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Justo, J. L., and C. Salwa. "The 1531 Lisbon earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880020319.
Abstract In January 1531, the Tagus River Estuary was hit by a strong earthquake, the intensity of which in Lisbon was, according to relevant authors, greater than that of the 1755 earthquake. It was cited by most of the European annalists of the time and was responsible for the destruction of structures, the loss of lives, and enormous panic, thus making it one of the most disastrous earthquakes in the history of Portugal. If we give credit to the detailed descriptions, the maximum intensity was probably X MSK. According to our study, the seismic event was probably caused by the Lower Tagus fault zone (LTFZ). A critical review of reports from the time has allowed us to discredit the claims of the earthquake's effects quite far away from the epicenter. Thanks to this the magnitude remains within moderate limits. On the other hand, the study of the earthquake's effects outside Portugal and the consideration of geological factors have allowed us to produce a reliable isoseismal map. Study of this historical earthquake may greatly influence the design of structures in the rapidly developing area of the Tagus estuary.
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Hinojosa, Hector R. "The Importance of Assessing the Geological Site Effects of Ancient Earthquakes from the Archaeoseismological Point of View." Eng 4, no. 1 (February 22, 2023): 719–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng4010043.
Earthquakes have and continue to, occur worldwide, though some places are affected more than others by earthquake-induced ground shaking and the same earthquake can cause more damage in one area than in nearby locations due to site-specific geological site conditions, also known as local site effects. Depending on the chronology of the earthquakes, various disciplines of seismology include instrumental and historical seismology, archaeoseismology, palaeoseismology and neotectonics, each focusing on using specific sources of information to evaluate recent or ancient earthquakes. Past earthquakes are investigated to expand the pre-instrumental and instrumental earthquake catalog and better evaluate a region’s seismic hazard. Archaeoseismology offers a way to achieve these goals because it links how ancient civilizations and their environment might have interacted and responded to past earthquake-induced ground motion and soil amplification. Hence, archaeoseismology explores pre-instrumental (past) earthquakes that might have affected sites of human occupation and their nearby settings, which have left their co-seismic marks in ancient manufactured constructions exhumed by archaeological excavations. However, archaeoseismological observations are often made on a limited epicentral area, poorly constrained dated earthquakes and occasionally on unclear evidence of earthquake damage. Archaeological excavations or field investigations often underestimate the critical role that an archaeological site’s ancient geological site conditions might have played in causing co-seismic structural damage to ancient anthropogenic structures. Nevertheless, the archaeological community might document and inaccurately diagnose structural damage by ancient earthquake shaking to structures and even estimate the size of past earthquakes giving little or no consideration to the role of geological site effects in addressing the causative earthquake. This mixture of factors frequently leads to imprecise estimates of the size of ancient earthquakes and unlikely earthquake environmental impacts, leaving unexplained the location and the moment magnitude of the causative earthquake. Hence, it is essential not to rely solely on earthquake intensities based on archaeologically documented co-seismic damage without assessing the nature of the observed structural damage and the contribution of the geological site effects. This paper explains the geological site effects concept to archaeologists unfamiliar with the notion. It clarifies its role in assessing ground shaking, soil amplification and earthquake intensity by past earthquakes and how and why the geological site effects can be estimated when a site is thought to have been struck by an earthquake. Hence, the geological site effects must be considered when archaeological excavations describe and interpret destruction layers. Conversely, engineers and seismologists dealing with seismic hazard risk assessment must pay close attention to archaeological investigations assessing earthquake intensities and locations based on field evidence of damage to structures attributed to past earthquakes, because the geological site effects might have been factored in inaccurately or not at all.
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Hough, Susan E., and Stacey S. Martin. "Which Earthquake Accounts Matter?" Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 2A (January 20, 2021): 1069–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200366.
Abstract Earthquake observations contributed by human observers provide an invaluable source of information to investigate both historical and modern earthquakes. Commonly, the observers whose eyewitness accounts are available to scientists are a self-selected minority of those who experience a given earthquake. As such these may not be representative of the overall population that experienced shaking from the event. Eyewitness accounts can contribute to modern science only if they are recorded in the first place and archived in an accessible repository. In this study, we explore the extent to which geopolitics and socioeconomic disparities can limit the number of earthquake observers whose observations can contribute to science. We first revisit a late nineteenth-century earthquake in the central United States in 1882 that provides an illustrative example of an event that has been poorly characterized due to a reliance on English-language archival materials. For modern earthquakes, we analyze data collected for recent earthquakes in California and India via the online “Did You Feel It?” (DYFI) system. In California, online data-collection systems appear to be effective in gathering eyewitness accounts from a broad range of socioeconomic groups. In India, however, responses to the DYFI system reveal a strong bias toward responses from urban areas as opposed to rural settlements, as well a bias with literacy rate. The dissimilarity of our results from modern earthquakes in the United States and India provides a caution that, in some parts of the world, contributed felt reports can still potentially provide an unrepresentative view of earthquake effects, especially if online data collection systems are not designed to be broadly accessible. This limitation can in turn potentially shape our understanding of an earthquake’s impact and the characterization of seismic hazard.
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Maslyaev, A. V. "RUSSIAN CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM DOES NOT RECOGNIZE THE IMPACT OF REPEATED EARTHQUAKES ON CONSTRUCTION SITES." ASJ. 1, no. 38 (July 14, 2020): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/asj.2707-9864.2020.1.38.12.
Today, many learned builders know that earthquakes in the territory of, for example, a settlement can manifest themselves in the form of the first most powerful earthquake (main underground shock), which is usually followed by a series of weaker repeated earthquakes (repetitive shocks). There are many examples of such a sequence of manifestations of strong earthquakes in a certain territory, when tens of thousands of people die in destroyed buildings during repeated exposure earthquakes. It is thanks to these examples that scientists, builders, understand the main cause of death due to repeated earthquakes, which is the maximum permissible degree of damage formed in buildings under the influence of the first main earthquake. In addition, many builders are aware of many examples today when the intensity of the impact of a repeated earthquake on buildings was, for a number of reasons, stronger than the intensity of the effects of a major earthquake. However, contrary to the examples of the death of thousands of people in buildings during repeated earthquakes, in the construction system of Russia, the calculation of earthquake-resistant objects continues to take into account the impact of only one main earthquake. Therefore, the article substantiates the need to take into account the effects of earthquakes and repeated earthquakes in the calculations of earthquake-resistant buildings.
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Ouyang, Xin-Yan, Yong-Fu Wang, Xue-Min Zhang, Ya-Lu Wang, and Ying-Yan Wu. "A New Analysis Method for Magnetic Disturbances Possibly Related to Earthquakes Observed by Satellites." Remote Sensing 14, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112709.
Studies on magnetic disturbances in ultralow frequency ranges related to earthquakes observed by satellites are still limited. Based on Swarm satellites, this paper proposes a new analysis method to investigate pre-earthquake magnetic disturbances by excluding some known non-earthquake magnetic effects that are not confined to those caused by intense geomagnetic activity. This method is demonstrated by two earthquake cases. One is an interplate earthquake, and the other is an intraplate earthquake. Magnetic disturbances around these two earthquakes are associated with solar wind and geomagnetic activity indices, electron density and field-aligned currents. Magnetic disturbances several days before earthquakes do not show clear relations with the already known magnetic effects. These nightside disturbances (LT~17/18, ~02), possibly related to earthquakes observed by Swarm satellites, oscillate in the transverse magnetic field below 2 Hz, propagate along the background magnetic field and are mostly linearly polarized.
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Inoue, Yuta, Kazutomo Ohashi, Yuko Ohno, Takako Fujimaki, Anna Tsutsui, Ling Zha, and Tomotaka Sobue. "Pregnant women’s migration patterns before childbirth after large-scale earthquakes and the added impact of concerns regarding radiation exposure in Fukushima and five prefectures." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): e0272285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272285.
The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (within Fukushima, Iwate, and Miyagi prefectures) was a complex disaster; it caused a tsunami and the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, resulting in radiation exposure. This study investigated the earthquake’s effects on the migration patterns of pregnant women and their concerns regarding radiation exposure. We also considered the following large-scale earthquakes without radiation exposure: Great Hanshin-Awaji (Hyogo prefecture), Niigata-Chuetsu, and Kumamoto. Pregnant women were categorized as outflow and inflow pregnant women. Data on the annual number of births three years before and after the earthquake were used as a denominator to calculate the outflow and inflow rates per 100 births. The odds ratios of annual outflow and inflow rates after the earthquake, using three years before the earthquake as the baseline, were calculated. The odds-ratio for outflow significantly increased for Hyogo, Fukushima, Miyagi, and Kumamoto prefectures after the earthquake, particularly for Fukushima, showing a significant increase until three years post the Great East Japan Earthquake (disaster year: odds-ratio: 2.66 [95% confidence interval: 2.44–2.90], 1 year post: 1.37 [1.23–1.52], 2 years post: 1.13 [1.00–1.26], 3 years post: 1.18 [1.05–1.31]), while the remaining three prefectures reported limited increases post one year. The inflow decreased after the earthquake, particularly in Fukushima, showing a significant decrease until 2 years post the Great East Japan Earthquake (disaster year: 0.58 [0.53–0.63], 1 year post: 0.76 [0.71–0.82], 2 years post: 0.83 [0.77–0.89]). Thus, pregnant women’s migration patterns changed after large-scale earthquakes, suggesting radiation exposure concerns possibly have a significant effects. These results suggested that plans for receiving assistance and support that considers the peculiarities of disaster related damage and pregnant women’s migration patterns are needed in both the affected and non-affected areas.
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Rathje, Ellen M., and Beverley J. Adams. "The Role of Remote Sensing in Earthquake Science and Engineering: Opportunities and Challenges." Earthquake Spectra 24, no. 2 (May 2008): 471–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2923922.
Earthquake science and engineering are experience-driven fields in which lessons are learned after each significant earthquake. Remote sensing represents a suite of technologies that can play a significant role in documenting the effects of earthquakes and lead to important developments in our understanding of earthquakes. This paper describes current remote sensing technologies and the experience to date in using them in earthquake studies. The most promising activities that may benefit from remote sensing data products are identified, as well as the challenges that may impede the widespread use of remote sensing in earthquake studies. A comprehensive review of the use of remote sensing to document the effects of the 2003 Bam, Iran earthquake is presented, and recommendations for future developments in remote sensing in the context of earthquake science and engineering are provided.
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Grützner, Christoph, Richard Walker, Eleanor Ainscoe, Austin Elliott, and Kanatbek Abdrakhmatov. "Earthquake Environmental Effects of the 1992 MS7.3 Suusamyr Earthquake, Kyrgyzstan, and Their Implications for Paleo-Earthquake Studies." Geosciences 9, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9060271.
Large pre-historical earthquakes leave traces in the geological and geomorphological record, such as primary and secondary surface ruptures and mass movements, which are the only means to estimate their magnitudes. These environmental earthquake effects (EEEs) can be calibrated using recent seismic events and the Environmental Seismic Intensity Scale (ESI2007). We apply the ESI2007 scale to the 1992 MS7.3 Suusamyr Earthquake in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan, because similar studies are sparse in that area and geological setting, and because this earthquake was very peculiar in its primary surface rupture pattern. We analyze literature data on primary and secondary earthquake effects and add our own observations from fieldwork. We show that the ESI2007 distribution differs somewhat from traditional intensity assessments (MSK (Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik) and MM (Modified Mercalli)), because of the sparse population in the epicentral area and the spatial distribution of primary and secondary EEEs. However, the ESI2007 scale captures a similar overall pattern of the intensity distribution. We then explore how uncertainties in the identification of primary surface ruptures influence the results of the ESI2007 assignment. Our results highlight the applicability of the ESI2007 scale, even in earthquakes with complex and unusual primary surface rupture patterns.
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Hays, Walter W. "The 19 September 1985 Mexico Earthquake: Technical Problems." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 2, no. 1-4 (1986): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00030259.
ABSTRACTThe September 19, 1985, Mexico earthquake reminded scientists and engineers of the importance of considering soil amplification effects in earthquake-resistant design. The Mexico earthquake illustrated the “worst case”—the ground response and the building response occurring at approximately the same period, 2 seconds. This resonance phenomenon was predictable on the basis of similar experiences in past earthquakes. A number of areas in the United States also exhibit significant predictable soil amplification effects. Special steps are needed in these areas to mitigate the potential damage and losses that could occur in future earthquakes.
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Na, Geonha, Donghee Ahn, and Sanghoon Kim. "Case Study on Soil Liquefaction Effects in Pohang Using GPR Scanning." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.4.119.
Owing to the aftershocks of the Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes, the number of recent earthquakes (more than scale 2.0) has increased by approximately four to five times compared with previous years. There is a high possibility that earthquake damage and liquefaction will be caused by a strong earthquake in the future. Therefore, this study focused on the first liquefaction in Korea, which occurred in the 2017 Pohang earthquake (M5.4), and a field survey was conducted in the damaged area using portable two-dimensional ground penetrating radar (GPR) equipment. A detailed analysis of the damaged areas was performed using Voxler 3 (Golden Software), a three-dimensional analysis program, based on the results obtained at the site. The results show that the six survey areas in Pohang Songdo are located on the Quaternary alluvial layer and include landfills constructed by reclaiming part of the river and seas to create factory, residential land, and other sites, so it is extremely vulnerable to liquefaction in the event of an earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a ground survey in advance and apply a countermeasure method that suits the situation of the site because it is feared that large-scale liquefaction damage will occur in the event of a larger earthquake than the Pohang one.
McCormack, Thomas C. "A Methodology for Regional Seismic Damage Assessment and Retrofit Planning for Existing Buildings." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1239.
Recent geologic research has shown that earthquakes more destructive than formerly expected are likely to occur in the Pacific Northwest. To mitigate catastrophic loss, planners are gathering information to make decision on implementing regional seismic retrofit programs. This research develops a model to estimate regional earthquake losses for existing buildings, and determine optimal retrofit priorities and budgets. Fragility curves are developed to provide earthquake damage estimates for a range of seismic intensities. The published earthquake damage estimates of a large group of prominent earthquake engineering experts are extended to include the combined effect of structure type, earthquake-sensitive variations in building design, site-specific soil conditions, and local seismic design practice. Building inventory data from a rapid visual screening survey of individual buildings form the basis for modeling structural variations. Earthquake Hazard Maps are the basis of modeling the effect on building damage of ground motion amplification, soil liquefaction, and slope instability. Published retrofit effectiveness estimates and retrofit cost data are used to estimate post-retrofit damage avoided, lives saved, and retrofit cost. A Building Classification System is formulated to aggregate buildings with similar retrofit benefit magnitudes. A cost-benefit analysis is used as the basis for a retrofit prioritization and efficiency analysis, to establish the cut-off point for an optimal retrofit program. Results from an Expected Value and a Scenario Earthquake Event are compared. Regional Earthquake Loss and Retrofit Analysis Program (REAL-RAP) software was developed, and used to make a loss estimate for more than 7,500 buildings inventoried in the 1993 Portland Seismic Hazards Survey. One hundred percent of the loss of life is attributed to only 10-percent of the buildings. A retrofit analysis is made for a Design Basis Earthquake. Twelve-percent of the building inventory was identified for the optimal retrofit program, wherein 98-percent of the loss of life is avoided at less than one-quarter the cost of retrofitting all the buildings. An alternate optimal retrofit program was determined using an Expected Value Analysis. Most of the buildings in the Design Basis Earthquake optimal retrofit program are also contained in the alternate program.
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Lopez, Ibaceta Alvaro Francisco. "Seismic Performance of Substandard Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns under Subduction-Zone Ground Motions." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4977.
A large magnitude, long duration subduction earthquake is impending in the Pacific Northwest, which lies near the Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ). Great subduction zone earthquakes are the largest earthquakes in the world and are the sole source zones that can produce earthquakes greater than M8.5. Additionally, the increased duration of a CSZ earthquake may result in more structural damage than expected. Given such seismic hazard, the assessment of reinforced concrete substructures has become crucial in order to prioritize the bridges that may need to be retrofitted and to maintain the highway network operable after a major seismic event. Recent long duration subduction earthquakes occurred in Maule, Chile (Mw 8.8, 2010) and Tohoku, Japan (Mw 9.0, 2011) are a reminder of the importance of studying the effect of subduction ground motions on structural performance. For this purpose, the seismic performance of substandard circular reinforced concrete bridge columns was experimentally evaluated using shake table tests by comparing the column response from crustal and subduction ground motions. Three continuous reinforced columns and three lap-spliced columns were tested using records from 1989 Loma Prieta, 2010 Maule and 2011 Tohoku. The results of the large-scale experiments and numerical studies demonstrated that the increased duration of subduction ground motions affects the displacement capacity and can influence the failure mode of bridge columns. Furthermore, more damage was recorded under the subduction ground motions as compared to similar maximum deformations under the crustal ground motion. The larger number of plastic strain cycles imposed by subduction ground motions influence occurrence of reinforcement bar buckling at lower displacement compared to crustal ground motions. Moreover, based on the experimental and numerical results, subduction zone ground motion effects are considered to have a significant effect on the performance of bridge columns. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the effects of subduction zone earthquakes in the performance assessment of substandard bridges, or when choosing ground motions for nonlinear time-history analysis, especially in regions prone to subduction zone mega earthquakes. Finally, for substandard bridges not yet retrofitted or upgraded seismically, the following performance limit recommendation is proposed: for the damage state of collapse, which is related to the ODOT's Life Safety performance level, the maximum strain in the longitudinal reinforcement should be reduced from 0.09 (in./in.) to a value of 0.032 (in./in.) for locations where subduction zone earthquakes are expected, to take into consideration the occurrence of bar buckling.
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Bugeja, Michael. "Inelastic earthquake response of asymmetric structures." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36027/1/36027_Bugeja_1996.pdf.
This thesis presents a study into the inelastic earthquake response of asymmetric
structures. The study was conducted through the use of numerical simulation and
experimental testing. In particular, the study focussed on the effects of the torsional to
lateral frequency ratio, the stiffness eccentricity and strength eccentricity on structural
response.
Previous studies into this area have often drawn contradictory conclusions regarding the
effects of the various input parameters on structural response. It was concluded that
these differences arose from the use of different analytical models.
Structures responding to earthquake loading in a purely elastic fashion show an
amplification in torsional response when the torsional and lateral frequencies were close.
It was found that as more and more inelastic action was experienced by the structure
during loading, this amplification of the response was reduced.
It was also found that for a structure experiencing significant inelastic action during
earthquake loading the strength eccentricity is more important in determining structural
response. In most of the previous studies conducted, the strength eccentricity was not
considered as an independent structural parameter.
Experimental testing was conducted using a shaking table facility that was designed and
installed as part of this thesis. The results of these tests were in agreement with those of
the numerical study.
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Filiatrault, Andre. "Seismic design of friction damped braced steel plane frames by energy methods." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28776.
The investigation described in this thesis represents the first known attempt to develop a simplified method for the seismic design of structures equipped with a novel friction damping system. The system has been shown experimentally to perform very well and is an exciting development in earthquake resistant design. The design of a building equipped with the friction damping system is achieved by determining the optimum slip load distribution to minimize structural response.
A new efficient numerical modelling approach for the analysis and design of Friction Damped Braced Frames (FDBF) is presented. The hysteretic properties of the friction devices are derived theoretically and included in a Friction Damped Braced Frame Analysis Program (FDBFAP), which is adaptable to a microcomputer environment. The optimum slip load distribution is determined by minimizing a Relative Performance Index (RPI) derived from energy concepts.
The steady-state response of a single storey friction damped structure subjected to sinusoidal ground motion is investigated analytically. Basic design information on the optimum slip load for the friction device is obtained. The parameters governing the optimum slip load, which minimizes the amplitude for any forcing frequency, are derived. The study indicates that the optimum slip load depends on the characteristics of the ground motion and of the structure.
Using variational principles on a shear beam analogy, an optimum slip load distribution along the height of the structure is derived when the total amount of slip load is specified. It is shown that the optimum slip load is proportional to the slope of the deflected shape of the structure. The results of the study reveal that only a small improvement in the response is obtained by using this optimum distribution
compared to the response obtained with a uniform distribution. Therefore the use of an optimum uniform distribution seems adequate for the design of friction damped structures.
Taking into account the analytical results obtained, FDBFAP is then used in a parametric study which leads to the construction of a design slip load spectrum. The spectrum depends on the properties of the structure and ground motion anticipated at the construction site. It is believed that the availability of this design slip load spectrum will lead to a greater acceptance by the engineering profession of this new and innovative structural concept. Applied Science, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Graduate
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Neurohr, Theresa. "The seismic vulnerability of art objects /." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99782.
Throughout history, objects of art have been damaged and sometimes destroyed in earthquakes. Even though the importance of providing seismically adequate design for nonstructural components has received attention over the past decade, art objects in museums, either on display or in storage, require further research. The research reported in this study was undertaken to investigate the seismic vulnerability of art objects. Data for this research was gathered from three museums in Montreal. The seismic behaviour of three unrestrained display cases, storage shelves, and a 6m long dinosaur skeleton model structure was investigated according to the seismic hazard for Montreal and representative museum floor motions were simulated for that purpose. Particular attention was paid to the support conditions, the effects of modified floor surface conditions, the sliding and rocking response of unrestrained display cases, the location (floor elevation) of the display case and/or storage shelves, art object mass, and the dynamic properties of the display cases/storage shelves. The seismic vulnerability of art objects was evaluated based on the seismic response of the display cases/storage shelves at the level of art object display. The display cases were investigated experimentally using shake table testing. Computer analyses were used to simulate the seismic behaviour of storage shelves, and the seismic sensitivity of the dinosaur structure was determined via free vibration acceleration measurements. The floor contact conditions and floor elevation had a crucial effect on the unrestrained display cases, causing them to slide or rock vigorously. The distribution of content mass had a large impact on the response of the shelving system. As a result of experimental and analytical analyses, recommendations and/or simple mitigation techniques are provided to reduce the seismic vulnerability of objects of art.
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Kallros, Mikael Kaj. "An experimental investigation of the behaviour of connections in thin precast concrete panels under earthquake loading." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26707.
Investigations of connections for precast concrete panel buildings have shown that it is difficult to design an embedded connection that will perform well under earthquake loading. Some typical connections use studs or reinforcing bars embedded in the edge of the panel. These are then welded or bolted to an adjacent panel. During earthquake loading the crushing of concrete around the embedment usually leads to premature loss of strength and stiffness of the connection before significant ductility can develop. It has been found that connection performance improves with increasing panel thickness.
The behaviour of embedded connections in thin precast concrete panels was investigated. The intent was to improve connection design details and to develop a simple method of predicting connection strengths with panel thicknesses of 50 mm to 75 mm.
Sixteen connections of six different types were tested. Three were tested monotonically and thirteen were tested under reversed cyclic loading.
Certain types of connections can be used to transfer earthquake loads between thin concrete panels as long as they have adequate strength. Methods for predicting the strength of connections are discussed. The connections tested should not be relied on to develop ductility. Applied Science, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Graduate
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Milstone, Barry Scott. "Effects of nonhomogeneous cementation in soils on resistance to earthquake effects." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77896.
Small amounts of cementation in a sand increase its ability to sustain static and dynamic loads, even in a liquefaction type environment. This has been shown in previous research examining the behavior of both naturally cemented and artificially prepared samples.
Cemented sands are present in many parts of the world and can be caused by either a variety of cementing agents or by cold welding at points of grain contact. They are generally quite difficult to sample, but artificially cemented sands have been shown to aptly model the behavior of natural materials, and allow for better test controls. Consequently, artificial samples were used exclusively for the present investigation which has three major objectives: to investigate the effects of a weakly cemented lens within a stronger mass; to determine how cementation affects the volume change characteristics of statically loaded samples; and, to describe the pore pressure generation of sands subjected to cyclic loading.
Prior to commencing the test program, a number of index tests were performed on the uncemented and cemented sand used during the laboratory investigation. It was revealed that cementation leads to increased void ratios which distort relative density calculations used to compare cemented and uncemented samples of similar dry unit weight. The practice of identifying samples by dry unit weight was adopted for this report.
Static triaxial compression tests were performed on 17 samples. Test results indicate that although the magnitude of volumetric strain at failure does not seem to be dictated by the level of cementation, there is a relationship with cementation and the rate of volume change at failure. A weak lens was seen to lower the static strength of the stronger mass. 26 stress controlled cyclic triaxial tests revealed that a weak lens lowers the liquefaction resistance of the stronger mass. The cyclic strength of the nonhomogeneous material, however, is higher than the independent strength of the weak lens. A weak lens has greater influence at relatively higher levels of cyclic stress. Pore pressure generation in cemented sands are seen to be controlled by strain. At shear strain levels below about 1%, cemented sands behave similarly to uncemented sands with pore pressures increasing more rapidly beyond that amount of strain. Consequently, pore pressure development during cyclic loading is described by a broken-back curve which is defined in the early stages by existing empirical relationships for uncemented sand. Pore pressure prediction may then be achieved using an equation for cemented sand, such as that developed in the present work. Master of Science
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Lundgren, Viktoria. "The Macroeconomic Effects of the Chilean Earthquake 2010." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-16425.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the macroeconomic effects of the earthquake that struck Chile in 2010 and the impact it had on the Chilean economy. It is a narrative case study of a small, open emerging economy and the timeframe is short term. Like other studies made about macroeconomic effects of a natural disaster, it is surprising to find how fast a country can so rapidly recover from a big devastation like the Chilean earthquake 2010. The final economic impact depends on the structural conditions of the economy and the economic policy mix undertaken to handle the short-term effects. The paper shows that despite the big disaster, Chile showed great resilience to the adverse shook due to its sound finances and effective countercyclical policies.
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Uliana, David A. "The effects of earthquake excitations on reticulated domes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45667.
Comparisons were made on the behavior of two full-sized
reticulated domes subjected to uniform static loads only and
uniform static loads with earthquake excitations. Space
truss elements were used in the dome models. The stiffness
matrix of the space truss element allows for the nonlinear
strain-displacement behavior and the stress-strain behavior
of the material is modeled with a bilinear approximation.
The nonlinear solution technique is the Newton-Raphson method while the direct integration technique is the Newmark-
Beta method.
The joint displacements for the static and the dynamic
analyses were compared for both domes along with the axial
stresses in all members. The percentage increases in the
axial stresses of the dynamic analyses as compared to those
of the static analyses were determined.
The reticulated domes used in the study were found to bet
capable of withstanding the earthquake excitations when subjected
to various uniform loads without failure.
Master of Science
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Paultre, Patrick. "Evaluation of seismic performance of concrete frame structures in Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75439.
Three buildings in Montreal and three buildings in Vancouver were designed for different level of "ductility" according to the 1985 National Building Code of Canada and the 1984 Canadian Concrete Code. Three full scale reinforced concrete specimens representing an exterior beam-column-slab subassemblage of the Montreal structure were tested in order to determine the behaviour of these components. The role of the spandrel beam in limiting the effective slab width and its role in transferring shear to the joint region was investigated. Analytical procedures were developed in order to predict the responses of main structural components to the combined loading effects of axial load, moment and shear. In addition a hysteretic behavioural model was developed in order to account for strength and stiffness degradation as well as pinching of the hysteretic response. The analytical procedures were then used to model the responses of the components of these buildings. Non-linear dynamic analyses were carried out on each building for a series of artificially generated accelerograms. The results of the tests as well as the results of the non-linear dynamic analyses enabled an assessment of the performance of different building designs and an assessment of current code requirements.
E, Spangle W., ed. Pre-earthquake planning for post-earthquake rebuilding. Los Angeles, CA (600 S. Commonwealth Ave., Los Angeles 90005): Southern California Earthquake Preparedness Project, 1987.
Center, National Geophysical Data. Earthquake damage to schools. Boulder, Colo.]: [U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center], 1990.
Dickenson, S. E. Hyogo-Ken Nanbu earthquake of January 17, 1995: A post-earthquake reconnaissance of port facilities. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1996.
United, States Congress House Committee on Science Space and Technology Subcommittee on Science Research and Technology. Whittier Narrows, CA, earthquake: Lessons learned : hearing before the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, November 10, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology. Whittier Narrows, CA, earthquake: Lessons learned : hearing before the Subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, November 10, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.
Geological Survey (U.S.) and California. Dept. of Insurance., eds. Estimation of earthquake losses to housing in California. Menlo Park, Calif: U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.
Institute for Business & Home Safety. Is your home protected from earthquake disaster?: A homeowner's guide to earthquake retrofit. Boston, MA: Institute for Business & Home Safety, 1999.
Towhata, Ikuo. "Earthquake Effects." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering, 59–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-35783-4_5.
Finn, W. D. Liam. "The effects of site conditions on ground motions." In Earthquake Engineering, edited by Shamim A. Sheikh and S. M. Uzumeri, 17–34. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487583217-007.
Ramadan, O., and M. Novak. "Spatial correlation effects on seismic response of structures." In Earthquake Engineering, edited by Shamim A. Sheikh and S. M. Uzumeri, 301–8. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487583217-039.
Makra, Konstantia, Dimitrios Raptakis, Francisco J. Chávez-García, and Kyriazis Pitilakis. "Site Effects and Design Provisions: The Case of Euroseistest." In Earthquake Microzoning, 2349–67. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8177-7_5.
Elhmadi, K., A. C. Heidebrecht, and N. Naumoski. "Results of a parametric study on site response effects." In Earthquake Engineering, edited by Shamim A. Sheikh and S. M. Uzumeri, 477–84. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487583217-061.
Cid, J., T. Susagna, X. Goula, L. Chavarria, S. Figueras, J. Fleta, A. Casas, and A. Roca. "Seismic Zonation of Barcelona Based on Numerical Simulation of Site Effects." In Earthquake Microzoning, 2559–77. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8177-7_17.
Hanks, David L., Steven L. McCabe, and David Darwin. "Effects of beam width on the cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete." In Earthquake Engineering, edited by Shamim A. Sheikh and S. M. Uzumeri, 583–90. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487583217-074.
Lefebvre, Guy, Patrick Paultre, Jean-Philippe Devic, and Gaétan Coté. "Distribution of damages and site effects during the 1988 Saguenay earthquake." In Earthquake Engineering, edited by Shamim A. Sheikh and S. M. Uzumeri, 719–26. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781487583217-091.
Gasparini, Paolo, and Alexander Garcia-Aristizabal. "Seismic Risk Assessment, Cascading Effects." In Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, 1–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36197-5_260-1.
Gasparini, Paolo, and Alexander Garcia-Aristizabal. "Seismic Risk Assessment, Cascading Effects." In Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, 3004–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35344-4_260.
Zaleski, Martin, Gerald Ferris, and Alex Baumgard. "Near-Real-Time Seismic Monitoring for Pipelines." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78013.
Earthquake hazard management for oil and gas pipelines should include both preparedness and response. The typical approach for management of seismic hazards for pipelines is to determine where large ground motions are frequently expected, and apply mitigation to those pipeline segments. The approach presented in this paper supplements the typical approach but focuses on what to do, and where to do it, just after an earthquake happens. In other words, we ask and answer: “Is the earthquake we just had important?”, “What pipeline is and what sites might it be important for?”, and “What should we do?” In general, modern, high-pressure oil and gas pipelines resist the direct effects of strong shaking, but are vulnerable to large co-seismic differential permanent ground displacement (PGD) produced by surface fault rupture, landslides, soil liquefaction, or lateral spreading. The approach used in this paper employs empirical relationships between earthquake magnitude, distance, and the occurrence of PGD, derived from co-seismic PGD case-history data, to prioritize affected pipeline segments for detailed site-specific hazard assessments, pre-event resiliency upgrades, and post-event response. To help pipeline operators prepare for earthquakes, pipeline networks are mapped with respect to earthquake probability and co-seismic PGD susceptibility. Geological and terrain analyses identify pipeline segments that cross PGD-susceptible ground. Probabilistic seismic models and deterministic scenarios are considered in estimating the frequency of sufficiently large and close causative earthquakes. Pipeline segments are prioritized where strong earthquakes are frequent and ground is susceptible to co-seismic PGD. These may be short-listed for mitigation that either reduces the pipeline’s vulnerability to damage or limits failure consequences. When an earthquake occurs, pipeline segments with credible PGD potential are highlighted within minutes of an earthquake’s occurrence. These assessments occur in near-real-time as part of an online geohazard management database. The system collects magnitude and location data from online earthquake data feeds and intersects them against pipeline network and terrain hazard map data. Pipeline operators can quickly mobilize inspection and response resources to a focused area of concern.
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Zhu, Jing, Laurie G. Baise, and Magaly Koch. "Mapping earthquake induced liquefaction surface effects from the 2011 Tohoku earthquake using satellite imagery." In IGARSS 2016 - 2016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2016.7729601.
Boulanger, Ross W., and Katerina Ziotopoulou. "On NDA Practices for Evaluating Liquefaction Effects." In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481455.001.
"Earthquake-Induced SSI Effects on High Rise Buildings." In SP-316: Design and Performance of Concrete Bridges and Buildings. American Concrete Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51689873.
Edip, Kemal, Vlatko Sheshov, Julijana Bojadjieva, Toni Kitanovski, Dejan Ivanovski, and Irena Gjorgjeska. "PORE PRESSURE EFFECTS IN SEISMIC SIMULATION OF AN EARTH DAM." In 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/1crocee.2021.111.
Svinkin, Mark R. "Dynamic Effects of Impact Machine Foundations." In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics Congress IV. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40975(318)126.
Armstrong, R. J., R. W. Boulanger, U. Gulerce, B. L. Kutter, and D. W. Wilson. "Centrifuge Modeling of Pile Pinning Effects." In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics Congress IV. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40975(318)158.
Fernandez, J. Alfredo, and Glenn J. Rix. "Basin Effects in the Upper Mississippi Embayment." In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics Congress IV. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40975(318)10.
Idrissi, M. Janati, and S. Yniesta. "Integration of Viscoplastic Effects in Nonlinear Ground Response Analysis." In Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481462.046.
Shrivastava, H. P. Evaluation of near-field earthquake effects. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10191913.
Weidner, H. Effects of a major earthquake on the PEP housing, structures, and utilities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6430961.
Eli, M. W., S. C. Sommer, T. R. Roche, and K. L. Merz. The January 17, 1994 Northridge Earthquake: Effects on selected industrial facilities and lifelines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/61702.
Andrabi, Tahir, Benjamin Daniels, and Jishnu Das. Human Capital Accumulation and Disasters: Evidence from the Pakistan Earthquake of 2005. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2020/039.
We trace the effects of a devastating earthquake that occurred in Northern Pakistan in 2005. Using a new dataset from a survey conducted four years after the earthquake, we first show that the distance of the household from the fault line was not correlated with pre-existing household characteristics, while it was strongly predictive of earthquake-related damage and mortality. Through emergency relief aid, households living close to the fault line reported receiving substantial cash compensation that amounted to as much as 150% of their annual household consumption expenditure. Four years after the earthquake, there were no differences in public infrastructure, household or adult outcomes between areas close to and far from the fault line. However, children in their critical first thousand days at the time of the earthquake accumulated large height deficits, with the youngest the most affected. Children aged 3 through 15 at the time of the earthquake did not suffer growth shortfalls, but scored significantly worse on academic tests if they lived close to the fault line. Finally, children whose mothers completed primary education were fully protected against the emergence of a test score gap. We estimate that if these deficits continue to adult life, the affected children could stand to lose 15% of their lifetime earnings. Even when disasters are heavily compensated, human capital accumulation can be critically interrupted, with greater losses for already disadvantaged populations.
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Fischer, G. SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) site geology, ground motion and some effects of the October 17, 1989 earthquake. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7135726.
Paul, C., and J. F. Cassidy. Seismic hazard investigations at select DND facilities in Southwestern British Columbia: subduction, in-slab, and crustal scenarios. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331199.
Southwest British Columbia has some of the highest seismic hazard in Canada and is home to facilities owned by the Department of National Defence which support operations on the west coast of Canada. The potential impact of seismic hazards on these government facilities are investigated here. The hazard is from three primary sources: subduction interface, crustal and in-slab earthquakes. NRCan, in consultation with DRDC have produced representative earthquake scenarios for each of these sources. The subduction scenario we constructed was an M8.9 earthquake extending along the entire Cascadia Subduction Zone from 4 to 18 km depth. We used an M6.8 earthquake occurring along a 30 km fault at between 52 and 60 km depth below Boundary Bay to represent in-slab events. The final scenario, representing a crustal source, was an M6.4 along the central 47 km of the Leech River Valley-Devil's Mountain Fault system. We found that the Cascadia subduction scenario dominated the shaking hazard over much of the study region. Meanwhile, the in-slab and crustal scenarios have higher but more localized hazards in Vancouver and Victoria. In addition to the primary ground motion hazard, we also examined secondary seismic hazards: secondary amplification effects, landslides, liquefaction, surface ruptures, tsunami, flooding, fire, and aftershocks. Each of the secondary hazards had varying impacts depending on the scenario and locations within the region.
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Stevenson, J. D. Survey of strong motion earthquake effects on thermal power plants in California with emphasis on piping systems. Volume 2, Appendices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/148684.
Stevenson, J. D. Survey of strong motion earthquake effects on thermal power plants in California with emphasis on piping systems. Volume 1, Main report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/146798.
Pitarka, A. 3D WAVE PROPAGATION AND SITE EFFECTS IN THE HUMBOLDT BAY AREA USING STRONG GROUND MOTION RECORDS FROM THE M6.5 2010 FERNDALE EARTHQUAKE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1062223.
Yokel, Felix Y. Effect of subsurface conditions on earthquake ground motions. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4769.
