Готові списки джерел за темами / Electric driving Simulation methods

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Electric driving Simulation methods"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Electric driving Simulation methods"

1

Gang, Li, and Yang Zhi. "Energy saving control based on motor efficiency map for electric vehicleswith four-wheel independently driven in-wheel motors." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 8 (August 2018): 168781401879306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018793064.

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Анотація:
For four-wheel independently driven in-wheel motor electric vehicles, the four-wheel drive/braking torque can be controlled independently. Therefore, it has an advantage that energy saving control can be applied effectively. This article studies several energy saving control methods from two levels of driving and braking for four-wheel independently driven in-wheel motor electric vehicles under urban conditions based on the motor efficiency map. First, the energy saving control logic and the evaluation index were proposed in the article. The four-wheel drive torque was online optimized in real time through drive energy saving control, in order to improve the driving efficiency in the driving process of electric vehicles. According to the theory of ideal braking force distribution and Economic Commission of Europe braking regulations, the parallel regenerative braking control method based on the motor efficiency map was then studied. The parallel regenerative braking control method was applied to four-wheel independently driven in-wheel motor electric vehicles. The simulation analysis under typical urban driving cycle conditions was carried out to determine the braking intensity of the parallel brake front axle separate regenerative braking, and finally the braking energy recovery rate of electric vehicle can be improved in the low speed and low braking torque. Finally, simulation experiments have been carried out to verify the researched method under the NEDC, UDDS, and J1015 urban driving cycles. The simulation results show that the energy saving control methods have an obvious effect on energy saving under the urban driving cycle conditions.
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2

Song, Shi Gang, Xiao Ping Li, and Ze Chang Sun. "Design and Simulation of Pure Electric Vehicle Power System." Advanced Materials Research 608-609 (December 2012): 1541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.608-609.1541.

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According to pure electric vehicle dynamic requirements and the driving conditions, took an electric vehicle as an example, analyzed principle and method of power system with voltage, electric current, capacity and connection methods. Software ADVISOR was employed to establish vehicle model, analyzed dynamic performance under drive cycle conditions. Simulation result indicate that battery pack is in normal state, dynamic performances including acceleration performance, gradient ability, maximum speed, driving mileage are satisfied to design requirements. So the rationality and validity of the power system are demonstrated.
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3

Zhou, Feng Jun, Cheng Lin, Jin Rui Nan, Gang Wang, and Wan Ke Cao. "Study Performance of Pure Electric Buses Based on the Fuzzy Control Strategy." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 1482–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.1482.

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Pure electric bus control strategies and methods have an important effect on performance of the bus. The pure electric buses vehicle driving system was modeled and optimized by the fuzzy control strategy. Through simulation and commissioning tests, both the dynamic performance and economy of the pure electrical bus that using fuzzy control strategy have an excellent performance.
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4

Yan, Shi Rong, Zhen Hai Su, and Shi Zhong Li. "Discussions on Dynamic Way to Develop Electric Vehicle Control Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 1034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.1034.

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Two different car traction control methods were studied and some dynamic characteristics were found. Firstly, a new electric rear driving car with two DC motors driving independently is controlled by a combined system. The combined system consists of a feed-forward control, a feedback control and a SRC. Secondly, a built-in permanent magnet synchronous motor is selected as its driving motor. A motor driving system with a current loop and a speed loop was developed. The current loop consists of maximum torque per ampere control and field weakening control. Some simulation work was done based on MATLAB/Simulink software. The simulation study showed the control system can make the electric vehicle work well.
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5

Zhao, Shu Peng, and Miao Tian. "Study of Chassis Dynamometer for Hybrid Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1312–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1312.

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Анотація:
The development of chassis dynamometer of hybrid vehicle based on CAN bus was studied. Chassis dynamometer of hybrid vehicle measurement methods and loading devices are analyzed, and laid the foundation for the resistance simulation of chassis dynamometer.Road resistance simulation on HEV chassis dynamometer is researched, getting electric quantity simulation type of chassis dynamometer driving resistance.The research and development of hybrid vehicle chassis dynamometer based on CAN Bus is conducive to enhance the level of whole hybrid vehicle and car assembly, establish the test procedures, test methods and test standards, provide a research platform and methods for test evaluation of HEV energy utilization.
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Zhileykin, Mikhail M., Alexandr V. Klimov, and Ivan K. Maslennikov. "An energy efficiency analysis of the electrodynamic antispin regulation of the city electrobus." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 16, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-96733.

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BACKGROUND: The antispin regulation (ASR) operation, combined with an individual electric traction drive (IETD) of a city electrobus, may contribute to road safety improvement as well as to economy of electric energy, consumed by IETD from drive battery as a result of decreasing of drving wheels spin. AIMS: Development of a new operation algorithm of the electrodynamic ASR of the rear axle driven electrobus, based on additional modulation of the vectoral PWM signal, applied to three-phase windings of a stator of a synchronous traction motor and helping to ensure electroenergy economy as a result of consumption decrease and partial energy return during driving wheels regenerative braking,as well as improvement of driving stability on slippery roads. METHODS: The chosen criterion of operating capability of the ASR operation algorithm is absence of negative impact on road safety, which may consist in loss of course and trajectory driving stability and loss of mobility. Electrobus motion path was used as an integrational measuring tool for quality assessment of these performance characteristics. The chosen criteria of energy efficiency are the summarized averaged electric power, consumed by traction motors, and the summarized averaged electrical power of regeneration, returned by traction motors to the battery throughout the electrobus testing ride. RESULTS: With simulation methods, it was found that the summarized averaged power of the electrobus, featured with the ASR, driving on slippery road, is 9.7% less than the power of the electrobus without the ASR in the same conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The summarized economy, resulted from decreasing of energy consumption (driving wheels spin is eliminated) and partial energy return back to a battery during driving wheels regenerative braking, may be up to 26.8% of the summarized averaged electric power, consumed by traction motors of the electrobus with the ASR.
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Wang, Yong, Hongguo Cai, Yinghua Liao, and Jun Gao. "Study on Global Parameters Optimization of Dual-Drive Powertrain System of Pure Electric Vehicle Based on Multiple Condition Computer Simulation." Complexity 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6057870.

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Анотація:
Equipped with two power sources, the dual-driving powertrain system for pure electric vehicles has a driving mode different from traditional electric vehicles. Under the premise that the structural form of the transmission system remains unchanged, the following transmission schemes can be adopted for double drive electric vehicles according to the demand power: the main and auxiliary electric transmission scheme (two motors are driven separately with dual-motor coupling drive), the transmission scheme in which the two motors always maintain coupling drive, and the speed-regulating type electric transmission scheme (the main motor is always responsible for driving, and the auxiliary motor is responsible for speed regulation). Therefore, a significant difference exists in the design methods of the power transmission system of double drive electric vehicles and existing vehicles. As for such differences, this paper adopts intelligent algorithm to design the parameters of the transmission system and introduces the genetic algorithm into the optimization design of parameters to obtain the optimal vital parameters of the power transmission system based on computer simulation. The prototype car used in this paper is a self-owned brand car; MATLAB/Simulink platform is used to build the vehicle simulation model, which is used for the computer simulation analysis of the vehicle dynamic performance and economy. It can be seen from the analysis result that the system parameters obtained by using the global optimization method proposed in this study can improve the vehicle dynamic performance and economic performance to varying degrees, which proves the efficiency and feasibility of the optimization method.
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Li, Zhe, and Ling Zheng. "Integrated design of active suspension parameters for solving negative vibration effects of switched reluctance-in-wheel motor electrical vehicles based on multi-objective particle swarm optimization." Journal of Vibration and Control 25, no. 3 (August 12, 2018): 639–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546318791023.

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Анотація:
As for the elastic layout of the direct-driven electric wheel system, the electromechanical coupling between the electromagnetic excitation of in-wheel driving motor and the weak damping system gives rise to negative vibration issues, which further deteriorate the dynamic performance of the electric vehicle. This paper presents a multi-objective optimization method for active suspension system to solve these issues by developing an integrated in-wheel motor electrical vehicles model. The unbalanced electromagnetic excitation from in-wheel driving motor is investigated by means of analytical and finite element methods. The Pareto solution set of optimal parameters are generated by the multi-objective particle swarm optimization method, and a comparison in vehicle dynamic performances is made to verify the targeted optimization method. The simulation results indicate that the optimized active suspension system attenuates the sensitivity of the vehicle system to electromagnetic excitation with a satisfactory balancing between vehicle ride comfort and stability as well as active suspension utilization.
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Gu, Qiang, and Xiu Sheng Cheng. "Electric Vehicle Transmission Gear Ratio Optimization Based on Particle Swarm Optimization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 187 (June 2012): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.187.20.

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Анотація:
The driving range of electric vehicles is less than traditional vehicles due to the restriction of energy storage. It is raising the efficiency of each power component that is one of increasing electric vehicle driving range methods. A particle swarm optimization is used to optimize transmission gear ratio on established electric vehicle power component models. A simulation that simulates the energy consumption of vehicle after gear ratio optimization is given to compare with the actual energy consumption data of the vehicle before gear ratio optimization. The results show that the energy consumption and driving range of the latter are better than the former therefore this optimization is valid.
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Zhao, Ming Hui, Lian Dong Wang, Lei Ma, and Hui Hou. "Control Methods of Active Front Wheel Steering for 4WD Electric Vehicle." Applied Mechanics and Materials 97-98 (September 2011): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.97-98.735.

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Based on two freedom degrees of vehicle model, control method which takes yaw rate and sideslip angle as system state, and front wheel corner and direct yaw moment as control input is put forward. Considering uncertainty of velocity and direct yaw moment, feedforward-feedback controllers are designed. Four wheel drive force are allocated by using feedforward compensation and yaw moment which is formed by driving force difference value. It makes yaw rate and sideslip well of tracking the desirable model when the vehicle drive steering. Finally, vehicle handling stability is studied on conditions of step input and sine input by simulation.
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Electric driving Simulation methods"

1

Louw, Nicolaas Hendrik. "Real time full circuit driving simulation system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50077.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch Universit, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The requirements regarding the quality of engines and vehicles have increased constantly, requiring more and more sophisticated engine testing. At the same time, there is a strong demand to reduce lead time and cost of development. For many years steady state engine testing was the norm using standard principles of power absorption. Since the mid 1980's increasing importance has been attached to the optimisation of transient engine characteristics and the simulation of dynamic real world driving situations on engine test stands. This has led to the use of bi-directional DC or AC regenerative dynamometers a practice now known as dynamic engine testing. Interfacing a computer with vehicle simulation software to an engine on a dynamic test stand and using "hardware in the loop" techniques, enables the simulation of real world driving situations in a test facility. In dynamic engine testing a distinction can be made between simulation testing and transient testing. In simulation testing the set point values are predetermined whereas in transient testing a model generates set point values in real time. Speeds and loads are calculated in real time on the basis of real time measurements. The model can be in the form of a human or driver simulation. This project involved the application of dynamic engine testing to simulating a racing application. It is termed Real Time Full Circuit Driving Simulation System due to the simulation of a race car circling a race track, controlled by a driver model and running the engine on a dynamic test bench in real time using "hardware in the loop" techniques. By measuring the simulated lap times for a certain engine configuration on the test bench in real time, it is possible to select the optimal engine set-up for every circuit. The real time nature of the simulation subjects the engine on the test bench to similar load and speed conditions as experienced by its racing counterpart in the race car yielding relevant results. The racing simulation was achieved by finding a suitable dynamic vehicle model and a three dimensional race track model, developing a control strategy, programming the software and testing the complete system on a dynamic test stand. In order to verify the simulation results it was necessary to conduct actual track testing on a representative vehicle. A professional racing driver completed three flying laps of the Killarney racing circuit in a vehicle fitted with various sensors including three axis orientation and acceleration sensors, a GPS and an engine control unit emulator for capturing engine data. This included lap time, vehicle accelerations, engine speed and manifold pressure, an indicator of driver input. The results obtained from the real time circuit simulation were compared to actual track data and the results showed good correlation. By changing the physical engine configuration in the hardware and gear ratios in the software, comparative capabilities of the system were evaluated. Again satisfactory results were obtained with the system clearly showing which configuration was best suited for a certain race track. This satisfies the modem trend of minimizing costs and development time and proved the value of the system as a suitable engineering tool for racing engine and drive train optimisation. The Real Time Full Circuit Driving Simulation System opened the door to further development in other areas of simulation. One such area is the driveability of a vehicle. By expanding the model it would be possible to evaluate previously subjective characteristics of a vehicle in a more objective manner.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vereistes om die kwaliteit van enjins en voertuie te verhoog, word daagliks hoër. Meer gesofistikeerde enjintoetse word daarom vereis. Terselfdertyd is dit 'n groot uitdaging om die tydsduur en koste van ontwikkeling so laag as moontlik te hou. Gestadigde toestand enjintoetse, wat op die prinsiep van krag absorpsie werk, was vir baie jare die norm. Vanaf die middel tagtigerjare het die optimering van dinamiese enjinkarakteristieke en die simulasie van werklike bestuursituasies op enjintoetsbanke van al hoe groter belang geword. Die gevolg was die gebruik van twee rigting wisselof gelykstroomdinamometers en staan vandag bekend as dinamiese enjintoetsing. Deur 'n rekenaar met simulasiesagteware aan 'n enjin op 'n dinamiese toetsbank te koppel, word die moontlikheid geskep om enige werklike bestuursituasies van 'n voertuig te simuleer in die enjintoetsfasiliteit. Dinamiese enjintoetse kan opgedeel word in simulasietoetse en oorgangstoestandtoetse. By laasgenoemde genereer 'n "bestuurdersmodel" die beheerwaardes intyds deur te kyk na intydse metings terwyl by simulasietoetse die beheerwaardes vooraf bepaal word. Die "bestuurder" kan in die vorm van 'n persoon of rekenaarsimulasie wees. Die projek behels die toepassing van dinamiese enjintoetse vir renbaansimulasie en staan bekend as'n Intydse, Volledige Renbaansisteem weens die simulasie van 'n renmotor om 'n renbaan, onder die beheer van 'n bestuurdersmodel. Dit geskied terwyl die enjin intyds op 'n dinamiese enjintoetsbank loop en gekoppel is aan die simulasie. Deur die intydse, gesimuleerde rondtetye te analiseer, word die moontlikheid geskep om die enjinkonfigurasie te optimeer vir 'n sekere renbaan. Dit is bereik deur die keuse van 'n gepaste dinamiese voertuigmodel, 'n driedimensionele renbaanmodel, ontwikkeling van 'n beheermodel, programmering van die sagteware en integrasie van die dinamiese enjintoetsstelsel. Die simulasieresultate verkry is gestaaf deur werklike renbaantoetse. 'n Professionele renjaer het drie rondtes van die Killarney renbaan voltooi in 'n verteenwoordigende voertuig wat toegerus was met verskeie sensors o.a. drie as versnellings- en orientasiesensors, GPS en 'n enjinbeheereenheidemmuleerder vir die verkryging en stoor van enjindata. Die sensors het data versamel wat insluit rondtetyd, voertuigversnellings, enjinspoed en inlaatspruitstukdruk. Die korrelasie tussen die simulasie waardes en werklik gemete data was van hoë gehalte. Deur die fisiese enjinkonfigurasie te verander in die hardeware en ratverhoudings in die sagteware, is die vergelykbare kapasiteite van die renbaansimulasie geevalueer. Die resultate was weer bevredigend en die simulasie was in staat om die beste enjinkonfigurasie vir die renbaan uit te wys. Dit bevredig die moderne neiging om koste en ontwikkelingstyd so laag as moontlik te hou. Sodoende is bewys dat die stelsel waarde in die ingenieurswêreld het. 'n Intydse, Volledige Renbaansisteem die skep die geleentheid vir verdere ontwikkeling op verskeie terreine van simulasie. Een so 'n veld is die bestuurbaarheid van 'n voertuig. Deur die model verder te ontwikkel word die moontlikheid geskep om voorheen subjektiewe karakteristieke van 'n voertuig meer wetenskaplik te analiseer.
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2

Zhu, Qiujun. "Driving Pattern Generation for Customized Energy Control Strategy in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1404726699.

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3

Feng, Xiaoming. "On the probabilistic production simulation of electric power systems using equivalent load duration curve methods." Ohio : Ohio University, 1990. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1172779312.

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4

Joseph, Mackington. "Transformational Leadership and Safe Driving Performance in the U.S. Electric Utility Industry." Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3685944.

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Transformational leadership (TL) has been found popular in many industries in the United States and abroad for the perceived transformational leaders' effectiveness in improving occupational safety. There is a lack of empirical evidence to confirm these claims for safe occupational driving. This phenomenological study attempted to fill this knowledge gap in the electric utility industry where employees must drive in all weather conditions to restore power to customers. The conceptual framework for the study was based on leadership and motivation theories of Burns and Maslow. The research questions explored the influence of (a) TL on safe driving performance improvement in organizations and (b) emotional intelligence (EI) on leaders' efficiency to improve safe driving performance in organizations. These questions were addressed using a 14-item in-depth, open-ended interview questionnaire by a convenience sample of 18 management and 12 union-represented personnel drawn from 5 U.S. electric utility companies using the snowball method. Data were analyzed using NVivo 10 software and were interpreted using the methodological framework of Leedy and Ormrod, and Maxwell. The findings suggested that (a) TL influenced safe driving performance through these leaders' idealized influence, inspirational motivation, and intellectual stimulation; and (b) EI ineffectively and unreliably influenced safe driving improvement, but it improved organizational trust through the leaders' empathy and drivers' empowerment. Individualized consideration, while acknowledged as desirable, was least important and was widely lacking. The implications for positive social change include promoting TL style in other industries, raising employees' commitment and contribution to safe driving performance improvement, and improving organizational trust as well as public safety.

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Shanmugaratnam, Sharmili. "Predicting simulated driving performance under high and low workload environments using cognitive, visual, and psychomotor tasks." [Pensacola, Fla.] : University of West Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/WFE0000127.

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6

Lintern, Matthew A. "The energy consumption mechanisms of a power-split hybrid electric vehicle in real-world driving." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2015. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/17959.

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With increasing costs of fossil fuels and intensified environmental awareness, low carbon vehicles, including hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), are becoming more popular for car buyers due to their lower running costs. HEVs are sensitive to the driving conditions under which they are used however, and real-world driving can be very different to the legislative test cycles. On the road there are higher speeds, faster accelerations and more changes in speed, plus additional factors that are not taken into account in laboratory tests, all leading to poorer fuel economy. Future trends in the automotive industry are predicted to include a large focus on increased hybridisation of passenger cars in the coming years, so this is an important current research area. The aims of this project were to determine the energy consumption of a HEV in real-world driving, and investigate the differences in this compared to other standard drive cycles, and also compared to testing in laboratory conditions. A second generation Toyota Prius equipped with a GPS (Global Positioning System) data logging system collected driving data while in use by Loughborough University Security over a period of 9 months. The journey data was used for the development of a drive cycle, the Loughborough University Urban Drive Cycle 2 (LUUDC2), representing urban driving around the university campus and local town roads. It will also have a likeness to other similar driving routines. Vehicle testing was carried out on a chassis dynamometer on the real-world LUUDC2 and other existing drive cycles for comparison, including ECE-15, UDDS (Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule) and Artemis Urban. Comparisons were made between real-world driving test results and chassis dynamometer real-world cycle test results. Comparison was also made with a pure electric vehicle (EV) that was tested in a similar way. To verify the test results and investigate the energy consumption inside the system, a Prius model in Autonomie vehicle simulation software was used. There were two main areas of results outcomes; the first of which was higher fuel consumption on the LUUDC2 compared to other cycles due to cycle effects, with the former having greater accelerations and a more transient speed profile. In a drive cycle acceleration effect study, for the cycle with 80% higher average acceleration than the other the difference in fuel consumption was about 32%, of which around half of this was discovered to be as a result of an increased average acceleration and deceleration rate. Compared to the standard ECE-15 urban drive cycle, fuel consumption was 20% higher on the LUUDC2. The second main area of outcomes is the factors that give greater energy consumption in real-world driving compared to in a laboratory and in simulations being determined and quantified. There was found to be a significant difference in fuel consumption for the HEV of over a third between on-road real-world driving and chassis dynamometer testing on the developed real-world cycle. Contributors to the difference were identified and explored further to quantify their impact. Firstly, validation of the drive cycle accuracy by statistical comparison to the original dataset using acceleration magnitude distributions highlighted that the cycle could be better matched. Chassis dynamometer testing of a new refined cycle showed that this had a significant impact, contributing approximately 16% of the difference to the real-world driving, bringing this gap down to 21%. This showed how important accurate cycle production from the data set is to give a representative and meaningful output. Road gradient was investigated as a possible contributor to the difference. The Prius was driven on repeated circuits of the campus to produce a simplified real-world driving cycle that could be directly linked with the corresponding gradients, which were obtained by surveying the land. This cycle was run on the chassis dynamometer and Autonomie was also used to simulate driving this cycle with and without its gradients. This study showed that gradient had a negligible contribution to fuel consumption of the HEV in the case of a circular route where returning to the start point. A main factor in the difference to real-world driving was found to be the use of climate control auxiliaries with associated ambient temperature. Investigation found this element is estimated to contribute over 15% to the difference in real-world fuel consumption, by running the heater in low temperatures and the air conditioning in high temperatures. This leaves a 6% remainder made up of a collection of other small real-world factors. Equivalent tests carried out in simulations to those carried out on the chassis dynamometer gave 20% lower fuel consumption. This is accounted for by degradation of the test vehicle at approximately 7%, and the other part by inaccuracy of the simulation model. Laboratory testing of the high voltage battery pack found it constituted around 2% of the vehicle degradation factor, plus an additional 5% due to imbalance of the battery cell voltages, on top of the 7% stated above. From this investigation it can be concluded that the driving cycle and environment have a substantial impact of the energy use of a HEV. Therefore they could be better designed by incorporating real-world driving into the development process, for example by basing control strategies on real-world drive cycles. Vehicles would also benefit from being developed for use in a particular application to improve their fuel consumption. Alternatively, factors for each of the contributing elements of real-world driving could be included in published fuel economy figures to give prospective users more representative values.
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Raisuddin, K. B. M. "Relaxation methods for simulating large power systems." Ohio : Ohio University, 1989. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1182457060.

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8

Dingus, Thomas A. "Development of models for detection of automobile driver impairment." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45721.

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Two of the leading causes of automobile accidents are driver impairment due to alcohol and drowsiness. Apparently, a relatively large percentage of these accidents occur because drivers are unaware of the degree to which they are impaired due to these sources. The purpose of this research was to develop models which could detect driver impairment due to alcohol, drowsiness, or the combination of alcohol and drowsiness, and which could be practically implemented in an automobile. Such detection models, if successfully implemented in conjunction with a system to warn an impaired driver of his or her condition, could potentially save hundreds of lives each year. Six driver-subjects operated a computer controlled driving simulator during each of four conditions. The four conditions consisted of a control condition, an alcohol condition, a sleep-deprived condition, and a combination alcohol and sleep-deprived condition. Moderate levels of alcohol and sleep deprivation were used for this study. Nineteen performance and behavioral measures were collected during this study. Each measure was evaluated singly and in combination with other measures to determine potential value for detection of driver impairment. Detection models were then formulated using the most promising detection measures. The results indicated that a useful on-board drowsiness impairment detection device is possible and practical for highway driving. This device would also, in all likelihood, provide useful detection information regardless of whether low to moderate amounts of alcohol were present in a drowsy driver. The results also showed that on-board alcohol impairment detection may be possible at moderate to high BAC.
Master of Science
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Skowronn, Dietmar Reinhard. "Simulation of Switched Linear Networks." PDXScholar, 1993. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4644.

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This thesis deals with the time-domain analysis of switched linear networks and investigates inherent problems which have to be considered when analyzing this class of networks. Computer simulation requires the use of numerical methods and we focus on the transmission -line modelling technique (TLM) and the numerical inverse Laplace transform. A general approach based on the one-graph modified nodal description is given which allows the formulation of circuit equations of a TLM-modelled circuit by inspection. The numerical equivalence of TLM and trapezoidal rule has been found and a proof is given. A variable step size simulator has been developed based on the 4th order numerical inverse Laplace transform. The properties of this method are reviewed and its limitations are discussed. Simulation results are given to illustrate capabilities of the simulator.
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Lee, Chong Kyong 1973. "Continuation methods for steady state analysis of oscillators." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99777.

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Oscillator circuits are an integral component of wireless communications systems and are increasingly in demand. As such systems gain widespread use, price becomes a very important factor in the design process, and the design cycle must be optimized. This puts an increasing emphasis on the proficiency of oscillator design automation tools. At the same time, as the performance requirements of such systems are becoming more stringent, the required simulation complexity is also increasing. More specifically, high frequency selectivity and low phase noise require very high quality factor oscillators, which in turn negatively affect the convergence performance of current simulation techniques. This thesis proposes a new continuation method for improving the convergence of oscillator simulations and compares this method to some of the methods reported in the literature. The proposed approach does not require a very good initial guess in order to converge to a final solution.
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Книги з теми "Electric driving Simulation methods"

1

P, Bornard, and Meyer B, eds. Power system simulation. London: Chapman & Hall, 1997.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE International Congress & Exposition (1995 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Vehicle computer applications: Vehicle systems and driving simulation. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1995.

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3

1926-, Garzia Ricardo F., and Garzia Mario R. 1955-, eds. Network modeling, simulation, and analysis. New York: M. Dekker, 1990.

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4

Käppler, Wolf Dieter. Smart driver training simulation: Save money, prevent. Berlin: Springer, 2008.

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5

Harald, Gossner, and Stadler Wolfgang, eds. Advanced simulation methods for ESD protection development. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2003.

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6

Electrotechnical systems: Simulation with Simulink® and SimPowerSystems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Chakrabortty, Aranya. Control and optimization methods for electric smart grids. Edited by Ilic Marija D. 1951-. New York: Springer, 2012.

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Erminia, Vaccari, ed. Dynamic models and discrete event simulation. New York: M. Dekker, 1989.

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Noda, Taku. Development of a transmission-line model considering the skin and corona effects for power systems transient analysis. [Kyoto, Japan]: Noda, 1996.

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International, Conference on Digital Power System Simulators (2nd 1997 Montréal Québec). ICDS'97: Montréal, Québec, May28-30, 1997 : Second International Conference on Digital Power System Simulators : proceedings. Varennes, Québec: Hydro-Québec, 1997.

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Частини книг з теми "Electric driving Simulation methods"

1

Xie, Feng, Olaf Czogalla, and Huaiwei Shi. "Application of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management System in Electric Vehicle Simulation." In Electric Mobility in Public Transport—Driving Towards Cleaner Air, 135–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67431-1_9.

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Torres Moreno, José-Luis, José-Luis Blanco Claraco, Mauro Bellone, Francisco Rodrìguez, Antonio Gimènez, and Giulio Reina. "A Proposed Software Framework Aimed at Energy-Efficient Autonomous Driving of Electric Vehicles." In Simulation, Modeling, and Programming for Autonomous Robots, 219–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11900-7_19.

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3

Rentrop, Peter. "Row-Type Methods for the Integration of Electric Circuits." In Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Electrical Circuits and Semiconductor Devices, 59–71. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5698-0_5.

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4

Cao, Jianbo, E. Shiju, Tianfeng Zhao, Xilin Zhu, and Hongkui Jiang. "Simulation Research on μ Synthesis Robust Control for Driving of Hybrid-Power Electric Vehicle." In Advanced Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 193–200. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19712-3_24.

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5

Daberkow, Andreas, Stephan Groß, Christopher Fritscher, and Stefan Barth. "An Energy Efficiency Comparison of Electric Vehicles for Rural–Urban Logistics." In Small Electric Vehicles, 85–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65843-4_7.

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AbstractIn many small and medium-sized businesses in rural–urban areas, delivery services to and from customers, suppliers, and distributed locations are required regularly. In contrast to purely urban commercial centres, the distances here are larger. The aim of this paper is to identify opportunities for substituting combustion-engine logistics with lightweight electric commercial vehicles and the limitations thereto, describing an energy efficiency comparison and improvement process for a defined logistics application. Thus, the area of Heilbronn-Franconia and its transport conditions are presented as examples to compare the use case to standard driving cycles. Then the logistic requirements of Heilbronn UAS (University of Applied Science) locations and the available vehicles as well as further electric vehicle options are depicted. Options are discussed for the additional external payload in search of transport volume optimisation without increasing the vehicle floor space. To this end, simulation models are developed for the aerodynamic examination of the enlarged vehicle body and for determining energy consumption. Consumption and range calculation lead to vehicle concept recommendations. These research activities can contribute to the transformation of commercial electro mobility in rural and urban areas in many parts of Germany and Europe.
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Dube, Bhavya, Raef Kazi, Akash Malya, and Manjusha Joshi. "Simulation of a Self-Driving Car and Comparison of Various Training Methods." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 392–403. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30465-2_44.

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7

Bakar, Saiful Anuar Abu, Ryosuke Masuda, Hiromu Hashimoto, Takeshi Inaba, Hishamuddin Jamaluddin, Roslan Abdul Rahman, and Pakharuddin Mohd Samin. "Improving Electric Vehicle Conversion’s Ride and Handling Performance Using Active Suspension System." In Advanced Methods, Techniques, and Applications in Modeling and Simulation, 258–67. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54216-2_29.

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8

Goletz, Mirko, Daniel Ehebrecht, Christian Wachter, Deborah Tolk, Barbara Lenz, Meike Kühnel, Frank Rinderknecht, and Benedikt Hanke. "Electrification of Urban Three-Wheeler Taxis in Tanzania: Combining the User’s Perspective and Technical Feasibility Challenges." In Small Electric Vehicles, 97–112. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65843-4_8.

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AbstractThis study assesses the feasibility of electric three-wheelers as moto-taxis in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania from a socioeconomic and technical point of view. The analysis is based on three pillars: (i) the acceptance of users (the moto-taxi drivers) for adoption, (ii) the vehicle specifications incl. battery type and size, and (iii) the role of the charging infrastructure. Findings are based on data from empirical field-work; methods used are qualitative and quantitative data analysis and modelling. Main findings include that moto-taxi drivers, who we see as most important adopters, are open towards electric mobility. They request however that vehicles should have similar driving characteristics than their current fuel-vehicles. As the market is very price sensitive, keeping the vehicle cost is of high importance. A high potential to lower these costs is seen by offering opportunity charging spots around the city. If such an infrastructure is being implemented the combination with suitable, cost competitive vehicles makes the transformation of the vehicle market towards electrification possible.
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Svestka, J., and E. Grün. "Methods, Difficulties, and First Results in Laboratory Simulation of Cosmic Dust Electric Charging." In Origin and Evolution of Interplanetary Dust, 367–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3640-2_77.

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10

Thonhofer, Elvira, and José Carmona. "Simulation of Platoon Dynamics, Optimisation and Traffic Effects." In Energy-Efficient and Semi-automated Truck Platooning, 89–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88682-0_7.

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AbstractThis chapter outlines the methodologies required to realise a comprehensive scenario-based approach for effective and efficient development and validation of complex, cooperative control functions in connected and automated driving. These methods are exemplified for platooning and are devised in the scope of Connecting Austria, the Austrian flagship project on automated driving and goods transport. The development and validation approach have first been implemented vertically in depths for the intersection use cases of Connecting Austria. The scenario-based approach includes The systematic identification, collection and collocation of the relevant and representative traffic scenarios. The modelling and simulation of the according traffic and vehicle control strategies. The effectiveness assessment of the traffic and vehicle control strategies with the help of suitable key performance indicators. The controlled iterative adaption to new situations and boundary conditions by steady extension of the operational design domain within an adaptive, learning framework. The demonstration use case “intersection” is the most complex with respect to possible C-ITS, traffic and vehicle control actions. That way generality should be guaranteed, enabling a quick, horizontal extension to further use cases and scenarios, aiming to cover all relevant situations for platooning vehicles within their operational design domain. The application of all methods introduced here will be demonstrated in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-88682-0_9.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Electric driving Simulation methods"

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Tadano, S., K. Uchiyama, A. Tsukada, H. Takahashi, and T. Ukai. "Driving Simulation of Electric Wheelchair on Snowy Roads." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2629.

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Abstract An appropriate wheelchair is greatly desired for outdoor use during the winter season in a snowy region. To develope the electric wheelchair, three types of electric wheelchair were tested for their drivability on an icy road, a snow-covered road and an indoor floor. In addition, computational method was proposed to simulate the drivability of a wheelchair on the snowy road condition.
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2

Kusuma, Christopher Fernaldy, Bentang Arief Budiman, and Ignatius Pulung Nurprasetio. "Simulation Method for Extended-Range Electric Vehicle Battery State of Charge and Energy Consumption Simulation based on Driving Cycle." In 2019 6th International Conference on Electric Vehicular Technology (ICEVT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icevt48285.2019.8993963.

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3

Chu, Liang, and Yanbo Wang. "A method for a driver substitute in intelligent driving system based on simulation." In 2011 International Conference on Mechatronic Science, Electric Engineering and Computer (MEC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mec.2011.6025781.

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4

Wei, Wei, Weilin Zhuge, Yangjun Zhang, and Yongsheng He. "Comparative Study on Electric Turbo-Compounding Systems for Gasoline Engine Exhaust Energy Recovery." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23204.

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Electric turbo-compounding system attracts more attention in recent years with the advance of electronic control devices. There are mainly three kinds of electric turbo-compounding systems for internal combustion engines: System A has an electric-assisted turbocharger, System B has a turbo-generator that is in series with the turbocharger, and System C has a turbo-generator that is in parallel with the turbocharger. A comparative study on the performance of these three kinds of systems for a 1.8L turbocharged gasoline engine is presented. The comparative study has been carried out using 1D simulation methods. The gasoline engine is modeled with the GT-POWER software and the turbochargers and turbo-generators are modeled with turbo through-flow models. The GT-DRIVE software is used to evaluate the system performance under driving cycles. The performance comparisons of different systems have been carried out under US06 and FTP75 driving cycles. Results show that the performance of System C is better than those of the other two kinds of systems. The fuel economy improvement of System C is 4.0% under US06 driving cycle and 1.6% under FTP75 driving cycle, compared with the original prototype engine.
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Reway, Fabio, Maikol Drechsler, Ravikiran Murthy, Yuri Poledna, Werner Huber, and Christian Icking. "Simulation-based test methods with an automotive camera-in-the-loop for automated driving algorithms." In 2022 International Conference on Electrical, Computer, Communications and Mechatronics Engineering (ICECCME). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceccme55909.2022.9988437.

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6

Rahimi, Mohammad A., Rasoul Salehi, and Aria Alasty. "Designing Gear-Shift Pattern for an Electric Vehicle to Optimize Energy Consumption." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40457.

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In this paper optimization of energy consumption in an electric vehicle is presented. The main idea of this optimization is based on selecting the best gear level in driving the vehicle. Two algorithms for optimization are introduced which are based on fuzzy rules and fuzzy controllers. In first algorithm, fuzzy controller simulates energy consumption in different gear levels, and chooses the optimum gear level. While in second method, fuzzy controller detects the optimum gear level by measuring the vehicle’s average speed and acceleration. To investigate the performance of these controllers, a model of TOSAN vehicle is developed and the controllers outputs are checked in simulation of TOSAN being driven within drive cycles in the city of Tehran. It is shown that both algorithms are able to improve efficiency in typical city driving cycles.
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7

Rahmeh, Hadi, Angelo Bonfitto, and Sanjarbek Ruzimov. "Fuzzy Logic vs Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Energy Management in P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22431.

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Abstract This paper presents a comparison between a Fuzzy Logic and an Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for the energy management of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle in P2 configuration, i.e. with the secondary energy converter located downstream the clutch. The design of the two methods is conducted aiming to minimize the fuel consumption. Although the adopted strategies are not charge sustaining, an additional goal of the techniques is to obtain a net energy extracted from the battery over a driving cycle that is not far from zero. The presented simulation results are obtained in the case of two homologation driving cycles, namely NEDC and WLTP. The objective of the study is to demonstrate that a non-optimal rule-based method can achieve a performance that is equivalent to a model-based optimal analytical approach.
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Fang, Shengnan, Jian Song, Yuzhuo Tai, Fei Li, and Truong Sinh Nguyen. "Simulation and Control of a Novel Two-Speed Uninterrupted Mechanical Transmission for Electric Vehicles." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46939.

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Development of electric vehicle (EV) technology leads to the growing performance requirements of driving motor. Introducing a two-speed transmission to EV offers the possibility of economic and dynamic performance improvement of the whole powertrain. This paper presents an innovative two-speed Uninterrupted Mechanical Transmission (UMT), allowing the seamless shifting between two gears. Considering the uncertain factors during gearshift, a robust controller is designed based on H∞ control method. An optimal controller based on linear quadratic regulator is adopted for comparison. The results indicate that the UMT adopting robust controller provides an improvement of dynamic performance and shifting comfort for EV.
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Fang, Yiyuan, Xu Tianqi, Wei-hsiang Yang, Yuto Ihara, and Yushi Kamiya. "Detailed Analysis of Regenerative Energy when the Electric Bus Driving on Expressways." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-adm-027.

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Electric vehicles have many advantages over traditional ICE (internal combustion engine) vehicles, such as zero emissions, noise and vibration reduction, and excellent acceleration performance. In addition, when decelerating or downhill, the ICE vehicles need to use friction braking or engine braking to control speed, but it will waste kinetic or potential energy during the braking. In contrast, electric vehicles driven by the motor can use regenerative braking to control speed and recover that energy to battery for running use. The general view about the regenerative energy is that the energy when running on ordinary roads is much more than expressways, due to the frequent acceleration and deceleration. However, expressways are routes where artificial/ topographical elevation differences occur easily. Especially in Tokyo, Metropolitan Expressways and its surrounding areas, ramps and underground/ undersea tunnels exist, and this situation causes a frequent uphill/ downhill run. It means the regenerable energy running on expressways cannot be able to ignore. Through a large-sized electric bus verification test, the unique situation in Japan is confirmed. In this paper, by analyzing the data obtained from the test that the test route named Misono is 11 km, including the ordinary road and the expressway, a peculiar phenomenon related to the regenerative energy when driving on the ordinary road and the expressway is summarized. Also, to validate the generality of the phenomenon observed, the states of regenerative energy of the other three driving routes are analyzed by the established vehicle simulator. First of all, two energy sources of regenerative energy are investigated: (a) recoverable energy through deceleration, (b) recoverable energy through downhill. And two energy losses: (c) air resistance loss, (d) rolling resistance loss. From the above four kinds of energy, the (e) theoretically regenerative energy (=(a)+(b)-(c)-(d)), which is the upper limit of the regenerative energy, can be calculated. And because of the mechanical loss such as the transmission and the motor-generator loss, the (f) actual regenerative energy is smaller than that. We define the ratio of two above as (g) energy regeneration efficiency (=(f)/(e)), which is used to evaluate the efficiency of the vehicle's energy recovery. Using the above method to analyze the data obtained from the test of Misono route, by comparing the expressway and the ordinary road, we found that there are more (a) recoverable energy through deceleration on the ordinary road. However, there are more (b) recoverable energy through downhill on the expressway, and the (g) energy regeneration efficiency is also significantly higher. Last of all, by the established vehicle simulator, through the simulation results of the three other routes, including the heavy-vehicle test mode of Japan, the same phenomenon about the regenerative energy on expressways and ordinary roads were verified. Through the analyses, the ordinary roads have the more regenerative energy as the general view, however, on the consideration of the unique circumstance of the expressways in Japan, the regenerative energy on expressways is also essential.
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Crosnier, Ronan, and Jean-Franc¸ois Hetet. "Dynamic Modeling and Control of an Hybrid Electric Powertrain for Simulation Under Transient Conditions." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76146.

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This article presents a causal, forward looking approach for the hybrid electric vehicle where the typical performance engine map representation has been modified. The need for a more physical model of the power stroke process has been fulfilled with “the filling and emptying” method. The thermodynamic states in the intake and exhaust systems are calculated, while the in-cylinder process is still based on the engine fuel consumption map as a calibrated data. Comparisons with the conventional model are established, most important is the response of the engine torque under the load demand. This notion of an “available” torque is taken into account by the energy management strategy. Changes on the distribution of energy flow in order to meet the required torque at the wheel are observed and influence of this modelisation on the fuel consumption over various driving cycles is evaluated.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Electric driving Simulation methods"

1

Quinn, William. Driving Down HB-LED Costs. Implementation of Process Simulation Tools and Temperature Control Methods of High Yield MOCVD Growth. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053618.

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2

Lavrentieva, Olena O., Ihor O. Arkhypov, Olexander I. Kuchma, and Aleksandr D. Uchitel. Use of simulators together with virtual and augmented reality in the system of welders’ vocational training: past, present, and future. [б. в.], February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3748.

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The article discusses the theory and methods of simulation training, its significance in the context of training specialists for areas where the lack of primary qualification is critical. The most widespread hardware and software solutions for the organization welders' simulation training that use VR- and AR- technologies have been analyzed. A review of the technological infrastructure and software tools for the virtual teaching-and-production laboratory of electric welding has been made on the example of the achievements of Fronius, MIMBUS, Seabery. The features of creating a virtual simulation of the welding process using modern equipment based on studies of the behavioral reactions of the welder have been shown. It is found the simulators allow not only training, but also one can build neuro-fuzzy logic and design automated and robotized welding systems. The functioning peculiarities of welding's simulators with AR have been revealed. It is shown they make it possible to ensure the forming basic qualities of a future specialist, such as concentration, accuracy and agility. The psychological and technical aspects of the coaching programs for the training and retraining of qualified welders have been illustrated. The conclusions about the significant advantages of VR- and AR-technologies in comparison with traditional ones have been made. Possible directions of the development of simulation training for welders have been revealed. Among them the AR-technologies have been presented as such that gaining wide popularity as allow to realize the idea of mass training in basic professional skills.
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Law, Edward, Samuel Gan-Mor, Hazel Wetzstein, and Dan Eisikowitch. Electrostatic Processes Underlying Natural and Mechanized Transfer of Pollen. United States Department of Agriculture, May 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7613035.bard.

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The project objective was to more fully understand how the motion of pollen grains may be controlled by electrostatic forces, and to develop a reliable mechanized pollination system based upon sound electrostatic and aerodynamic principles. Theoretical and experimental analyses and computer simulation methods which investigated electrostatic aspects of natural pollen transfer by insects found that: a) actively flying honeybees accumulate ~ 23 pC average charge (93 pC max.) which elevates their bodies to ~ 47 V likely by triboelectrification, inducing ~ 10 fC of opposite charge onto nearby pollen grains, and overcoming their typically 0.3-3.9 nN detachment force resulting in non-contact electrostatic pollen transfer across a 5 mm or greater air gap from anther-to-bee, thus providing a theoretical basis for earlier experimental observations and "buzz pollination" events; b) charge-relaxation characteristics measured for flower structural components (viz., 3 ns and 25 ns time constants, respectively, for the stigma-style vs. waxy petal surfaces) ensure them to be electrically appropriate targets for electrodeposition of charged pollen grains but not differing sufficiently to facilitate electrodynamic focusing onto the stigma; c) conventional electrostatic focusing beneficially concentrates pollen-deposition electric fields onto the pistill tip by 3-fold as compared to that onto underlying flower structures; and d) pollen viability is adequately maintained following exposure to particulate charging/management fields exceeding 2 MV/m. Laboratory- and field-scale processes/prototype machines for electrostatic application of pollen were successfully developed to dispense pollen in both a dry-powder phase and in a liquid-carried phase utilizing corona, triboelectric, and induction particulate-charging methods; pollen-charge levels attained (~ 1-10 mC/kg) provide pollen-deposition forces 10-, 77-, and 100-fold greater than gravity, respectively, for such charged pollen grains subjected to a 1 kV/cm electric field. Lab and field evaluations have documented charged vs. ukncharged pollen deposition to be significantly (a = 0.01-0.05) increased by 3.9-5.6 times. Orchard trials showed initial fruit set on branches individually treated with electrostatically applied pollen to typically increase up to ~ 2-fold vs. uncharged pollen applications; however, whole-tree applications have not significantly shown similar levels of benefit and corrective measures continue. Project results thus contribute important basic knowledge and applied electrostatics technology which will provide agriculture with alternative/supplemental mechanized pollination systems as tranditional pollen-transfer vectors are further endangered by natural and man-fade factors.
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4

Development of an Adaptive Efficient Thermal/Electric Skipping Control Strategy Applied to a Parallel Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle. SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0737.

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In recent years automobile manufacturers focused on an increasing degree of electrification of the powertrains with the aim to reduce pollutants and CO2 emissions. Despite more complex design processes and control strategies, these powertrains offer improved fuel exploitation compared to conventional vehicles thanks to intelligent energy management. A simulation study is here presented aiming at developing a new control strategy for a P3 parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. The simulation model is implemented using vehicle modeling and simulation toolboxes in MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed control strategy is based on an alternative utilization of the electric motor and thermal engine to satisfy the vehicle power demand at the wheels (Efficient Thermal/Electric Skipping Strategy - ETESS). The choice between the two units is realized through a comparison between two equivalent fuel rates, one related to the thermal engine and the other related to the electric consumption. An adaptive function is introduced to develop a charge-blended control strategy. The novel adaptive control strategy (A-ETESS) is applied to estimate fuel consumption along different driving cycles. The control algorithm is implemented on a dedicated microcontroller unit performing a Processor-In-the-Loop (PIL) simulation. To demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of the A-ETESS, the same adaptive function is built on the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS). The PIL results showed that the proposed strategy ensures a fuel economy similar to ECMS (worse of about 2% on average) and a computational effort reduced by 99% on average. This last feature reveals the potential for real-time on-vehicle applications.
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An Input Linearized Powertrain Model for the Optimal Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles. SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0741.

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Анотація:
Models of hybrid powertrains are used to establish the best combination of conventional engine power and electric motor power for the current driving situation. The model is characteristic for having two control inputs and one output constraint: the total torque should be equal to the torque requested by the driver. To eliminate the constraint, several alternative formulations are used, considering engine power or motor power or even the ratio between them as a single control input. From this input and the constraint, both power levels can be deduced. There are different popular choices for this one control input. This paper presents a novel model based on an input linearizing transformation. It is demonstrably superior to alternative model forms, in that the core dynamics of the model (battery state of energy) are linear, and the non-linearities of the model are pushed into the inputs and outputs in a Wiener/Hammerstein form. The output non-linearities can be approximated using a quadratic model, which creates a problem in the linear-quadratic framework. This facilitates the direct application of linear control approaches such as LQR control, predictive control, or Model Predictive Control (MPC). The paper demonstrates the approach using the ELectrified Vehicle library for sImulation and Optimization (ELVIO). It is an open-source MATLAB/Simulink library designed for the quick and easy simulation and optimization of different powertrain and drivetrain architectures. It follows a modelling methodology that combines backward-facing and forward-facing signal path, which means that no driver model is required. The results show that the approximated solution provides a performance that is very close to the solution of the original problem except for extreme parts of the operating range (in which case the solution tends to be driven by constraints anyway).
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Comparative Analysis on Fuel Consumption Between Two Online Strategies for P2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) vs Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). SAE International, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2022-01-0740.

Повний текст джерела
Анотація:
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) represent one of the main technological options for reducing vehicle CO2 emissions, helping car manufacturers (OEMs) to meet the stricter targets which are set by the European Green Deal for new passenger cars at 80 g CO2/km by 2025. The optimal power-split between the internal combustion engine (ICE) and the electric motor is a challenge since it depends on many unpredictable variables. In fact, HEV improvements in fuel economy and emissions strongly depend on the energy management strategy (EMS) on-board of the vehicle. Dynamic Programming approach (DP), direct methods and Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) are some of the most used methodologies to optimize the HEV power-split. In this paper two online strategies are evaluated: an Adaptive-RuleBased (A-RB) and an Adaptive-Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (A-ECMS). At first, a description of the P2 HEV model is made. Second, the two sub-optimal strategies are described in detail and then implemented on the HEV model to derive the fuel-optimal control strategy managing the power split between the thermal and electric engine to satisfy the driver's power request, including the engine on/off operating mode and the best gear selection. Finally, the two proposed strategies are tested on different driving cycles and then compared to other commercial strategies available in literature, such as the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) and a RuleBased (RB) strategy. The results show that the A-ECMS is more conservative in terms of state of charge (SoC) compared to the A-RB. In fact, in the A-ECMS the SoC is always within the admissible range with considerable margin from the upper and lower limits for tested cycles, while in the A-RB a deep discharge of the battery is allowed. This behavior leads to a better fuel consumption of the A-RB compared to the A-ECMS, both in the WLTC and in the FTP-75 cycle.
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