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Статті в журналах з теми "Ecology Field work"
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Bergström, Gunnar. "Chemical ecology = chemistry + ecology!" Pure and Applied Chemistry 79, no. 12 (January 1, 2007): 2305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200779122305.
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Chemical ecology (CE) is an active, interdisciplinary field between chemistry and biology, which, stimulated by natural curiosity and possible applied aspects, has grown to its present position during the last 40-odd years. This area has now achieved a degree of maturity with its own journals, its own international society with annual meetings, and many enthusiastic scientists in laboratories around the world. The focus is on chemical communication and other chemical interactions between organisms, including volatile chemical signals, which guide behaviors linked to various vital needs. It reflects both biodiversity and chemodiversity. All living organisms have these important signal systems, which go back to the origins of life. Successful work in this area has called for close collaboration between chemists and biologists of different descriptions. It is thus a good example of chemistry for biology. The aim of the article is to give a short introduction to the field, with an emphasis on the role of chemistry in a biological context by: giving an overview of the development of the area; showing some examples of studies of chemical communication in insects and plants, basically from our own work; and describing some current trends and tendencies and possible future developments.
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Kowarik, Ingo. "Herbert Sukopp – an inspiring pioneer in the field of urban ecology." Urban Ecosystems 23, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-00983-7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Urban ecology is a well-established integrative discipline with many historical roots. One of the eminent pioneers of urban ecology is the German ecologist Herbert Sukopp, who works in Berlin since the late 1950s and is often referred to as the founder of the "Berlin School of Urban Ecology". On the occasion of his 90th anniversary in 2020, this paper aims to recognize and commemorate the major contributions of Sukopp to the field of urban ecology, based on his scientific work and on results of an online survey on his perception in the international scientific community. Sukopp’s contributions were groundbreaking for the establishment of urban ecology. Specifically, his work furthered: (1) the performance of comprehensive biodiversity studies across all land-use types within the city, in relation to the specifics of urban environments; (2) the establishment of modern approaches of nature conservation in cities and their integration into all land-use types, and the city as a whole; (3) the formation of a multidisciplinary conceptual basis of urban ecology as a modern science, with combined scientific and applied perspectives, ultimately aiming at the preservation and further development of nature within cities for the benefit of urban residents. Herbert Sukopp is thus an important and inspiring pioneer in the field of urban ecology.
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Poole, Alex H. "The conceptual ecology of digital humanities." Journal of Documentation 73, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 91–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-05-2016-0065.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to dissect key issues and debates in digital humanities, an emerging field of theory and practice. Digital humanities stands greatly to impact the Information and Library Science (ILS) professions (and vice versa) as well as the traditional humanities disciplines. Design/methodology/approach This paper explores the contours of digital humanities as a field, touching upon fundamental issues related to the field’s coalescence and thus to its structure and epistemology. It looks at the ways in which digital humanities brings new approaches and sheds new light on manifold humanities foci. Findings Digital humanities work represents a vital new current of interdisciplinary, collaborative intellectual activity both in- and outside the academy; it merits particular attention from ILS. Research limitations/implications This paper helps potential stakeholders understand the intellectual and practical framework of the digital humanities and “its relationship” to their own intellectual and professional work. Originality/value This paper critically synthesizes previous scholarly work in digital humanities. It has particular value for those in ILS, a community that has proven especially receptive to the field, as well as to scholars working in many humanities disciplines. Digital humanities has already made an important impact on both LIS and the humanities; its impact is sure to grow.
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Balabanova, Anna, and Nadezhda Keschyan. "Problems of development of environmental initiatives of the public and business in cooperation with municipal management." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913504013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article studies the problems of the public and business in the field of development of environmental initiatives and the problems of interaction with the municipal environmental management. The research was conducted in the tourist city of Russia, where ecology is of great importance for the development of tourism. The regulatory legal acts of the city and the municipal environmental management system were researched. A survey was also conducted of public organizations and businesses, which in the city became the initiators and participants of environmental projects. The research confirmed that there are problems highlighted by the public and business in the development of environmental initiatives in collaboration with municipal environmental management. Some problems create obstacles to the development of initiatives and reduce the level of business’s desire to spend their time and resources in the field of ecology. The initiatives of business and the public were ahead of the legislation both at the state level and at the municipal level. These initiatives made it possible to organize work to promote the environmental literacy of the population and separate waste collection. The absence of a system of interaction with organizations involved in environmental activities and responsible for this system of the post, the lack of educational work in the field of environmental literacy of the population and representatives of the city administration, the lack of a single information resource in the field of ecology and environmental initiatives of the city have a negative impact on the number of city initiatives in the field of ecology., insufficient education and clarification in the implementation of state legislation in the field of ecologic and separate waste collection.
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McKinnon, Innisfree, and Colleen C. Hiner. "Does the region still have relevance? (Re)considering "regional" political ecology." Journal of Political Ecology 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20182.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although the field of political ecology began as fundamentally regional, a clear, coherent regional political ecology approach has failed to emerge. This introductory essay frames a collection of articles compiled to take up the idea of pursuing a specifically regional political ecology, discussing both the problematic and the beneficial aspects of regions and regional approaches. In this introduction, we discuss the strengths and the weaknesses of using the region as a heuristic within the field. Our focus, and that of the articles introduced, is to consider what analytical work this concept can do, addressing the question: how and why how are regions useful within political ecology? Our intention is not to provide a guide to using the concept in political ecology but rather to highlight how regions are currently being used, and to reopen discussions of the utility of the concept for scholars explicitly working towards justice and sustainability in a variety of contexts. After describing the value of a using regional political ecology approach, we emphasize the work still yet to be done, prompting other scholars to consider regional political ecology approaches as they do the work that they do. Keywords: regional political ecology; region; political ecology; geographyThis is the introductory paper in Innisfree McKinnon and Colleen Hiner (eds.) 2015. "(Re)considering regional political ecology?", Special Section of the Journal of Political Ecology 23: 115-203.
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Hwang, Ji Hyoun, Mi Sook Lee, Jeong Ok Rho, Nary Shin, Min-Ah Lee, Jooyung Park, and Minjung Kim. "A Case Study on the Work Experience Program Development in the Field of Human Ecology." Korean Journal of Human Ecology 28, no. 5 (October 31, 2019): 541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5934/kjhe.2019.28.5.541.
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Carlone, Heidi B., Lacey D. Huffling, Terry Tomasek, Tess A. Hegedus, Catherine E. Matthews, Melony H. Allen, and Mary C. Ash. "‘Unthinkable’ Selves: Identity boundary work in a summer field ecology enrichment program for diverse youth." International Journal of Science Education 37, no. 10 (June 4, 2015): 1524–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2015.1033776.
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Puhek, Miro, Matej Perše, and Andrej Šorgo. "STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF REAL AND VIRTUAL FIELD WORK IN BIOLOGY." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 37, no. 1 (December 15, 2011): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/11.37.98.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The outdoor education is a method of learning with the exposure to (not exclusively) the natural environment that combines all human senses. Students tend to acknowledge a very positive effect of this kind of learning. It is easier and more memorable to connect the theory with practice, when they see things in nature, rather than to just hear about them in the classroom. Despite its popularity, teachers face various obstacles when they take their students outdoors. Although the outdoor education is included in the Slovenian primary and lower secondary school curriculum, the percentage is not high enough, which depends on various reasons. Teachers defined lack of time, suitability of area around the school, not enough instruments for field work and to expanded curriculum as the main reasons for not including field work in the classes. Some of these obstacles could be solved by implementation of information and communication technology (ICT) into the biology and ecology classes. In this research the results of 192 students’ point of view on the importance of field work, obstacles of that kind of work and the ICT as a solution to support or replace the real field works are presented. All questioned students were prospective teachers, so sooner or later majority of them will face issues connected to the field work and possibilities to solve them with the help of ICT. Key words: biology education, field work, ICT, obstacles, virtual field trips.
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Morton, Timothy. "Guest Column: Queer Ecology." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 125, no. 2 (March 2010): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2010.125.2.273.
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nearer than breathing, closer than hands and feet—George Morrison, “The Reawakening of Mysticism”Ecological criticism and queer theory seem incompatible, but if they met, there would be a fantastic explosion. How shall we accomplish this perverse, Frankensteinian meme splice? I'll propose some hypothetical methods and frameworks for a field that doesn't quite exist—queer ecology. (The pathbreaking work of Catriona Sandilands, Greta Gaard, and the journal Undercurrents must be acknowledged here.) This exercise in hubris is bound to rattle nerves and raise hackles, but please bear with me on this test flight. Start with the basics. Let's not create this field by comparing literary-critical apples and oranges. Let's do it the hard way, up from foundations (or unfoundations). Let's do it in the name of ecology itself, which demands intimacies with other beings that queer theory also demands, in another key. Let's do it because our era requires it—we are losing touch with a fantasy Nature that never really existed (I capitalize Nature to make it look less natural), while we actively and passively destroy life-forms inhabiting and constituting the biosphere, in Earth's sixth mass extinction event. Giving up a fantasy is even harder than giving up a reality.
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Tyser, Robin. "Ecology of Fescue Grasslands in Glacier National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 14 (January 1, 1990): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1990.2877.
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Fescue grasslands are important habitat types within several drainage systems in Glacier National Park. A two year field study (1989, 1990) was undertaken to assess factors potentially threatening the integrity of these grasslands. Objectives of this study are to: 1. Identify factors determining the distribution of fescue grasslands; 2. Describe plant and vertebrate communities inhabiting fescue grasslands; 3. Identify factors that are potentially disruptive to the natural integrity of fescue grasslands; and 4. Develop a management model that includes hypotheses to be tested by management actions. Field work for both first and second seasons has now been completed and data analysis is in progress.
Дисертації з теми "Ecology Field work"
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Jonas, Marli Quinzan. "Saberes e praticas na relação entre caiçaras e animais no Sertão da Fazenda (Picinguaba - Ubatuba - SP)." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/252369.
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Orientador: Elisa Angotti KossovitchDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T20:13:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jonas_MarliQuinzan_M.pdf: 14560381 bytes, checksum: 19ec270ef7234342d46736f657e5f59b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Mestrado
Educação, Sociedade, Politica e Cultura
Mestre em Educação
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Mirabel, Ariane Sandrine. "Réponse et résilience de la biodiversité d'une Forêt Tropicale après Perturbation Inescapable Taxonomists : Workable Biodiversity Management Based on a Minimum Field Work Post-Disturbance Tree Community Trajectories in a Neotropical Forest 30 Years of Post-disturbance Recruitment in a Neotropical Forest." Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0006.
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Dans le contexte de changements actuel, clarifier la réponse des forêts aux perturbations est indispensable pour préserver les biens et services qu’elles rendent. Le fonctionnement et le maintien des forêts dépend largement de la diversité des communautés d'arbres qui devient un enjeu majeur, en particulier dans les régions tropicales où les forêts sont les plus menacées et où les enjeux économiques, sociaux et environnementaux sont les plus importants. Cette thèse étudie la réponse aux perturbations de la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle d’une communauté en forêt Néotropicale. Nous analysons les trajectoires de diversité sur le long terme pour déterminer les processus écologiques sous-jacents la réponse des communautés aux perturbations, à expliciter les aspects taxonomiques et fonctionnels de la restauration, et enfin à discuter de perspectives de gestion et de modélisation de la dynamique forestière. Le dispositif expérimental de Paracou en Guyane Française a permis de suivre la réponse des communautés d'arbres sur 30 années après un gradient de perturbation. Dans un premier temps, nous avons établi et validé un estimateur de diversité fiable, pour pallier les incertitudes de botaniques des inventaires forestiers et des bases de données fonctionnelles. L'estimateur propage les incertitudes taxonomiques aux mesures de diversité via les probabilités d'associations entre noms vernaculaires et noms botaniques. L’estimateur de diversité, employé dans l'ensemble de la thèse, a été calibré pour optimiser l'estimation la précision de l'estimation en fonction des données disponibles, puis testé avec des inventaires forestiers pré-exploitation pour proposer un protocole d'inventaire optimisant le coût et la précision de ces inventaires. Dans un deuxième temps, en combinant les inventaires botaniques à un large jeu de données fonctionnel comprenant des traits des feuilles, du bois et des traits d'histoire de vie, nous avons analysé les trajectoires de diversité, de composition, et de redondance taxonomique et fonctionnelle des communautés après perturbation . Enfin, nous avons spécifiquement étudié les trajectoires de diversité et de composition des communautés recrutées. Notre étude a montré l'émergence de processus déterministes après perturbation déterminant la réponse taxonomique et fonctionnelle des communautés en favorisant le recrutement d'un pool restreint de pionnières. Nous avons montré la restauration progressive des communautés pré-perturbation et de processus stochastiques tels qu'observés en l'absence de perturbation. Les perturbations ont augmenté la richesse et l'équitabilité taxonomiques des communautés jusqu'à un certain seuil, au delà duquel la dominance de quelques pionnières diminue la richesse taxonomique, conformément à la théorie des perturbations intermédiaires. Les trajectoires fonctionnelles en revanche ont montré une augmentation de la diversité quelle que soit la perturbation et une convergences fonctionnelle entre les communautés: ce découplage entre trajectoires taxonomiques et fonctionnelles s'est expliqué par la redondance fonctionnelle des communautés, atténuant l’impact fonctionnel des perturbations. Nos résultats ont montré une restauration taxonomique et fonctionnelle tangible des communautés mais encore inachevée. A la lumière de ces résultats nous proposons une discussion sur la possibilité d'une exploitation durable des forêts et de nouvelles perspectives de modélisation de la diversitéForest are currently threatened by the global changing context. Maintain the goods and services they provide require clarifying tree community diversity response to disturbance, that determine forest functioning, maintenance and resilience. This is specifically crucial in tropical forests that are both the most threatened regions and those with the highest environmental, social and economic stakes. In this context, this work studies the taxonomic and functional response to disturbance of a Neotropical community. Through post-disturbance diversity trajectories in the long term we examined the ecological processes underlying community response to disturbance, explicit the taxonomic and functional aspects of community recovery, and eventually discussed some perspectives for forest management and modeling. From the monitoring dataset of the Paracou experimental station in French Guiana we examined tree community response to disturbance over the thirty years following a disturbance gradient. First, we developed and tested a diversity estimator tackling the taxonomic uncertainties of forest inventories and improving the accuracy of biodiversity surveys. The estimator based on botanical/vernacular association probability to account of taxonomic uncertainties in various diversity measurement framework. The estimator, further used in this worked, was first calibrated to improve the estimation accuracy and was then validated with real forest inventories. The results allowed designing an inventory protocol optimizing the cost of inventories and the accuracy of the diversity measure. Second, we analyzed the post-disturbance taxonomic and functional trajectories of diversity, composition and redundant at the scale of the whole community. We combined the 30 years of botanical inventories with a large functional dataset encompassing key leaf, root, wood and life-history functional traits. Eventually, we specifically analyzed the post-disturbance recruitment processes and the diversity and composition succession.We highlighted the emergence after disturbance of deterministic processes driving community taxonomic and functional response to disturbance. Deterministic processes favored the recruitment of a restricted pool of pioneer species, similar for to all communities and disturbance intensity. Around fifteen years after disturbance, the recovery of community initial characteristics started with the recovery of stochastic processes driving non-disturbed communities. At the whole-community scale, this succession translated into a cyclic trajectory of taxonomic composition leading to a recovery of the pre-disturbance composition and a maintenance of differences among communities. Disturbance increased both taxonomic richness and evenness until an intensity threshold above which, in accordance with the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, the taxonomic richness decreased and the pioneers became persistently dominant. The functional trajectories however proved decoupled from taxonomic trajectories. Functional diversity increased whatever the disturbance, without any intensity threshold, and functional composition trajectories converged in the functional space without marked differences among communities. This decoupling was explained by the functional redundancy that mitigated the functional impact of disturbance and proved to be the slow parameter of tropical forest recovery.Our results showed a tangible taxonomic and functional recovery of communities after the gradient of disturbance but this recovery proved decades-long. In the light of those results, we discussed the practices of sustainable forest management and several perspectives of forest diversity modeling
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O'Connell, Bethesda, Deborah Slawson, Megan Quinn, Phillip R. Scheuerman, and Olushola Ogunleye. "Biosand Water Filter Evaluation: Pilot Study of Field Use Indicators in Cyegera, Rwanda." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5481.
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Diarrheal diseases are a global public health burden, killing 1.8 million people annually. Diarrhea disproportionately affects children and those in poverty. Most diarrheal cases can be prevented through safe drinking water, basic hygiene and/or sanitation measures, with drinking water interventions having the most impact on reducing diarrheal disease. There is no generally agreed-upon field method for determining biosand water filter effectiveness that is usable in low-resource communities. A pilot study was conducted of potential field use indicators, including the Colilert coliform presence/absence (P/A) test, hydrogen sulfide, alkalinity, hardness, pH, and fluorescently labeled latex microspheres. The study included both laboratory and field testing. The Colilert P/A test had the highest correlation to the United States Environmental Protection Agency standard method (IDEXX Quanti-trays), but more data are needed before making a recommendation. This study adds to understanding about evaluation of biosand water filters and provides preliminary data to address the need for a field use indicator for biosand water filters.
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O'Connell, Bethesda, Deborah Slawson, Megan Quinn, Phillip Scheuerman, and Olushola Ogunleye. "Biosand Water Filter Evaluation: Pilot Study of Field Use Indicators in Cyegera, Rwanda." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5588.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Diarrheal diseases are a global public health burden, killing 1.8 million people annually. Diarrhea disproportionately affects children and those in poverty. Most diarrheal cases can be prevented through safe drinking water, basic hygiene and/or sanitation measures, with drinking water interventions having the most impact on reducing diarrheal disease. There is no generally agreed-upon field method for determining biosand water filter effectiveness that is usable in low-resource communities. A pilot study was conducted of potential field use indicators, including the Colilert coliform presence/absence (P/A) test, hydrogen sulfide, alkalinity, hardness, pH, and fluorescently labeled latex microspheres. The study included both laboratory and field testing. The Colilert P/A test had the highest correlation to the United States Environmental Protection Agency standard method (IDEXX Quanti-trays), but more data are needed before making a recommendation. This study adds to understanding about evaluation of biosand water filters and provides preliminary data to address the need for a field use indicator for biosand water filters.
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Svensson, Pia-Lice. "Building a landscape in Yogyakarta, Indonesia : a study of ecological planning for building and landscape /." Thesis, Jönköping : Jönköping University. JTH, Civil Engineering, 2008. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:217186/FULLTEXT01.
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Madden, Derek. "Educational techniques that foster creative solutions and good data in field biology: examples from 3 continents." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1200.
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One of the principles regarding our knowledge about life on earth is that no organism can be fully understood without taking into account its surrounding environment. This study examines the extent to which ecosystem-focused field studies may be associated with students' academic performance and potential to contribute to the advancement of science and conservation. Pilot studies conducted in Panama and California established methods used in this project from 1993-2003. Two hundred and sixty-seven students conducted field studies in either Kenya or Costa Rica. Students worked in cognitive apprenticeships, in which research staff trained each student to conduct field research. At the conclusion of their fieldwork, the research staff assessed the students written field reports. The students' reports were then sorted according to the extent to which their studies were ecosystem-focused. Data analysis through nonparametric, Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests revealed no significant difference in academic performance on field study reports, in regards to whether the studies were narrow in scope (species-specific) or broad (ecosystem-focused). Marginal significance was revealed between ecosystem-focused studies and the potential for students' fieldwork to contribute to the advancement of science and conservation. Also addressed in the data were injuries, disease, and potential hazards, which were influenced by prudent and decisive leadership. Successful field studies require consideration of the content, context, and design of the intended field projects. Many of the solutions to environmental problems on the planet will come from the working hands of teachers and students that conduct explorations in the field.Life Sciences in Education
D. Phil. (Mathematics, Science and Technology Education)
Книги з теми "Ecology Field work"
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Smith, Robert Leo. Elements of ecology. 3rd ed. New York: HarperCollins, 1991.
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Smith, Robert Leo. Ecology and field biology. 5th ed. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996.
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Smith, Robert Leo. Ecology and field biology. 4th ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1990.
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Smith, Robert Leo. Ecology and field biology. 5th ed. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1996.
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Ecology and field biology. 5th ed. Menlo Park, Calif: Benjamin/Cummings, 1996.
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1941-, Zar Jerrold H., and Ende Carl von, eds. Field and laboratory methods for general ecology. 4th ed. Boston, Mass: WCB McGraw-Hill, 1998.
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Brower, James E. Field and laboratory methods for general ecology. 3rd ed. Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown Publishers, 1989.
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1941-, Zar Jerrold H., and Ende Carl von, eds. Field and laboratory methods for general ecology. 3rd ed. Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown Publishers, 1990.
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Smith, Robert Leo. Elements of ecology. 4th ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings, 2000.
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Elements of ecology. 3rd ed. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1992.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Ecology Field work"
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Diehl, Jessica Ann. "Field Work: A Mixed-Methods Social Network Analysis of Urban Farmers and Hired Laborers in Four Cities." In New Forms of Urban Agriculture: An Urban Ecology Perspective, 249–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3738-4_14.
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Drew, Richard A. I., and Meredith C. Romig. "Species and speciation." In The fruit fly fauna (Diptera: Tephritideae: Dacinae) of Papua New Guinea, Indonesian Papua, Associated Islands and Bougainville, 7–8. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249514.0004.
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Abstract This chapter discusses two species models, which are diametrically opposed. The first, often called the 'biological species concept', defines species in terms of 'reproductive isolation', convinced that species arise when subsets of a population are split off and remain geographically isolated over evolutionary time. If and when such new species are reunited with their founder population, interbreeding does not occur, or if it does, infertile progeny result. Hence, from the biological species concept, natural selection is a primary agent of change and directly selects for new species. In this sense, species are the direct products of natural selection and they are therefore 'adaptive devices'. When applying this species concept, it has been impossible to separate some sibling species of fruit flies in the genus Bactrocera where distinct morphological species can be similar in molecular analyses of certain DNA sequences, while similar species morphologically are distinct in the same molecular characters. A radically different model, the 'recognition concept of species', relies heavily on a knowledge of species ecology and behaviour, particularly in their natural habitat. The principal points in this concept are given. In contrast to the now-outdated biological species concept that leads one to depend on laboratory-based research to define species, the recognition concept requires workers to undertake extensive field research in the habitat of the taxon under investigation. In translating this approach to research in the insect family Tephritidae, particularly the Dacinae, some 35 years of field surveys have been undertaken throughout the Indian subcontinent, South-east Asia and the South Pacific region. These surveys included trapping using male lure traps and host fruit collections of commercial/edible fruits. The results of this work have included the provision of specimens of almost all known species for morphological descriptions (c.800 species), material for male pheromone chemistry, and data on host fruit relationships and biogeographical studies.
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Fueser, Hendrik, Birgit Gansfort, Nabil Majdi, Janina Schenk, and Walter Traunspurger. "Case studies with nematodes from the individual to ecosystem level." In Ecology of freshwater nematodes, 341–71. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243635.0012.
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Abstract Organisms smaller than 2 mm in size are ideal candidates for laboratory and field experiments with a theoretical focus. This chapter illustrates this point by drawing on recently published works in which studies of nematodes have informed theories within population and community ecology. Case studies examining the following are presented: (1) Life cycle experiments (individual level), (2) The interactions of two nematode species - competition experiments (population level), (3) Nematode community-based assessments of sediment quality (community level), (4) Nematodes in a detritus-based food web model (food web level).
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Bognon-Küss, Cécilia. "Metabolism in Crisis? A New Interplay Between Physiology and Ecology." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 193–216. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_11.
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AbstractThis chapter investigates the hybrid relationships between metabolism, broadly and a-historically understood as the set of processes through which alien matter is made homogeneous to that of the organism, and forms of vitalism from the eighteenth century on. While metabolic processes have long been modeled in a reductionist fashion as a straightforward function of repair and expansion of a given structure (either chemically, or mechanistically), a challenging vitalist view has characterized metabolism as a creative, organizing, vital faculty. I suggest that this tension was overcome in Claude Bernard’s works on “indirect nutrition”, in which nutrition, rightly conceived as a general vital phenomenon common to plants and animals, was both characterized as an instance of the general physico-chemical determinism of all phenomena and as the sign and condition of the “freedom and independence” of the organism with respect to the environment. I propose that Bernard’s theory of indirect nutrition was central in the elaboration of his general physiology and has, at the same time, underpinned a self-centered view of biological identity in which the organism creates itself continuously at the detriment of its external milieu. I further argue that this conception of biological individuality as metabolically constructed has since, and paradoxically, supported a view in which the organism appears as an autonomous and self-creating entity. I then contrast this classical view of the metabolic autonomy of the organism with the challenges raised by microbiome studies and suggest that these emerging fields contribute to sketch an ecological conception of the organism and its metabolism through the reconceptualization of its relationship with the environment. The recent focus on a “microbiota – host metabolism” axis contributes to shift the focus away from the classical concept of organism, somehow externalizing vitalism out of the autonomous individual in favor of an ecological, collaborative, and interactionist view of the living.
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DeLong, John P. "Challenges for the Future of Functional Response Research." In Predator Ecology, 133–44. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895509.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Being recognized for more than 70 years and estimated thousands of times, with numerous analyses of compilations, it would seem there is a lot we should know about functional responses. Indeed, we know some of the ways in which functional responses vary, how foraging mechanisms combine to determine, to at least some extent, functional response parameters, and how functional responses influence community interactions from biocontrol impacts to invasive predators to food webs. I suggest, however, that there remains a considerable amount that we do not know, in particular for field-based functional responses, multi-species functional responses, individual variation, behavioral mechanisms, and the impact and evolution of underlying traits. I suggest these areas should be high priorities for future work on functional responses.
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Hawley, Dana M., Kathryn P. Huyvaert, and Jennifer C. Owen. "A Flight Path Forward for Avian Infectious Disease Ecology." In Infectious Disease Ecology of Wild Birds, 245–54. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746249.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The field of avian infectious disease ecology is at a key precipice, poised for exciting new ‘flight paths’ in the coming decades. Given the enormous human interest in birds, the unique biology of birds, and the scientific tractability of many avian species, birds represent ideal study systems for generating important insights for the field of infectious disease ecology more broadly. A flight path forward for avian infectious disease ecology must leverage these unique characteristics of birds to bridge and integrate across disciplines and scales, from the levels of biological organization (individual to community) to the spatial and temporal units of analysis. The broader field of One Health provides a key framework for transdisciplinary work that recognizes and studies avian infectious disease as intimately interconnected to that of human and ecosystem health. The flight path forward for avian infectious disease ecology should also continue to leverage the highly engaged community scientists in several parts of the world who collect data relevant to avian disease across unprecedented spatial scales. Finally, the flight path forward for avian infectious disease should leverage technological innovations to improve our ability to track avian movements, from those occurring within forest patches or cities up to those that cross hemispheres. With effective community engagement, transdisciplinary collaboration, and technological innovation, the flight path forward for avian infectious disease ecology can, just like birds themselves, know no boundaries.
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Nowak, Martin A., and Karl Sigmund. "How populations cohere: five rules for cooperation." In Theoretical Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209989.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Subsequent chapters in this volume deal with populations as dynamic entities in time and space. Populations are, of course, made up of individuals, and the parameters which characterize aggregate behavior—population growth rate and so on— ultimately derive from the behavioral ecology and life-history strategies of these constituent individuals. In evolutionary terms, the properties of populations can only be understood in terms of individuals, which comes down to studying how life-history choices (and consequent genefrequency distributions) are shaped by environmental forces. Many important aspects of group behavior— from alarm calls of birds and mammals to the complex institutions that have enabled human societies to flourish—pose problems of how cooperative behavior can evolve and be maintained. The puzzle was emphasized by Darwin, and remains the subject of active research today. In this book, we leave the large subject of individual organisms’ behavioral ecology and lifehistory choices to texts in that field (e.g. Krebs and Davies, 1997). Instead, we lead with a survey of work, much of it very recent, on five different kinds of mechanism whereby cooperative behavior may be maintained in a population, despite the inherent difficulty that cheats may prosper by enjoying the benefits of cooperation without paying the associated costs. Cooperation means that a donor pays a cost, c, for a recipient to get a benefit, b. In evolutionary biology, cost and benefit are measured in terms of fitness. While mutation and selection represent the main forces of evolutionary dynamics, cooperation is a fundamental principle that is required for every level of biological organization. Individual cells rely on cooperation among their components. Multicellular organisms exist because of cooperation among their cells. Social insects are masters of cooperation. Most aspects of human society are based on mechanisms that promote cooperation. Whenever evolution constructs something entirely new (such as multicellularity or human language), cooperation is needed. Evolutionary construction is based on cooperation. The five rules for cooperation which we examine in this chapter are: kin selection, direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, graph selection, and group selection. Each of these can promote cooperation if specific conditions are fulfilled.
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May, Robert M., and Michael J. Crawley. "Communities: patterns." In Theoretical Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199209989.003.0012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In all areas of ecology, from studies of individual organisms through populations to communities and ecosystems, there have been huge empirical and theoretical advances over the past several decades. Our guess—a testable hypothesis—is that the worldwide research community of ecologists has grown by roughly an order-of-magnitude since the 1960s, as is of course true for other areas of the life sciences. One consequence is that it is harder to put together a book like the present one. And we find it especially hard when we compare this chapter on community patterns with the corresponding chapter in the second edition of Theoretical Ecology. For the chapters on single populations, for example, there has been growth both in understanding the nonlinear dynamical phenomena that can arise, along with a host of well-designed field and laboratory experiments which illustrate these processes. The narrative, however, retains a unifying central thread, and much of the task of overview and compression lies in choosing good examples from an increasing panoply of choice. For communities, on the other hand, we find so many different yet intersecting areas of growth, many of which have recently produced booklength collections of papers, that the task of choosing which topics to emphasize and which to elide is invidious. The result is necessarily quirky. Without further apology, here is an outline. One broad area of community ecology deals with models for the dynamical behaviour of collections of many interacting species—either within a single trophic level or more generally—essentially as a scale-up of models for single and pairwise- interacting populations. This was the subject of the preceding chapter. Here, we begin by emphasizing the importance of work which views communities from, as it were, a plumber’s perspective, looking at patterns of flow of energy or nutrients or other material. But we then move on quickly to other topics. These include: the network structure of food-webs (connectance, interaction strengths, etc.); what determines species’ richness (niche versus null models); relative abundance of species (observed patterns and suggested causes); succession and disturbance; species–area relations; and scaling laws (with suggested connections among some such laws).
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Kramer, Donald L. "Foraging Behavior." In Evolutionary Ecology. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131543.003.0024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Foraging is the set of processes by which organisms acquire energy and nutrients, whether the food is directly consumed (feeding), stored for later consumption (hoarding), or given to other individuals (provisioning). Foraging behavior plays an important role in evolutionary biology, not only because it is a major determinant of the survival, growth, and reproductive success of foragers but also because of its impact on predator avoidance, pollination, and dispersal adaptations of potential food organisms. From a contemporary perspective, it is surprising how generally the fundamental role of behavior was neglected in early-20th-century studies of evolution and ecology. Following the development of quantitative techniques and field-oriented approaches by European ethologists, however, interest in foraging, along with other aspects of behavior grew rapidly. Most of this research has sought to describe, explain, and predict foraging behavior quantitatively. The development of an a priori predictive approach using optimality theory, in particular, has revealed a richness and complexity in the patterns of foraging that could not have been imagined only a few decades ago. My goal in this chapter is to provide a brief overview of the main issues in foraging behavior and the logical basis of current approaches. I wish to highlight the successes and potential value of these approaches, while recognizing the gaps and challenges for future research. Contemporary studies of foraging by evolutionary ecologists are based on the synthesis of two research traditions, both emerging during the 1960s. The ethological approach to behavior is illustrated by the research of K. von Frisch and his associates on honeybee foraging and N. Tinbergen and his group on searching behavior of birds. The ethologists’ recognition of behavior as an evolved phenotype, their emphasis on its ecological context, and their careful quantitative and experimental fieldwork set the stage for behavioral ecology (Curio 1976). They classified the behavioral components of foraging, an important contribution to much of the ecological work that followed, and identified a number of widespread characteristics such as localized search following the discovery of a prey (“area-restricted search”) and enhanced detection following experience of a particular prey type (“search image”). The theoretical approach to population ecology was foreshadowed by the Russian V. S. Ivlev.
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Giolai, Andrea. "Steps to an Ecology of Gagaku." In Ca’ Foscari Japanese Studies. Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-264-2/003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is an attempt to develop a theoretically-concerned basis for what could become an ‘ecology of Japanese court music’. It starts by reviewing recent developments in kindred disciplines such as music studies and ethnomusicology, stressing their tendency to employ an ‘ecological paradigm’, linking music and the environment, without reflecting on what exactly it means to perceive the world. To overcome similar weaknesses, the work of anthropologist Tim Ingold and philosopher Augustin Berque is examined, showing that there is much to gain in widening the field of music research to include more critical reflections on the notion of ‘the environment’. Finally, this paper suggests a few ways in which the theoretical debate could be transported in the realm of Japanese court music and argues that taking these tentative steps may lead to a new path in its exploration, enjoyment and understanding.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Ecology Field work"
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Spikol, Daniel, and Nuno Otero. "Designing Better Mobile Collaborative Laboratories for Ecology Field Work for Upper Secondary Schools." In 2012 IEEE 7th International Conference on Wireless, Mobile and Ubiquitous Technology in Education (WMUTE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wmute.2012.20.
Повний текст джерела
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Tekutskaya, E., I. Raybova, and Lyubov Ramazanovna Gusaruk. "THE DEGREE OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO DNA IN VITRO AS A MOLECULAR PREDICTOR OF DISORDERS CAUSED BY EPIGENETIC AND EXOGENOUS FACTORS." In NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE, BIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND ECOLOGY. Institute of information technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-1-4.49.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this work, we studied the mechanisms of oxidative damage to DNA molecules isolated from whole blood of healthy donors and patients with epigenetic disease (epidermolysis bullosa) when exposed to an alternating magnetic field of low frequency in vitro, associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species.
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Serebryakov, O., and E. Turchaninova. "INFLUENCE OF RECREATIONAL LOAD ON ORNITOFAUNA OF THE CITY OF VORONEZH." In Modern problems of animal and plant ecology. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mpeapw2021_88-93.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this work, we determined the number and systematic affiliation of the most common bird species of the Voronezh upland oak forest in the territories exposed to anthropogenic impact. Field studies were carried out from 2019 to 2020 on the territory of the Voronezh upland oak forest. At the sites selected for the survey, a route counting of birds by voices was carried out. The species composition of the avifauna was supplemented by an analysis of information about the habitat of birds and their nesting sites in areas with constant recreational impact. At the selected sites, birds were counted by voices (mating song). From the results of counts in the studied areas, one can see the diversity of the species composition of the avifauna during the reproductive period. Analysis of the data obtained makes it possible to determine the ecological belonging of the species and compare the quantitative indicators of the birds encountered.
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Shi, Xiang, Julia R. de Rezende, and Kenneth Sorbie. "Microbial Ecology Metrics to Assess the Effect of Biocide on Souring Control and Improve Souring Modelling." In SPE International Oilfield Corrosion Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205037-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Reservoir souring is a long-standing issue for the oil and gas industry caused by sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) producing H2S from sulfate ions. In this work, we investigated the connections between the development of souring and the change in three key microbial ecology metrics: the abundance, alpha diversity and community structure of a souring microbiota under the biocide treatment of 100 ppm glutaraldehyde (henceforth referred to as GA). These are studied in sand-packed flow-through bioreactors during and after the biocide treatment using cutting-edge DNA assays. Our study suggests that the rebound of microbial sulfide production after the 100 ppm GA treatment is closely associated with the recovery in microbial abundance and microbial alpha diversity. The study also shows that 100 ppm GA treatment may lead to a measurable shift in the SRM community structure. By comparing the effluent microbial community with the sand microbial community, the study suggests that the change in alpha diversity of the produced water microbial community might be an early warning for the sulfide breakthrough due to souring recurrence in practice. This work explores the relationship between souring and the underlining microbial community behaviours in response to the 100 ppm GA treatment and, to characterise these changes, we propose measurable metrics. A conceptual model is also proposed describing the near-term biological process behind the biocide treatment-recovery cycle in a souring scenario. Finally, this work highlights the potential applications and caveats of harnessing the increasingly available field microbial community data for the improvement of souring modelling and field souring control strategies.
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Tekutskaya, E. E., and I. S. Raybova. "OXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO DNA, IONIZING RADIATION AND MAGNETIC FIELDS." In International conference New technologies in medicine, biology, pharmacology and ecology (NT +M&Ec ' 2020). Institute of information technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47501/978-5-6044060-0-7.21.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this work, we studied the mechanisms of damage to the structure of DNA extracted from human
whole blood after exposure to blood samples of various types of ionizing radiation and a lowfrequency magnetic field. Oxidative damage of nitrogenous bases and single-stranded DNA breaks are caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species generated by radiation.
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Mironenko, Aleksey, Sergey Matveev, Vasiliy Slavskiy, and A. Revin. "FOREST ASSESSMENT AND ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_250-255.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Forestry in Russia is experiencing a great need for digital technologies that can form and generalize existing databases. All participants are interested in the development of digital technologies in forest management, from the end user of forest resources to public authorities in the field of forest relations. At the same time, the modern level of forestry software requires modernization to solve specific problems. The team of the Department of Forestry, Forest Inventory and Forest Inventory of VGFTU has developed a number of automated systems that allow to quickly solve scientific and production problems in the field of forestry, ecology and nature management. The importance and relevance of this work is reflected in the “Strategy for the development of the forestry complex of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030”.The modularity and scalability of such systems allows the authors to quickly make adjustments to their source code, which allows keeping the software up to date, which meets the modern requirements of the legal framework of the forestry sector.
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Косьян, Р., R. Kos'yan, И. Подымов, and I. Podymov. "A VIETNAM-RUSSIAN FIELD SURVEY FOR STUDYING OF THE NEAR SHORE DYNAMIC AND SEDIMENT PROCESSES." In Sea Coasts – Evolution ecology, economy. Academus Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b5ce3ab7bed80.78990611.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The significant part of mankind lives in the coastal zone of the seas which plays the important role in the economic development of the seaside states. Now tendencies of coast destruction and significant influence of anthropogenous factors on the coastal zone are in the center of scientific community attention. The basic purpose of the project is the creation of new ideas about interaction of hydrosphere and lithosphere in the coastal zone with intensive anthropogenous load conditions. In 2011 the brief characteristic of evolution of coast based on literature and field materials has been made and measurements of highfrequency fluctuations of the suspended sediment concentration in storm conditions in area of Red River delta (Vietnam) were conducted. Such works were carried out by joint efforts of the Russian and Vietnamese researchers for the
first time. The combination of new and already available at the both parties’ data allows receiving interesting results and elucidating in a new fashion the problem of our countries coastal management.
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Neal, Alan. "Winfrith: Life After Decommissioning — Nuclear Site to Science and Technology Park." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
UKAEA’s Winfrith site was built in the late 1950’s to undertake research and development into electricity generation from nuclear power. Pioneering scientific and technical work was carried out which resulted in a better understanding of nuclear issues, particularly nuclear safety. At its peak, Winfrith employed 2000 staff and at one time had nine operational nuclear reactors. The most noticeable landmark being the Steam Generating heavy Water Reactor (SGHWR) which, when in operation, provided the National Grid with enough electricity for a small town. In the early 1990’s the UK Government wound down its programme of nuclear R&D, and work started on restoring the environment of the Winfrith site by the progressive removal of the nuclear facilities. Winfrith has always been considered to be one of three key sites in Dorset for development of quality employment, and the site management, with the support of the DTI, decided to undertake a programme of environmental restoration that retained appropriate buildings and infrastructure systems that could be put to alternative long term use. To date, successes have been achieved in both the decommissioning work and also the establishment of tenants. All the fuel has been removed from the nuclear reactors and five reactors have been completely dismantled. Decontamination of other facilities has been completed. A notable example of this work is the return of a fuel fabrication building to a green field site. Another example was the decommissioning of a building that contained gloveboxes, and laboratories equipped with high efficiency filtered ventilation systems. This building was decommissioned, the area of land containing it delicensed, and the building leased to non-nuclear tenants. This thorough, painstaking process involved the use of recently developed industry techniques and required close working with the Nuclear Installations Inspectorate (NII). The tenant base is growing and at the end of 2002 there are 40 different companies resident on site with employee numbers ranging from 1 to several hundreds with a total of ∼ 1000 staff. In addition, the UKAEA programme employs ∼ 500 as staff and contractors. The larger tenants include QinetiQ and DSTL (both from the former Defence Evaluation and Research Agency), the Natural Environment Research Council’s Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, and RWE Nukem. The progressive decommissioning work continues and as UKAEA retreats across the site, from east to west, the non-nuclear research and development businesses move in. The range of work established at Winfrith provides a focus for its further development as a scientific and technical centre of excellence. Facilities have been created in partnership with the local council for small and start-up businesses, while strong links are being encouraged with universities that have an interest in areas such as environmental research. Together they will form a vital part of the commercial community, stimulating growth through technical interaction and innovation.
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E.V., Malaya, and Vavulin K.E. "THE PHENOMENON OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE: ECOLOGICAL AND ARTISTIC ANALYSIS." In INTERNATIONAL FORUM "YOUTH IN THE AGRIBUSINESS". DSTU-Print, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/young.2022.50-53.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
What are natural landscapes? Are they "out there somewhere", separate from people, or are they products of our own perception? The problematic field of research is determined by contradictions: the consideration of the artistic national vision of the natural landscape, the modern vision of the architectural landscape of Russian cities, on the one hand, and the development of ecology as a self-conscious science. "Landscape" originally meant people living inside and forming a capricious nature, but quickly turned into a "natural landscape" reflecting the balance of nature viewed from the outside. Despite repeated scientific demonstrations of the lack of ecological balance now or in the past, environmentalists stubbornly cling to the "romantic" concept of a landscape with nature in balance. In order to rethink and reconfigure ecology and environmental management to better reflect the modern understanding of how nature, including humans, "works", modern architects, urbanists, landscape designers must interact with environmentalists, environmental scientists, and the general public to redefine the nature of nature.
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Fowler, Whitfield J., and Kos Ishii. "Towards Managing Long-Term Uncertainties in Product Development." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42434.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Under increasingly uncertain environment of long term life-cycle costs arising from such causes such as material price increases and carbon regulation, product development design decision makers need an improved method for evaluating project net present value under significant risks. This paper seeks to expose this need for an interdisciplinary design method capable of proactively managing long-term uncertainties and risks. First, the paper provides an overview of trends and uncertainties in material prices and environmental regulations. Second, we highlight a variety of existing work relevant to this research. The third section describes Customer Value Chain Analysis and Quality Function Deployment exercises towards addressing the nature of the challenge at hand. The study found that the primary customers for this research are engineering managers involved in strategic product development decisions. The most important aspects of a new methodology are to identify and characterize the uncertainties specific to a project, and to facilitate modeling. The final section describes a research path leading towards the development of a new design methodology. The paper concludes that a new framework will draw upon a variety of fields including Design For Reliability, Decision Analysis, Industrial Ecology, and Informatics.
Звіти організацій з теми "Ecology Field work"
1
Wolff, Patrick, Brett DeGregorio, and Aaron Rice. Demonstration of subsurface passive acoustic monitoring (SPAM) to survey for and estimate populations of imperiled underwater-calling frogs. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42386.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The management and recovery of threatened and endangered amphibians on Department of Defense (DoD) lands relies on an understanding of their distribution and abundance. Fortunately, most anuran species can be surveyed acoustically using vocalizations during the breeding season. This work demonstrated the use of subsurface passive acoustic monitoring (SPAM) to survey for rare underwater-calling, at-risk anuran species on DoD installations. We evaluated the performance of SPAM relative to traditional passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) (microphone) and human manual calling survey (MCS) methods. Results showed that SPAM outperformed PAM and MCS in validation experiments where calls were generated underwater; SPAM was less successful than PAM and MCS in the field demonstration. Most leopard frog calls were apparently produced in air despite previous reports of extensive underwater-calling behavior. This project highlights how acoustic information can help address a data gap in the ecology of at-risk species, which can help refine future survey methodology and management efforts. Ultimately, the utility of SPAM for underwater-calling species will depend on the focal species, the landscape where it occurs, and technological considerations available to the surveyor. SPAM is more expensive than traditional methods but, in some situations, may be the only way to effectively detect species.
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Microbiology in the 21st Century: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? American Society for Microbiology, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.5sept.2003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium September 5–7, 2003, in Charleston, South Carolina to discuss the central importance of microbes to life on earth, directions microbiology research will take in the 21st century, and ways to foster public literacy in this important field. Discussions centered on: the impact of microbes on the health of the planet and its inhabitants; the fundamental significance of microbiology to the study of all life forms; research challenges faced by microbiologists and the barriers to meeting those challenges; the need to integrate microbiology into school and university curricula; and public microbial literacy. This is an exciting time for microbiology. We are becoming increasingly aware that microbes are the basis of the biosphere. They are the ancestors of all living things and the support system for all other forms of life. Paradoxically, certain microbes pose a threat to human health and to the health of plants and animals. As the foundation of the biosphere and major determinants of human health, microbes claim a primary, fundamental role in life on earth. Hence, the study of microbes is pivotal to the study of all living things, and microbiology is essential for the study and understanding of all life on this planet. Microbiology research is changing rapidly. The field has been impacted by events that shape public perceptions of microbes, such as the emergence of globally significant diseases, threats of bioterrorism, increasing failure of formerly effective antibiotics and therapies to treat microbial diseases, and events that contaminate food on a large scale. Microbial research is taking advantage of the technological advancements that have opened new fields of inquiry, particularly in genomics. Basic areas of biological complexity, such as infectious diseases and the engineering of designer microbes for the benefit of society, are especially ripe areas for significant advancement. Overall, emphasis has increased in recent years on the evolution and ecology of microorganisms. Studies are focusing on the linkages between microbes and their phylogenetic origins and between microbes and their habitats. Increasingly, researchers are striving to join together the results of their work, moving to an integration of biological phenomena at all levels. While many areas of the microbiological sciences are ripe for exploration, microbiology must overcome a number of technological hurdles before it can fully accomplish its potential. We are at a unique time when the confluence of technological advances and the explosion of knowledge of microbial diversity will enable significant advances in microbiology, and in biology in general, over the next decade. To make the best progress, microbiology must reach across traditional departmental boundaries and integrate the expertise of scientists in other disciplines. Microbiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the need to harness the vast computing power available and apply it to better advantage in research. Current methods for curating research materials and data should be rethought and revamped. Finally, new facilities should be developed to house powerful research equipment and make it available, on a regional basis, to scientists who might otherwise lack access to the expensive tools of modern biology. It is not enough to accomplish cutting-edge research. We must also educate the children and college students of today, as they will be the researchers of tomorrow. Since microbiology provides exceptional teaching tools and is of pivotal importance to understanding biology, science education in schools should be refocused to include microbiology lessons and lab exercises. At the undergraduate level, a thorough knowledge of microbiology should be made a part of the core curriculum for life science majors. Since issues that deal with microbes have a direct bearing on the human condition, it is critical that the public-at-large become better grounded in the basics of microbiology. Public literacy campaigns must identify the issues to be conveyed and the best avenues for communicating those messages. Decision-makers at federal, state, local, and community levels should be made more aware of the ways that microbiology impacts human life and the ways school curricula could be improved to include valuable lessons in microbial science.