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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Earthquake"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 23 листопада 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Earthquake"

Isik, Ercan, Coskun Sagir, Zuhal Tozlu, and Umit Salim Ustaoglu. "Determination of Urban Earthquake Risk for Kırşehir, Turkey." Earth Sciences Research Journal 23, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v23n3.60255.

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Predicting the outcomes of earthquakes before they occur is one of the fundamental components of modern disaster management. Loss estimation analyses have an important place at the assessment stage of earthquakes and in estimation of losses that earthquakes may lead to. With these analyses, it is possible to access information that is relevant to potential damages and losses. In this paper, loss estimation analyses were carried out by using the earthquake scenario which foresaw a previous earthquake that was experienced in an around Kırşehir which is seismically active and located in the Central Anatolia Region in Turkey. The 1938 Akpınar earthquake which occurred in and around the province of Kırşehir was taken into consideration as an earthquak escenario, and loss estimation analyses were conducted for this earthquake scenario. In this paper, significant contributions will be made for preparation of an earthquake master plan and risk management plan for Kırşehir. Besides, studies on reduction of earthquake losses in the region may utilise these results.

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Dai, Xiaofeng, Xin Liu, Rui Liu, Menghao Song, Guangbin Zhu, Xiaotao Chang, and Jinyun Guo. "Coseismic Slip Distribution and Coulomb Stress Change of the 2023 MW 7.8 Pazarcik and MW 7.5 Elbistan Earthquakes in Turkey." Remote Sensing 16, no. 2 (January 8, 2024): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16020240.

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On 6 February 2023, the MW 7.8 Pazarcik and the MW 7.5 Elbistan earthquakes occurred in southeastern Turkey, close to the Syrian border, causing many deaths and a great deal of property destruction. The Pazarcik earthquake mainly damaged the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ). The Elbistan earthquake mainly damaged the Cardak fault (CF) and the Doğanşehir fault (DF). In this study, Sentinel-1A ascending (ASC) and descending (DES) orbit image data and pixel offset tracking (POT) were used to derive surface deformation fields in the range and azimuth directions induced by the Pazarcik and Elbistan earthquakes (hereinafter referred to as the Turkey double earthquakes). Utilizing GPS coordinate sequence data, we computed the three-dimensional surface deformation resulting from the Turkey double earthquakes. The surface deformation InSAR and GPS results were combined to invert the coseismic slip distribution of the EAFZ, CF, and DF using a layered earth model. The results show that the coseismic ruptures of the Turkey double earthquakes were dominated by left-lateral strike-slips. The maximum slip was 7.76 m on the EAFZ and about 8.2 m on the CF. Both the earthquakes ruptured the surface. The Coulomb failure stress (CFS) was computed based on the fault slip distribution and the geometric parameters of all the active faults within 300 km of the MW 7.8 Pazarcik earthquake’s epicenter. The CFS change resulting from the Pazarcik earthquake suggests that the subsequent Elbistan earthquake was triggered by the Pazarcik earthquake. The Antakya fault experienced an increase in CFS of 8.4 bars during this double-earthquake event. Therefore, the MW 6.3 Uzunbağ earthquake on 20 February 2023 was jointly influenced by the Turkey double earthquakes. Through stress analysis of all the active faults within 300 km of the MW 7.8 Pazarcik earthquake’s epicenter, the Ecemis segment, Camliyayla fault, Aadag fault, Ayvali fault, and Pula segment were all found to be under stress loading. Particularly, the Ayvali fault and Pula segment exhibited conspicuous stress loading, signaling a higher risk of future seismic activity.

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Cui, Yueju, Jianan Huang, Zhaojun Zeng, and Zhenyu Zou. "CO Emissions Associated with Three Major Earthquakes Occurring in Diverse Tectonic Environments." Remote Sensing 16, no. 3 (January 26, 2024): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16030480.

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Significant amounts of gases are emitted from the earth’s crust into the atmosphere before, during, and after major earthquakes. To understand the relationship between gas emissions, earthquakes, and tectonics, we conducted a thorough investigation using satellite data from AQUA AIRS. We focused on three major earthquakes: the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan MW 7.9 earthquake in China’s intra-continental plate, the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman MW 9.1 earthquake in Indonesia Island, and the 4 April 2010 Baja California MW 7.2 earthquake in Mexico’s active plate margin. Anomalies in the total column (TotCO) and multiple layers (CO VMR) of carbon monoxide were observed along fault zones, with peak values at the epicenter areas. Furthermore, temporal anomalies of TotCO and CO VMR appeared in the month of the Wenchuan earthquake in the intra-continent, three months prior to the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and one month before the Baja California earthquake in the active plate margins, respectively. Notably, the duration of CO anomalies before earthquakes in active plate margins was longer than that in the intra-continental region, and the intensity of the CO anomaly in active plate margins was higher than that in the intra-continental region. The results show a profound correlation with both seismic and tectonic activities, which was particularly evident in the earthquake’s magnitude, rupture length, and the tectonic settings surrounding the epicenter. Furthermore, the type of the fault at which the earthquake occurred also played an important role in these CO anomaly variations. These findings support the identification of earthquake precursors and may help improve our understanding of earthquake forecasting and tectonics.

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Nanjo, Kazuyoshi Z. "Predicting the unpredictable." Impact 2020, no. 6 (November 16, 2020): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.6.35.

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Better understanding of hazardous natural phenomena means improved preparedness and the opportunity to mitigate the damaging impact of these natural hazards. For example, improving knowledge about earthquakes can enable safer buildings to be built, as well as disaster prevention measures to be implemented, ultimately saving lives. This is particularly important in a country like Japan, which is earthquake-prone and where earthquakes prove to be very unpredictable. A team of Japanese researchers is seeking to reduce uncertainty in earthquake hazards by conducting statistical analyses of seismic activity, with a focus on the Nankai Trough megathrust earthquake. These investigations have enabled the researchers to estimate the state of the stress in and around the earthquake's focal region, and they believe this may lead to a method for qualitatively evaluating whether the next Nankai Trough earthquake is imminent.

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Tiwari, Ram Krishna, and Harihar Paudyal. "Spatial mapping of b-value and fractal dimension prior to November 8, 2022 Doti Earthquake, Nepal." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (August 9, 2023): e0289673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289673.

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An earthquake of magnitude 5.6 mb (6.6 ML) hit western Nepal (Doti region) in the wee hours of wednesday morning local time (2:12 AM, 2022.11.08) killing at least six people. Gutenberg-Richter b-value of earthquake distribution and correlation fractal dimension (D2) are estimated for 493 earthquakes with magnitude of completeness 3.6 prior to this earthquake. We consider earthquakes in western Nepal Himalaya and adjoining region (80.0–83.5°E and 27.3–30.5°N) for the period of 1964 to 2022 for the analysis. The b-value 0.68±0.03 implies a high stress zone and the spatial correlation dimension 1.81±0.02 implies a highly heterogeneous region where the epicenters are spatially distributed. Low b-values and high D2 values identify the study region as a high hazard zone. Focal mechanism styles and low b-values correlate with thrust nature of earthquakes and show that the earthquake’s occurrence is associated with the dynamics of the faults responsible for generating the past earthquakes.

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Hough, Susan E., and Stacey S. Martin. "Which Earthquake Accounts Matter?" Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 2A (January 20, 2021): 1069–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200366.

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Abstract Earthquake observations contributed by human observers provide an invaluable source of information to investigate both historical and modern earthquakes. Commonly, the observers whose eyewitness accounts are available to scientists are a self-selected minority of those who experience a given earthquake. As such these may not be representative of the overall population that experienced shaking from the event. Eyewitness accounts can contribute to modern science only if they are recorded in the first place and archived in an accessible repository. In this study, we explore the extent to which geopolitics and socioeconomic disparities can limit the number of earthquake observers whose observations can contribute to science. We first revisit a late nineteenth-century earthquake in the central United States in 1882 that provides an illustrative example of an event that has been poorly characterized due to a reliance on English-language archival materials. For modern earthquakes, we analyze data collected for recent earthquakes in California and India via the online “Did You Feel It?” (DYFI) system. In California, online data-collection systems appear to be effective in gathering eyewitness accounts from a broad range of socioeconomic groups. In India, however, responses to the DYFI system reveal a strong bias toward responses from urban areas as opposed to rural settlements, as well a bias with literacy rate. The dissimilarity of our results from modern earthquakes in the United States and India provides a caution that, in some parts of the world, contributed felt reports can still potentially provide an unrepresentative view of earthquake effects, especially if online data collection systems are not designed to be broadly accessible. This limitation can in turn potentially shape our understanding of an earthquake’s impact and the characterization of seismic hazard.

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Lai, Junyan, Lu Ding, Yuan Zhang, Weimin Wu, Haruo Hayashi, Reo Kimura, Masafumi Hosokawa, and Yukihisa Sakurada. "Development of NERSS Training Program for Earthquake Emergency Response Capacity Building of Local Governments." Journal of Disaster Research 10, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0263.

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Responses to medium-magnitude earthquakes are as significant as to catastrophic earthquakes, because medium-magnitude temblors occur as many as a dozen times more than catastrophic earthquakes – at least from the year 1900. In China, local governments are obligated to protect residents against earthquakes that have a magnitude of <bm>Ms</bm>$6.0. The ways in which local governments perform these obligations differ, however, due to obstacles such as inadequate disaster planning, a lack of public earthquake awareness, and a shortage of qualified emergency managers. When an earthquake hits, the hazards that residents are unaware of may arise concurrently, putting thousands lives and millions of acres of property in danger. In short, the response capacity of local governments is crucial to an earthquake’s aftermath. To enhance the capacity of local government response to earthquake emergencies, the National Earthquake Response Support Service (NERSS) of China started work on training programs years ago. With the cooperation with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Japanese scientists in the last five years, based on lessons learned from China’s historical earthquakes and disasters, the authors have created the prototype for an earthquake disaster management curriculum, which it has then been demonstrated and continuously improved. This paper reviews the prototype curriculum and its development methodology, presents demonstrative deliveries of the curriculum, and discusses training effectiveness and further improvements. Applying an international emergency management framework and related experience, focusing on local government capacity building, the demonstrative trainings have been proved to be beneficial to local government response activities and the latest amendment to earthquake preplanning in China. Future systematic tracking research of training effectiveness is proposed to keep curriculum updating and appropriate as times change.

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Anderson, John G., Steven G. Wesnousky, and Mark W. Stirling. "Earthquake size as a function of fault slip rate." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86, no. 3 (June 1, 1996): 683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0860030683.

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Abstract Estimates of the potential size of earthquakes on mapped active faults are generally based on regressions of earthquake magnitude (Mw) versus length (L) of fault rupture for historical earthqukes. The fault slip rate (S) has been ignored in formal prediction equations, but more accurate predictions of future earthquake magnitudes on mapped faults may be obtained when it is included. A least-squares regression for a data set of 43 earthquakes occurring on faults for which slip rates are reported shows Mw = 5.12 + 1.16 log L − 0.20 log S, where L is in units of Km and S is in units of mm/yr. The result indicates that the largest earthquakes will occur on the slowest slipping faults if the rupture length is held constant.

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Justo, J. L., and C. Salwa. "The 1531 Lisbon earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 2 (April 1, 1998): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880020319.

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Abstract In January 1531, the Tagus River Estuary was hit by a strong earthquake, the intensity of which in Lisbon was, according to relevant authors, greater than that of the 1755 earthquake. It was cited by most of the European annalists of the time and was responsible for the destruction of structures, the loss of lives, and enormous panic, thus making it one of the most disastrous earthquakes in the history of Portugal. If we give credit to the detailed descriptions, the maximum intensity was probably X MSK. According to our study, the seismic event was probably caused by the Lower Tagus fault zone (LTFZ). A critical review of reports from the time has allowed us to discredit the claims of the earthquake's effects quite far away from the epicenter. Thanks to this the magnitude remains within moderate limits. On the other hand, the study of the earthquake's effects outside Portugal and the consideration of geological factors have allowed us to produce a reliable isoseismal map. Study of this historical earthquake may greatly influence the design of structures in the rapidly developing area of the Tagus estuary.

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Brimzhanova, S. S., А. А. Akhmadiya, N. Nabiyev, and Kh Moldamurat. "Determination of the earthquake epicenter using the maximum displacement method obtained by Sentinel-1A/B data via ESA SNAP software." Bulletin of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan 84, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47533/2020.1606-146x.154.

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This article discusses a method for determining an earthquake’s epicenter using modern radar data from the Sentinel-1A/b remote sensing satellite. To determine the epicenter of the earthquake, finding the maximum displacement from the radar image data was used. The displacement (displacement) of the earth’s crust was obtained by processing on the ESA SNAP software. Two earthquakes that occurred in 2020 were studied to determine the epicenters in the ascending and descending orbits of the satellite. These earthquakes occurred in Western Xizang, China, and Doganyol, Turkey. The maximum deviation from the epicenter’s officially registered coordinates was 15.6 km for Doganyol and 3.2 km for the West Xinjiang Earthquake.

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Дисертації з теми "Earthquake"

Weatherley, Dion Kent. "Investigations of automaton earthquake models : implications for seismicity and earthquake forecasting /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16401.pdf.

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Sheikh, Md Neaz. "Simplified analysis of earthquake site response with particular application to low and moderate seismicity regions." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2353008x.

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Donner, Stefanie, Manfred Strecker, Dirk Rößler, Abdolreza Ghods, Frank Krüger, Angela Landgraf, and Paolo Ballato. "Earthquake source models for earthquakes in Northern Iran." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3258/.

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The complex system of strike-slip and thrust faults in the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran, are not well understood yet. Mainly structural and geomorphic data are available so far. As a more extensive base for seismotectonic studies and seismic hazard analysis we plan to do a comprehensive seismic moment tensor study also from smaller magnitudes (M < 4.5) by developing a new algorithm. Here, we present first preliminary results.

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Ito, Eri. "Integrated Earthquake Risk Evaluation for Mega-Thrust Earthquakes." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263356.

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Hampsher, Joshua A. "English interpretations of the earthquake at Lisbon." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p006-1550.

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Bramlet, John. "Earthquake prediction and earthquake damage prediction /." Connect to resource, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/31764.

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Cothern, Keegan. "Bracing Japan: Earthquakes, Nature, Planning, and the (Re)Construction of Japan, 1923-1995." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1462783823.

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Convers, Jaime Andres. "Global investigations of radiated seismic energy and real-time implementation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/50356.

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This dissertation contains investigations of radiated seismic energy measurements from large earthquakes and duration determinations as significant properties of the dynamic earthquake rupture and its applications in the identification of very large and slow source rupturing earthquakes. This includes a description of earthquake released seismic energy from 1997 to 2010 and identification of slow source tsunami earthquakes in that time period. The implementation of these measurements in real-time since the beginning of 2009, with a case study of the Mentawai 2010 tsunami earthquake are also discussed. Further studies of rupture duration assessments and its technical improvements for more rapid and robust solutions are investigated as well, with application to the Tohoku-Oki 2011 earthquake an a case of directivity in the 2007 Mw 8.1 Solomon islands earthquake. Finally, the set of routines and programs developed for implementation at Georgia Tech and IRIS to produce the real-time results since 2009 presented in this study are described.

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Kumar, Senthil. "Earthquake size, recurrence and rupture mechanics of large surface-rupture earthquakes along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust of India /." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2005. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/dissertations/fullcit/3209126.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005.
"August 2005." Includes bibliographical references. Online version available on the World Wide Web. Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2005]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm.

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Petal, Marla Ann. "Urban disaster mitigation and preparedness the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 2004. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3142562.

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Книги з теми "Earthquake"

Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, ed. Earthquakes and earthquake insurance. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1991.

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Buydos, John F. Earthquakes and earthquake engineering. Washington, D.C: Science Reference Section, Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress, 1989.

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Buydos, John F. Earthquakes and earthquake engineering. Washington, D.C: Science Reference Section, Science, Technology, and Business Division, Library of Congress, 2005.

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Kusky, Timothy M. Earthquakes: Plate tectonics and earthquake hazards. New York, NY: Facts On File, 2008.

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E, Spangle W., ed. Pre-earthquake planning for post-earthquake rebuilding. Los Angeles, CA (600 S. Commonwealth Ave., Los Angeles 90005): Southern California Earthquake Preparedness Project, 1987.

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Green, Jen. Earthquake. Mankato, Minn: Arcturus Pub., 2012.

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Green, Jen. Earthquake. London: Franklin Watts, 2011.

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Kimball, Virginia. Earthquake ready. 2nd ed. Santa Monica, Calif: Roundtable Pub., 1988.

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Dudman, John. Earthquake. New York: Thomson Learning, 1993.

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Martin, Fred. Earthquake. Crystal Lake, IL: Rigby Interactive Library, 1996.

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Частини книг з теми "Earthquake"

Ilki, A., O. F. Halici, M. Comert, and C. Demir. "The Modified Post-earthquake Damage Assessment Methodology for TCIP (TCIP-DAM-2020)." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 85–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_5.

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AbstractPost-Earthquake damage assessment has always been one of the major challenges that both engineers and authorities face after disastrous earthquakes all around the world. Considering the number of buildings in need of inspection and the insufficient number of qualified inspectors, the availability of a thorough, quantitative and rapidly applicable damage assessment methodology is vitally important after such events. At the beginning of the new millennia, an assessment system satisfying these needs was developed for the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP, known as DASK in Turkey) to evaluate the damages in reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry structures. Since its enforcement, this assessment method has been successfully used after several earthquakes that took place in Turkey, such as 2011 Van Earthquake, 2011 Kutahya Earthquake, 2019 Istanbul Earthquake and 2020 Elazig Earthquake to decide the future of damaged structures to be either ‘repaired’ or ‘demolished’. Throughout the years, the number of research activities focusing on the reparability of earthquake-damaged structures has increased, which is a purposeful parameter in the determination of buildings’ future after earthquakes. Accordingly, TCIP initiated a research project with a sole aim to regulate and reevaluate the damage assessment algorithm based on the results of state-of-the-art scientific research. This chapter presents the new version of the damage assessment methodology for reinforced concrete structures which was developed for TCIP (TCIP-DAM-2020). In addition, an application of the developed damage assessment algorithm on an earthquake-damaged reinforced concrete building which was struck by Kocaeli (1999) earthquake is presented.

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Cassidy, John F. "Earthquake." In Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards, 208–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4399-4_104.

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Ruth, Matthias, and Bruce Hannon. "Earthquake." In Modeling Dynamic Biological Systems, 317–32. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0651-4_40.

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Kukowski, Nina. "Earthquake." In Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, 1–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_106-1.

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Qi, Shengwen. "Earthquake." In Selective Neck Dissection for Oral Cancer, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12127-7_100-1.

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Hughes, Trevor J. "Earthquake." In Catastrophic Incidents, 463–68. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003360759-41.

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Qi, Shengwen. "Earthquake." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 251–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73568-9_100.

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Erickson, Paul A. "Earthquake." In Effective Environmental Emergency Responses, 83–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05893-6_8.

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Erdik, M. "Earthquake Risk Assessment from Insurance Perspective." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 111–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_6.

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AbstractThe assessment of earthquake and risk to a portfolio, in urban or regional scale, constitutes an important element in the mitigation of economic and social losses due to earthquakes, planning of immediate post-earthquake actions as well as for the development of earthquake insurance schemes. Earthquake loss and risk assessment methodologies consider and combine three main elements: earthquake hazard, fragility/vulnerability of assets and the inventory of assets exposed to hazard. Challenges exist in the characterization of the earthquake hazard as well as in the determination of the fragilities/vulnerabilities of the physical and social elements exposed to the hazard. The simulation of the spatially correlated fields of ground motion using empirical models of correlation between intensity measures is an important tool for hazard characterization. The uncertainties involved in these elements and especially the correlation in these uncertainties, are important to obtain the bounds of the expected risks and losses. This paper looks at the current practices in regional and urban earthquake risk assessment, discusses current issues and provides illustrative applications from Istanbul and Turkey.

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Xing, Huilin, and Xiwei Xu. "Historical Earthquakes, Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake and Its Aftershocks." In M8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake, 9–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01901-2_2.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Earthquake"

Nedeljković, Slobodan, Vladeta Vujanić, and Milovan Jotić. "Earthquake hazard in environmental engineering." In Ekološko inženjerstvo - mesto i uloga, stanje i budući razvoj (16). Union of Engineers of Belgrade, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/eko-eng24010n.

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Factography shows that strong earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 5.0-5.5, occurring within our country, cause greater damage to the built environment than would be expected for earthquakes of this magnitude. The seismic intensity of an earthquake represents the result of its impact on the terrain, the built, and the social environment. Synthesizing the vulnerability of each of these environments enables us to understand the vulnerability of the spaces comprising these three environments. In our country, earthquake prevention relies on constructing earthquake resistant buildings and infrastructure within the built environment, but it's evident that this approach needs refinement. Dealing with the aftermath of earthquakes requires funding, making earthquake action both a social and economic problem. Environmental engineering, with its integrated seismic resistance elements, plays a role in environmental protection and should adhere to the appropriate legislative framework. Our country's environmental planning should consider both the long-term and short-term seismic conditions specific to our region. Assessing priorities should involve consideration of our social environment.

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Zaleski, Martin, Gerald Ferris, and Alex Baumgard. "Near-Real-Time Seismic Monitoring for Pipelines." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78013.

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Earthquake hazard management for oil and gas pipelines should include both preparedness and response. The typical approach for management of seismic hazards for pipelines is to determine where large ground motions are frequently expected, and apply mitigation to those pipeline segments. The approach presented in this paper supplements the typical approach but focuses on what to do, and where to do it, just after an earthquake happens. In other words, we ask and answer: “Is the earthquake we just had important?”, “What pipeline is and what sites might it be important for?”, and “What should we do?” In general, modern, high-pressure oil and gas pipelines resist the direct effects of strong shaking, but are vulnerable to large co-seismic differential permanent ground displacement (PGD) produced by surface fault rupture, landslides, soil liquefaction, or lateral spreading. The approach used in this paper employs empirical relationships between earthquake magnitude, distance, and the occurrence of PGD, derived from co-seismic PGD case-history data, to prioritize affected pipeline segments for detailed site-specific hazard assessments, pre-event resiliency upgrades, and post-event response. To help pipeline operators prepare for earthquakes, pipeline networks are mapped with respect to earthquake probability and co-seismic PGD susceptibility. Geological and terrain analyses identify pipeline segments that cross PGD-susceptible ground. Probabilistic seismic models and deterministic scenarios are considered in estimating the frequency of sufficiently large and close causative earthquakes. Pipeline segments are prioritized where strong earthquakes are frequent and ground is susceptible to co-seismic PGD. These may be short-listed for mitigation that either reduces the pipeline’s vulnerability to damage or limits failure consequences. When an earthquake occurs, pipeline segments with credible PGD potential are highlighted within minutes of an earthquake’s occurrence. These assessments occur in near-real-time as part of an online geohazard management database. The system collects magnitude and location data from online earthquake data feeds and intersects them against pipeline network and terrain hazard map data. Pipeline operators can quickly mobilize inspection and response resources to a focused area of concern.

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Ebisuzaki, Toshikazu. "What Is Tsunami Earthquake?" In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-63104.

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Abstract A tsunami earthquake is defined as an earthquake which induces abnormally strong tsunami waves compared with its seismic magnitude (Kanamori 1972; Kanamori and Anderson 1975; Tanioka and Seno 2001). We investigate the possibility that the surface waves (Rayleigh, Love, and tsunami waves) in tsunami earthquakes are amplified by secondly submarine landslides, induced by the liquefaction of the sea floor due to the strong vibrations of the earthquakes. As pointed by Kanamori (2004), tsunami earthquakes are significantly stronger in longer waves than 100 s and low in radiation efficiencies of seismic waves by one or two order of magnitudes. These natures are in favor of a significant contribution of landslides. The landslides can generate seismic waves with longer period with lower efficiency than the tectonic fault motions (Kanamori et al 1980; Eissler and Kanamori 1987; Hasegawa and Kanamori 1987). We further investigate the distribution of the tsunami earthquakes and found that most of their epicenters are located at the steep slopes in the landward side of the trenches or around volcanic islands, where the soft sediments layers from the landmass are nearly critical against slope failures. This distribution suggests that the secondly landslides may contribute to the tsunami earthquakes. In the present paper, we will investigate the rapture processes determined by the inversion analysis of seismic surface waves of tsunami earthquakes can be explained by massive landslides, simultaneously triggered by earthquakes in the tsunami earthquakes which took place near the trenches.

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Lozić, Matija, Sonja Zlatović, Ivan Mihaljević, Igor Gukov, Boris Uremović, and Marija Čačić. "LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBILITY BASED ON AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.88.

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The traces of liquefaction were recognized in the area of Zagreb in the Sava valley in previous earthquakes and liquefaction can be expected in future earthquakes as well similar to the many cases which occurred in the Petrinja earthquake. Therefore, it is useful to have a tool allowing quick identification of susceptibility to liquefaction in larger areas. CPTU testing covers many aspects of soil behaviour and enables the estimation of parameters needed in liquefaction susceptibility analysis. During the 2010-2011 series of earthquakes in Christchurch and Canterbury, New Zealand, a very rich dataset was collected that links soil data obtained by the CPTU, earthquake data, and on-site liquefaction manifestations – or lack of it. An artificial neural network was developed from these data. In addition to the description of location and time, the data contains CPTU measurements, earthquake magnitude, medial peak ground acceleration, its standard deviation, groundwater depth and classification of the manifestation of liquefaction on the ground surface. The data collected after the Petrinja earthquake – obtained from CPTU tests and from analysis of the manifestations of liquefaction and the available data on the earthquake – are used in the developed artificial neural network.

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Folić, Boris, Radomir Folić, and Miloš Čokić. "DEMAGE BRIDGES DUE STRONG EARTHQUAKE IN CHINA AND JAPAN." In Assessment, maintenance and rehabilitation of structures. Association of Civil Engineers of Serbia, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sgisxiii.18bf.

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Strong earthquakes are caused by the movement of faults over a wide area of the ground. Bridges, unlike buildings, have a desirable mechanism of energy dissipation through columns. and the road decks are required to remain in use after the earthquake. However, when the actual intensity of an earthquake significantly exceeds the designed forces, minor or major damage occurs. The Kobe Earthquake in Japan, 1995 was strong, and also Tohoku 2011 was very strong. Damage occurred not only due to earthquakes but also due to associated effects such as liquefaction, horizontal soil expansion or tsunamis. The effects of these related events on the bridge damage are presented in this paper.

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Shokbarov, Yeraly, Begman Kulbaev, and Gani Temiraliuly. "LESSONS OF THE LUGOVSKY EARTHQUAKE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN." In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.109.

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The introductory part of this work gives a brief description of the recent earthquakes that have occurred in recent years in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The following is more detailed information about the consequences of an earthquake: the scale of destruction, the procedure for dealing with the consequences of an earthquake, methods of strengthening buildings.

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Hitchcock, Christopher, Stuart Nishenko, Chih-Hung Lee, Joseph Sun, Sean Sundermann, Mark Zellman, and Robert Givler. "GIS-Based Seismic Hazard Mapping for Pipeline Integrity Management." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10351.

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Geographic information systems (GIS) technology enables sophisticated, numerical-based mapping of earthquake hazards, including liquefaction and landslide susceptibility, on a regional basis for pipeline systems. Existing earthquake hazard mapping was integrated with interpretation of topographic, geologic, hydrologic, and geotechnical data to update an earthquake hazard database for Pacific Gas & Electric Company’s California Gas Transmission (CGT), as part of the CGT Pipeline System Integrity program. The regionally consistent, map-based database covering CGT’s pipeline system in northern California allows for modeling of possible pipeline impacts from moderate to large earthquakes. GIS-based modeling that incorporates the hazard mapping is a powerful tool for planning and emergency response purposes. Specifically, near real-time models of possible pipeline damage locations can be derived from internet-based groundshaking records (USGS ShakeMap) produced after earthquakes. Scenario-based models of earthquake impacts from possible earthquakes can be used for planning purposes.

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Marshall, Justin D., Jim C. Barnes, Nathan C. Gould, Kishor Jaiswal, Bret Lizundia, David B. Swanson, and Fred Turner. "Post-Earthquake Building Safety Assessments for the Canterbury Earthquakes." In Structures Congress 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412367.094.

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Wada, Akira. "RECENT EARTHQUAKES AND NEW CONCEPTS FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN." In The 16th World Conference on Seismic Isolation, Energy Dissipation and Active Vibration Control of Structures. Russian Association for Earthquake Engineering and Protection from Natural and Manmade Hazards, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37153/2686-7974-2019-16-38-38.

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Saini, Kanika, and Sheetal Kalra. "IoT-based Earthquake Prediction Using Fog and Cloud Computing." In International Conference on Women Researchers in Electronics and Computing. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.114.28.

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Earthquakes are severe, unexpected, life-threatening catastrophes that affect all kind of living beings. It frequently results in the loss of life and property. Predicting earthquake is the most important aspect of this field. With the golden age of the Internet of Things (IoT), an innovative new idea is to couple IoT technology with cloud and fog computing to improve the potency and accuracy of earthquake monitoring and forecasting. The embedded IoT-Fog-Cloud layered structure is adopted in this research to predict earthquakes using seismic signal data. This model transfers sensed seismic signals to fog for analysis of seismic data. At fog, Fast Walsh Hadamard transform is used to extract time and frequency domain features and PCA is employed to reduce the dimensionality of feature sets. Random Forest algorithm has been used to classify seismic signals into two different events, viz., earthquake and non-earthquake accompanied by the real-time warnings. When compared to other classification models, implementation findings indicate that the Random Forest classifier achieves high values of specificity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy with average values of 88.50%, 90.25%, 89.50%, and 92.66%. Hence make this framework more real-time compliant for earthquake prediction.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Earthquake"

Rogers, G. C. Earthquakes and earthquake hazard in the Vancouver area. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/210034.

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Rutherford, J., and J. F. Cassidy. Comparing felt intensity patterns for crustal earthquakes in the Cascadia and Chilean subduction zones, offshore British Columbia, United States, and Chile. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330475.

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In this study, we utilize US Geological Survey citizen science earthquake felt intensity data to investigate whether , crustal earthquakes in the Chilean Subduction Zone show similar, "felt intensity" distributions to events of the same magnitude and depths within the Cascadia Subduction Zone (Quitoriano & Wald, 2020; USGS Earthquake Hazards Program, 2020). In a companion article (Rutherford & Cassidy, 2022) we examine intraslab deep earthquake intensity patterns for the Chile and Cascadia subduction zones. Building on from the intraslab companion article, the goal of this comparison is to determine whether felt intensity information from several recent large (M8-8.8) subduction earthquakes in Chile can be applied to Cascadia (where no subduction earthquakes have been felt since 1700). This would provide a better understanding of shaking intensity patterns for future subduction earthquakes in Cascadia - critical information for scientists, engineers, and emergency management organizations. For this research, we utilized 20 years of cataloged Did-You-Feel-It (DYFI) citizen science data from the US Geological Survey's (USGS) earthquake online catalog, the ANSS Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog (ComCat) Documentation (USGS Earthquake Hazards Program, 2021). In total, we considered and compared intensity patterns for fourteen magnitudes from 30 earthquakes in Cascadia (ranging from magnitudes 4.5 to 7.2, the highest magnitude event in Cascadia zone) to the intensity patterns from 114 earthquakes in Chile, with the same magnitudes as the Cascadia events (M4.5-M7.2). Our analysis involved plotting and fitting the Chile and Cascadia earthquake DYFI responses to compare the intensity patterns for the two subduction zones. Overall, we find good agreement between felt patterns in Chile and Cascadia. For example, all plots show the expected downward trend for intensity with distance. Even distribution with limited clustering is seen in all fourteen magnitudes, with slight intensity clustering of responses around the 30 to 600 km. This is slightly different from the intraslab pattern which demonstrated a distinct cluster at further distance from the hypocenter, e.g., cluster at 50 to 300 km. These results provide confidence that we can use Chilean intensity data for megathrust earthquakes in Cascadia.

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Stickney, M. C. MBMG earthquake catalog, January 1982-August 2015. Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.59691/gxtn4464.

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This earthquake catalog includes seismicity data from the 1982-1990 annual catalogs together with previously unpublished seismicity data from 1991 through September 2015. It contains hypocenters and magnitudes for 42,417 earthquakes that occurred in Montana and surrounding regions. Includes an introductory file and a .txt file with data.

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Bockholt, Blaine M. Earthquake Locations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1497039.

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Bent, A. L., and P. Voss. Seismicity in the Labrador-Baffin Seaway and surrounding onshore regions. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321857.

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Studying earthquakes in Baffin Bay and the surrounding regions is challenging. There is no knowledge of earthquake activity in this region prior to 1933 when a moment magnitude (MW) 7.4 earthquake occurred in Baffin Bay. With improved instrumentation, increased seismograph coverage in the north, and modern analysis techniques, knowledge and understanding of earthquakes in the Baffin region is improving. Active seismic zones include Baffin Bay, the east coast of Baffin Island, and the Labrador Sea, separated by areas of low seismicity. Focal-mechanism solutions show a mix of faulting styles, predominantly strike-slip and thrust. Regional stress-axes orientations show more consistency, which suggests that activity is occurring on previously existing structures in response to the current stress field. There is little correlation between earthquake epicentres in Baffin Bay and mapped structures. Glacial isostatic adjustment may be a triggering mechanism for earthquakes in the Baffin region, but modelling efforts have yielded equivocal results.

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Bent, A. L. Seismograms for historic Canadian earthquakes: the 1 November 1935 Timiskaming earthquake. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/194775.

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Farahbod, A. M., and J. F. Cassidy. Temporal variations in coda Q before and after the 2017 Barrow Strait earthquake (Mw 5.9) in Nunavut and the 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake (Mw 7.8) in British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331095.

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In this study, we examine potential temporal changes in coda Q values for two significant Canadian earthquakes in different tectonic environments: the 2017 (Mw 5.9) Barrow Strait earthquake along Canada's northern margin and the 2012 (Mw 7.8) Haida Gwaii subduction earthquake on Canada's west coast. Waveforms from 124 earthquakes (2.0 &lt;/= M &lt;/= 4.6) for ~30 years prior to the January 8, 2017 Barrow Strait earthquake and 66 events (mainly aftershocks of M 2.0-5.3) in about 4 years after the mainshock recorded by the closest seismic station (RES) of the Canadian National Seismograph Network (CNSN) were utilized in this study. Based on our analysis, overall average of Q0 (Q at 1 Hz) decreased from 92 (before the mainshock) to 81. The most significant decrease in the frequency range between 2 and 16 Hz is observed for areas corresponding to ellipse parameter a2 of 50, 70 and 80 mainly related to aftershock activity. Precursory Q changes could not be evaluated before the mainshock due to the lack of reported seismicity within 100 km of the recording seismic station for almost 2 years from April 2015 to January 2017. Coda Q values before and after the October 28, 2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake in British Columbia show a similar pattern. Waveforms from 249 earthquakes (2.0 &lt;/= M &lt;/= 4.9) in 2 years before the mainshock and 498 events (2.5 &lt;/= M &lt;/= 6.3) in 2 years after the mainshock recorded by the three closest seismic stations of the CNSN were utilized. Overall average of Q0 decreased from 89 (before the mainshock) to 69 (station BNB), from 90 to 79 (station DIB) and from 86 to 78 (station VIB). In general, these results are in agreement with other global studies that show a decrease in Q0 following a major earthquake, likely the result of increased fracturing and fluids in the epicentral region.

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Lamontagne, M. Développement d'un système d'alerte précoce pour les tremblements de terre du Québec. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328951.

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Several regions of the world already have or are in the process of developing an early warning system (EWS) for earthquakes. As is well known, earthquakes cannot be predicted in the short term. However, an EWS is based on the principle that when a strong earthquake occurs, the initial seismic waves detected by seismographs near the epicentre can be quickly analysed. Once analyzed automatically, an alarm signal can be sent to more distant areas before damaging seismic waves arrive. This alert can then be used to take action before the seismic waves arrive (such as stopping industrial activities for example). In Canada, these technologies are being developed for the Pacific region and Eastern Canada. Quebec is particularly interesting because earthquakes of magnitude 5 are felt at great distances, which increases the warning time when an earthquake occurs. Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) will lead this initiative, in partnership with provincial collaborators. The private sector will also be involved through the development of software and applications. NRCan is therefore reaching out to potential partners in such an earthquake warning system.

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Journeay, J. M. Regional earthquake hazards. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/296266.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Wenchuan earthquake overview. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896298743_01.

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