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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Electrical Discharges for Pollution Control"

1

Hackam, R., and H. Aklyama. "Air pollution control by electrical discharges." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 7, no. 5 (2000): 654–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/94.879361.

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2

Georgescu, Nicolae. "Water-Pollution Control Using Repetitive In Situ Electrical Discharges Combined With Ozone and a Catalyst." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 39, no. 11 (November 2011): 2630–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2011.2155088.

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3

Tseng, Kuo-Hsiung, Yur-Shan Lin, Chaur-Yang Chang, and Meng-Yun Chung. "A Study of a PID Controller Used in a Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining System to Prepare TiO2 Nanocolloids." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061044.

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This study developed a micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) system for producing TiO2 nanocolloids. When a proportional–integral–derivative controller designed using the Ziegler–Nichols method was adopted to control the interelectrode gap, TiO2 nanocolloids were obtained from spark discharges generated between two titanium wires immersed in deionized water. For a pulse on time–off time of 40–40 μs and a colloid production time of 100 min, TiO2 nanocolloids were produced that had an absorbance of 1.511 at a wavelength of 245 nm and a ζ potential of −47.2 mV. They had an average particle diameter of 137.2 nm, and 64.2% of particles were smaller than 91.28 nm. The minimum particles were spherical. The characteristics of colloids confirmed that the micro-EDM system can produce TiO2 nanocolloids with excellent suspension stability. The colloid production method proposed in this study has the advantages of low equipment cost and no dust diffusion in the process environment. These advantages can improve the competitiveness of the electric spark discharge method for high-quality TiO2 nanoparticle production. The colloids produced in this study did not contain elements other than titanium and oxygen, and they may prevent secondary environmental pollution.
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Khairunnisa’, Hartoyo, and U. Nursusanto. "Development of Monitoring Device for Battery Charge/Discharge Control as Electrical Energy Storage in Mini-Generating Systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2406, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2406/1/012017.

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Abstract The battery is one of the crucial elements in an electrical system. In electric vehicles, the batteries used are Li-Ion batteries. Most Li-Ion batteries are also reusable. In addition, waste Li-Ion batteries can be used as electrical energy storage devices, such as in mini-power generation systems. With the existence of several power plants that do not use fossil energy as a means of the production process, it will automatically reduce the impact of environmental pollution. This study uses electric vehicle batteries to be used as storage of electrical energy in a mini-generating system. In its implementation, a control monitoring tool is also made and developed to determine the charging and discharging of the battery. This monitoring system is useful for keeping the battery in great condition.
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Hartmann, Werner, Michael Roemheld, Klaus-Dieter Rohde, and Franz-Josef Spiess. "Large Area Pulsed Corona Discharge in Water for Disinfection and Pollution Control." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 16, no. 4 (August 2009): 1061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2009.5211855.

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6

Prince Junior Asilevi, Daniel Akambawe, Chengwu Yu, Jue Li, Patrick Boakye, Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng, and Muhammad Imran Nawaz. "Research on the electrical characteristics of atmospheric strong ionization dielectric barrier discharge for air pollution control." Maejo International Journal of Energy and Environmental Communication 2, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.54279/mijeec.v2i1.244953.

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The specific input energy (SIE), current density, and discharge power of homemade strong ionization dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) were studied to suppress gas-phase benzene at atmospheric pressure efficiently. Findings indicate that for 300 ppm of benzene at 3.5 kJ/L SIE, benzene's removal efficiency reached 96%. The decline in current density by 66.48% and 43.7% for an initial benzene concentration of 300 ppm was due to increased oxygen content (from 2.4% to 20.9%) and relative humidity (from 18.9% to 90%), respectively, thus reducing electron concentration and consequentially enhanced the removal efficiency over 93%.Furthermore, the decomposition law's beta parameter decreased from 3.1 kJ/L at 300 ppm to 1.6 kJ/L at 100 ppm, indicating that •O and •OH radicals are key species for the decomposition of benzene and electron dissociation reactions largely control the process. The Maxwell– Boltzmann electron energy distribution function was solved using the average energy of the strong ionization discharge reactor (~10 eV), showing that approximately 84.8 % of high energy electrons possess enough energy to cause the benzene ring cleavage and free radical production. The study results show that the strong ionization DBD plasma reactor is highly efficient in removing benzene from industrial waste air, hence air pollution control.
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Preduș, Marius Florian, Cristinel Popescu, Eugen Răduca, and Cornel Hațiegan. "Study of the Accelerated Degradation of the Insulation of Power Cables under the Action of the Acid Environment." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 3550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103550.

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Over operation time, there are a number of internal and external factors that change the characteristics of dielectric materials that are part of the electrical equipment. In areas with high pollution, an important requirement is the acidic chemical compounds in the soil in which the power cables are laid, which penetrate the insulation by infiltration, resulting in changes in the parameters of electrical insulation and causing a decrease in operating time. The paper is focused on the analysis, through a series of experimental determinations, of the effects of stresses to which the power cables laid in acidic environments are subjected, by simulating the operating conditions in the laboratory, obtaining concrete results. It also describes the direct current test installation used in the laboratory and presents the two stages of testing the cable sample inserted in the electrolyte, the first being a stage of accelerating the degradation of the insulation by supplying higher voltages to require insulation, and the second stage being the testing in the absence of the electric field, under the direct action of the chemical compounds from the installation tank. Given that in alternating current, the electric field causes an additional heating of the dielectric due to energy losses by electric polarization, the test is performed in direct current, precisely to be able to monitor the variation of insulation resistance in relation to temperature and losses through conduction currents, as a result of the Joule–Lenz effect and not as a result of the dielectric polarization process. At the same time, the power of the direct current source used is lower compared to that of an alternative current test source and does not contribute to the generation of electrical discharges during testing.
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Maresch, Kaynan, Luiz F. Freitas-Gutierres, Aécio L. Oliveira, Aquiles S. Borin, Ghendy Cardoso, Juliano S. Damiani, André M. Morais, Cristian H. Correa, and Erick F. Martins. "Advanced Diagnostic Approach for High-Voltage Insulators: Analyzing Partial Discharges through Zero-Crossing Rate and Fundamental Frequency Estimation of Acoustic Raw Data." Energies 16, no. 16 (August 17, 2023): 6033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16166033.

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Acoustic inspection is a valuable technique that can detect early stage defects in equipment, thereby facilitating predictive maintenance. In recent times, ultrasonic sensors have made detecting partial discharges through acoustic sensing increasingly feasible. However, interpreting the acoustic signals can pose challenges, as it requires extensive expertise and knowledge of equipment configuration. To address this issue, a technique based on zero-crossing rate and fundamental frequency estimation has been proposed to standardize insulator diagnosis. In an experiment involving a database of 72 raw acoustic signals with frequencies ranging from 0 to 128 kHz, various types of pollution and defects were introduced to a chain of insulators. By employing the proposed technique, the occurrence of partial discharges can be detected and classified according to type, such as corona or surface discharges. This advanced approach to diagnosis simplifies the process while providing valuable insights into the severity of observed phenomena in the field.
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Boukar, Hassana, Ngoudzeu Lontsi Hareinda, Talba Dalatou, Ibrahima Adamou, and Nsoe Mengue Jean Jacques Nestor. "Physico-chemical Characterization and Assessment of the Risk of Pollution: A Case of Wastewater Generated by the Regional Hospital and the Central Prison of the City of Ngaoundere, Cameroon." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 9 (July 11, 2023): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92314.

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Among the public spaces with high human user traffic- schools, hospitals and prisons generate the most volumes of wastewater in developing countries. In addition, when this wastewater is discharged into natural environments without treatment, it can lead to disastrous pollution. The aim of this study is to analyze the physico-chemical parameters of the wastewater of the central prison and the regional hospital in the city of Ngaoundere (Cameroon) and to assess their pollution potential. To achieve this, physical-chemical parameters (temperature; pH; electrical conductivity, total suspended solid; COD, BOD5; heavy metal content) of water from a control site and wastewater from the regional hospital and central prison were measured and compared to current standards. In order to better assess the risk of pollution, a wastewater quality index (WWQI) and a heavy metal pollution index (HPI) were calculated. It shows that for all physico-chemical parameters studied, the values are above the norm except temperature and pH. With a WWQI of 172.81 from prison’s wastewater and of 176.03 from hospital’s wastewater, these wastewaters have values above 100 and are therefore highly polluted. The heavy metal pollution index is 37.89 for control water, 183.10 for prison wastewater and 121.14 for hospital wastewater, respectively. Cadmium and especially lead contribute to increasing the heavy metal pollution index in wastewater. Remediation of these waters should therefore focus on these two heavy metals. The above-standard concentrations of some parameters and pollutants as well as the high wastewater quality index and heavy metal index suggest that the discharge of this wastewater into the natural environment without treatment or its direct use as fertilizers constitutes a potential source of pollution of the soil and surrounding vegetation and beyond a threat to human health if these pollutants enter the human food chain.
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Hao, Jinpeng, Jinzhu Huang, Ziyi Fang, Xiao He, Qiang Wu, Xiaolong Gu, Yu Wang, and Hong Wu. "Suppression Measures of Partial Discharge at Rod–Plate Connection in Composite Tower." Energies 16, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 3712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093712.

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Rods and plates at the connections in composite insulating material towers are commonly fixed to each other by metal bolts, which may cause electrical field distortion at the connections. So, the rod–plate connections are prone to partial discharge under polluted and wet conditions, and the resulting electric field and temperature changes can affect the mechanical and electrical performance of the whole tower. In this paper, an artificial pollution test synchronous observation platform with an infrared and visible light imager, leakage current, and voltage measurement was built to observe the dry band formation and partial discharge at the simplified rod–plate connections in the composite towers. Then, the electric field simulation of the rod–plate connection specimen showed the current density distribution. When combining the test and the simulation, it was concluded that the cause of the partial discharge was the distortion of the current density and, thus, measures to suppress the partial discharge at the rod–plate connections were proposed. Finally, it was verified that the measures can improve the current density distortion phenomenon, delay dry band formation, and effectively suppress the partial discharge at the rod–plate connections under the same test conditions.
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Дисертації з теми "Electrical Discharges for Pollution Control"

1

Roberts, Bryndan. "Integration of an electrical discharge machining module onto a reconfigurable machine tool." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6182.

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Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-contact manufacturing process in which material is removed from a metal workpiece by high frequency electrical pulses produced between an electrode and the workpiece. EDM machines are usually stand-alone devices, and are quite expensive. The objective of this research was to integrate an EDM machine and an existing reconfigurable CNC machine tool, using a modular approach, to enable conventional milling and EDM to be conducted in a co-ordinated fashion on the same machine tool.
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2

Kniežaitė, Agnė. "Taršos iš laivų reikalavimai ir jų vykdymo užtikrinimas Lietuvoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090122_105252-15246.

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Viena aktualiausių jūros aplinkos apsaugos problemų - tyčiniai neteisėti teršalų išmetimai iš laivų, pažeidžiant tarptautinius aplinkosauginius reikalavimus. Nors pavieniai neteisėti naftuotų vandenų išmetimai iš laivų dažniausiai nėra dideli, tačiau bendras visų neteisėtų išmetimų kiekis yra didžiulis. Tarptautinė jūrų organizacija, supratusi problemos svarbą, patvirtino 1973 metais tarptautinę konvenciją dėl taršos iš laivų prevencijos, kuri vėliau virto MARPOL 73/78. Tačiau nepaisant to, kad šiuo metu MARPOL 73/78 taikoma 99 % pasaulinio laivyno, pavyzdžiui Baltijos jūroje kasmet apžvalgos skrydžių metu užfiksuojama apie 400 neteisėtų išmetimų iš laivų, tačiau jų būna gerokai daugiau. Tokiais atvejais teršėjai paprastai nėra nustatomi, nežinoma, kiek ir kokių teršalų pateko į jūrą. Tyčiniai neteisėti naftuotų vandenų išmetimai iš laivų tai dėl ekonominių, finansinių paskatų atliekamas pažeidimas. Pažeidėjas gali turėti gan reikšmingos finansinės naudos nepriduodamas laive susidarančių atliekų (naftuotų vandenų) ar krovinio likučių į uosto atliekų priėmimo įrenginius, tiesiog juos išmesdamas į jūrą. Be to, pažeidėjai turi ekonominį pranašumą prieš tuos laivų savininkus ar įmones, kurios išleidžia nemažai lėšų investuodami į aplinkosaugines technologijas, kad tinkamai vykdytų taršos iš laivų reikalavimus. Lietuvoje nuo 1997 m. nebuvo nustatyta nei vieno neteisėto tyčinio naftuotų vandenų išmetimo iš laivų. Siekiant įgyvendinti tarptautinius ir ES reikalavimus taršos iš... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Intentional illegal discharges from ships – one of the most significant environmental problems. While the individual discharges are not always large, the accumulative effect is significant. The importance of the problem was recognised by International Maritime Organization. International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 and Protocol of the 1978 relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships 1973 (MARPOL 73/78) was adopted. Today MARPOL 73/78 is applicable for 99 % World shipping tonnage. About 400 illegal oil discharges are observed during areal surveillance flights every year in the Baltic Sea, but obviously there are more of them. Usually in such cases polluter is unknown and there is no information what kind of oil is spilled and how much. Illegal discharges from ships are an economically motivated violation, that can involve significant gain for those violating the law. The offender can have significant financial benefit not discharging ship generated waste to port reception facilities, but discharging them into the sea. In addition, those violating the law have an unfair economic advantages over companies spending the necessary money to comply with the law. There were no illegal discharges detected in Lithuania since 1997. In order to implement international and EU requirements in the field of prevention pollution from ships, the amendments of the Low on Marine Environment Protection and the Law on State... [to full text]
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3

Limbo, Beulah Sepo. "Insulator aging tests with HVAC and HVDC excitation using the tracking wheel tester." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2529.

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Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Limited research results are available on the aging impacts of surface discharges for High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) excitation on practical insulators using the Tracking Wheel Tester (TWT) methodology. This thesis gives details of an experimental investigation to compare the aging performance of insulator samples using the TWT for High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) and positive and negative polarity HVDC excitation. Two series of tests were performed. The first series of tests evaluated the aging of six insulator rods, namely three Room Temperature Vulcanized Silicone Rubber (RTV SR) coated glass samples and three uncoated glass samples. Three creepage distances were used for each of the test materials, namely 277 mm, 346 mm and 433 mm. The tests were conducted with HVAC excitation and the test methodology described in the IEC 61302 standard. The second series of tests involved the testing of actual insulator samples. The test voltage and conductivity of the salt water solution were also adapted. Six insulators from different manufacturers, representing different materials and specific creepage distances, were tested with HVAC and positive and negative polarity HVDC excitation. The test samples consisted of Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM), High Temperature Vulcanized Silicone Rubber (HTV SR), porcelain and SR coated porcelain insulators. The aging performance of the different test samples for the three types of excitation are compared in terms of peak leakage current, visual observations of surface degradation and hydrophobicity properties. The leakage current data for HVAC excitation shows that the insulators from the different manufacturers perform differently, even for the same type of material. The results also indicate differences in the way the surfaces degrade, as well as the rate of degradation. For insulators representing the same specific creepage distance, but different materials, it has been shown that the material does influence the aging performance. Comparison of the leakage current data for the HTV SR insulators from the same manufacturer, but with different specific creepage distances, shows that the specific creepage distance affect the aging performance significantly. In general, the test insulators showed higher peak leakage currents with HVDC excitation compared to HVAC excitation. The results for positive polarity HVDC excitation show that the dry band arcing, as well as the discharges, has the same form for all six insulators. The colour of the dry band discharges ranged from a blue-ish orange to a dark yellow, depending on the intensity of the leakage currents. The hydrophobic insulators, namely the HTV SR, EPDM and RTV SR coated porcelain insulators, had lost hydrophobicity within the first week of testing. The results for negative polarity HVDC excitation show severe surface degradation compared to the results for HVAC excitation. The effect of positive polarity HVDC excitation, however, seems to be more severe in terms of leakage currents and aging compared to negative polarity HVDC excitation.
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4

Douar, Adnane. "Recherche de matériaux isolants pour la conception d'une nouvelle génération de connecteurs électriques haute tension : influence de la pollution sur les phénomènes de décharges partielles du contournement et de claquage." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDL0046/document.

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Dans le présent travail, nous abordons une problématique essentielle liée aux accessoires des lignes électriques et plus particulièrement au connecteur à perforation d’isolant (TTDC 45501 FA), commercialisé par la société Sicame située à Arnac-Pompadour (Corrèze). Ce produit permet d’effectuer des dérivations de courant en moyenne tension gainé HTA entre 15 et 25kV. Cependant, il devient nécessaire de concevoir une nouvelle génération de connecteurs capable de fonctionner à une tension de 52 kV en raison de la constante augmentation des besoins en électricité. En réalité, le principal souci concernant ces produits réside dans l’apparition de décharges partielles dans le volume constitué par la matière isolante (polyamide 6 chargée à 50% en poids de fibres de verre). Ces décharges engendrent un vieillissement prématuré du produit sous l’action conjuguée d’une atmosphère corrosive (brouillard salin) et d’un champ électrique. Ainsi, l’objectif de la présente thèse est de faire, dans un premier temps, un choix approprié de matériaux isolants parmi des polymères thermoplastiques, thermodurcissables époxydes ou élastomères en EPDM, capables de résister à plusieurs contraintes : thermique, électrique, mécanique, chimique et climatique. La partie expérimentale concerne, tout d’abord, la mesure de la tension de contournement, de l’activité des décharges partielles se propageant à la surface des matériaux isolants et de la tension de claquage, en tension alternative (A.C.). Pour cela, des échantillons polymères qui comportent des surfaces planes ou des surfaces pourvues de protubérances ont été moulés en vue de comparer leur comportement diélectrique en présence d’atmosphères polluées de type brouillard salin; ces mesures sont nécessaires pour effectuer un choix approprié du matériau à intégrer dans le connecteur. Par la suite, l’étude et la caractérisation optique et électrique de décharges glissantes, se propageant en surface de divers matériaux polymères, en tension impulsionnelle (L.I.) pour les deux polarités (positive et négative) et pour deux types de champ électrique (normal et tangentiel) sont présentées pour le cas d’une interface solide/air. La mesure de la longueur finale des décharges glissantes et la visualisation de l’onde de courant sont les deux paramètres principaux pour différencier les caractéristiques des matériaux utilisés. L’ensemble des résultats de mesures a permis de sélectionner les résines époxydes cyclo-aliphatiques (CEP) comme candidates potentielles pour la conception d’une nouvelle génération de connecteurs. De plus, la simulation du champ électrique, à l’aide du logiciel Flux 2D/3D, sur le connecteur électrique (TTDC 45501FA) a permis d’aboutir à la proposition d’un prototype de connecteur présentant une nouvelle géométrie et pouvant fonctionner à 52kV
In the present study, we deal with an essential problem related to electrical lines accessories and more particularly to piercing connectors (TTDC 45501FA) commercialized by a private company named Sicame and which is located in Arnac-Pompadour (Corrèze, France). This product/accessory is designed to provide power diversions on medium voltage live lines HVA operating between 15 and 25kV. However, it becomes required to design a new generation of piercing connectors able to operate on 52kV live lines because of the electrical power demands that are steadily increasing. Actually, the main concerns about these products are the occurrence of partial discharges within the insulating material volume (polyamide 6 containing 50%wt of glass fibers). Most of the time, these discharges induce an early ageing process of the accessory under the combined effects of a corrosive environment (as salt fog) and an electric field threshold. Thus, the main objective of the present Ph.D. thesis is to carry out an appropriate choice of insulating materials among several tested polymers such as thermoplastics and thermosetting epoxy resins and EPDM elastomers that are capable of withstanding several constraints: thermal and electrical and mechanical and chemical conditions. The experimental section is focusing on the measurements of flashover voltage and partial discharges activity propagating on polymeric surfaces and breakdown voltage within material bulks under A.C voltage. That is why polymeric samples with plane surfaces and textured surfaces are molded to compare their resistance to partial discharges when being subjected to polluted environments such as salt fog; these measurements are necessary to choose the suitable materials for the required application to be integrated in the new generation of connectors. Then, the optical and electrical characterization results of creeping discharges propagating on several polymeric surfaces under lightning impulse (L.I.) voltage with its both polarities (positive and negative) and for two kinds of applied electric field (normal and tangential) are presented in the case of solid/air interfaces. Final length measurements of creepage discharges are the main parameter for distinguishing material properties. The whole obtained results (under AC and LI voltages) allow us to point out the cycloaliphatic epoxy resins as potential candidates to the conception of a new generation of piercing connectors. In addition, the electric field simulation and modelling of the TTDC 45501FA connector by using the Flux 2D/3D software seems to be helpful to design a connector prototype which exhibits a new geometry and is able to reach a voltage level that equals 52kV
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5

Salomonsson, David, and Erik Eng. "A Component-based Model of a Fuel Cell Vehicle System." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fordonssystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176698.

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Improving the efficiency and performance of vehicle propulsion systems has always been desirable, and with increasing environmental awareness this has become increasingly topical. A particularly strong focus today is at fossil-free alternatives, and there is a strong trend for electrification. Hybrid powertrains of different types can bring benefits in certain aspects, and there is a lot of research and development involved in the making of a new powertrain. In this thesis, a complete powertrain for a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle is modeled, with the intention of contributing to this trend. The model can be used to investigate design choices and their impact on energy consumption. A component-based library is developed, with the purpose of being easy to implement for different configurations. The results show that it is possible to assemble and simulate a complete hybrid drivetrain, using the modeled components, while not being very computationally heavy. The developed models correspond well with reality while being modular and easy to implement.
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6

Srinivasan, A. D. "Electric Discharge Plasma Promoted Adsorption/Catalysis, For Removal Of NOx, HC And CO From An Actual Diesel Engine Exhaust." Thesis, 2005. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/1485.

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7

Sushma, B. R. "N-Radical Injection For Augmenting The Nox Removal In Diesel Engine Exhaust By Electric Discharges." Thesis, 2005. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2005/1484.

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8

Sinha, Dipanwita. "Towards Achieving Better NOx Removal In Discharge Plasma Treatment Of Diesel Engine Exhaust." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/648.

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In India, the expansion of industries and two-fold increase in motor vehicles over the last decade are posing a serious environmental crisis in the form of urban air pollution. Common pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Air pollution results from a variety of sources. The natural sources include volcanoes, forest fire, scattering soil, biological decay, lightning strikes, dust storms etc. and man-made sources include thermal power plants, vehicular exhausts, incinerators and various other industrial emissions. More than 60% of the air pollution is contributed by these man-made sources. Amongst the gaseous pollutants, the major concern and a challenging task is to control oxides of nitrogen, commonly referred to as NOx. In case of diesel engines, despite the modification in engine design and improvement in after treatment technologies, large amount of NOx continues is get emitted and attempts to develop new catalyst to reduce NOx have so far been less successful. Further, with the emission standards becoming more stringent, estimates are that NOx and particulate matter emission must be reduced by as much as 90%. In this context, the emergence of electrical discharge plasma technique in combination with the few existing technologies is providing to be economically viable and efficient technology. In this thesis emphasis has been laid on the discharge based non-thermal plasma for NOx removal. NOx from simulated gas mixture and actual diesel engine exhaust has been treated. The thesis mainly addresses the following issues. . • Performance evaluation of pipe-cylinder and wire-cylinder reactor for NOx removal . • Study of effect of plasma assisted adsorbent reactor on NOx removal . • Study of effect of adsorption and plasma based desorption using different adsorbent material and electrode configuration The first chapter provides introduction about the air pollutants and the existing NOx control technologies, a brief history of electric discharge plasma, a detailed literature survey and scope of the work. A detailed experimental setup consisting of voltage sources, gas system (simulated flue gas and diesel exhaust), gas analyzers, adsorbent materials are discussed in the second chapter. In the third chapter, NOx is treated by three different methods and are described in separate parts. In first part we have done a comparative study of NO/NOx removal using two different types of dielectric barrier discharge electrodes: a) wire-cylinder reactor, b) pipe-cylinder reactor. Investigations were first carried out with synthetic gases to obtain the baseline information on the NO/NOx removal with respect to the two geometries studied. Further, experiments were carried out with raw diesel exhaust under loaded condition. A high NOx removal efficiency 90% was observed for pipe-cylinder reactor when compared to that with wire-cylinder reactor, where it was 53.4%. In second part an analysis has been made on discharge plasma coupled with an adsorbent system. The cascaded plasma-adsorbent system may be perceived as a better alternative for the existing adsorbent based abatement system in the industry. During this study the exhaust is sourced from a diesel generator set. It was observed that better NO removal in a plasma reactor can be made possible by achieving higher average fields and subsequent NO2 removal can be improved using an adsorbent system connected in cascade with the plasma system. This part describes the various findings pertaining to these comparative analyses. The third and last part of chapter 3 consists of gas desorption from an adsorbent by non-thermal plasma, which is an alternative to conventional thermal desorption, has been studied in relation to diesel engine exhaust. In this process saturated adsorbent material is regenerated using high energetic electrons and excited molecules produced by non thermal plasma. The last Chapter lists out the major inferences drawn from this study.
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9

(6760871), Tugba Piskin. "Numerical Simulations of Gas Discharges for Flow Control Applications." Thesis, 2019.

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In the aerospace industry, gas discharges have gained importance with the exploration of their performance and capabilities for flow control and combustion. Tunable properties of plasma make gas discharges efficient tools for various purposes. Since the scales of plasma and the available technology limit the knowledge gained from experimental studies, computational studies are essential to understand the results of experimental studies. The temporal and spatial scales of plasma also restrict the numerical studies. It is a necessity to use an idealized model, in which enough physics is captured, while the computational costs are acceptable.

In this work, numerical simulations of different low-pressure gas discharges are presented with a detailed analysis of the numerical approach. A one moment model is employed for DC glow discharges and nanosecond-pulse discharges. The cheap-est method regarding the modeling and simulation costs is chosen by checking the requirements of the fundamental processes of gas discharges. The verification of one-moment 1-D glow discharges with constant electron temperature variation is achieved by comparing other computational results.

The one moment model for pulse discharge simulation aims to capture the information from the experimental data for low-pressure argon discharges. Since the constant temperature assumption is crude, the local field approximation is investigated to obtain the data for electron temperature. It was observed that experimental data and computational data do not match because of the stagnant decay of electron number densities and temperatures. At the suggestion of the experimental group, water vapor was added as an impurity to the plasma chemistry. Although there was an improvement with the addition of water vapor, the results were still not in good agreement with experiment.

The applicability of the local field approximation was investigated, and non-local effects were included in the context of an averaged energy equation. A 0-D electron temperature equation was employed with the collision frequencies obtained from the local field approximation. It was observed that the shape of the decay profiles matched with the experimental data. The number densities; however, are less almost an order of magnitude.

As a final step, the two-moment model, one-moment model plus thermal electron energy equation, was solved to involve non-local effects. The two-moment model allows capturing of non-local effects and improves agreement with the experimental data. Overall, it was observed that non-local regions dominate low-pressure pulsed discharges. The local field approximation is not adequate to solve these types of discharges.
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10

Kumar, Bijendra. "No/Nox Removal In Diesel Engine Exhaust Under Different Energizations And Reactor Configurations." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/716.

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In India, with the increase in the number of industries and vehicles the environment is getting more and more polluted. More than industries it is the rapid growth of vehicles which causes serious environmental crisis in the form of air pollution and has become alarming particularly in cities. The industrial and vehicular growth cannot be neglected, as the country’s economic and social well being is largely dependent on them. But this should not come at the cost of our health and eco system. The industrial and vehicular emissions must be controlled in order to keep our air clean. Continued efforts in this direction are being taken up across the globe to investigate an efficient and economical technique. There are many air pollutants being emitted from both natural and manmade sources. The major air pollutants identified as hazardous to human health are nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and sulfur dioxides (SOx). Among these, nitrogen oxides are considered to be difficult to remove. The sources of NOx are thermal power plants, stationary and mobile diesel engines, gasturbine engine, ironore sintering plants and various other smallscale utilities. There are conventionally available technologies to remove NOx such as chemical scrubbing, catalysis etc. But these techniques are either difficult to operate or do not bring down the level of NOx to the required norms imposed by the government. The failure of conventional techniques to remove NOx to the expected limit led to the development of alternative nonconventional techniques. Prominent among these new alternative techniques is electric discharge plasma, where the gas is partially ionized and temperature of electrons is considerably higher than that of ions and background gas molecules. Diesel engines are getting popular due to their inherent merits and their number is increasing considerably. Unfortunately, the exhaust of diesel engine being complex with high oxygen content makes the existing pollution control techniques insufficient particularly with regard to removal of NOx. So there is a need for investigating better technology which can effectively abate the pollutants from diesel engine exhaust. Electric Discharge plasma is one such alternative technique which has been very successful in large volumes of flue gas cleaning and hence, its potential is being explored in the cleaning of small volumes of vehicular exhausts, in particular, diesel engine exhaust. In the present work we investigated the relative performance of different electric discharge plasma reactors, with different type of voltages like AC, DC and pulse. The reactors were evaluated for NOx removal efficiency and NO conversion. This research work is a feasibility study to find whether electric discharge plasma can be used more effectively as an alternative technology for the after treatment of diesel engine exhaust in cascade with some cheaper adsorbents, if necessary. The scope of this qualitative experimental study can briefly be summarized as below: . • To study different reactors for NO conversion and NOx removal . • To study the effect of dielectric pellets in enhancing the radical production which in turn will have a bearing on the chemical reactions . • To study the effect of different types of voltages on the cleansing process . • To propose an efficient reactor system subject to the experimental conditions studied.
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Книги з теми "Electrical Discharges for Pollution Control"

1

Wadelin, G. D. Balancing the environmental discharges from merchant powerstationsagainst the energy requirements of industrial pollutionabatementequipment for optimised pollution control. Manchester: UMIST, 1994.

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2

Commercial Vessel Discharges Reform Act of 2011: Report (to accompany H.R. 2840) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2011.

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3

Gerard, O'Leary, Carty Gerry, and Fanning Andy, eds. Urban waste water discharges in Ireland with population equivalents greater than 500 persons: A report of the years 1998 and 1999. Johnstown Castle Estate, Co. Wexford: Environmental Protection Agency, 2000.

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4

Organization, International Maritime. Procedures for the control of ships and discharges: Resolution A.542(13) adopted by the Assembly of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) at its thirteenth session on 17 November 1983 and resolution MEPC 26(23) adopted by the Marine Environment Protection Committee of IMO at its twenty-third session on 8 July 1986. London: IMO, 1986.

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5

University, CAERC Tsinghua. Sustainable Automotive Energy System in China. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.

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6

Penetrante, Bernie M. Non-Thermal Plasma Techniques for Pollution Control : Part B: Electron Beam and Electrical Discharge Processing. Springer, 2011.

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7

Penetrante, Bernie M., and Shirley E. Schultheis. Non-Thermal Plasma Techniques for Pollution Control : Part B: Electron Beam and Electrical Discharge Processing. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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8

Montague, Keith, and Martin Luker. Control of Pollution from Highway Drainage Discharges (Report). Construction Industry Research and Information Ass, 1994.

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9

Britain, Great. Control of Pollution (exemption of Certain Discharges from Control) (variation) Order 1986. Stationery Office, The, 1986.

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10

Britain, Great. The Control of Pollution (Exemption of Certain Discharges from Control) (Variation) Order 1987 (Statutory Instruments: 1987: 1782). Stationery Office Books, 1987.

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Частини книг з теми "Electrical Discharges for Pollution Control"

1

Weng, Lingang, Xiaodong Shi, Qing Ye, Keji Qi, Shuai Zhang, Licheng Zheng, and Yujie Liu. "The Application of Pulsed Corona Discharge Plasma Technology in Air Pollution Control." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1190–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1528-4_121.

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2

Ellis, K. V., G. White, and A. E. Warn. "Storm Sewage Discharges and Urban Surface Water Run-off." In Surface Water Pollution and its Control, 253–75. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09071-6_11.

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3

Kogelschatz, U. "UV Production in Dielectric Barrier Discharges for Pollution Control." In Non-Thermal Plasma Techniques for Pollution Control, 339–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78476-7_24.

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4

Abolentsev, V. A., S. V. Korobtsev, D. D. Medvedev, V. D. Rusanov, and V. L. Shiryaevsky. "Laboratory Studies of Plasmochemical Oxidation Process Energized by Pulsed Streamer Discharges." In Non-Thermal Plasma Techniques for Pollution Control, 139–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78476-7_12.

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5

Bermúdez, A., C. Rodríguez, M. E. Vázquez-Méndez, and A. Martínez. "Mathematical modelling and optimal control methods in waste water discharges." In Ocean Circulation and Pollution Control — A Mathematical and Numerical Investigation, 3–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18780-3_1.

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6

Teich, Timm H., and Adriano Nasciuti. "Some Excited State Reactions Occurring in Discharges Considered for Pollution Control." In Gaseous Dielectrics VII, 325–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1295-4_62.

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7

Suriano, D., R. Rossi, M. Alvisi, G. Cassano, V. Pfister, M. Penza, L. Trizio, M. Brattoli, M. Amodio, and G. De Gennaro. "A Portable Sensor System for Air Pollution Monitoring and Malodours Olfactometric Control." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 87–92. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0935-9_15.

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8

Li, Huixing, Geng Geng, Guohui Feng, Wei Wang, and Huiyu Guo. "Experimental Research on Indoor Secondary Pollution and Control Technology of Public Buildings." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 215–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39584-0_24.

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9

Ashworth, John, Ivy Papps, and David J. Storey. "Assessing the Effectiveness and Economic Efficiency of an E.E.C. Pollution Control Directive: The Control of Discharges of Mercury to the Aquatic Environment." In International Studies in Economics and Econometrics, 207–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4442-8_11.

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10

Penza, Michele. "COST Action TD1105 on New Sensing Technologies for Air-Pollution Control and Environmental Sustainability: Overview in Europe and New Trends." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 95–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00684-0_18.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Electrical Discharges for Pollution Control"

1

Wilson, C. R. "The use of barrier discharges for pollution control." In IEE Colloquium Pulsed Power '97. IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19970401.

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2

Poggie, Jonathan, Nicholas Bisek, Igor Adamovich, and Munetake Nishihara. "High-Speed Flow Control with Electrical Discharges." In 42nd AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-3104.

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3

Lai, L. L. "Harmonic pollution in electrical energy systems." In 3rd International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management (APSCOM 95). IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19951293.

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4

Madonna, Vincenzo, Paolo Giangrande, Weiduo Zhao, Giampaolo Buticchi, He Zhang, Chris Gerada, and Michael Galea. "Reliability vs. Performances of Electrical Machines: Partial Discharges Issue." In 2019 IEEE Workshop on Electrical Machines Design, Control and Diagnosis (WEMDCD). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wemdcd.2019.8887809.

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5

Leonov, Sergey, Valentin Bityurin, Dmitry Yarantsev, Yuri Isaenkov, and Victor Soloviev. "High-Speed Flow Control Due to Interaction with Electrical Discharges." In AIAA/CIRA 13th International Space Planes and Hypersonics Systems and Technologies Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2005-3287.

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6

Zhou, Qiang, and Yuegang Tang. "Coal combustion on environment pollution in China." In 2011 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceceng.2011.6058386.

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7

Zheng, Chaocheng. "Control technology on surface runoff pollution: a review." In 2018 International Conference on Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic Engineering & Science (MEEES 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/meees-18.2018.70.

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8

Xiang, Li, Jia Xiufang, Li Youmin, and Hang Min. "Study on Initial Allocation of Electromagnetic Pollution Emission Right." In 2010 International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icece.2010.1368.

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9

Abdullin, E. N., G. P. Bazhenov, S. M. Chesnokov, G. P. Erokhin, V. V. Kiselev, and O. B. Ladyzhensky. "Phases of vacuum and plasma discharges and control of their parameters." In XVI International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum, edited by Gennady A. Mesyats. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.174649.

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10

"Proceedings of 17th International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum." In Proceedings of 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium. IEEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/freq.1996.560318.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Electrical Discharges for Pollution Control"

1

Poggie, Jonathan. Numerical Modeling of Pulsed Electrical Discharges for High-Speed Flow Control. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada558863.

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2

Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.

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Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.
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