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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Economic assistance, Australian Thailand"

Chandler, David. "Cambodia in 2009: Plus C'est la Mêême Chose." Asian Survey 50, no. 1 (January 2010): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2010.50.1.228.

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Cambodia's manufacturing sector suffered in the global downturn. The ruling party, led by Hun Sen, tightened its controls and thousands of citizens were driven from their homes in the interest of development. Relations with Thailand soured, the tribunal indicting leaders of the Khmer Rouge proceeded slowly, and Chinese economic assistance increased.

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Hayes, Michael. "Teaching Cultural Studies and Area Studies in Thailand." MANUSYA 1, no. 2 (1998): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00102004.

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This short paper discusses teaching western Cultural Studies, in particular Australian Cultural Studies, in Thailand. By contextualising pedagogical issues, such as classroom practices and course contents, with the surrounding economic, institutional, and national educational agendas, this paper outlines some of the tensions between western and Asian tertiary education systems. Specifically, examining the development and place of cultural studies in the western university highlights the inability for cultural studies to articulate its specific view of culture.

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Kiertiburanakul, S., W. Phongsamart, T. Tantawichien, W. Manosuthi, and P. Kulchaitanaroaj. "Economic Burden of Influenza in Thailand: A Systematic Review." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 57 (January 2020): 004695802098292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958020982925.

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Thailand has a high incidence and high mortality rates of influenza. This study summarizes the evidence on economic burden or costs of influenza subsequent to the occurrence of influenza illness in the Thai population by specific characteristics such as population demographics, health conditions, healthcare facilities, and/or cost types from published literature. A systematic search was conducted in six electronic databases. All costs were extracted and adjusted to 2018 US dollar value. Out of 581 records, 11 articles (1 with macroeconomic analysis and 10 with microeconomic analyses) were included. Direct medical costs per episode for outpatients and inpatients ranged from US$4.21 to US$212.17 and from US$163.62 to US$4577.83, respectively, across distinct influenza illnesses. The overall burden of influenza was between US$31.1 and US$83.6 million per year and 50-53% of these estimates referred to lost productivity. Costs of screening for an outbreak of influenza at an 8-bed-intensive-care-unit hospital was US$38242.75 per year. Labor-sensitive sectors such as services were the most affected part of the Thai economy. High economic burden tended to occur among children and older adults with co-morbidities and to be related to complications, non-vaccinated status, and severe influenza illness. Strategies involving prevention, limit of transmission, and treatment focusing on aforementioned patients’ factors, containment of hospitalization expenses and quarantine process, and assistance on labor-sensitive economy sectors are likely to reduce the economic burden of influenza. However, a research gap exists regarding knowledge about the economic burden of influenza in Thailand.

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Luntz, Harold. "Compensation for Loss of an Economic Nature : An Australian Perspective." Dommages-intérêts / assurance 39, no. 2-3 (April 12, 2005): 491–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/043501ar.

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This paper first describes briefly the scope of the no-fault motor accident schemes which operate in Australia. It then sets out and evaluates the benefits payable under each for losses of an economic nature. These are benefits for hospital, medical, nursing, rehabilitation and like needs created by injuries in a motor accident ; for informal nursing services and assistance in the home, the need for which is similarly created ; for loss of earning capacity resulting from such accidents ; and for death so resulting. It does not deal with benefits for loss of a non-economic nature, such as pain and suffering (for which, as such, compensation is not generally payable under the schemes) and impairment. It nevertheless concludes that most benefits for loss of an economic nature should be integrated with the Australian social security system and that the true role of a no-fault scheme is to compensate for permanent impairment, since there is no general disability benefit payable under the social security system.

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Tai, Wan-Ping, and Samuel Ku. "State and Industrial Policy: Comparative Political Economic Analysis of Automotive Industrial Policies in Malaysia and Thailand." JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 1, no. 1 (July 31, 2013): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v1i1.61.

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Numerous differences exist between the neoclassical and national development schools of economics on how an economy should develop. For example, should the state interfere in the market using state resources, and cultivate certain industries to achieve specific developmental goals? Although the automotive industries in both Thailand and Malaysia developed in the 1970s with considerable government involvement, they have evolved along very different lines. Can these differences be traced to different interactions between the state and industry in these two countries? This paper examines this issue and finds that although industries in developing countries need government assistance, the specific political and economic contexts of each country affect the policies adopted and their effectiveness. The choice between “autonomous development” (Malaysia) and “dependent development” (Thailand) is the first issue. The second issue is that politics in Malaysia has deterred the automotive industry from adopting a “market following” position. This paper finds that the choice of strategy and political interference are the two main reasons the automotive industry in Malaysia is less competitive than that in Thailand.

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Gibson, Lisanne. "The Arts as Industry." Media International Australia 90, no. 1 (February 1999): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x9909000112.

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There is a discursive split in Australian arts policy between subvention of the arts justified in terms of ‘humanistic’ objectives and subvention of the arts justified in terms of ‘economic’ objectives. It is possible to locate the emergence of this particular split to the 1976 Industries Assistance Commission Report, Assistance to the Performing Arts. Over the last two decades, these policy objectives have been constructed as in competition. This paper traces the history of the construction of the ‘arts as industry’ in Australian arts policy. In conclusion, it queries the more recent terms in which ‘arts as industry’ policy objectives have been set as in opposition to ‘public provision’ models of arts subvention.

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Un, Kheang. "Cambodia in 2011." Asian Survey 52, no. 1 (January 2012): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2012.52.1.202.

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Abstract Cambodia's economy in 2011 recovered from the global economic downturn with a rise in garment exports. Hun Sen and the ruling Cambodian People's Party further consolidated power via the exercise of rule by law and patronage politics. Relations with Thailand returned to normal; ties with China strengthened with increased assistance and trade. The Khmer Rouge Tribunal proceeded amid allegations of political interference by the Cambodian government, making the further expansion of indictments unlikely.

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Prinanda, Devita. "Efektivitas Multi-bi Aid pada Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) Triangle Project." JURNAL SOSIAL POLITIK 4, no. 2 (December 26, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/sospol.v4i2.5910.

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The existences of geographical factors, push factors and pull factors generated the intensity of migration in Greater Mekong Sub-Region (GMS). The region which consists of Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and part of China’s territory had various problems in the migration process. A predominant problem of migration is rendered by the absence of law framework. Therefore, there were a practically illegal migrant and human trafficking. This research will explain the assistance to recover migration’s problems in GMS given by Australian Government (cooperated with ILO). The type of assistance is categorized as multi-bi aid which is the assistance given by the bilateral donor to a multilateral institution. The assistance was released in the form of a project named GMS Triangle Project with the aim of creating migrant protection in GMS. To analyze the implementation of that project, the author uses the concept of multi-bi aid and review effectiveness through the concept of aid effectiveness proposed by Paris Agreement including ownership, alignment, harmonisation, managing for a result, and Mutual Accountability. The result of this study describes how multi-bi aid methods are embodied in a form of project and effectiveness are different for each receiving state in GMS.

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Rudner, Martin. "Japanese Official Development Assistance to Southeast Asia." Modern Asian Studies 23, no. 1 (February 1989): 73–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00011422.

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Japan's involvement as a donor of Official Development Assistance (ODA) can be traced back, historically, to post-second world war arrangements for war damage reparations. At that time, the late 1940s, early 1950s, Japan was itself a low-income country, whose industries had suffered widespread dislocation and ruin due to war. Yet, the new post-war Japanese government, eager to work its way back into the comity of nations, undertook to make reparation for the destruction of economic assets in the territories that had been fought over. The reparations agreements concluded in the 1950s involved many of the developing countries on the Asia/Pacific Rim—reflecting the pattern of wartime conquest—some of them independent, others still under European colonial rule. Thailand and the People's Republic of China were excluded from reparations, the former due to its wartime co-belligerent status, the latter since it was unrecognized by Japan, ironically in view of their subsequent emergence as the largest recipients of Japanese bilateral ODA by the 1980s. In the event, by the time Japanese reparations had become available, reconstruction assistance had already begun to give way to post-reconstruction support for public sector economic growth. A greater part of these reparations consisted of deliveries of Japanese capital goods and equipment, e.g., cargo ships, through transfer mechanisms designed to match Japan's re-emergent industrial export capabilities with the import requirements of Southeast Asian economic development.By way of contrast with the contemporary Western orientation in development assistance to Asia, driven by a 'Big Push' syndrome towards relatively large-scale infrastructure projects through such mechanisms as the Colombo Plan, the Japanese experience with reparations provided from the outset a closer strategic integration between Japan's international donor obligations, on the one hand, and its export strategy and dynamic competitive advantages in international trade, on the other.

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Imkome, Ek-uma, and Kamonchanok Moonchai. "Until the dawn: everyday experiences of people living with COVID-19 during the pandemic in Thailand." F1000Research 11 (December 22, 2022): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.127578.1.

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Background: This study aims to understand and analyze the complex experiences of people living with COVID-19 to support future cases. Methods: Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were employed to collect data through in-depth interviews; the data were combined with non-aggregated behavioral observations. Lived experiences of 15 individuals were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach. We used the thematic analysis technique to analyze the data. Results: Through analysis, themes of stress, economic impact, social stigma, social support, and unexpected benefits were identified. Participants further expressed economic and social concerns during the interviews. Conclusion: The identified themes can help develop multidisciplinary treatment strategies that would be useful during a healthcare crisis, establish comprehensive support systems that could address economic and social problems, and provide training for employees for post-COVID-19 assistance.

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Дисертації з теми "Economic assistance, Australian Thailand"

Li, Yuk-shing Kevin, and 李育成. "Urban poverty and poverty reduction programs in Bangkok and Shanghai." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31953153.

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Li, Yuk-shing Kevin. "Urban poverty and poverty reduction programs in Bangkok and Shanghai." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23457314.

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Schwebel, Amy Elizabeth. "Improving the impact of Australian aid: the role of AusAID's Office of Development Effectiveness." Connect to thesis, 2009. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/6732.

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This research is in response to the current debate on aid in Australia. The debate focuses on the volume of money allocated to aid rather than the impact. While Australian aid is still far from the UN commitment of 0.7 per cent of gross national income, this focus has kept public debate superficial and has deflected attention away from the more important discussion: is aid achieving outcomes and impacting positively in areas identified by developing countries as essential for their sustainable development.
The release of the first Annual Review of Development Effectiveness provided the impetus to investigate whether the newly formed Office of Development Effectiveness (ODE) will introduce changes that will improve Australia’s approach to aid. Framed within national interest, development and aid literature, this research analyses what limitations, if any, there are to reform of aid policies and practices in Australia.
The thesis concludes that the potential for the ODE to significantly improve the effectiveness of Australia aid is limited. It is one of many voices – including the powerful national interest agenda furthered by foreign policymakers – shaping Australian aid policy and practice. However, the furthering of Australian national interest – narrowly defined as security and economic considerations – through the aid program is at the expense of poverty alleviation objectives. This negatively affects how the development ‘problem’ is framed and thus the focus of aid policy. Furthermore, efforts to prioritise national interest considerations undermine the adoption of ‘good’ practice essential for sustainable development.
This is a political reality that is unlikely to change. Thus, the role of the ODE is to provide recommendations within this restricted framework. However, it is only through scrutiny, discussion and debate that the discrepancy between ‘good development’ in theory and in practice can be narrowed. This should also be the role of the ODE.

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Anere, Ray L. "Australian aid to Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu." Master's thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148746.

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Unger, Daniel Howden. "Japan, the overseas Chinese, and industrializtion in Thailand." 1989. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/28015158.html.

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Promigabutr, Worapol. "The logic of foreign aid a case study of its impact on Thailand's postwar development /." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/23627881.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Northwestern University, 1987.
Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 408-429).

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Mausio, Asinate. "Boomerangs and the Fijian dilemma : Australian aid for rural development, 1971-1987." Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150594.

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Asayama, Yumiko. "Pacific Island responses to Australian and Japanese government assistance in dealing with problems of adaptation to climate change." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150369.

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It is widely acknowledged that the Pacific Island Countries (PICs) are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change and that they have limited resources and capacity to deal with the problems of adaptation without assistance from the international community. While PICs might logically take a regional approach in requesting international assistance to implement adaptation measures, climate change affects a wide range of activities. This study examined Pacific Island responses to donors' assistance, with particular focus on Australian and Japanese assistance and explored cross-sectoral issues associated with planning and implementation of adaptation measures by PICs. Australia asserts that a scientific knowledge base and capacity to use timely locally tailored scientific data is a fundamental requirement for guide policy makers and planners to provide cost-effective resource management and the implementation of locally appropriate adaptation measures. Australia has provided assistance on that basis through its overseas aid program from the early 1990s. However, given the diversity of local concerns, the different stakeholders have different perceptions of the threat and risks of climate change and preferred response measures. Under these conditions, robust scientific knowledge alone does not necessarily translate into sensible decision-making processes, in the absence of further assistance to assist PIC in enhancing their institutional capacity and to implement climate change projects. Japanese assistance, which specifically targets climate change in PICs, was found to be limited to the promotion of climate change research and human resource development. More broadly, Japanese ODA has prioritized PICs' environmental problems and the improvement of their livelihood over time, because the primary objective of Japanese assistance is to support PICs' taking ownership of their own development through capacity development with its grant aid and technical cooperation. Interviewees' opinions, particularly those of government officials, regarding Japan's assistance indicated that PICs adaptation needs were generally consistent with their needs for livelihood improvement and economic growth. Responses also revealed that it was of fundamental importance to PICs that donors' recognize and understand the diverse condition in each country and develop individually tailored responses through comprehensive program-based assistance. The delivery of Japanese ODA on a bilateral basis was thus welcomed by many PICs. It is clear that PICs are unable to implement the necessary adaptation responses without significant financial and technical assistance from donors. Interviewees responses tended to highlight their personal or agencies' preferred process for obtaining and delivering aid. Both Australian and Japanese assistance to date have provided little impetus for institutional change to promote a long-term commitment to the implementation of adaptation measures by PICs. In addition, the different funding mechanisms have caused institutional fragmentation between agencies in PICs, resulting in limited information sharing and lack of policy coordination across agencies. Donor expectations and PICs' adaptation needs are unlikely to be met until PICs' institutional challenges, including the ability to effectively utilize existing funds, are addressed.

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Achren, Lynda. "Whose development? a cultural analysis of an AusAID English language project in the Lao People's Democratic Republic /." 2007. http://wallaby.vu.edu.au/adt-VVUT/public/adt-VVUT20070917.125308/index.html.

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Batten, Aaron. "Aid effectiveness in the small island developing states of the South Pacific." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148450.

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Книги з теми "Economic assistance, Australian Thailand"

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Thailand. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Da, Costa Hilary, Australian Indonesian Association Victoria, and Monash University. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies., eds. Australian aid to Indonesia. Clayton, Vic., Australia: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1991.

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Australia. Parliament. Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade. A review of the Australian International Development Assistance Bureau and Australia's overseas aid program. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1989.

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Japan's foreign aid to Thailand and the Philippines. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.

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Blackburn, Susan. Practical visionaries: A study of Community Aid Abroad. Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press, 1993.

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Ron, Edwards. Doing business in Thailand: Essential background knowledge and first hand advice. [Caulfield East, Victoria]: Asian Business Research Unit, Monash University, 1995.

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McGillivray, Mark. The political economy of Australian bilateral aid allocations. Bundoora, Vic., Australia: School of Economics, La Trobe University, 1985.

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Gounder, Rukmani. Overseas aid motivations: The economics of Australia's bilateral aid. Aldershot: Avebury, 1995.

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Australia. Parliament. Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence, and Trade. Report on visit to New Caledonia. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1989.

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Australian Agency for International Development. Review of the effectiveness of NGO programs. Canberra: Australia Agency for International Development, 1995.

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Частини книг з теми "Economic assistance, Australian Thailand"

Kartika, Rayna. "Financial Technology Innovation - Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending in the RCEP Member States." In Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, 93–112. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815123227123010010.

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Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) aims to strengthen the economy and the free trade agreement among 10 ASEAN member states (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) and five partner states (China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand). One of the ways to improve economic growth is to enhance the investment sector into start-ups and SMEs. Peer-to-peer lending platforms exist to ease the mechanism of funds lending and borrowing from investors to start-ups and SMEs. Currently, the rise of P2P lending, particularly in RCEP member states, has boosted the economic growth and development of technology. The government assistance in setting up the regulation regarding the mechanism of P2P lending has been carried out in order to create a clean and transparent practice of P2P lending among borrowers and lenders. Therefore, this chapter describes the introduction of RCEP member states and P2P lending and the mechanism for adopting P2P lending platforms in RCEP member states. P2P is indeed a platform that RCEP members can practice. However, the risks must be considered and addressed in order to prevent threats to their economic growth.

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Henke, Marina E. "Fighting for Independence in East Timor." In Constructing Allied Cooperation, 114–33. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739699.003.0006.

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This chapter describes how Australia decided to launch a multilateral military intervention to stop the bloodshed in East Timor. The force Australia assembled was called the International Force East Timor (INTERFET). Despite the humanitarian character of the intervention, few of the participants joined INTERFET on their own initiative. Rather, Australia had to conduct an explicit recruitment process that involved cajoling countries to join the operation. Australia's diplomatic networks played an indispensable role in this process: Australian officials exploited these networks to retrieve information on deployment preferences of potential coalition participants. Australia also used the APEC summit in Auckland and the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in New York as opportunities to make bilateral appeals for troop contributions. Nevertheless, Australia's diplomatic cloud had its limitations. Especially when it came to recruiting countries from outside of the Asia-Pacific region, Australian networks were insufficient. Australia thus turned to the United States and the United Kingdom for assistance in drawing multilateral support for its coalition, thereby leaving these states to function as cooperation brokers. The chapter then considers the deployment decisions of the three largest troop-contributing countries: Thailand, Jordan, and the Philippines; Canada, a deeply embedded state with Australia; and Brazil, a weakly embedded state with Australia.

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Aulino, Felicity. "Introduction." In Rituals of Care, 1–18. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501739729.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter provides an overview of care in Thailand. Thailand, this relatively small nation of sixty-six million people in mainland Southeast Asia, faces struggles similar to many other places in the world, including a rapidly aging population, the exploitation of the working and middle classes, and economic and authoritarian roadblocks to political participation. People care for the sick and provide for their communities amid such conditions, and much of what they do can be described—using familiar analytic concepts—as reflecting and resisting a variety of social pressures. However, Thailand is also predominantly Buddhist, one of many indications of the powerful influence of centuries-old practice and philosophical lineages, distinct from European traditions. Close attention to mundane affairs—from home-care routines to friendly social interactions, from volunteer home visits to professional conference presentations—invites an appreciation of the subtle logics of engagement from which lived experience here stems. This book thus highlights the habituated ways people provide for one another. This focus illustrates that care is not universally parsed as a matter of concern and assistance, but rather is a function of the ways people's attention is trained by the social world to perceive and prioritize what needs to be done, and for whom, and in what ways.

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Rado, Istvan, and Seri Thongmak. "A Quiet Resistance." In Community Economies in the Global South, 147–66. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865629.003.0008.

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This chapter discusses the impact of a local saving group on an ethnic-minority Karen community in the Thailand–Myanmar border area. The savings group is locally referred to as Klum Omsap. It was established in 2007, with the assistance of a non-governmental organization (NGO), the Pattanarak Foundation, in order for the Karen people to overcome their economic and political marginalization in a predominantly Thai context. With time it has opened up further opportunities by facilitating the creation of new economic ventures, such as community stores, grassroots welfare schemes, and, more recently, a waste-management system. The authors are applying a diverse economies (DE) perspective in tracing the evolution of these community-driven economic ventures. The saving group has not only helped the local Karen people to overcome their exclusion from the formal economy, but it has also proved to be a driving force in the socioeconomic empowerment of local women, who now manage their own community enterprises.

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Thompson, Helen. "Building Local Capacity via Scaleable Web-Based Services." In Electronic Services, 1310–18. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-967-5.ch080.

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Information communications technology (ICT) has been identified as a key enabler in the achievement of regional and rural success, particularly in terms of economic and business development. The potential of achieving equity of service through improved communications infrastructure and enhanced access to government, health, education, and other services has been identified. ICT has also been linked to the aspiration of community empowerment, where dimensions include revitalizing a sense of community, building regional capacity, enhancing democracy, and increasing social capital. In Australia, there has been a vision for online services to be used to open up regional communities to the rest of the world. Government support has been seen “as enhancing the competence levels of local economies and communities so they become strong enough to deal equitably in an increasingly open marketplace” (McGrath & More, 2002, p. 40). In a regional and rural context, the availability of practical assistance is often limited. Identification of the most appropriate online services for a particular community is sometimes difficult (Ashford, 1999; Papandrea & Wade, 2000; Pattulock & Albury Wodonga Area Consultative Committee, 2000). Calls, however, continue for regional communities to join the globalized, online world. These are supported by the view that success today is based less and less on natural resource wealth, labor costs, and relative exchange rates, and more and more on individual knowledge, skills, and innovation. But how can regional communities “grab their share of this wealth” and use it to strengthen local communities (Simpson 1999, p. 6)? Should communities be moving, as Porter (2001, p. 18) recommends (for business), away from the rhetoric about “Internet industries,” “e-business strategies,” and the “new economy,” to see the Internet as “an enabling technology—a powerful set of tools that can be used, wisely or unwisely, in almost any industry and as part of almost any strategy?” Recent Australian literature (particularly government literature) does indeed demonstrate somewhat of a shift in terms of the expectations of ICT and e-commerce (National Office for the Information Economy, 2001; Multimedia Victoria, 2002; National Office for the Information Economy, 2002). Consistent with reflections on international industry experience, there is now a greater emphasis on identifying locally appropriate initiatives, exploring opportunities for improving existing communication and service quality, and for using the Internet and ICT to support more efficient community processes and relationships (Hunter, 1999; Municipal Association of Victoria and ETC Electronic Trading Concepts Pty Ltd., 2000; National Office for the Information Economy, 2002). The objective of this article is to explore whether welldeveloped and well-implemented online services can make a positive contribution to the future of regional and rural communities. This will be achieved by disseminating some of the learning from the implementation of the MainStreet Regional Portal project (www.mainstreet.net.au). To provide a context for this case study, the next section introduces some theory relevant to virtual communities and portals. The concept of online communities is introduced and then literature is reviewed to identify factors that have been acknowledged as important in the success of online community and portal initiatives.

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