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Статті в журналах з теми "Emergency management Australia"
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Mcardle, Dudley, Francis Archer, and Caroline Spencer. "In What Ways Does Australian Emergency Management Reflect the Criteria of a Profession?" Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19000591.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction:The term “profession” to describe the people who carry out emergency management (EM) in Australia continues to gain momentum. Many emergency managers see themselves and are seen by others as professionals, yet little evidence exists to confirm this proposition. Unlike other professions, there is no peak body or overarching organization in Australia to help the diverse group of emergency managers to identify standards of performance and to lobby decision-makers on their behalf.Aim:This study identifies criteria that define a profession and considers how the emergency management sector in Australia reflects them.Methods:A literature review and review of established professions informed criteria of what constitutes a profession. Using these criteria, a survey was conducted to identify the demographic profiles of Australian emergency managers, their perception of the criteria of a profession, and their attitudes towards professionalization of their sector. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a representative sample. Ethics approval was obtained.Results:A set of criteria for an EM context in Australia was created. 859 emergency managers in Australia were surveyed using an online questionnaire. No common profile emerged from the survey in terms of age, gender, background, expertise, skills, or experience. Likewise, no clear career path, no clearly defined standard training, no universal standards of performance, and no statutory certification to qualify an emergency manager as a professional were revealed. Participants variously identified some of the necessary criteria of a profession, but no uniformity emerged.Discussion:This unique study concludes that the sector is not yet in a position to regard emergency management as a profession. Recommendations suggest steps be taken in the short- and long-term to facilitate the establishment of EM as a profession and identifies further research to inform the journey towards professionalizing the emergency management sector.
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Abrahams, Jonathan. "Disaster management in Australia: The national emergency management system." Emergency Medicine Australasia 13, no. 2 (June 2001): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2026.2001.00205.x.
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Dippy, Russell. "Professionalism: education and training for emergency management leaders." April 2022 10.47389/37, No 2 (April 2022): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.47389/37.2.68.
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The bushfires of the 2019–20 summer were followed by a global pandemic. Both events highlighted the importance of skills of emergency managers and their importance in the response to and recovery from these and other emergency events. In Australia, the Royal Commission into National Natural Disaster Arrangements was conducted with the bushfires as a background event and, at the same time, the initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Findings of the royal commission addressed a range of areas including the capability building of emergency managers. These are underpinned in part by the education, training and experience of emergency managers who will implement the royal commission’s findings in the years to come. Education, training and experience are aspects of the human capacities of the emergency management leader and each emergency manager is different. Capability is based on recruitment, education, training, development and experience built up over time. This paper arises from a larger study of the human capacities of emergency managers and examines the supporting education and training opportunities available within the Australian education and training system and how they are affected by the concept of experience. This paper contributes to the understanding of the suite of human capacities required by emergency managers in Australia. The paper draws on research that examines human-capacity lessons from previous events that can develop emergency managers. This paper builds on a previous paper that examined certification for emergency management leaders.
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Ellemor, Heidi. "Reconsidering emergency management and indigenous communities in Australia." Environmental Hazards 6, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hazards.2004.08.001.
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Gabriel, Paul. "The Development of Municipal Emergency Management Planning in Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 20, no. 3 (November 2002): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072700202000302.
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In Australia, local government plays an essential role in emergency management, although not a provider of emergency services. The role of supporting emergency services and the community both during and after emergencies has been a traditional role. Added to this is an increasing responsibility as the focal point for the conduct of local mitigation using risk analysis, prioritization, and treatment under the methodology of emergency risk management. This role is part of a shift in the emphasis of emergency management in Australia away from the strong focus on emergencies and the emergency services, towards an emphasis on the sustainability of the community and its life in the context of the risk of loss posed by natural and other hazards. Models of municipal emergency risk management planning are presented to assist municipalities to connect or even integrate their emergency management planning processes with other similar community safety activities such as crime and injury prevention.
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DeSisto, Marco, Jillian Cavanagh, and Timothy Bartram. "Bushfire investigations in Australia." Leadership & Organization Development Journal 41, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lodj-07-2018-0270.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the process of collective leadership in emergency management organisations. More specifically, the authors investigate the conditions that enable or prevent collective leadership amongst key actors in the emergency management network in bushfire investigations. We also examine how chief investigators facilitate the conditions to effectively distribute leadership and the role of social networks within this process. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative case study approach was undertaken, and 18 semi-structured interviews were carried out with chief investigators, 6 at each of three agencies in Australia. A framework for understanding collective leadership (Friedrich et al., 2016) was used to examine key leadership constructs, baseline leadership and outcomes relative to bushfire investigations. Findings Findings demonstrate that there is no evidence of collective leadership at the network level of bushfire investigations. There is mixed evidence of collective leadership within bushfire investigation departments, with the Arson Squad being the only government agency to engage in collective leadership. The authors found evidence that government bureaucracy and mandated protocols inhibited the ability of formal leaders to distribute leadership, gauge a clear understanding of the level of skill and expertise amongst chief investigators and poor communication that inhibited knowledge of investigations. Research limitations/implications The study was limited to three bushfire investigative agencies. A future study will be carried out with other stakeholders, such as fire investigators and firefighters in the field. Practical implications For the government, emergency management agencies and other stakeholders, a key enabler of collective leadership within the emergency management network is the presence of a formal leader within a network. That leader has the authority and political ability to distribute leadership to other experts. Social implications The paper contributes to developing a better understanding of the efficacy and challenges associated with the application of collective leadership theory in a complex government bureaucracy. There are positive implications for the safety of firefighters, the protection of the broader community, their properties and livestock. Originality/value The authors address the lack of literature on effective leadership processes amongst emergency management agencies. The paper contributes to extending collective leadership theory by unpacking the processes through which leadership is distributed to team members and the role of institutions (i.e. fire investigation bureaucracy) on social networks within this integrative process. The authors provide new insights into the practice of collective leadership in complex bureaucratic organisations.
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Freeman, Jacinta, Penelope Strauss, Sharynne Hamilton, Charlotte Pugh, Katherine Browne, Suzanne Caren, Chris Harris, Lyn Millett, Warwick Smith, and Ashleigh Lin. "They Told Me “This Isn’t a Hotel”: Young People’s Experiences and Perceptions of Care When Presenting to the Emergency Department with Suicide-Related Behaviour." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031377.
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In Australia, the number of young people presenting to the emergency department with mental health concerns, in particular, suicidal behaviour (defined here as suicidal ideation, thoughts, intent and attempts) is increasing. Little is known about the experiences of Australian young people who present to hospital emergency departments with suicidal behaviour. In this qualitative study, we conducted a series of focus groups with 55 young people aged 16–25 years, with a view to developing a framework for youth suicide prevention for Western Australia. The data were analysed using a general inductive analysis approach. We explored the experiences and perceptions of the care and management of 35 young people presenting to Western Australian hospital emergency departments. Participants described a range of negative experiences relating to the emergency department environment, staff attitudes and their treatment by staff. We argue that adapting ED practices and approaches to young people presenting with suicidal thoughts and behaviours based on these findings will result in lower rates of repeated presentations and admissions to hospital and lower rates of suicide attempts and deaths by suicide.
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Burns, Penelope L., Gerard J. FitzGerald, Wendy C. Hu, Peter Aitken, and Kirsty A. Douglas. "General Practitioners’ Roles in Disaster Health Management: Perspectives of Disaster Managers." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 37, no. 1 (December 3, 2021): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x21001230.
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AbstractIntroduction:General Practitioners (GPs) are inevitably involved when disaster strikes their communities. Evidence of health care needs in disasters increasingly suggests benefits from greater involvement of GPs, and recent research has clarified key roles. Despite this, GPs continue to be disconnected from disaster health management (DHM) in most countries.Study Objective:The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of disaster management professionals in two countries, across a range of all-hazard disasters, regarding the roles and contributions of GPs to DHM, and to identify barriers to, and benefits of, more active engagement of GPs in disaster health care systems.Methods:A qualitative research methodology using semi-structured interviews was conducted with a purposive sample of Disaster Managers (DMs) to explore their perspectives arising from experiences and observations of GPs during disasters from 2009 through 2016 in Australia or New Zealand. These involved all-hazard disasters including natural, man-made, and pandemic disasters. Responses were analyzed using thematic analysis.Results:These findings document support from DM participants for greater integration of GPs into DHM with New Zealand DMs reporting GPs as already a valuable integrated contributor. In contrast, Australian DMs reported barriers to inclusion that needed to be addressed before sustained integration could occur. The two most strongly expressed barriers were universally expressed by Australian DMs: (1) limited understanding of the work GPs undertake, restricting DMs’ ability to facilitate GP integration; and (2) DMs’ difficulty engaging with GPs as a single group. Other considerations included GPs’ limited DHM knowledge, limited preparedness, and their heightened vulnerability.Strategies identified to facilitate greater integration of GPs into DHM where it is lacking, such as Australia, included enhanced communication, awareness, and understanding between GPs and DMs.Conclusion:Experience from New Zealand shows systematic, sustained integration of GPs into DHM systems is achievable and valuable. Findings suggest key factors are collaboration between DMs and GPs at local, state, and national levels of DHM in planning and preparedness for the next disaster. A resilient health care system that maximizes capacity of all available local health resources in disasters and sustains them into the recovery should include General Practice.
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Caldicott, David G. E., and Nicholas A. Edwards. "Medical Preparation for Terrorism in Australia. Is Luck Running Out for “The Lucky Country?”." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000133.
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AbstractRecent world events have forced Australia to re-examine its role on the world stage and its susceptibility to terrorist attacks. The authors examine the brief historical exposure of Australia to the phenomenon of terrorism, and review the geopolitical climate and features that may render it more susceptible to attack in the future. Australia's emergency management structure is outlined, and its current state of medical preparedness for a terrorist incident is critically reviewed.
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Caldicott, David G. E., and Nicholas A. Edwards. "Medical Preparation for Terrorism in Australia. Is Luck Running Out for “The Lucky Country?”." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000777.
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AbstractRecent world events have forced Australia to re-examine its role on the world stage and its susceptibility to terrorist attacks. The authors examine the brief historical exposure of Australia to the phenomenon of terrorism, and review the geopolitical climate and features that may render it more susceptible to attack in the future. Australia's emergency management structure is outlined, and its current state of medical preparedness for a terrorist incident is critically reviewed.
Дисертації з теми "Emergency management Australia"
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Cato, Denys, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "An examination of the 'all hazards' approach to disaster management as applied to field disaster management and pre-hospital care in Australia." Deakin University. School of Health Sciences, 2002. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051017.140738.
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Disasters, emergencies, incidents, and major incidents - they all come back to the same thing regardless of what they are called. The common denominator is that there is loss of life, injury to people and animals and damage and destruction of property.
The management of such events relies on four phases:
1. Prevention
2. Preparation
3. Response
4. Recovery
Each of these phases is managed in a different way and often by different teams. Here, concentration has been given to phases 2 and 3, with particular emphasis on phase 3, Response.
The words used to describe such events are often related to legislation. The terminology is detailed later. However, whatever the description, whenever prevention is not possible, or fails, then the need is to respond. Response is always better when the responders are prepared. Training is a major part of response preparation and this book is designed to assist those in the health industry who need to be ready when something happens. One of the training packages for responders is the Major Incident Medical Management and Support (MIMMS) Course and this work was designed to supplement the manual prepared by Hodgetts and Macway-Jones(87) in the UK.
Included is what the health services responder, who may be sent to an event in which the main concern is trauma, should know. Concentration is on the initial response and does not deal in any detail with hospital reaction, the public health aspects, or the mental health support that provides psychological help to victims and responders, and which are also essential parts of disaster management.
People, in times of disaster, have always been quick to offer assistance. It is now well recognised however, that the 'enthusiastic amateur', whilst being a well meaning volunteer, isn't always what is needed. All too often such people have made things worse and have sometimes ended up as victims themselves. There is a place now for volunteers and there probably always will be. The big difference is that these people must be well informed, well trained and well practiced if they are to be effective.
Fortunately such people and organisations do exist. Without the work of the St John Ambulance, the State Emergency Service, the Rural Fire Service the Red Cross and the Volunteer Rescue Association, to mention only a few, our response to disasters would be far less effective.
There is a strong history of individuals being available to help the community in times of crisis. Mostly these people were volunteers but there has also always been the need for a core of professional support. In the recent past,
professional support mechanisms have been developed from lessons learned, particularly to situations that need a rapid and well organised response.
As lessons are learned from an analysis of events, philosophy and methods have changed. Our present system is not perfect and perhaps never will be. The need for an 'all-hazards approach' makes detailed planning very difficult and so there will probably always be criticisms about the way an event was handled. Hindsight is a wonderful thing, provided we learn from it. That means that this text is certainly not the 'last word' and revisions as we learn from experience will be inevitable.
Because the author works primarily in New South Wales, many of the explanations and examples are specific to that state. In Australia disaster response is a State, rather than a Commonwealth, responsibility and consequently, and inevitably, there are differences in management between the states and territories within Australia. With the influence of Emergency Management Australia, these differences are being reduced. This means that across state and territory boundaries, assistance is common and interstate teams can be deployed and assimilated into the response rapidly, safely, effectively and with minimum explanation. This text sets out to increase the understanding of what is required, what is in place and how the processes of response are managed.
By way of introduction and background, examples are given of those situations that have occurred, or could happen.
Man Made Disasters has been divided into two distinct sections. Those which are related to structures or transport and those related directly to people. The first section, Chapter 3, includes:
Transport accidents involving land, rail, sea or air vehicles.
Collapse of buildings for reasons other than earthquakes or storms.
Industrial accidents, including the release of hazardous substances and nuclear events.
A second section dealing with the consequences of the direct actions of people is separated as Chapter 4, entitled 'People Disasters'. Included are:
Crowd incidents involving sports and entertainment venues.
Terrorism
From Chapter 4 on, the emphasis is on the Response phase and deals with organisation and response techniques in detail.
Finally there is a section on terminology and abbreviations. An appendix details a typical disaster pack content.
War, the greatest of all man made disasters is not considered in this text.
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Holmes, Lisa. "Exploring the preparedness of novice (student) paramedics for the mental health challenges of the paramedic profession: Using the wisdom of the Elders." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2018. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2102.
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This study investigates the preparedness of novice (student) paramedics for the mental health challenges of the paramedic profession and identifies the coping strategies used by veteran paramedics to successfully meet these challenges. The lived experience of veteran paramedics is utilised to provide this important assistance.
Initially, two surveys were developed and administered to 16 course coordinators and 302 students of the 16 accredited undergraduate degree paramedicine courses across Australia and New Zealand, to identify the perceived need (for preparation) within the curriculum. In addition, the anticipations, confidence and fears of novice (student) paramedics, course coordinators and veteran paramedics were also collected as a means to facilitate the preparedness through self-evaluation, reflection and discussion.
Twenty semi-structured interviews with veteran paramedics, each with a minimum 15 years paramedic experience from across Australia and New Zealand, were conducted to gain an understanding of their experiences, mental health coping strategies and advice for novice (student) paramedics. Results from the interviews were validated by three focus groups comprised of six veteran paramedics each, representative of the geographic spread.
All 16 course coordinators and 302 novice (student) paramedics responded to the surveys. Results suggest there is widespread recognition for the need to include preparation for the mental health challenges of the profession within accredited undergraduate paramedic courses with 100% of course coordinators and 97% of students recognising this need.
The semi-structured interviews with veteran paramedics provided valuable insights into the experiences and strategies used to aid the survival of the veterans throughout their careers. Within the interviews 70% of participants expressed a sincere love for theparamedic role, and 70% identified black humour as the coping strategy most used by themselves and colleagues.
In addition, extensive advice was given to novice (student) paramedics based on the veterans lived experiences. This advice focused comprised of three themes; support, health and the profession.
The findings of the study indicate that the preparation of novice (student) paramedics for the mental health challenges of the paramedic profession throughout the undergraduate curriculum could be advantageous. By utilising the relatable data collected on the anticipation, confidence and fears of novices, course coordinators and veterans, the advice offered by the veteran paramedics can be included within undergraduate paramedic curricula and delivered by sharing the lived experiences of the veteran paramedics. These lived experiences are highly credible and an opportunity for veterans to contribute positively to the future of paramedicine. Guidelines for their inclusion to the paramedic curriculum have been prepared to facilitate the knowledge and commence the development of conscious coping strategies by novice (student) paramedics during their learning phase.
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Newton, Judith A. "Social media implementation models in the Australian emergency management sector." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/103633/1/Judith_Newton_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis explored the Australian emergency management sector’s integration, management and use of social media. The research generated new models that describe how social media has been implemented in these organisations. This research has strengthened the knowledge base about organisational social media use and its findings can assist organisations to evaluate the way the social media function is positioned in their structures, in order to determine if the placement, staffing and management of the function is aligned to their business and communication goals.
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Wood, Judith, and n/a. "The emergence of 'information management' in Australian public administration." University of Canberra. Administrative Studies, 1995. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061110.165502.
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Cuthbertson, Joseph. "The effectiveness of airway management in the pre hospital treatment of traumatic brain injury : a retrospective, observational study of pre hospital treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the Western Australian ambulance service." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2012. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/563.
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There is concern over mortality and the potential for secondary brain injury in the head-injured patient. The use of advanced airway management and rapid sequence intubation in the pre hospital treatment of patients with Traumatic Brain Injury is controversial. Currently in St John Ambulance Service Australia (WA) Inc. three forms of pre hospital treatment are utilized to manage the airway of the adult head-injured patient. If attended by on-road paramedic staff, basic airway management is utilized unless the patient is unconscious and areflexic, in which case advanced airway management utilising endotracheal intubation or laryngeal mask insertion is authorised. In the critical care paramedic setting, the severely head-injured patient can be managed utilising paramedic initiated rapid sequence intubation techniques and ongoing sedation, paralysis and ventilation. There is a lack of data evaluating the risk and outcomes involved with these techniques when utilised to treat head-injured patients by paramedics from the Western Australian ambulance service. This study provides an updated evaluation of outcomes associated with airway management. The research framework was that of a retrospective, observational study of patients transported and treated between January 2004 and January 2009 in Western Australia. As the designated state trauma centre, all major trauma patients admitted to Royal Perth Hospital trauma unit with a head abbreviated injury scale > 3 transported and treated pre hospital by St John Ambulance WA paramedics from January 2004 to January 2009 were included. Hospital records of patient outcomes were matched with pre hospital records. Whilst challenges were faced in the collection of quality, usable data; modifications in analysis methodology allowed achievement of some, but not all objectives. The use of advanced airway management was associated with increased odds of survival (OR of 8.9, p value .046). Results of this study indicate a significant association between advanced airway management practice performed by paramedics and survival for patients suffering TBI. Further research is recommended to accurately assess efficacy of practice of this skill set in the pre hospital environment.
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Cargill, Jeffrey. "Fate of Eucalyptus marginata seed from canopy-store to emergence in the northern jarrah forests of Western Australia: Research to help improve regeneration following shelterwood treatment." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2014. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1415.
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The establishment of seedling regeneration is a key process in and indicator of ecologically sustainable forest management. The availability of seed and the creation of a suitable seedbed are recognised as important factors limiting seedling recruitment. A silvicultural method commonly used across northern and eastern jarrah forest blocks is shelterwood cutting. The primary objective of treating jarrah forest to shelterwood is to promote seedling regeneration in areas lacking sufficient advanced growth. Despite the widespread and progressive implementation of the shelterwood method, its application in jarrah forest has shown varying degrees of success.
This thesis sought to investigate and better understand the roles of seed supply and seedbed condition in promoting successful seedling regeneration in shelterwood-treated jarrah forest. It addressed two questions from an ecological and management perspective. Firstly, could adequate seed supply and favourable seedbed conditions be effectively managed and produced in shelterwood-harvested coupes? Secondly, could adequate seed supply and suitable seedbed conditions be reliably produced to facilitate successful seedling regeneration following disturbance events, in this case post-harvest burning?
A major effort was dedicated to developing a more accurate and practical method of assessing seed crops in individual trees. The final model produced a high degree of predictability (R² = 0.85), while still maintaining a high level of practicality for field application, with three easily measured variables being used (stem diameter combined with subjective assessments of capsule clump density and capsule clump distribution). The refined model dramatically improved estimates of crown capsule numbers from the previous model, with the R² value increasing from 0.29 to 0.85.
The second major focus of the study was to assess the capacity of prescribed burns, under mild conditions, to produce seedbed conditions suitable for regeneration. Low intensity prescribed burns resulted in the production of suitable conditions for seedling regeneration; that is, leaf litter and understorey vegetation were reduced and ash beds were created. Ash bed production was heterogeneous within sites. This heterogeneity has been attributed to the capacity of low intensity prescribed burns to account for fine-scale variations in fuel quantity, continuity and condition.
Patterns of pre-burn aerial seed crop size and seed fall following low intensity prescribed burning were also assessed. Canopy capsule crops showed a high degree of spatial and temporal variability, both in terms of seed quantity and maturation. Such variability has been attributed to individual trees or groups of trees responding differently to localised climatic events and/or interspecific site factors at each stage of the flowering cycle. The main source of this variability was shown to be the numbers and spatial distribution of super trees; that is, trees defined as having a stem diameter >60 cm and >20 000 capsules. The average rate of seed fall increased substantially following prescribed burning under mild conditions. Postharvest burning under the mild conditions of the current survey did not result in en masse seed fall. Rather, peaks in seed fall were observed in the first few weeks post-burn, followed by low level falls throughout the following year. Sites burnt in spring showed a higher and more consistent release of seed in the first few weeks following fire, whereas seed fall after autumn burning was more sporadic.
The comparative and interactive roles that seed supply and seedbed conditions play in limiting recruitment of jarrah were also studied. Low seedling densities were recorded across all six burnt study sites. The fact that ample levels of post-burn seed fall produced such low seedling numbers suggested that adequate seed supply did not coincide with seedbed conditions suitable for mass seedling regeneration. Conditions favourable for seedling recruitment were highly variable within sites, since both seed supply and seedbed conditions were spatially heterogeneous. Fine-scale areas burnt to mineral soil showed an additive influence to the overwhelmingly dominant factor of seed supply on seedling recruitment. However, the capacity of low intensity burns to produce these seedbed conditions at a broad scale is limited.
Results of this study suggest that successful stocking of shelterwood-treated jarrah forest is not always achievable following a disturbance event, such as post-harvest burning under mild conditions. The chances of a large seed supply coinciding with broad-scale seedbed conditions favourable for mass germination, emergence and establishment appear to be low. Successful stocking of shelterwood-treated jarrah forest is more likely to be a longer term outcome achieved through episodic recruitment, when favourable environmental conditions coincide with optimal seedbed conditions. Such episodic recruitment strategies may be common in resource-limited systems such as jarrah forest and other dry eucalypt forest systems, where conditions controlling the regeneration niche are often variable and unpredictable.
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"Contingency planning models for Government agencies." University of Technology, Sydney. School of Computing Sciences, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/245.
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This report describes a research study into the current situation within Federal, State Government and selected private sector agencies, assessing contingency plans for Information Systems and suggests models for state-wide planning against Information Systems disasters. Following a brief look at various phases of contingency plan development, the study looks into the factors that prompt organisations to prepare contingency plans. The project involved a survey of current Information Systems contingency plans in the government agencies in the states of Victoria, Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales and in the Australian Capital Territory. It also included two major banks, an insurance company and two computer services bureaux in the private sector within New South Wales. The survey determined that particular factors play important roles in the decision by organisations to commence contingency planning. These include actual disaster experience, senior management support, auditor's comments, legal requirements, risk analysis and business impact study, economic considerations, insurance requirements, contract commitment, new staff and introduction of new hardware and software. The critical success factors in contingency planning include regular maintenance and testing of the plan. The project also discusses the current contingency planning environment within New South Wales Government agencies and suggests cost-effective models for state-wide adoption.
Книги з теми "Emergency management Australia"
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Charles Sturt University. Centre for Information Studies., ed. Disaster recovery for archives, libraries and records management systems in Australia and New Zealand. Wagga Wagga, N. S. W: Centre for Information Studies. Charles Sturt University - Riverina, 1997.
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Australia, Fire and Rescue Service of Western. Western Australian hazardous materials emergency management plan. Perth, W.A: State Emergency Management Advisory Committee, Western Australia, 1998.
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Hodgson, Ann. Traditional knowledge & the Pacific strategic engagement program: Report for Australian Red Cross (ARC). S.l.]: Australian Red Cross, 2008.
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Suzanne, Hand, and Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales., eds. Care and handling of Australian native animals: Emergency care and captive management. [New South Wales]: Surrey Beatty in association with Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, 1990.
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Stephens, F. J. Enhancing the emergency disease response capability of the Western Australian Department of Fisheries and industry bodies associated with freshwater crayfish. North Beach, W.A: Fisheries Research Division, WA Marine Research Laboratories, 2004.
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Incident Management in Australasia: Lessons Learnt from Emergency Responses. CSIRO Publishing, 2016.
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7
Paul, Barnes. Working as one: A road map to disaster resilience for Australia. 2014.
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Redefining disasters: A decade ofcounter-disaster planning : proceedings, Wednesday 20 - Friday 22 September 1995, State Library of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Sydney: State Library of New South Wales, 1996.
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Doig, Judith. Disaster Recovery for Archives, Libraries and Records Management Systems in Australia and New Zealand. Elsevier Science & Technology, 1997.
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Western Australia. Police Dept. Emergency Management Branch. and Western Australia. State Emergency Management Advisory Committee., eds. Western Australian hazardous materials emergency management scheme. Belmont: Emergency Management Branch, 1993.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Emergency management Australia"
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Manock, Ian, and Simon Robinson. "Emergency management and the role of state police." In Australian Policing, 267–81. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003028918-20.
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Anikeeva, Olga, Malinda Steenkamp, and Paul Arbon. "Chapter 5 The Future of Social Media Use During Emergencies in Australia Insights from the 2014 Australian and New Zealand Disaster and Emergency Management Conference Social Media Workshop." In Effective Communication During Disasters, 123–36. 3333 Mistwell Crescent, Oakville, ON L6L 0A2, Canada, Apple Academic Press Inc, 9 Spinnaker Way, Waretown, NJ 08758, USA: Apple Academic Press Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315365640-6.
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Sithole, Bevlyne, and David Campbell. "‘Blackfella Way, Our Way of Managing Fires and Disasters Bin Ignored but “Im Still Here”’: Australian Aboriginal Governance Structures for Emergency Management." In Disaster Risk, Resilience, Reconstruction and Recovery, 71–93. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4811-3_5.
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McMurray, Adela, Jean Cross, and Carlo Caponecchia. "The Risk Management Profession in Australia." In Emergency and Disaster Management, 486–99. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6195-8.ch022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aimed to identify to what extent Australian organizations have any plans to manage business continuity threats, and the nature and content of these plans. Sixty-four respondents who were risk management professionals were surveyed to explore the Business Continuity Practices within their organizations. The ANOVA analysis showed 39 per cent of the organizations had developed an enterprise-wide plan of which just over half stated that the plan was tested. However, 36 per cent of respondents had no plan, an “informal plan,” were developing a plan, or did not know whether they had a plan. Standardized guidelines for a process to manage risks have been developed across many spheres and countries and are brought together in the international risk management standard ISO31000 (ISO, 2009), which presents a process applicable to all organizations and all risks. Human resource practices that promote consistent communication and an organizational culture that allows business continuity plan values, attitudes and beliefs to become embedded and to move across traditional organizational boundaries are therefore important for gaining the cooperation needed to implement plans in an organization's operational areas pertaining to business continuity.
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Hee, Wenqi Jacintha, Geoffrey Jalleh, Hung-Chih Lai, and Chad Lin. "E-Commerce and IT Projects." In Hospital Management and Emergency Medicine, 454–80. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2451-0.ch023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hospitals and healthcare organizations are facing an increasingly competitive business environment which demands the efficient use and appropriate evaluation of their tangible and intangible resources and competencies in order to continuously improve their organizational performance. The management of e-commerce/IT outsourcing is a crucial management issue for hospitals and healthcare organizations in recent years since only a small proportion of these organizations have reaped the expected benefits from their outsourcing projects. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to better understand the investment evaluation and benefits realization practices and processes of Australian and Taiwanese hospitals that have outsourced their e-commerce/IT systems. This article provides the opportunity to examine outsourcing practices of a highly developed economy (Australia) and a newly industrialized economy (Taiwan). Some e-commerce/IT outsourcing issues and challenges confronted by hospitals in Australia and Taiwan will be identified, discussed and presented. The findings of this study will assist hospitals and other healthcare organizations to formulate appropriate strategies to better handle the potential issues and challenges in undertaking e-commerce/IT outsourcing projects.
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"Assessment of vulnerability to natural disasters for emergency management in Victoria, Australia." In Mobile Technologies for Delivering Healthcare in Remote, Rural or Developing Regions, 395–422. Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/pbhe024e_ch24.
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Godden, Lee. "Law, Resilience, and Natural Disaster Management in Australia." In Resilience in Energy, Infrastructure, and Natural Resources Law, 116—C8.N131. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192864574.003.0008.
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Abstract In the summer of 2019–2020 bushfires raged across many parts of Australia. The extent of the disaster was unprecedented, with areas never previously exposed to bushfires, burning with an intensity not experienced to date. The fires destroyed major energy infrastructure, with communities cut off from power supplies for long periods. The security of the national energy infrastructure and the maintenance of electricity supply remain of concern after the bushfires. Drawing on resilience concepts and systems theory, this chapter examines measures adopted in Australia to respond to the combined risk that climate change and natural disasters pose to the resilience of energy infrastructure. Moreover, electricity infrastructure itself poses a significant risk to humans and natural systems. Energy infrastructure, such as ageing or poorly maintained electricity transmission systems exacerbate fire risk. Government measures to enhance the resilience of energy infrastructure and energy systems, draw on legislation, policy, institutional arrangements (regulatory systems), and project-based initiatives that cross disaster and emergency management legislation, the national electricity market regulation, together with natural disaster and climate adaptation legislation. This chapter argues a more systemic legal approach is required to build resilient energy infrastructure systems to respond to escalating climate change risks, and the increase in natural disasters. The chapter examines the recommendations from a 2020 Royal Commission to reduce bushfire hazards to critical electricity infrastructure to assess their potential effectiveness in enhancing electricity system resilience.
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Cardoso, Edna, Ilda Novo, Nuno Moreira, Pedro Silva, Álvaro Silva, and Vanda Pires. "Clusters analysis applied to drought and forest fires in mainland Portugal (NUT III regions) from 1980 to 2019." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1054–61. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_159.
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The Australian Fire Danger Rating System (AFDRS) was launched on 1 September 2022, bringing a generational change to the way that Australia calculates and communicates fire danger. Its focus is improved public safety and reduced impacts of bushfires though: • Improving the science behind fire danger predictions. • Improving the way that fire danger is communicated. • Providing government and industry with better decision-making tools. • Reducing future costs associated with bushfire impacts. The previous fire danger rating system was introduced in the 1960’s by Australia’s first full-time bushfire researcher, Alan McArthur, based on extensive experimental fires. While useful, the system included only two fire behaviour models (dry sclerophyll forest and grassland), was not easily updateable and fires were being experienced that increasingly exceeded its design parameters. In July 2014, Senior Officers and Ministers agreed that the development of a new system was a national priority. The new system was developed by the New South Wales Rural Fire Service in collaboration with the Bureau of Meteorology, all Australian states and territories and the Commonwealth government. Program management and system implementation were coordinated by AFAC (Australia’s National Council for Fire and Emergency Services). The new AFDRS uses contemporary fire behaviour science, makes better use of available data and uses software infrastructure that can be continuously improved. The AFDRS starts with eight fire behaviour models representing a representative range of Australian vegetation types, it captures current fuel information, uses satellite data, integrates weather from the Bureau of Meteorology and calculates fire danger down to a 1.5km by 1.5-kilometer grid. These calculations are linked to tools that assist fire operational decision-making via a Fire Behaviour Index that is calibrated to operational implications for fire management. A separate arm of the project developed a public-facing Fire Danger Rating framework, guided by one of Australia’s largest social research projects. The research found that, while fire danger signage was well recognised, few acted on fire danger ratings to plan their activities. Focus groups and subsequent surveys found that the community preferred a simplified public-facing system where each fire danger rating had a distinct call to action. The implementation of the new system required an enormous effort from all levels of government across all States and Territories as well as the Commonwealth. It required updates to legislation, policy, procedures, web pages and other IT infrastructure, as well as replacement of physical signage. However, as a result, Australia has a significantly new way of calculating and communicating fire danger, that is continuously improvable and which will bring benefits for decades to come.
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Robb, Thomas K., and David James Gill. "Crisis and Cooperation." In Divided Allies, 40–64. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501741845.003.0003.
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This chapter discusses events in Malaya and Korea, which, when viewed together, help explain progress toward closer cooperation throughout the Asia-Pacific. The United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand slowly developed elements of strategic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region following crises in Malaya and Korea between 1948 and 1951. The extent of cooperation varied between states and rarely reflected purely strategic concerns. Whereas New Zealand supported the United Kingdom in the Malayan Emergency, the United States and Australia were initially far more cautious in offering assistance. Although the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand did support the United States in the Korean War, their efforts also reflected attempts to build closer strategic relations, generate diplomatic capital, and restrain their superpower ally from escalating the conflict. In both instances, all four states held different assumptions about the causes and management of conflict. Divergent national interests therefore weakened a coherent and united response to the Communist challenge from the Western powers.
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"The Future of Social Media Use During Emergencies in Australia: Insights from the 2014 Australian and New Zealand Disaster and Emergency Management Conference Social Media Workshop." In Effective Communication During Disasters, 151–62. Apple Academic Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315365640-14.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Emergency management Australia"
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Meissner, Andreas. "Emergency Management in Australia, New Zealand and Europe - The 2006 EMANZE Survey." In 2007 IEEE Intelligence and Security Informatics. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isi.2007.379502.
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Amirsayafi, Pouya. "Lessons from Dam Failures, and Dam Safety Emergency Management Measures in Australia." In Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-394x_ace15.16.
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Bashar, Md Khayrul. "Event-Driven Time Series Analysis and the Comparison of Public Reactions on Covid-19." In 9th International Conference of Security, Privacy and Trust Management (SPTM 2021). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.110507.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The rapid spread of COVID-19 has already affected human lives throughout the globe. Governments of different countries have taken various measures, but how they affected people lives is not clear. In this study, a rule-based and a machine-learning based models are applied to answer the above question using public tweets from Japan, USA, UK, and Australia. Two polarity timeseries (meanPol and pnRatio) and two events, namely “lockdown or emergency (LED)” and “the economic support package (ESP)”, are considered in this study. Statistical testing on the sub-series around LED and ESP events showed their positive impacts to the people of (UK and Australia) and (USA and UK), respectively unlike Japanese people that showed opposite effects. Manual validation with the relevant tweets shows an agreement with the statistical results. A case study with Japanese tweets using supervised logistic regression classifies tweets into heath-worry, economy-worry and other classes with 83.11% accuracy. Predicted tweets around events re-confirm the statistical outcomes.
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Razeed, Abdul, and Thea Werkhoven. "Design and development of a large Business School core interdisciplinary unit to foster blended learning during the pandemic." In ASCILITE 2021: Back to the Future – ASCILITE ‘21. University of New England, Armidale, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14742/ascilite2021.0138.
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The paper provides a process and design overview of a large Master of Commerce unit (from hereon referred to as 'The Unit') at a University in Australia. The skills flowing from a creative and analytical mindset have been noted as crucial in the future. The Unit develops these two mindsets as complimentary by taking a multidisciplinary approach to curriculum design. By outlining the theoretical frameworks applied in the curriculum design and development and the approaches to teaching and learning, especially during the Pandemic, it is hoped that other academics and learning design teams will be able to draw inspiration that they can apply to their contexts. It is possible that the challenges that have arisen during this process may be applicable and have been experienced by other teaching teams in higher education institutions and certainly during the emergence of online learning during the Pandemic. This paper first discusses the approach we took in the curriculum design, informed by the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) Principles and Biggs' 3P's model of teaching and learning. The paper then focuses on design principles utilised to create the online learning management system for students.
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O’Sullivan, Enda, Julian Soles, and Michel Dib. "Fully Coupled EDS/Drift-Off Analysis for a Harsh Environment, Deepwater Site." In ASME 2004 23rd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2004-51631.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In support of a well drilled in the Great Australian Bight (GAB) by the Glomar Jack Ryan dynamically-positioned (DP) drillship in 4308 feet of water in early 2003, drift-off riser analysis was carried out to establish “alert” offsets for the emergency disconnect sequence (EDS). Drift-off analysis of the vessel/riser system is a key element to the successful management of the riser on a DP drillship, as it deals with protecting the equipment in case of the potential loss of vessel power. At this well site, high seastates combined with wind and current conditions dictate that drilling should be carried out in accordance with “well-specific operating criteria” (WSOC). These criteria assist the crew by identifying the metocean conditions that limit various operations. Analysis of the drilling riser was carried out for drift-off, hang-off and recoil scenarios to establish certain criteria to avoid exceedence of allowable limits in the riser and conductor pipe. The novel aspect of this drift-off analysis is the use of a fully-coupled, time-domain, finite element solution. The fully-coupled aspect of this solution models the vessel / tensioner system / riser / LMRP / BOP / wellhead / conductor / soil interaction process more accurately and thus allows for less conservativism when compared to uncoupled solution methods. This enables the rig to work in areas that might otherwise be considered marginal due to the anticipated time spent waiting on weather.
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Shevtsova, Natalie L., Dmitriy I. Gudkov, and Andrian A. Yavnyuk. "Some Aspects of Radioecological Monitoring of High Aquatic Plants From Water-Bodies Within the Chernobyl Accident Exclusion Zone." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16368.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The impact analysis of low doses of ionizing radiation on the breathers in natural populations is an important part of radiobiological studies of non-human biota. The main aim of our studies was to investigate some cytogenetic, morphological and reproductive rates of the common reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex. Steud.) from different water bodies within the Chernobyl accident exclusion zone. The absorbed dose rate for littoral emergent plants in sampling water bodies was varied from 1.3E−02 to 1.6E−01 Gy/h. The rate and main types of chromosome aberrations in roots meristems, morphological damages in seed germs, as well as rates of germinating ability and power were analyzed. There were registered rather low rate of germinating ability (14–48%) and germinating power (<1) of seeds from all sampling water bodies with high levels of radioactive contamination in comparison to control ones. Against the general suppressed background the effect of relative stimulation of more affected seeds was observed. With increase of absorbed dose in range of 1.3E−02–1.6E−01 Gy/h the number of germinated seeds was increased. At the same time the number of morphological damages of seeds was increased as well. There was determined the positive correlation between absorbed dose rate and chromosome aberration rate in roots of the common reed from sampling water bodies. The highest rate of chromosome aberrations (up to 17%) were registered in plants with high level of morphological deviations in seeds germs. The data obtained from the complex analysis of natural populations of the common reed from the radioactive contaminated water bodies testify about rather high level of genetic efficiency of low doses of long-term exposure.
Звіти організацій з теми "Emergency management Australia"
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
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Toloo, Sam, Ruvini Hettiarachchi, David Lim, and Katie Wilson. Reducing Emergency Department demand through expanded primary healthcare practice: Full report of the research and findings. Queensland University of Technology, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227473.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Demand for public hospital emergency departments’ services and care is increasing, placing considerable restraint on their performance and threatens patient safety. Many factors influence such demand including individual characteristics (e.g. perceptions, knowledge, values and norms), healthcare availability, affordability and accessibility, population aging, and internal health system factors (e.g patient flow, discharge process). To alleviate demand, many initiatives have been trialled or suggested, including early identification of at-risk patients, better management of chronic disease to reduce avoidable ED presentation, expanded capacity of front-line clinician to manage sub-acute and non-urgent care, improved hospital flow to reduce access block, and diversion to alternate site for care. However, none have had any major or sustained impact on the growth in ED demand. A major focus of the public discourse on ED demand has been the use and integration of primary healthcare and ED, based on the assumption that between 10%–25% of ED presentations are potentially avoidable if patients’ access to appropriate primary healthcare (PHC) services were enhanced. However, this requires not only improved access but also appropriateness in terms of the patients’ preference and PHC providers’ capacity to address the needs. What is not known at the moment is the extent of the potential for diversion of non-urgent ED patients to PHC and the cost-benefits of such policy and funding changes required, particularly in the Australian context. There is a need to better understand ED patients’ needs and capacity constraint so as to effect delivery of accessible, affordable, efficient and responsive services. Jennie Money Doug Morel