovative technologies that will enhance genetic merit for feed efficiency is arguably one of the most cost-effective strategies to meet future demands for animal-protein foods in an environmentally sustainable manner. While considerable genetic variation in feed efficiency exist within cattle populations, the expense of measuring individual-animal feed intake has precluded implementation of selection programs that target this trait. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a trait that quantifies between-animal variation in feed intake beyond that expected to meet energy requirements for maintenance and production, with efficient animals being those that eat less than expected for a given size and level of production. There remains a critical need to understand the biological drivers for genetic variation in RFI to facilitate development of effective selection programs in the future. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine the biological basis for phenotypic variation in RFI of growing and lactating cattle, and discover metabolic biomarkers of RFI for early and more cost-effective selection of cattle for feed efficiency. Objectives were to: (1) Characterize the phenotypic relationships between RFI and production traits (growth or lactation), (2) Quantify inter-animal variation in residual HP, (3) Determine if divergent RFIphenotypes differ in HP, residual HP, recovered energy and digestibility, and (4) Determine if divergent RFI phenotypes differ in physical activity, feeding behavior traits, serum hormones and metabolites and hepatic mitochondrial traits. The major research findings from this project to date include: In lactating dairy cattle, substantial phenotypic variation in RFI was demonstrated as cows classified as having low RMEI consumed 17% less MEI than high-RMEI cows despite having similar body size and lactation productivity. Further, between-animal variation in RMEI was found to moderately associated with differences in RHP demonstrating that maintenance energy requirements contribute to observed differences in RFI. Quantifying energetic efficiency of dairy cows using RHP revealed that substantial changes occur as week of lactation advances—thus it will be critical to measure RMEI at a standardized stage of lactation. Finally, to determine RMEI in lactating dairy cows, individual DMI and production data should be collected for a minimum of 6 wk. We demonstrated that a favorably association exists between RFI in growing heifers and efficiency of forage utilization in pregnant cows. Therefore, results indicate that female progeny from parents selected for low RFI during postweaning development will also be efficient as mature females, which has positive implications for both dairy and beef cattle industries. Results from the beef cattle studies further extend our knowledge regarding the biological drivers of phenotypic variation in RFI of growing animals, and demonstrate that significant differences in feeding behavioral patterns, digestibility and heart rate exist between animals with divergent RFI. Feeding behavior traits may be an effective biomarker trait for RFI in beef and dairy cattle. There are differences in mitochondrial acceptor control and respiratory control ratios between calves with divergent RFI suggesting that variation in mitochondrial metabolism may be visible at the genome level. Multiple genes associated with mitochondrial energy processes are altered by RFI phenotype and some of these genes are associated with mitochondrial energy expenditure and major cellular pathways involved in regulation of immune responses and energy metabolism.
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Yılmaz, Fatih. Understanding the Dynamics of the Renewable Energy Transition: The Determinants and Future Projections Under Different Scenarios. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp25.

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The global energy system’s current structure has severe environmental consequences that necessitate an urgent transformation toward more sustainable alternatives. Besides many available mitigation actions, such as enhancing energy efficiency, deploying nuclear energy, switching fuels and adopting carbon capture technologies, renewable energy (RE) has been the most widely applied one in many countries, especially for the power sector. The average country-level share of non-hydroelectric renewable energy (NhRE) in power generation rose sixfold over the last two decades, from less than 1% in 2000 to roughly 6% in 2018. Despite its wide application, significant heterogeneity exists in the RE transition across countries.
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She, Ruifeng, and Yanfeng Ouyang. Generalized Link-Cost Function and Network Design for Dedicated Truck-Platoon Lanes to Improve Energy, Pavement Sustainability, and Traffic Efficiency. Illinois Center for Transportation, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-037.

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Recent development of autonomous and connected trucks (ACT) has provided the freight industry with the option of using truck platooning to improve fuel efficiency, traffic throughput, and safety. However, closely spaced and longitudinally aligned trucks impose frequent and concentrated loading on pavements, which often accelerates pavement deterioration and increases the life cycle costs for the highway agency. Also, effectiveness of truck platooning can be maximized only in dedicated lanes; and its benefits and costs need to be properly balanced between stakeholders. This paper proposes a network-design model to optimize (i) placement of dedicated truck-platoon lanes and toll price in a highway network, (ii) pooling and routing of ACT traffic from multiple origins and destinations to utilize these lanes, and (iii) configuration of truck platoons within these lanes (e.g., lateral displacements and vehicle separations). The problem is formulated as an integrated bi-level optimization model. The upper level makes decisions on converting existing highway lanes into dedicated platoon lanes, as well as setting user fees. The lower-level decisions are made by independent shippers regarding the choice of routes and use of platoon lanes vs. regular lanes; and they collectively determine truck traffic in all lanes. Link-cost functions for platoon lanes are obtained by simultaneously optimizing, through dynamic programming, pavement-rehabilitation activities and platoon configuration in the pavement's life cycle. A numerical case study is used to demonstrate the applicability and performance of the proposed model framework over the Illinois freeway system. It is shown that the freight traffic is effectively channelized on a few corridors of platoon lanes and, by setting proper user fees to cover pavement-rehabilitation costs, systemwide improvements for both freight shippers and highway agencies can be achieved.
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Mizrahi, Itzhak, and Bryan A. White. Uncovering rumen microbiome components shaping feed efficiency in dairy cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600020.bard.

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Ruminants provide human society with high quality food from non-human-edible resources, but their emissions negatively impact the environment via greenhouse gas production. The rumen and its resident microorganisms dictate both processes. The overall goal of this project was to determine whether a causal relationship exists between the rumen microbiome and the host animal's physiology, and if so, to isolate and examine the specific determinants that enable this causality. To this end, we divided the project into three specific parts: (1) determining the feed efficiency of 200 milking cows, (2) determining whether the feed- efficiency phenotype can be transferred by transplantation and (3) isolating and examining microbial consortia that can affect the feed-efficiency phenotype by their transplantation into germ-free ruminants. We finally included 1000 dairy cow metadata in our study that revealed a global core microbiome present in the rumen whose composition and abundance predicted many of the cows’ production phenotypes, including methane emission. Certain members of the core microbiome are heritable and have strong associations to cardinal rumen metabolites and fermentation products that govern the efficiency of milk production. These heritable core microbes therefore present primary targets for rumen manipulation towards sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. We then went beyond examining the metagenomic content, and asked whether microbes behave differently with relation to the host efficiency state. We sampled twelve animals with two extreme efficiency phenotypes, high efficiency and low efficiency where the first represents animals that maximize energy utilization from their feed whilst the later represents animals with very low utilization of the energy from their feed. Our analysis revealed differences in two host efficiency states in terms of the microbial expression profiles both with regards to protein identities and quantities. Another aim of the proposal was the cultivation of undescribed rumen microorganisms is one of the most important tasks in rumen microbiology. Our findings from phylogenetic analysis of cultured OTUs on the lower branches of the phylogenetic tree suggest that multifactorial traits govern cultivability. Interestingly, most of the cultured OTUs belonged to the rare rumen biosphere. These cultured OTUs could not be detected in the rumen microbiome, even when we surveyed it across 38 rumen microbiome samples. These findings add another unique dimension to the complexity of the rumen microbiome and suggest that a large number of different organisms can be cultured in a single cultivation effort. In the context of the grant, the establishment of ruminant germ-free facility was possible and preliminary experiments were successful, which open up the way for direct applications of the new concepts discovered here, prior to the larger scale implementation at the agricultural level.
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7

Herrera, Daniel, Franziska Haas, Alexandra Troi, Gustaf Leijonhufvud, Tor Broström, Alexander Rieser, Jørgen Rose, Walter Hüttler, and Susanne Kuchar. Case Studies Assessment Report. IEA SHC Task 59, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task59-2021-0001.

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One of the main targets of SHC Task 59 is to provide a solid knowledge base on deep renovation of historic buildings. The Historic Building Energy Retrofit Atlas (HiBERatlas, www.hiberatlas.com) provides a bestpractice database of exemplary energy efficient interventions in historic buildings. The database presents bestpractice examples of how a historic building can be renovated to achieve high levels of energy efficiency while respecting and protecting its heritage significance.
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Shan, Yina, Praem Mehta, Duminda Perera, and Yurissa Yarela. Cost and Efficiency of Arsenic Removal from Groundwater: A Review. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, February 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/kmwt2129.

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Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are exposed to arsenic-contaminated drinking water, leading to significant health complications, and social and economic losses. Currently, a wide range of technologies exists to remove arsenic from water. However, despite ongoing research on such technologies, their widespread application remains limited. To bridge this gap, this review aims to compare the effectiveness and costs of various arsenic remediation technologies while considering their practical applicability. A search conducted using the Medline and Embase databases yielded 31 relevant articles published from 1996 to 2018, which were categorized into laboratory and field studies. Data on the effectiveness of technologies in removing arsenic and associated costs were extracted and standardized for comparison as much as was possible, given the diversity of ways that studies report their key results. The twenty-three (23) technologies tested in laboratory settings demonstrated efficiencies ranging from 50% to ~100%, with the majority reaching relatively high removal efficiencies (>90%). Approximately half achieved the WHO standard of 10 µg/L. Laboratory studies used groundwater samples from nine (9) different countries – Argentina, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Guatemala, India, Thailand, the United States, and Vietnam. The fourteen (14) technologies tested in the field achieved removal efficiency levels ranging between 60% and ~99%, with ten (10) attaining above 90% removal efficiency. Of these, only five (5) reached established the WHO standard. Some of the technologies under-performed when their influent water contained excessive concentrations of arsenic. Only six (6) countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, India, and Nicaragua) were represented among the studies that implemented and tested technologies in the field, either at household or community level. For technologies tested in the laboratory, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 93, except for one technology which cost USD 299/m³. For studies conducted in the field, the cost of treating one cubic meter of water ranged from near-zero to ~USD 70. Key factors influencing the removal efficiencies and their costs include the arsenic concentration of the influent water, pH of the influent water, materials used, the energy required, absorption capacity, labour used, regeneration period and geographical location. Technologies that demonstrate high removal efficiencies when treating moderately arsenic-contaminated water may not be as efficient when treating highly contaminated water. Also, the lifetime of the removal agents is a significant factor in determining their efficiency. It is suggested that remediation technologies that demonstrate high arsenic removal efficiencies in a laboratory setting need to be further assessed for their suitability for larger-scale application, considering their high production and operational costs. Costs can be reduced by using locally available materials and natural adsorbents, which provide near zero-cost options and can have high arsenic removal efficiencies. A notable feature of many arsenic removal approaches is that some countries with resource constraints or certain environmental circumstances – like typically high arsenic concentrations in groundwater –aim to reach resultant arsenic concentrations that are much higher than WHO’s recommended standard of 10 µg/L. This report maintains that – while this may be a pragmatic approach that helps progressively mitigate the arsenic-related health risks – it is unfortunately not a sustainable solution. Continuing exposure to higher levels of arsenic ingestion remains harmful for humans. Hence arsenic-removal technology should only be seen efficient if it can bring the water to the WHO standard. A less radical approach effectively shifts the attention from the origin of the problem in addressing the impacts and postpones achieving the best possible outcome for populations. The quantitative summary of costs and effectiveness of arsenic remediation technologies reviewed in this report can serve as a preliminary guideline for selecting the most cost-effective option. It may also be used as an initial guideline (minimum standard) for summarising the results of future studies describing arsenic remediation approaches. Looking ahead, this study identifies four priority areas that may assist in commercializing wide-scale implementation of arsenic removal technologies. These include: i) focusing efforts on determining market viability of technologies, ii) overcoming practical limitations of technologies, iii) determining technology contextual appropriateness and iv) concerted effort to increase knowledge sharing in and across regions to accelerate the implementation of research on the ground. Overall, the current science and knowledge on arsenic remediation technologies may be mature enough already to help significantly reduce the global numbers of affected populations. The missing link for today’s arsenic removal challenge is the ability to translate research evidence and laboratory-level successes into quantifiable and sustainable impacts on the ground. Achieving this requires a concerted and sustained effort from policymakers, engineers, healthcare providers, donors, and community leaders.
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Ravillard, Pauline, J. Enrique Chueca, Mariana Weiss, and Michelle Carvalho Metanias Hallack. Implications of the Energy Transition on Employment: Today’s Results, Tomorrow’s Needs. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003765.

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As countries progress in their energy transitions, new investments have the potential to create employment. This is crucial, as countries enter their post-pandemic recovery phase. An opportunity also arises to close the gender gap in the energy sector. However, how much will need to be invested, how many jobs will be created, and for whom, remain empirical questions. Little is also known about the needs of each country and their sectors in terms of future skills and training. The present work sheds light on these questions by carrying out a harmonized firm-level survey on employment in Chile, Uruguay, and Bolivia. Findings are manifold. First, firms in emerging sectors such as energy efficiency, electric mobility, battery, storage, hydrogen, and demand management, create more direct jobs than generation firms, including renewables. Second, these firms also have the potential to create employment that is local, permanent, and direct. Finally, they can contribute to closing the gender gap. However, this employment creation will not come on its own and will not be equal between countries. It will require improving the workforces qualifications and considering each countrys labor market and market structures specificities.
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10

Osterhaus, Werner, and Niko Gentile, eds. Literature review - Energy saving potential of user-centered integrated lighting solutions. IEA SHC Task 61, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task61-2021-0013.

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Measures for the reduction of electric energy loads for lighting have predominantly focussed on increasing the efficiency of lighting systems. This efficiency has now reached levels unthinkable a few decades ago. However, a focus on mere efficiency is physically limiting, and does not necessarily ensure that the anticipated energy savings actually materialize. There are technical and non-technical reasons because of which effective integration of lighting solutions and their controls, and thus a reduction in energy use, does not happen.
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