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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Employment context"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Employment context"

Shevchenko, Irina O. "EMPLOYMENT IN SCIENCE: GENDER CONTEXT." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 1 (2021): 218–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2021-1-218-230.

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The article considers the position of men and women researchers in the labor market in the precarization context. It is revealed that from the viewpoint of formal signs of the work precarity, researchers are in a safe situation. Most of them work under an indefinite contract, having a set of social guarantees secured by the Labor Code, and rarely change jobs. But the social well-being of scientists indicates that the formal description of the situation is at odds with reality. Gender context of science is the following: there are fewer women than men among researchers; there are more men among those holding the academic degrees of doctors, so men occupy positions more preferable in terms of status than women; the average salary of male scientists is higher than the female; men have more opportunities to influence decision-making in their organization. Gender asymmetry in the scientific field persists in Russia.

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Hevenstone, Debra. "National Context and Atypical Employment." International Sociology 25, no. 3 (April 29, 2010): 315–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580909360296.

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Rose, Emily. "David Cabrelli, Employment Law in Context." Edinburgh Law Review 20, no. 1 (January 2016): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/elr.2016.0329.

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Dotti Sani, Giulia M., and Stefani Scherer. "Maternal Employment: Enabling Factors in Context." Work, Employment and Society 32, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017016677944.

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Maternal employment is still below the overall EU recommended level of 60% in many European countries. Understanding the individual, household and contextual circumstances under which mothers of children of different ages are likely to be employed is crucial to develop strategies capable of increasing maternal employment. This article takes a comparative approach to investigating the characteristics associated with maternal employment in the presence of children aged 0–2, 3–5, 6–9 and 10–12 years. We model the probability of being employed full-time, part-time or being a homemaker using EU-SILC data (2004 to 2007) from Germany, Italy, Norway and the United Kingdom – four countries belonging to different gender and welfare regimes. The results indicate that individual and household characteristics are more relevant in determining mothers’ employment in countries where the state is less supportive towards maternal employment: Italy and to a lesser extent Germany and the UK – for the period observed.

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Sprack, John. "David Cabrelli,Employment Law in Context." Law Teacher 50, no. 2 (December 11, 2015): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03069400.2015.1093829.

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Simpson, Bob. "The Employment Act 1990 in Context." Modern Law Review 54, no. 3 (May 1991): 418–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.1991.tb00894.x.

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Song, Lawrence J., and Jonathan M. Turner. "Employment Leasing Arrangements in the Context of Labor and Employment Laws." Psychologist-Manager Journal 8, no. 2 (2005): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15503461tpmj0802_9.

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Osborne, Robert D. "Fair employment and employment equity: Policy learning in a comparative context." Public Money & Management 12, no. 4 (October 1992): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540969209387730.

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Gingrich, Jane, and Ben Ansell. "Preferences in Context." Comparative Political Studies 45, no. 12 (October 29, 2012): 1624–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414012463904.

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Political economists have increasingly looked to understand social welfare policy as a product of individual-level demand for social spending. This work hypothesizes that individuals with riskier jobs demand more social spending and that large welfare states emerge where there are more of such individuals. In this article we build on the “policy feedback” literature to argue that existing welfare institutions condition how individual-level factors affect social policy preferences. Specifically, we argue that institutions directly altering the risk of unemployment (employment protection legislation) and those that delink benefits from the labor market create a more uniform system of social risk that reduces the importance of individual-level risk in shaping policy preferences. We test these propositions using multilevel analysis of 19 advanced industrial countries in 2006. We find that individual risk matters for social policy preferences only where employment protection is low and welfare benefits are dependent on employment.

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Akhmetyanov, D. V. "Discrimination in atypical employment in the context of fixed-term employment contracts." Voprosy trudovogo prava (Labor law issues), no. 10 (October 30, 2021): 770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pol-2-2110-06.

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This article provides an analysis of the jurisprudence concerning the discriminatory nature of a fixed-term employment contract with a particular employee, while other employees in a similar position are subject to indefinite employment contracts.

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Дисертації з теми "Employment context"

Luckman, Peter Craig. "Restraint of trade in the employment context." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/842.

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Clauses in restraint of trade agreements concluded between an employer and an employee often present difficult legal issues to deal with. This complexity is due to the fact that a court, in deciding whether to enforce a restraint provision, has to strike a balance between two equal but competing policy considerations, namely, the sanctity of the contract and the freedom of movement of people in a market economy. In striving to balance the sanctity of contract with the right of freedom to trade, it is necessary to decide which of these two policy considerations should take precedence by having regard to the public interest served by them in the particular circumstances. In the watershed case of Magna Alloys and Research(SA)(Pty) Ltd v Ellis, the Appellate Division decided the sanctity of contract had greater precedent in South African law and that undertakings in restraint of trade were prima facie valid and enforceable, unless the party seeking to avoid its obligations could show that the restraint of trade was contrary to public interest. The second consideration, namely that a person should be free to engage in useful economic activity and to contribute to the welfare of society, tempers the sanctity of contract considerations. Accordingly, the courts have struck down any unreasonable restriction on the freedom to trade where it was regarded as contrary to public interest. In considering the reasonableness and therefore the acceptability of restraint of trade provisions from a public policy perspective, the following five questions need consideration: Is there a legitimate interest of the employer that deserves protection at the termination of the employment agreement? If so, is that legitimate interest being prejudiced by the employee? If the legitimate interest is being prejudiced, does the interest of the employer weigh up, both qualitatively and quantitatively against the interest of the employee not to be economically inactive and unproductive? Is there another facet of public policy having nothing to do with the relationship between the parties but requires that the restraint should either be enforced or rejected? Is the ambit of the restraint of trade in respect of nature, area and duration justifiably necessary to protect the interests of the employer? In enforcing a restraint, the court will consider all the facts of the matter as at the time that the party is seeking to enforce the restraint. If a court finds that the right of the party to be economically active and productive surpasses the interest of the party attempting to enforce the restraint, the court will hold that such restraint is unreasonable and unenforceable. Consideration of the enforceability of restraints is often found to be challenging in view of the answers to the above stated five questions often remaining of a factual nature and subjective, i.e. the view and perceptions of the presiding officer play an important role. A further complexity is the limited early effect which the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa had on dispute resolution pertaining to restraints of trade in the employment context and the prospects of imminent changes to the pre-Constitutional era locus classicus of Magna Alloys and Research (SA)(Pty) Ltd v Ellis.

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Simon, Frances H. "Prison work in the context of social exclusion." Thesis, Brunel University, 1999. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6511.

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Social exclusion is a multi-dimensional concept, but for most people an important component of social inclusion is work, meaning paid employment. The harshest form of social exclusion is imprisonment. Yet prisoners are required to work, which raises the question of the relationship between prison work and social exclusion or inclusion. Historically the purposes of prison work have been shifting and various, and in recent decades have been the subject of confusion and ambivalence. Empirical research on prison work in the 1990s suggests that underlying the confusion is the tension between opposing pressures: for social inclusion and social exclusion. In some respects prison work resembles normal work, and some prisoners receive training leading to qualifications which should help them get employment on release. Yet in other respects the prison's requirements to keep the workers captive and to maintain the system prevent inmates' work and training from being a socially inclusive experience. Other matters, like the funding of prisoners' training, reinforce a sense that prisons are separate from the rest of society. Efforts by the Prison Service since the Woolf Report to make prison regimes aid inmates' rehabilitation, i.e. their eventual social inclusion, have been hamstrung by the reappearance of three constraints which dogged progress in former years: an increasing prison population, preoccupation with security, and lack of money. These have arisen from public and political pressure for the social exclusion of offenders. Since 1997 the Labour government has initiated wide policies to promote a more inclusive society, has shown interest in restorative justice, and has given prisons more money for constructive regimes. Yet Labour has also endorsed measures which perpetuate offenders' social exclusion, like the Crime (Sentences) Act and the proposal to allow employers to demand criminal record certificates from all job applicants. Thus the conflict between pressures for social inclusion and social exclusion continues, and the tension is well illustrated by the issues surrounding prison work.

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Vignoli, Daniele, Anna Matysiak, and Marta Styrc. "The positive impact of women's employment on divorce: Context, selection, or anticipation?" Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6218/1/38%2D37.pdf.

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BACKGROUND: Empirical findings regarding the impact of women's employment on divorce are mixed. One explanation is that the effects are moderated by the country context. Another is that previous studies have failed to account for unobserved factors that introduce bias into the estimated effects. Studies also rarely consider possible anticipatory employment behavior on the part of women who are thinking of divorce. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to deepen our understanding of the nexus between women's employment and divorce in a comparative perspective. METHODS: We adopt an analytical strategy that allows us to account for selection and anticipation mechanisms. Namely, we estimate marital disruption and employment jointly, and monitor the timing of divorce after employment entry. This approach is implemented using micro-level data for Germany, Hungary, Italy, and Poland. RESULTS: We find that women's employment facilitates marital disruption in Italy and Poland, but not in Germany and Hungary. We also show that selection effects play out differently in different contexts. Finally, we notice traces of anticipatory behavior in Italy. CONTRIBUTION: We conclude that women's employment is less likely to be linked to divorce in countries with easier access to divorce and in countries with more generous financial support for families and single mothers, which in turn makes women less reliant on the market. With this study we hope to encourage future researchers to consider the potentially distorting effects of selection and anticipation strategies in (comparative) divorce research.

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Motiejūnaitė, Akvilė. "Female employment, gender roles, and attitudes : The Baltic countries in a broader context." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7340.

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This thesis consists of four constituent studies exploring several common themes: female participation in employment, normative assumptions regarding the proper roles of males and females, and social change. The underlying focus is gendered division of work, which is explored through the concept of family models. These models are conceptualized with reference to the interrelationships between female employment, availability of care services outside the family, and sharing of care work within the family. The empirical analysis is mostly based on the Baltic countries, but also includes Germany, Sweden, and Russia. By examining the variation between the countries, the research aims to highlight some common issues regarding the gendered division of work, issues that bridge the East/West divide. The data come from three sources: 1) available national descriptive statistics, 2) surveys, namely, the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) ‘Family and Changing Gender Roles’ modules and the European Values Survey (EVS), and 3) nineteen problem-centred interviews with women who experienced hardships in the Lithuanian labour market. The analyzed time period starts with the collapse of socialism. The studies call into question the assumption that strong support for the traditional ‘male breadwinner/female carer’ family model in post-socialist societies contributed to the exclusion of women from the labour market. Comparing male and female employment indicators revealed no general pattern of female exclusion from the labour market. Moreover, gender-role attitudes are neither uniform nor traditional in the studied societies. The most valid generalization would be that there is a trend towards less traditional attitudes over time, more precisely, towards greater acceptance of women’s working roles. Summarizing the current situation regarding the gendered division of work, with reference to policies, practices, and attitudes, reveals the presence of ‘adult worker’ family models in Eastern Europe.

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Motiejūnaitė, Akvilė. "Female employment, gender roles, and attitudes : the Baltic countries in a broader context /." Stockholm : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis : Södertörns högskola : eddy.se, Södertörns Högskola Library [distributör], 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7340.

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Li, Xisi. "Examining employment relations in the ethnic Chinese restaurant sector within the UK context." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20130/.

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Deverell, Sally. "The relationship between personality and coping in a pre-employment emergency service organisation context /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18871.pdf.

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Mabe, Reabetswe. "The transition from formal employment to entrepreneurship, in the context of a sudden change." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/79604.

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The study presents itself during a period where the South African economy is shrinking, coupled with high unemployment rates, which are expected to further increase due to the economic downgrade to junk status, and is exacerbated by the coronavirus pandemic. Corporate organisations therefore find themselves challenged and unable to retain their human capital resources, and therefore current employees are at risk of job loss. It is understood that entrepreneurship has a beneficial effect on unemployment, and further enables a positive economic growth. The purpose of the study is therefore to understand how individuals transition from formal employment into entrepreneurship, after experiencing a sudden change that is brought on by a shrinking economy. The theory that is explored in this study is learned entrepreneurship. The research methodology followed was a qualitative research method, using semistructured interviews, on participants who have transitioned from formal employment to entrepreneurship. The findings of the study indicated the possible skills and capabilities required for such a transition and how challenges encountered can be overcome. The study concluded with a proposed conceptual model on transitioning from formal employment to entrepreneurship after going through a sudden change in a shrinking economy.
Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
pt2021
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
Unrestricted

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Wadsworth, Thomas P. "Employment, crime, and context : a multi-level analysis of the relationship between work and crime /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8872.

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Gregg, Justin L. "The Effects of Impression Management and Interview Context on Applicant Perceptions of Organizational Justice." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1396352926.

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Книги з теми "Employment context"

J, Maschke Karen, ed. The employment context. New York: Garland Pub., 1997.

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author, Sperino Sandra F., and Gonzalez Jarod S. autor, eds. Employment discrimination: A context and practice casebook. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 2014.

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F, Sperino Sandra, and Gonzalez Jarod S, eds. Employment discrimination: A context and practice casebook. Durham, N.C: Carolina Academic Press, 2011.

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American Bar Association. Section of Litigation., ed. Enforceability of agreements to arbitrate in the employment context. [Chicago: Section of Litigation, American Bar Association], 1993.

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Aaronovitch, Sam. Economic and employment issues in Gibraltar and their context. London: Local EconomyPolicy Unit, South Bank University, 1994.

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Adrian, Murton, ed. Employment law in context: An introduction for HR professionals. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman, 2012.

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East Asian labor and employment law: International and comparative context. Cambridge [UK]: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Beaumont, Craig. Wage determination under the employment contracts act in historical context. [Wellington]: Reserve Bank of New Zealand, 1993.

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Jones, Gavin W. Education and employment issues in Indonesia in a regional context. [Jakarta?: s.n., 1987.

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Perera, Myrtle. Self-employment schemes for women in Sri Lanka: The macro-economic context. Colombo: Policies and Programmes for Development Branch, Employment and Development Dept., International Labour Organisation, 1993.

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Частини книг з теми "Employment context"

Goodwin, Neva, Jonathan M. Harris, Julie A. Nelson, Pratistha Joshi Rajkarnikar, Brian Roach, and Mariano Torras. "Employment, Unemployment, and Wages." In Macroeconomics in Context, 255–96. 4th ed. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003251521-10.

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Dullien, Sebastian, Neva Goodwin, Jonathan M. Harris, Julie A. Nelson, Brian Roach, and Mariano Torras. "Employment, Unemployment, and Wages." In Macroeconomics in Context, 254–82. New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315644653-11.

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Goodwin, Neva, Jonathan M. Harris, Julie A. Nelson, Pratistha Joshi Rajkarnikar, Brian Roach, and Mariano Torras. "Employment, Unemployment, and Wages." In Principles of Economics in Context, 505–27. 2nd edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429438752-24.

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Crew, Teresa. "Regional capital and ‘local’ graduate employment." In Graduate Careers in Context, 41–53. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203732281-4.

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Payne, Geoff. "The Historical and Social Context of Mobility." In Employment and Opportunity, 8–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18555-9_2.

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Staneva, Mila. "The German Context." In Employment alongside Bachelor’s Studies in Germany, 7–45. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31298-5_2.

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Tran, Ly Thi, Nga Thi Hang Ngo, Hoa Thi Mai Nguyen, and Truc Thi Thanh Le. "Labour Market Demands, Graduate Employability and Employment Outcomes in Vietnam." In Employability in Context, 29–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04144-0_2.

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Xu, Ying, Glenn Patmore, and Paul J. Gollan. "Evaluating Social Partnership in the Australian Context." In Developing Positive Employment Relations, 155–80. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-42772-4_7.

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Spierings, Niels. "The Context: Society, Politics, and Economy." In Women’s Employment in Muslim Countries, 18–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137466778_2.

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Askenazy, Philippe, and John Forth. "Work Organisation and Human Resource Management: Does Context Matter?" In Comparative Workplace Employment Relations, 141–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57419-0_5.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Employment context"

Guseltsev, N. "Employment Of Personality As A Problem Of Interdisciplinary Research." In Psychology of Personality: Real and Virtual Context. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.11.02.36.

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Ivanova, Pavlina. "PERSONAL DATA IN THE CONTEXT OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS." In PROTECTION OF THE PERSONAL DATA AND THE DIGITALIZATION 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ppdd2021.116.

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For the purposes of the employment relationship under the law, employers collect, process and store a certain amount of personal data of job candidates and employees. This creates for them respective obligations and responsibilities in their capacity as controllers of personal data. The report examines the grounds for the collection and processing of personal data for the purposes of employment and sets out the necessary measures to ensure the confidentiality of personal data of staff.

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Smirnov, Valery. "Management Of Employment Promotion Institution In Russia." In SCTCGM 2018 - Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.02.134.

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Gishkaeva, Leila. "Some Aspects Of Labor Market Development And Employment Issues." In SCTCMG 2019 - Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.04.143.

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Gishkaeva, L. L. "Employment And Salary As Indicators Of Social Quality Of Life." In SCTCGM 2018 - Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.03.02.238.

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Kutaev, Shihragim. "Challenges And Opportunities Of Youth Employment In Russian Labor Market." In SCTCMG 2019 - Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.04.253.

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Chazhaev, Muslim Ibragimovich, Tamilla Lechievna Magomadova, and Madina Akhyatovna Barzaeva. "Problems Of Transforming Employment Forms In The Context Of Economic Modernization." In International Conference on Social and Cultural Transformations in the Context of Modern Globalism. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.11.49.

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Ziankova, Larysa, Sergey Yashin, Vladislav Frolov, Yuliya Popova, and Yuliya Chemodanova. "Unemployment and employment management in the context of digitalization of anti-crisis regulation." In Human resource management within the framework of realisation of national development goals and strategic objectives. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsebm.fonc8076.

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The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between the level of employment, unemployment and the dynamics of GDP in the framework of cyclical nature studies of the Belarus national economy, the possibility of digitalization within economic cycle crisis phase anticipation and hence forecasting the unemployment dynamics. The study used a comparative analysis of the employment level statistical base and the dynamics of real GDP growth rates over the last 2 crises based on STATISTICA 10. The non-linear forecast of the employment level in Belarus for 2022 was also made using the Eviews 10 application software packages. The methodological basis for the choice of IT tools was the need to take into account cyclical, seasonal, delayed and prolonged reaction of the labor market to changes in the commodity market. Therefore, polynomial autoregression with distributed lag (PDL) was chosen from econometric methods. The comparative analysis of the employment level statistical base and the dynamics of real GDP growth rates over the last 2 crises showed that the dynamics of the employment level behaves as an acyclic indicator. As a result, an algorithm is proposed for setting a task for programmers when creating a management platform for the labor market and linking it with other parameters of public administration system digitization. The actions proposed will allow to plan the item of consolidated state budget expenditures for the payment of unemployment benefits more accurately and to form the targets of state employment assistance programs.

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Petryakov, Alexander. "Technological Development And Employment Structure In Context Of Economy Digital Transformation." In IV International Scientific Conference "Competitiveness and the development of socio-economic systems" dedicated to the memory of Alexander Tatarkin. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.04.7.

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Pazyna, Evgeny О. "Employment Of Persons With Mental Disorders In The Uk – Legal Aspects." In International Scientific and Practical Conference «State and Law in the Context of Modern Challenges. European Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2022.01.76.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Employment context"

Muszynska, Magdalena M. Woman’s employment and union disruption in a changing socio-economic context: the case of Russia. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2006-027.

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Ajzenman, Nicolás, Gregory Elacqua, Luana Marotta, and Anne Sofie Olsen. Order Effects and Employment Decisions: Experimental Evidence from a Nationwide Program. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003558.

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In this paper, we show that order effects operate in the context of high-stakes, real-world decisions: employment choices. We experimentally evaluate a nationwide program in Ecuador that changed the order of teaching vacancies on a job application platform in order to reduce teacher sorting (that is, lower-income students are more likely to attend schools with less qualified teachers). In the treatment arm, the platform showed hard-to-staff schools (institutions typically located in more vulnerable areas that normally have greater difficulty attracting teachers) first, while in the control group teaching vacancies were displayed in alphabetical order. In both arms, hard-to-staff schools were labeled with an icon and identical information was given to teachers. We find that a teacher in the treatment arm was more likely to apply to hard-to-staff schools, to rank them as their highest priority, and to be assigned to a job vacancy in one of these schools. The effects were not driven by inattentive, altruistic, or less-qualified teachers. The program has thus helped to reduce the unequal distribution of qualified teachers across schools of different socioeconomic backgrounds.

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Slater, Jessica, Jenny Yi-Chen Han, Charrlotte Adelina, Jaee Nikam, Diane Archer, Ha Nguyen, and Dayoon Kim. Air Pollution and the World of Work: Policies, Initiatives and the Current Situation – A Scoping and Evidence Review for Southeast and East Asia. Stockholm Environment Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.040.

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This scoping report synthesizes the authors’ initial work to understand the differentiated impacts of air pollution on workers in East and Southeast Asian countries and to identify evidence-based recommendations from regional case studies to help improve air quality and foster healthy employment in the context of just transitions towards a low-carbon economy.

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Sumberg, James. Youth and the Rural Economy in Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.043.

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How do young people across Africa engage with the rural economy? And what are the implications for how they build livelihoods and futures for themselves, and for rural areas and policy? These questions are closely linked to the broader debate about Africa’s employment crisis, and specifically youth employment, which has received ever-increasing policy and public attention over the past two decades. Indeed, employment and the idea of ‘decent work for all’ is central to the Sustainable Development Goals to which national governments and development partners across sub-Saharan Africa have publicly subscribed. It is in this context that between 2017 and 2020, a consortium led by the Institute of Development Studies, with funding from the International Fund for Agricultural Development, undertook research on young people’s engagement with the rural economy in SSA.

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Kornelakis, Andreas, Chiara Benassi, Damian Grimshaw, and Marcela Miozzo. Robots at the Gates? Robotic Process Automation, Skills and Institutions in Knowledge-Intensive Business Services. Digital Futures at Work Research Centre, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vunu3389.

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Against the backdrop of the fourth industrial revolution, this paper examines the emergence of Robotic Process Automation (RPA) as one of the new technologies that are shaping the future of work and reconfiguring sectoral business and innovation systems and models. It discusses how the institutional context can potentially mediate the digital transformation of services, how RPA affects workers’ employment and skills, and how it alters inter-organisational relationships and capabilities. Bringing together different strands of academic literature on employment studies, innovation, and technology studies, it deploys a comparative institutional perspective to explore the potential effects of RPA and illustrates their plausibility through mini case studies from knowledge-intensive business services

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Kawar, Mary. Gender and generation in household labor supply in Jordan [Arabic]. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2000.1002.

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This paper examines gender and age differences in the labor supply of households in Jordan, and the impact of young women’s employment on gender and generation relations. The objective of the study is to address the issues of gender and generation as factors influencing accessibility to labor markets, and to provide a broader understanding of female employment by exploring age-related factors. Empirically, the study looks at the disproportionate workforce participation of young urban single women in Amman, Jordan, and argues that this generation of working women is evidence of a new stage in the lives of Jordanian women: single employed adulthood. It looks at a specific “time” in the social and economic lives of households and individuals. Within this context, the paper constructs a profile of employment characteristics of adult household members to explore the intersecting influences of age and gender and the specific positions of young women. It then addresses how normative gender and generation hierarchies within households respond to these phenomena of young women’s work, their prolonged single status, and their expanding horizons.

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Kawar, Mary. Gender and generation in household labor supply in Jordan. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2000.1001.

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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.

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Quak, Evert-jan, Iana Barenboim, and Luize Guimaraes. Female Entrepreneurship and the Creation of More and Better Jobs in sub-Saharan African Countries. Institute of Development Studies, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/muva.2022.002.

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Female entrepreneurship programmes often seek women’s economic empowerment through opportunities and skills to generate higher-paid and more stable jobs. Income and jobs do not automatically empower women but can contribute as they generate the necessary resources that support agency. It is important that sufficient and decent jobs, and other employment and income opportunities, are created and made accessible for women. This paper is part of the MUVA Paper Series on female entrepreneurship. The question that it tries to answer is how to do this through the means of female entrepreneurship programmes within the context of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It analyses the case of MUVA, a social incubator based in Mozambique that aims to increase female economic empowerment through targeted and tailored innovative human-centred approaches.

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Thomson, Sue, Nicole Wernert, Sima Rodrigues, and Elizabeth O'Grady. TIMSS 2019 Australia. Volume I: Student performance. Australian Council for Educational Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37517/978-1-74286-614-7.

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The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) is an international comparative study of student achievement directed by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA). TIMSS was first conducted in 1995 and the assessment conducted in 2019 formed the seventh cycle, providing 24 years of trends in mathematics and science achievement at Year 4 and Year 8. In Australia, TIMSS is managed by the Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) and is jointly funded by the Australian Government and the state and territory governments. The goal of TIMSS is to provide comparative information about educational achievement across countries in order to improve teaching and learning in mathematics and science. TIMSS is based on a research model that uses the curriculum, within context, as its foundation. TIMSS is designed, broadly, to align with the mathematics and science curricula used in the participating education systems and countries, and focuses on assessment at Year 4 and Year 8. TIMSS also provides important data about students’ contexts for learning mathematics and science based on questionnaires completed by students and their parents, teachers and school principals. This report presents the results for Australia as a whole, for the Australian states and territories and for the other participants in TIMSS 2019, so that Australia’s results can be viewed in an international context, and student performance can be monitored over time. The results from TIMSS, as one of the assessments in the National Assessment Program, allow for nationally comparable reports of student outcomes against the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians. (Ministerial Council on Education, Employment, Training and Youth Affairs, 2008).

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