Готові списки джерел за темами / Endocrine changes

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Endocrine changes"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Endocrine changes"

1

Bayraktar, Miyase, and David H. Van Thiel. "Endocrine Changes in Liver Disease." Endocrinologist 5, no. 6 (November 1995): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019616-199511000-00004.

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2

KLEIN, NANCY A., and MICHAEL R. SOULES. "Endocrine Changes of the Perimenopause." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 41, no. 4 (December 1998): 912–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003081-199812000-00017.

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3

Van den Berghe, G. "Endocrine changes in criticallyill patients." Growth Hormone & IGF Research 9 (April 1999): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1096-6374(99)80015-x.

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4

Davidson, Michael, Leo Bastiaens, Bonnie M. Davis, Mahendra B. Shah, and Kenneth L. Davis. "Endocrine Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease." Neurologic Clinics 6, no. 1 (February 1988): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8619(18)30889-2.

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Davidson, Michael, Leo Bastiaens, Bonnie M. Davis, Mahendra B. Shah, and Kenneth L. Davis. "Endocrine Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease." Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 17, no. 1 (March 1988): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8529(18)30438-9.

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6

Ferlazzo, Adriana, Pietro Medica, Cristina Cravana, and Esterina Fazio. "Endocrine changes after experimental showjumping." Comparative Exercise Physiology 6, no. 02 (May 2009): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755254009990110.

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7

Felicetta, James V., and James R. Sowers. "Endocrine Changes with Critical Illness." Critical Care Clinics 3, no. 4 (October 1987): 855–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0704(18)30523-2.

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8

Nylen, Eric S., and Beat Muller. "Endocrine Changes in Critical Illness." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 19, no. 2 (March 2004): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885066603259551.

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9

Hammar, Mats L., Göran E. Berg, Lasse Larsson, Hans-Göran Tiselius, and Eberhard Varenhorst. "Endocrine Changes and Urinary Citrate Excretion." Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 21, no. 1 (January 1987): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365598709180291.

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10

Khardori, Romesh, and Danielle Castillo. "Endocrine and Metabolic Changes During Sepsis." Medical Clinics of North America 96, no. 6 (November 2012): 1095–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2012.09.005.

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Дисертації з теми "Endocrine changes"

1

Schoeman, Johan P. "Endocrine changes in canine critical illness." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611343.

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2

Krown, Kevin Alan. "Pituitary changes in force-molted hens." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185205.

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The effect of forced molt on pituitary function and other endocrine parameters was investigated in three year old hens subjected to a dietary forced molting procedure. In addition to molting, fasting caused cessation of egg production, body and organ weight loss, alterations in hormone secretion and morphological changes in some endocrine glands. Body and ovary weights decreased but returned to normal with ad libitum feeding. Pituitary, thyroid and adrenal weights were not affected but serum hormone levels measured by RIA revealed a decrease in LH, FSH and PRL and increases in TSH, T₃ and GH all of which returned to higher levels with ad libitum feeding. Serum P₄ levels remained low (and egg-laying stopped) until ad libitum feeding was resumed and then increased and egg-laying returned to a typically productive level. Serum ACTH and T₄ increased with fasting and remained elevated. Gonadotrophs and corticotrophs increased in numbers with fasting and/or food restriction but thyrotrophs, somatotrophs and lactotrophs decreased. Correlations between cell populations and serum hormone levels was quite common. Colloid-filled follicles resembling a hypertrophic thyroid gland occurred throughout the pituitary pars distalis. Granules appear to be discharged into the follicular lumen through exocytotic pores in the apical plasmalemma of follicular cells. Lactotrophs, corticotrophs and somatotrophs are commonly arranged in follicles or clusters. PRL-containing granules are in the center of some follicles and are concentrated near pituitary cysts. Pituitary cysts, lined with ciliated epithelium and sparse mucous cells, are more prevalent in fasted hens and decline with the resumption of feeding. Reduced lactotroph populations and presumptively degenerated lactotrophs in cyst lumens are correlated with reduced serum PRL levels. Necrotic cells occurred in the pituitary parenchyma of fasted birds but dilated RER in the thyrotrophs of fasted hens indicate enhanced activity of these cells. Ultrastructural evidence presented here indicates that pituitary secretion by lactotrophs occurs both intraluminally and perivascularly.
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3

Azadbakht, Narges. "Stromal and epithelial changes in breast cancer following endocrine treatment." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/stromal-and-epithelial-changes-in-breast-cancer-following-endocrine-treatment(c6542eba-83e2-48de-a566-8f5eccd9a7b1).html.

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Anti-oestrogens and aromatase inhibitors are currently used as endocrine therapies in breast cancer. Despite the significant role that these treatments play in reducing breast cancer mortality, some patients may display intrinsic and acquired therapeutic resistance. Different mechanisms are thought to contribute to endocrine resistance in patients treated with anti-oestrogens such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors such as letrozole. The importance of epithelial-stromal interactions in progression of breast tumour and the potential contribution of these interactions in resistance to tamoxifen have been suggested using data from different studies. Stromal compartment has also been shown to exhibit possible prognostic and therapeutic significance in breast cancer. Therefore it is essential to acquire better understanding of the changes in stromal and epithelial cells that occur during successful and unsuccessful endocrine treatment. In this study an important trial in which patients received tamoxifen for short windows was under investigation. Biopsies were taken from these patients before and after treatment. These biopsies were available as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks. Responding and non-responding patients were identified according to the Ki67 scores. Laser Capture Microdissection (LCM) was utilised to microdissect epithelial and stromal cells from the biopsies taken after treatment. The samples obtained following microdissection underwent RNA extraction and were subsequently used for gene expression profiling. Several differentially expressed genes in the epithelial and stromal compartments of tamoxifen responding and non-responding cases were identified. To assess the significance of the differentially expressed genes between the non-responding and responding cases, bioinformatics approaches were employed to incorporate the acquired data into functional enrichment analysis, pathway analysis and network construction. To examine the presence of possible predictive markers for therapeutic response and potential targets for therapy in breast cancer within the differentially expressed genes, data was compared to several published gene sets and publicly available datasets. Several significant genes involved in recognised pathways and networks were identified within the list of differentially expressed genes. The presence of previously proposed possible markers within the differentially expressed genes was also confirmed. These findings can be further explored for the future management of breast cancer.
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4

Bauer, Moises Evandro. "Endocrine-immune interactions in major depression, acute and chronic stress." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266950.

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Balonan, Lino C. "Long-term endocrine and metabolic changes associated with early nutrition in sprague-dawley rats." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19657948.

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Collingsworth, Michael Geoffrey Roy. "Endocrine changes associated with the onset of puberty and seasonal changes in the reproductive status of pony stallions." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327660.

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Koivunen, R. (Riitta). "Endocrine and metabolic changes in women with polycystic ovaries and polycystic ovary syndrome." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2001. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514264266.

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Abstract The prevalence of the isolated ultrasonographic finding of polycystic ovaries (PCO) in the Finnish population and among women with a history of gestational diabetes (GDM) and changes in the present carbohydrate metabolism were investigated in the present study. One aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the recently discovered variant type LH (v-LH) in PCOS and to compare patient cohorts from Finland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. In addition, this study attempted to evaluate the nature of the ovarian streoidogenic response of women with PCOS to exogenously administered human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), human menotrophin (hMG) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). The effect of metformin on ovarian steroidogenesis was also studied. The prevalence of PCO was significantly higher in younger (≤ 35 years, 21.6%) than among older women (in ≥ 36 years, 7.8%). The overall prevalence of PCO in Finnish women was 14.2%. Women with previous GDM revealed a high prevalence of PCO (39.4%). The carrier frequency of the v-LHb allele in the entire study population was 18.5%. The frequency of the v-LH carrier was significantly lower in obese PCOS subjects in the Netherlands (2.0%) and Finland (4.5%). Women with previous GDM had impaired insulin sensitivity and β-cell function. They also had higher adrenal androgen secretion than the control women. Women with PCO and previous GDM had marked hyperinsulinemia which was not explained by obesity. Obese PCOS women achieved peak peripheral serum T concentrations at 48 hours after a hCG injection, preceded by peak levels of 17-OHP and E2 at 24 hours. In contrast, all steroids measured in the control women reached their maximum serum concentrations at 96 hours. HMG stimulated the production of ovarian androgens more efficiently than a urinary FSH after pituitary suppression with a gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa). In conclusion, the prevalence of PCO is common in healthy Finnish women and even more common in women with a history of GDM. The ultrasonographic appearance of PCO may be a predictive factor with regards abnormal glucose tolerance during and after pregnancy and, these women should therefore be advised as to possible consequences. The high overall frequency of the v-LH allele in women in general and its low frequency in obese PCOS patients suggests that v-LH plays a role in reproductive functions and may counteract the pathogenesis of PCOS in obese individuals. The differences observed in steroid responses to hCG between normal and PCOS women might be explained by higher theca cell activity or mass in polycystic ovaries. Women with PCOS did not show a distinctly exaggerated steroidogenic response to hMG or FSH administration compared with control women. FSH administration also resulted in increased A and T production.
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8

Bowen, Kelly. "Influence of hour of weaning on endocrine changes and rebreeding performance of sows." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0011/MQ53091.pdf.

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9

Chen, Gunilla. "Changes in adipose tissue mRNA expression due to perinatal exposure to bisphenol A in rats." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-235115.

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Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogen receptor binding chemical, widely used in the plastics industry, and as such commonly encountered from plastic containers etc. Even at very low doses, BPA is believed to induce obesity and to have various endocrine disruptive effects. The purpose of this study was to determine possible gene expression changes in gonadal and inguinal adipose tissue from rats perinatally exposed to BPA. The method used was quantitative real-time PCR, and genes found to be up-regulated were PLZF, adiponectin, RXRa and Tcf21, while down-regulated genes were PPARγ, Tmem26, EsR1, Resistin, LPL, Chemerin, Serpina6, TFAM and Ahr. This is so far largely unsupported by other studies, and more research is needed.
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Prasad, Saurabh. "Gene Expression Changes in Prostate Cells upon Exposure to Environmental Anti-androgenic Pesticide Vinclozolin." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23355.

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Vinclozolin (VCZ), an antiandrogenic fungicide, is an endocrine disrupting chemical that is known to possess high affinity for the androgen receptor (AR) and modulate expression of critical androgen-dependant genes in the prostate. In this study, viability and expression of AR, NKX3.1 and CYP3A4 genes were measured in androgen-sensitive prostate cells LNCaP after exposure to VCZ and VCZ treated with S9 microsomes in a time and dose dependent manner. NKX3.1 is an androgen regulated gene that plays a vital role in prostate development. CYP3A4 is involved in xenobiotic metabolism. VCZ decreased the viability at high doses after 48 hours which was slightly mitigated by treatment with S9 metabolites. Expression of NKX3.1 and CYP3A4 was upregulated while an initial downregulation of AR was observed. NKX3.1 upregulation corroborates with possibility of antiandrogens to act as androgens in LNCaP. The results illustrate that VCZ can interfere with the expression of critical prostate genes.
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Книги з теми "Endocrine changes"

1

Deborah, Cooper, and Burani Johanna C, eds. The body-shaping diet: A leading woman's health specialist reveals the hormonal secrets that can change your shape forever. New York: Warner Books, 1995.

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2

Kim, Yŏng-ju. Naebunbigye changae mulchil hamyu kanŭng chepʻum ŭi sayong chŏkchŏnghwa mit oyŏmdo pyŏnhwa chʻui chosa =: Use rationalization of the product which is endocrine disruptor inclusion possibility and pollution level change investigation research. [Seoul]: Sikpʻum Ŭiyakpʻum Anjŏnchʻŏng, 2007.

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3

Menstrual Cycle: Signs and Symptoms, Psychological/Behavioral Changes and Abnormalities. Nova Science Pub Inc, 2013.

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4

Sota, Rodolfo De la. Endocrine and Molecular Changes Associated With Ovarian Follicular Dominance in Cattle. Dissertation Discovery Company, 2019.

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5

Sota, Rodolfo Luzbel De la. Endocrine and molecular changes associated with ovarian follicular dominance in cattle. 1995.

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6

Sota, Rodolfo de la. Endocrine and Molecular Changes Associated with Ovarian Follicular Dominance in Cattle. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2019.

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7

Steiger, Axel. Sleep in endocrine disorders. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0044.

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Related to bidirectional interaction between electrophysiological and endocrine activity during sleep, which are assessed by sleep electroencephalography (EEG) and hormone profiles, respectively, sleep changes occur frequently in endocrine disorders. In most of these disorders, sleep is impaired. Only in patients with prolactinoma is slow-wave sleep elevated. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge on sleep in disorders of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) and hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic (HPS) systems, in hypo- and hyperthyroidism, in diabetes mellitus, in prolactinoma, in disorders related to gonadal hormones, and with regard to disturbed endocrine rhythms related to environmental influences.
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8

K, Schärer, ed. Growth and endocrine changes in children and adolescents with chronic renal failure. Basel: Karger, 1989.

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9

Jay, Schulkin, ed. Hormonally induced changes in mind and brain. San Diego: Academic Press, 1993.

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10

Propper, Catherine R. Courtship-induced changes in female sexual receptivity: A neuroendocrine study in an amphibian. 1988.

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Частини книг з теми "Endocrine changes"

1

Rebar, R., and J. J. Sciarra. "Exercise and Endocrine Changes." In Gynecology and Obstetrics, 858–61. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70559-5_290.

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2

Kautzky-Willer, Alexandra, and Dagmar Bancher-Todesca. "Endocrine Changes in Diabetic Pregnancy." In Frontiers in Diabetes, 2005, 18–33. Basel: KARGER, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000087397.

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3

Abbatecola, Angela M., and John E. Morley. "Endocrine and Metabolic Changes with Aging." In Endocrine and Metabolic Medical Emergencies, 182–93. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119374800.ch11.

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4

Kokot, Franciszek, and Andrzej Więcek. "Endocrine Changes in Chronic Dialysis Patients." In Replacement of Renal Function by Dialysis, 953–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1087-4_45.

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5

Aoki, A., C. A. Maldonado, and W. G. Forssmann. "Seasonal changes of the endocrine heart." In Functional Morphology of the Endocrine Heart, 61–68. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72432-9_5.

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6

Azhar, Salman, Philip Y. Popplewell, and Eve Reaven. "Cholesterol and Age-Related Changes in Adrenal Steroidogenesis." In Endocrine Function and Aging, 200–217. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3240-7_16.

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7

Prior, Jerilynn C. "The Ageing Female Reproductive Axis II: Ovulatory Changes with Perimenopause." In Endocrine Facets of Ageing, 172–92. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470846542.ch11.

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8

Vuong, Phat N., and Colin Berry. "Vascular changes in metabolic and endocrine disorders." In The Pathology of Vessels, 393–415. Paris: Springer Paris, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0786-7_15.

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9

Preziosi, P., M. Vacca, E. Ragazzoni, M. D’Amato, and P. Navarra. "Endocrine Changes and 5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor Subtypes." In Serotonin, 551–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1912-9_72.

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10

Becker, V. "Exocrine and Endocrine Morphologic Changes in Chronic Pancreatitis." In Chronic Pancreatitis, 65–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75319-0_8.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Endocrine changes"

1

Laketic, Dragana, Gunnar Tufte, and Pauline Catriona Haddow. "Stochastic Adaptation to Environmental Changes Supported by Endocrine System Principles." In 2009 NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems (AHS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ahs.2009.23.

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2

Yaglov, Valentin Vasilyevich, Nataliya Valentinovna Yaglova, Dibakhan Aslanbekovna Tsomartova, and Ekaterina Petrovna Timokhina. "CHANGES IN FINE STRUCTURE OF ADRENAL CHROMAFFIN CELLS AFTER DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO ENDOCRINE DISRUPTER DDT." In International conference New technologies in medicine, biology, pharmacology and ecology (NT +M&Ec ' 2020). Institute of information technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-0-7.12.

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3

Yuriev, Y. Y., and E. V. Tipisova. "Computer simulation of age changes endocrine status in men of European North." In the International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1868013.1868020.

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4

Polak, Jan, Larissa A. Shimoda, Mariam Louis, and Naresh M. Punjabi. "Endocrine And Inflammatory Changes Induced By Intermittent Hypoxia In Awake Healthy Volunteers." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a2478.

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5

Hovhannisyan, N. M., A. G. Karapetyan, and V. S. Grigoryan. "EVALUATION OF ENDOCRINE CHANGES IN LIQUIDATORS: THE EARLY AND LATE POST-ACCIDENT PERIOD." In RAD Conference. RAD Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21175/radproc.2016.03.

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Cruz-Castañeda, J., E. Aguilar-Ovando, Thomas Buhse, S. Ramos-Bernal, C. Cocho, and Alicia Negron-Mendoza. "EVALUATION OF ENDOCRINE CHANGES IN LIQUIDATORS: THE EARLY AND LATE POST-ACCIDENT PERIOD." In RAD Conference. RAD Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21175/radproc.2016.04.

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Woo, Norman Y. S., and Angel K. Y. Man. "Notice of Retraction: Changes in Endocrine Status in Silver Sea Bream (Sparus sarba) Following Cadmium Exposure." In 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2011.5781447.

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Wadhawan, A., P. Barrett-Lee, C. Smith, R. Nicholson, and S. Hiscox. "Src-Dependent Changes in Beta-Catenin Activity Promote a Migratory Phenotype in Endocrine-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells." In Abstracts: Thirty-Second Annual CTRC‐AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium‐‐ Dec 10‐13, 2009; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-09-5143.

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Engmann, Natalie J., Celine M. Vachon, Christopher G. Scott, Matthew R. Jensen, Lin Ma, Kathleen R. Brandt, Amir P. Mahmoudzadeh, et al. "Abstract 3424: Longitudinal changes in volumetric breast density with adjuvant endocrine therapy among women with breast cancer." In Proceedings: AACR 107th Annual Meeting 2016; April 16-20, 2016; New Orleans, LA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-3424.

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10

Petrović, Miloš, Radojica Đoković, Milun D. Petrović, Branislava Belić, Jože Starič, Miodrag Radinović, Boban Jašović, Miroslav Lalović, and Marko Cincović. "METABOLIČKI STRES KOD MLEČNIH KRAVA U RANOJ LAKTACIJI – OPŠTE KARAKTERISTIKE." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.243p.

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Milk production in dairy cows has increased significantly in the last few decades and continues to increase. The beginning of lactation requires extremely great effort from cows to overcome metabolic stress, so the frequency of cows' illness is the most intense in this period. Significant variations in the adaptive responses to lack of energy and nutrients in this period occur in the body of cows, with numerous endocrine, hematological, immunological and other changes. Therefore, cows should be provided with adequate nutrients for a balanced meal, both in the period of drought and in all phases of lactation.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Endocrine changes"

1

Belkin, Shimshon, Sylvia Daunert, and Mona Wells. Whole-Cell Biosensor Panel for Agricultural Endocrine Disruptors. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696542.bard.

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Objectives: The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Background: Chemical agents, such as pesticides applied at inappropriate levels, may compromise water quality or contaminate soils and hence threaten human populations. In recent years, two classes of compounds have been increasingly implicated as emerging risks in agriculturally-related pollution: endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals. The latter group may reach the environment by the use of wastewater effluents, whereas many pesticides have been implicated as EDCs. Both groups pose a threat in proportion to their bioavailability, since that which is biounavailable or can be rendered so is a priori not a threat; bioavailability, in turn, is mediated by complex matrices such as soils. Genetically engineered biosensor bacteria hold great promise for sensing bioavailability because the sensor is a live soil- and water-compatible organism with biological response dynamics, and because its response can be genetically “tailored” to report on general toxicity, on bioavailability, and on the presence of specific classes of toxicants. In the present project we have developed a bacterial-based sensor panel incorporating multiple strains of genetically engineered biosensors for the purpose of detecting different types of biological effects. The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Major achievements: (a) construction of innovative bacterial sensor strains for accurate and sensitive detection of agriculturally-relevant pollutants, with a focus on endocrine disrupting compounds (UK and HUJ) and antibiotics (HUJ); (b) optimization of methods for long-term preservation of the reporter bacteria, either by direct deposition on solid surfaces (HUJ) or by the construction of spore-forming Bacillus-based sensors (UK); (c) partial development of a computerized algorithm for the analysis of sensor panel responses. Implications: The sensor panel developed in the course of the project was shown to be applicable for the detection of a broad range of antibiotics and EDCs. Following a suitable development phase, the panel will be ready for testing in an agricultural environment, as an innovative tool for assessing the environmental impacts of EDCs and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, while the current study relates directly to issues of water quality and soil health, its implications are much broader, with potential uses is risk-based assessment related to the clinical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries as well as to homeland security.
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2

Meidan, Rina, and Joy Pate. Roles of Endothelin 1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-A in Determining Responsiveness of the Bovine Corpus Luteum to Prostaglandin F2a. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695854.bard.

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The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland that has a vital role in the regulation of the estrous cycle, fertility and the maintenance of pregnancy. In the absence of appropriate support, such as occurs during maternal recognition of pregnancy, the CL will regress. Prostaglandin F2a (PGF) was first suggested as the physiological luteolysin in ruminants several decades ago. Yet, the cellular mechanisms by which PGF causes luteal regression remain poorly defined. In recent years it became evident that the process of luteal regression requires a close cooperation between steroidogenic, endothelial and immune cells, all resident cells of this gland. Changes in the population of these cells within the CL closely consort with the functional changes occurring during various stages of CL life span. The proposal aimed to gain a better understanding of the intra-ovarian regulation of luteolysis and focuses especially on the possible reasons causing the early CL (before day 5) to be refractory to the luteolytic actions of PGF. The specific aims of this proposal were to: determine if the refractoriness of the early CL to PGF is due to its inability to synthesize or respond to endothelin–1 (ET-1), determine the cellular localization of ET, PGF and tumor necrosis factor a (TNF a) receptors in early and mid luteal phases, determine the functional relationships among ET-1 and cytokines, and characterize the effects of PGF and ET-1 on prostaglandin production by luteal cell types. We found that in contrast to the mature CL, administration of PGF2a before day 5 of the bovine cycle failed to elevate ET-1, ETA receptors or to induce luteolysis. In fact, PGF₂ₐ prevented the upregulation of the ET-1 gene by ET-1 or TNFa in cultured luteal cells from day 4 CL. In addition, we reported that ECE-1 expression was elevated during the transitionof the CL from early to mid luteal phase and was accompanied by a significant rise in ET-1 peptide. This coincides with the time point at which the CL gains its responsiveness to PGF2a, suggesting that ability to synthesize ET-1 may be a prerequisite for luteolysis. We have shown that while ET-1 mRNA was exclusively localized to endothelial cells both in young and mature CL, ECE-1 was present in the endothelial cells and steroidogenic cells alike. We also found that the gene for TNF receptor I is only moderately affected by the cytokines tested, but that the gene for TNF receptor II is upregulated by ET-1 and PGF₂ₐ. However, these cytokines both increase expression of MCP-1, although TNFa is even more effective in this regard. In addition, we found that proteins involved in the transport and metabolism of PGF (PGT, PGDH, COX-2) change as the estrous cycle progresses, and could contribute to the refractoriness of young CL. The data obtained in this work illustrate ET-1 synthesis throughout the bovine cycle and provide a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating luteal regression and unravel reasons causing the CL to be refractory to PGF2a.
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3

Dahl, Geoffrey E., Sameer Mabjeesh, Thomas B. McFadden, and Avi Shamay. Environmental manipulation during the dry period of ruminants: strategies to enhance subsequent lactation. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586544.bard.

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The project resulted from earlier observations that environmental factors, especially photoperiod and temperature, had profound effects on milk yield in dairy cattle during lactation. More recently we had determined that photoperiod manipulation during the dry period altered milk yield in the next lactation, and this was associated with shifts in circulating concentrations of prolactin; specifically exposure to short days during the dry period decreases prolactin but increases milk yield. Because prolactin is also affected by temperature, with heat stress causing an increase in prolactin similar to that of long day exposure, we focused our efforts on determining prolactin signaling provides a common pathway for generation of environmental effects on mammary growth, development and subsequent function during the dry period of dairy ruminants. Over the project period we made significant progress toward testing our hypotheses that (I): In cows, there is a discrete duration of time during the dry period in which exposure to short days will result in optimal enhancement of mammary development and milk yield in the following lactation, and that this effect is mediated through demonstrable changes in mammary gland development, prolactin signaling, and mammary gene expression; and (II): Modulation of photoperiod and temperature during the dry period will affect milk yield in goats in the subsequent lactation via shifts in nutrient and endocrine partitioning, and mammary gene expression, during the dry period and into lactation. Cows exposed to short days for only the final 21 days of the dry period did not produce more milk that those on long day or natural photoperiod when dry. However, cows on short days for the entire 60 days dry did produce more milk than the other 3 groups. This indicates that there is a duration effect of short day exposure on subsequent milk yield. Results of the second study in cows indicate that mammary growth increases differentially during the dry period under long vs. short days, and that short days drive more extensive growth which is associated with altered prolactin signaling via decreases in an suppressors of cytokine signaling that represent an inhibitory pathway to mammary growth. Evidence from the studies in Israel confirms that goats respond to short days during the dry period in a similar manner to cows. In addition, heat stress effects on during the dry period can be limited by exposure to short days. Here again, shifts in prolactin signaling, along with changes in IGF-I secretion, are associated with the observed changes in mammary function in goats. These results have a number of biological and practical implications. For dairy producers, it is clear that we can recommend that cows and goats should be on reduced light exposure during the dry period, and further, cows and goats should be cooled to avoid heat stress during that time. Environmental influences on mammary growth are apparent during the dry period, and those effects have persistent impact in the subsequent lactation. Prolactin signaling is a consistent mechanism whereby extended light exposure and heat stress may depress mammary growth and development during the dry period. Thus, the prolactin signaling system offers an opportunity for further manipulation to improve production efficiency in dairy ruminants.
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4

Elizur, Abigail, Amir Sagi, Gideon Hulata, Clive Jones, and Wayne Knibb. Improving Crustacean Aquaculture Production Efficiencies through Development of Monosex Populations Using Endocrine and Molecular Manipulations. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613890.bard.

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Background Most of Australian prawn aquaculture production is based on P. monodon. However, the Australian industry is under intense competition from lower priced overseas imports. The availability of all-female monosex populations, by virtue of their large size and associated premium prize, will offer competitive advantage to the industry which desperately needs to counteract competitors within this market. As for the redclaw production in Israel, although it is at its infancy, the growers realized that the production of males is extremely advantageous and that such management strategy will change the economic assumptions and performances of this aquaculture to attract many more growers. Original objectives (as in original proposal) Investigating the sex inheritance mechanism in the tiger prawn. Identification of genes expressed uniquely in the androgenic gland (AG) of prawns and crayfish. The above genes and/or their products will be used to localize the AG in the prawn and manipulate the AG activity in both species. Production of monosex populations through AG manipulation. In the prawn, production of all-female populations and in the crayfish, all-male populations. Achievements In the crayfish, the AG cDNA library was further screened and a third AG specific transcript, designated Cq-AG3, had been identified. Simultaneously the two AG specific genes, which were previously identified, were further characterized. Tissue specificity of one of those genes, termed Cq-AG2, was demonstrated by northern blot hybridization and RNA in-situ hybridization. Bioinformatics prediction, which suggested a 42 amino acid long signal anchor at the N-terminus of the deduced Cq-AG2, was confirmed by immunolocalization of a recombinant protein. Cq-IAG's functionality was demonstrated by dsRNA in-vivo injections to intersex crayfish. Cq-IAGsilencing induced dramatic sex-related alterations, including male feature feminization, reduced sperm production, extensive testicular apoptosis, induction of the vitellogeningene expression and accumulation of yolk proteins in the ovaries. In the prawn, the AG was identified and a cDNA library was created. The putative P. monodonAG hormone encoding gene (Pm-IAG) was identified, isolated and characterized for time of expression and histological localization. Implantation of the AG into prawn post larvae (PL) and juveniles resulted in phenotypic transformation which included the appearance of appendix masculina and enlarged petasma. The transformation however did not result in sex change or the creation of neo males thus the population genetics stage to be executed with Prof. Hulata did not materialized. Repeated AG implantation is currently being trialed. Major conclusions and Implications, both scientific and agricultural Cq-IAG's involvement in male sexual differentiation had been demonstrated and it is strongly suggested that this gene encodes an AG hormone in this crayfish. A thorough screening of the AG cDNA library shows Cq-IAG is the prominent transcript within the library. However, the identification of two additional transcripts hints that Cq-IAG is not the only gene mediating the AG effects. The successful gene silencing of Cq-IAG, if performed at earlier developmental stages, might accomplish full and functional sex reversal which will enable the production of all-male crayfish populations. Pm-IAG is likely to play a similar role in prawns. It is possible that repeated administration of the AG into prawn will lead to the desired full sex reversal, so that WZ neo males, crossed with WZ females can result in WW females, which will form the basis for monosex all-female population.
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5

Yaron, Zvi, Abigail Elizur, Martin Schreibman, and Yonathan Zohar. Advancing Puberty in the Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and the Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis). United States Department of Agriculture, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695841.bard.

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Both the genes and cDNA sequences encoding the b-subunits of black carp LH and FSH were isolated, cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis of the bcFSHb and LHb5'flanking regions revealed that the promoter region of both genes contains canonical TATA sequences, 30 bp and 17 bp upstream of the transcription start site of FSHb and LHb genes, respectively. In addition, they include several sequences of cis-acting motifs, required for inducible and tissue-specific transcriptional regulation: the gonadotropin-specific element (GSE), GnRH responsive element (GRE), half sites of estrogen and androgen response elements, cAMP response element, and AP1. Several methods have been employed by the Israeli team to purify the recombinant b subunits (EtOH precipitation, gel filtration and lentil lectin). While the final objective to produce pure recombinantGtH subunits has not yet been achieved, we have covered much ground towards this goal. The black carp ovary showed a gradual increase in both mass and oocyte diameter. First postvitellogenic oocytes were found in 5 yr old fish. At this age, the testes already contained spermatozoa. The circulating LH levels increased from 0.5 ng/ml in 4 yr old fish to >5ng/ml in 5 yr old fish. In vivo challenge experiments in black carp showed the initial LH response of the pituitary to GnRH in 4 yr old fish. The response was further augmented in 5 yr old fish. The increase in estradiol level in response to gonadotropic stimulation was first noted in 4 yr old fish but this response was much stronger in the following year. In vivo experiments on the FSHb and LHb mRNA levels in response to GnRH were carried out on common carp as a model for synchronom spawning cyprinids. These experiments showed the prevalence of FSHP in maturing fish while LHP mRNA was prevalent in mature fish, especially in females. The gonadal fat-pad was found to originate from the retroperitoneal mesoderm and not from the genital ridge, thus differing from that reported in certain amphibians This tissue possibly serves as the major source of sex steroids in the immature black carp. However, such a function is taken over by the developing gonads in 4 yr old fish. In the striped bass, we described the ontogeny of the neuro-endocrine parameters along the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis during the first four years of life, throughout gonadal development and the onset of puberty. We also described the responsiveness of the reproductive axis to long-term hormonal manipulations at various stages of gonadal development. Most males reached complete sexual maturity during the first year of life. Puberty was initiated during the third year of life in most females, but this first reproductive cycle did not lead to the acquisition of full sexual maturity. This finding indicates that more than one reproductive cycle may be required before adulthood is reached. Out of the three native GnRHs present in striped bass, only sbGnRH and cGnRH II increased concomitantly with the progress of gonadal development and the onset of puberty. This finding, together with data on GtH synthesis and release, suggests that while sbGnRH and cGnRH II may be involved in the regulation of puberty in striped bass, these neuropeptides are not limiting factors to the onset of puberty. Plasma LH levels remained low in all fish, suggesting that LH plays only a minor role in early gonadal development. This hypothesis was further supported by the finding that experimentally elevated plasma LH levels did not result in the induction of complete ovarian and testicular development. The acquisition of complete puberty in 4 yr old females was associated with a rise in the mRNA levels of all GtH subunit genes, including a 218-fold increase in the mRNA levels of bFSH. mRNA levels of the a and PLH subunits increased only 11- and 8-fold, respectively. Although data on plasma FSH levels are unavailable, the dramatic increase in bFSH mRNA suggests a pivotal role for this hormone in regulating the onset and completion of puberty in striped bass. The hormonal regulation of the onset of puberty and of GtH synthesis and release was studied by chronic administration of testosterone (T) and/or an analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (G). Sustained administration of T+G increased the mRNA levels of the PLH subunit to the values characteristic of sexually mature fish, and also increased the plasma levels of LH. However, these changes did not result in the acceleration of sexual maturation. The mRNA levels of the bFSH subunit were slightly stimulated, but remained about 1/10 of the values characteristic of sexually mature fish. It is concluded that the stimulation of FSH gene expression and release does not lead to the acceleration of sexual maturity, and that the failure to sufficiently stimulate the bFSH subunit gene expression may underlie the inability of the treatments to advance sexual maturity. Consequently, FSH is suggested to be the key hormone to the initiation and completion of puberty in striped bass. Future efforts to induce precocious puberty in striped bass should focus on understanding the regulation of FSH synthesis and release and on developing technologies to induce these processes. Definite formulation of hormonal manipulation to advance puberty in the striped bass and the black carp seems to be premature at this stage. However, the project has already yielded a great number of experimental tools of DNA technology, slow-release systems and endocrine information on the process of puberty. These systems and certain protocols have been already utilized successfully to advance maturation in other fish (e.g. grey mullet) and will form a base for further study on fish puberty.
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6

Fields, Michael J., Mordechai Shemesh, and Anna-Riitta Fuchs. Significance of Oxytocin and Oxytocin Receptors in Bovine Pregnancy. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568790.bard.

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Oxytocin has multiple actions in bovine reproductive tract and it was our purpose to determine the nature of these actions and their significance for the physiology of bovine reproduction. The bovine oxytocin receptors (OTR) gene was cloned and its expression studied during the cycle and pregnancy. OTR mRNA changed in parallel with OTR with control occurring mainly at the transcriptional level. However, the endocrine regulation of OTR were found in endometrium and cervical mucosa at estrus and at parturition. In both tissues OTR were suppressed in the luteal phase and early pregnancy. Whereas cervical OTR remained suppressed throughout pregnancy, endometrial OTR began to increase soon after implantation and reached higher concentrations in midpregnancy than at estrus. OTR in caruncles did not increase until third trimester, and OTR in cervical mucosa, cotyledons and fetal membranes increased only at term. Myometrial OTR showed less variation and OTR were present throughout the cycle and pregnancy but increased significantly during mid- and late pregnancy. OTR were localized in endometrial epithelial cells and lumina epithelial cells of cervical mucosa as determined by immunohistochemistry. Endometrial OTR were functional throughout pregnancy and mediated PGF release from day 50 onwards in a receptor density related manner. OTR in cervical mucosa mediated PGE release both in vivo and in vitro, as shown in cyclic cows. The ontogeny of uterine OTR was studied from third trimester fetal stage until puberty. OTR were present in endometrium and cervical mucosa in high concentrations throughout this period; myometrial OTR began to increase somewhat later but also reached adult values by 6-mo of age. In the prepuberal heifers OT injections failed to initiate PGF2a, release. The influence of steroids on the effect of OT was examined. Ovariectomy and E2 were without effect, but P4 with or without E2 induced a massive PGF2a release in response to OT in spite of reduced OTR. Bovine cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) were cloned and their expression studied in the endometrium of prepuberal heifers and pregnant cows. Untreated and E2 treated prepuberal heifers did not express COX-2 but P4 treated heifers did express the mRNA for COX-2, albeit weakly. During the second half of pregnancy COX-2 mRNA was strongly expressed in cotyledons and somewhat less in caruncles, whereas endometrium, myometrium and cervical mucosa showed only weak, if any, COX-2 mRNA under basal conditions. However, 2 h after OT injection significant increases in COX-2 mRNA were found in endometrial RNA. Thus OT is capable of inducing the expression of the inducible COX-2 gene, and hence the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids. The results indicate that the functions of OT are numerous and probably essential for successful pregnancy and parturition.
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