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Статті в журналах з теми "Drinking water Standards Australia"
1
Miller, R., B. Whitehill, and D. Deere. "A national approach to risk assessment for drinking water catchments in Australia." Water Supply 5, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper comments on the strengths and weaknesses of different methodologies for risk assessment, appropriate for utilisation by Australian Water Utilities in risk assessment for drinking water source protection areas. It is intended that a suggested methodology be recommended as a national approach to catchment risk assessment. Catchment risk management is a process for setting priorities for protecting drinking water quality in source water areas. It is structured through a series of steps for identifying water quality hazards, assessing the threat posed, and prioritizing actions to address the threat. Water management organisations around Australia are at various stages of developing programs for catchment risk management. While much conceptual work has been done on the individual components of catchment risk management, work on these components has not previously been combined to form a management tool for source water protection. A key driver for this project has been the requirements of the National Health and Medical Research Council Framework for the Management of Drinking Water Quality (DWQMF) included in the draft 2002 Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG). The Framework outlines a quality management system of steps for the Australian water industry to follow with checks and balances to ensure water quality is protected from catchment to tap. Key steps in the Framework that relate to this project are as follows: Element 2 Assessment of the Drinking Water Supply System• Water Supply System analysis• Review of Water Quality Data• Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment Element 3 Preventive Measures for Drinking Water Quality Management• Preventive Measures and Multiple Barriers• Critical Control Points This paper provides an evaluation of the following risk assessment techniques: Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP); World Health Organisation Water Safety Plans; Australian Standard AS 4360; and The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines – Drinking Water Quality Management Framework. These methods were selected for assessment in this report as they provided coverage of the different approaches being used across Australia by water utilities of varying: scale of water management organisation; types of water supply system management; and land use and activity-based risks in the catchment area of the source. Initially, different risk assessment methodologies were identified and reviewed. Then examples of applications of those methods were assessed, based on several key water utilities across Australia and overseas. Strengths and weaknesses of each approach were identified. In general there seems some general grouping of types of approaches into those that: cover the full catchment-to-tap drinking water system; cover just the catchment area of the source and do not recognise downstream barriers or processes; use water quality data or land use risks as a key driving component; and are based primarily on the hazard whilst others are based on a hazardous event. It is considered that an initial process of screening water quality data is very valuable in determining key water quality issues and guiding the risk assessment, and to the overall understanding of the catchment and water source area, allowing consistency with the intentions behind the ADWG DWQM Framework. As such, it is suggested that the recommended national risk assessment approach has two key introductory steps: initial screening of key issues via water quality data, and land use or activity scenario and event-based HACCP-style risk assessment. In addition, the importance of recognising the roles that uncertainty and bias plays in risk assessments was highlighted. As such it was deemed necessary to develop and integrate uncertainty guidelines for information used in the risk assessment process. A hybrid risk assessment methodology was developed, based on the HACCP approach, but with some key additions and modifications to make it applicable to varying catchment risks, water supply operation needs and environmental management processes.
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Hamilton, D. J., Á. Ambrus, R. M. Dieterle, A. S. Felsot, C. A. Harris, P. T. Holland, A. Katayama, et al. "Regulatory limits for pesticide residues in water (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 8 (January 1, 2003): 1123–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375081123.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
National governments introduced residue limits and guideline levels for pesticide residues in water when policies were implemented to minimize the contamination of ground and surface waters. Initially, the main attention was given to drinking water.Regulatory limits for pesticide residues in waters should have the following characteristics: definition of the type of water, definition of the residue, a suitable analytical method for the residues, and explanation for the basis for each limit.Limits may be derived by applying a safety factor to a no-effect-level, or from levels occurring when good practices are followed and also passing a safety assessment, or from the detection limit of an analytical method, or directly by legislative decision.The basis for limits and guideline values issued by WHO, Australia, the United States, New Zealand, Japan, Canada, European Union, and Taiwan is described, and examples of the limits are provided. Limits have been most commonly developed for drinking water, but values have also been proposed for environmental waters, effluent waters, irrigation waters, and livestock drinking waters. The contamination of ground water is of concern because it may be used as drinking water and act as a source of contamination for surface waters. Most commonly, drinking water standards have been applied to ground water.The same terminology may have different meanings in different systems. For example, guideline value (GV) in WHO means a value calculated from a toxicology parameter, whereas in Australia, a GV is at or about the analytical limit of determination or a maximum level that might occur if good practices are followed. In New Zealand, the GV is the concentration where aesthetic significance is influenced.The Australian health value (HV) is conceptually the same as the WHO GV. The New Zealand maximum acceptable value (MAV) and the Canadian maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) are also conceptually the same as the WHO GV.Each of the possible ways of defining the residues has its merits. A residue limit in water expressed as the sum of parent and toxicologically relevant transformation products makes sense where it is derived from the acceptable daily intake (ADI). For monitoring purposes, where it is best to keep the residue definition as simple as possible for the sake of practical enforcement and economy, theparent or a marker residue is preferable. It is also possible for parent and degradation products (hydrolysis and photolysis products and metabolites) to become physically separated as the water moves through soil strata, which suggests that separate limits should be set for parent and important degradation products.The Commission has made 12 recommendations for regulatory limits for pesticide residues in water. The recommendations will act as a checklist for authorities introducing or revising limits or guidelines for pesticide residues in water.
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Rakhmanin, Yu A., N. A. Egorova, G. N. Krasovsky, R. I. Mikhailova, and A. V. Alekseeva. "SILICON: ITS BIOLOGICAL IMPACT UNDER DIETARY INTAKE AND HYGIENIC STANDARDIZATION OF ITS CONTENT IN DRINKING WATER. A REVIEW." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 5 (March 27, 2019): 492–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-5-492-498.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
By the prevalence in the earth’s crust, silicon occupies the second place after oxygen. In different quantities silicon always presents in water and food products.The average daily dietary intake of silicon in Western world is about 20-50 mg/day. The biological role of silicon in human organism is still not clear, but it assumed to be necessary for processes of bone mineralization, collagen synthesis, it has a positive effect on the state of skin, hair, and nails, contributes to the prevention of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease. A number of scientific research is devoted to biological effects of silicon in animals and human subjects under intake with food and water, and substantiation of silicon (maximum admissible concentrations (MAC) in drinking water. In Chuvashia there was investigated the regional (geographical) pathology, which may be related with an increased silicon intake in association with the sharp imbalances of trace and macro elements in drinking water. Some measures were implemented to identify the possible role of silicon in etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report summarized materials for the experimental evaluation of the toxicity and harmless levels of silicon intake with food and water in animals. A series of studies was executed to simulate the development of silicon urolithiasis and for the elucidation of the role of macro- and microelements accompanying the intake of silicon into the body in stone formation. There are studied potential therapeutic effects of water soluble silicon compounds on human health. The standards of silicon in drinking water are regulated only in Russia and Australia. At the same time in our country there were formed two opposing points of view in relation to the hygienic standardization of silicon. The first is one - MAC of silicon in drinking water needs to be cancelled, the second - MAC of silicon in the water needs to be tightened. To resolve the contradictions it is advisable to use both the experience of harmonization of standards with international requirements, and the principle of silicon regional standardization, taking into consideration the biogeochemical characteristics of geographic areas. When searching the literature databases PubMed and CyberLeninka were used.
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Merrett, Hew Cameron, Wei Tong Chen, and Jao Jia Horng. "A Systems Analysis Approach to Identifying Critical Success Factors in Drinking Water Source Protection Programs." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 6, 2019): 2606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092606.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The success of source protection in ensuring safe drinking water is centered around being able to understand the hazards present in the catchment then plan and implement control measures to manage water quality risk to levels which can be controlled through downstream barriers. The programs in place to manage source protection are complex sociotechnical systems involving policy, standards, regulators, technology, human factors and so on. This study uses System Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) to analyze the operational hazards of a typical drinking water source protection (DWSP) program and identify countermeasures to ensure safe operations. To validate the STPA results a questionnaire was developed based on selective grouping of the initial countermeasures identified and distributed to specialists in DWSP in Taiwan, Australia and Greece. Through statistical analysis using Principle Components Analysis (PCA), the study identified four critical success factors (CSFs) for DWSP based on the questionnaire responses. The four CSFs identified were “Policy and Government Agency Support of Source Protection”, “Catchment Risk Monitoring and Information”, “Support of Operational Field Activities” and “Response to Water Quality Threats”. The results of this study provide insight into the approach of grouping of source protection measures to identify a series of targeted CSF for operational source protection programs. Using CSF can aid catchment management agencies in ensuring that the risk level in the catchment is managed effectively and that threats to public health from drinking water are managed appropriately.
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Kus, B., J. Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, and H. K. Shon. "Analysis of first flush to improve the water quality in rainwater tanks." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.823.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although most Australians receive their domestic supply from reticulated mains or town water, there are vast areas with very low population densities and few reticulated supplies. In many of these areas rainwater collected in tanks is the primary source of drinking water. Heavy metals have recently become a concern as their concentration in rain water tanks was found to exceed recommended levels suitable for human consumption. Rainwater storage tanks also accumulate contaminants and sediments that settle to the bottom. Although not widely acknowledged, small amounts of contaminants such as lead found in rain water (used as drinking water) may have a cumulative and poisonous effect on human health over a life time. This is true for certain factors that underlie many of the chronic illnesses that are becoming increasingly common in contemporary society. The paper reports on a study which is part of a project that aims to develop a cost effective in-line filtration system to improve water quality in rainwater tanks. To enable this, the characteristics of rainwater need to be known. One component of this characterization is to observe the effects of the first flush on a rainwater tank. Samples of the roof runoff collected from an urban residential roof located in the Sydney Metropolitan Area in the initial first few millimetres of rain were analysed. The results show that bypassing the first 2 mm of rainfall gives water with most water quality parameters compliant with the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG) standards. The parameters that did not comply were lead and turbidity, which required bypassing approximately the first 5 mm of rainfall to meet ADWG standards. Molecular weight distribution (MWD) analysis showed that the concentration of rainwater organic matter (RWOM) decreased with increasing amount of roof runoff.
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Bąk, Joanna. "Wise use of water in smart cities - possibilities and limitations." E3S Web of Conferences 30 (2018): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183001014.
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The need to save water is due, inter alia, to the paradigm of sustainable development. There are many ways to minimize the consumption of high quality water supplied by the water supply network. These include the simplest way and those complex, requiring additional installation. The lack of water is a big problem, but not only water deficit are dangerous. There is a possibility of secondary water pollution in the water supply network due to changes in network parameters. Changes in these parameters may occur due to reduced demand for water by residents and, as a result, reduced water flow - at the same pipe diameter. The article includes a review with comparative analysis of various classification systems for the tap fittings and other sanitary equipment, such as the Water Efficiency Label (WELL) in Europe or the Water Efficiency Labelling and Standards (WELS) in Australia. Several types of perlators and flow regulators were compared in the research section. This equipment was tested in the household. The possibilities of minimizing water consumption by using them was collated. In addition, the work also analyses the evolution of water consumption in Poland in recent years and their possible relationship with the threats quality of drinking water supplied to consumers.
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Dryer, D. J., G. V. Korshin, A. Heitz, and C. Joll. "Characterization of proton and copper binding properties of natural organic matter from an Australian drinking water source by differential absorbance spectroscopy." Water Supply 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2008): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examined the effects of changes in pH and copper concentration on the absorbance spectra of natural organic matter (NOM) from a reservoir in Western Australia. Differential absorbance spectra generated for this NOM under changing pH and copper concentration conditions revealed features that could be correlated to the activity of distinct types of chromophores. A comparison of results with those generated for experiments with standard Suwannee River fulvic acid highlighted important differences in chemistry between the two samples.
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Levett, K. J., J. L. Vanderzalm, D. W. Page, and P. J. Dillon. "Factors affecting the performance and risks to human health of on-site wastewater treatment systems." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 7 (October 1, 2010): 1499–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.434.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aerobic wastewater treatment systems (aerobic systems) are the preferred choice in a region overlying a karstic aquifer used for drinking water supplies, as they are thought to provide better protection to groundwater and human health than standard septic systems. However, aerobic systems in operation do not always perform to design standard; while this is often blamed on lack of maintenance, few studies have investigated the link directly. This study investigates the performance of domestic on-site wastewater treatment systems in South Australia, and compares effluent quality to maintenance records. Effluent from 29 septic tanks and 31 aerobic systems was analysed for nutrients, physico-chemical parameters and microbiological indicators. Aerobic systems generally provided greater treatment than septic tanks, yet most aerobic systems did not meet regulatory guidelines with high levels of indicator bacteria in 71% of samples. The effect of system size, number of household occupants and maintenance on aerobic system treatment performance was analysed: chlorine levels were positively correlated with time of last service, and nutrient concentrations were positively correlated with the number of occupants. A microbial risk assessment revealed the observed irrigation practices to be high risk; and sufficient residence time in the aquifer cannot be guaranteed for protection of groundwater used for drinking. Additional preventive measures such as irrigation management or post treatment of drinking water supply (such as UV disinfection) are required to meet public health targets.
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Mullenger, J., G. Ryan, and J. Hearn. "A water authority's experience with HACCP." Water Supply 2, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2002): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2002.0163.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
South East Water Limited (SEWL) is one of three retail water authorities operating in Melbourne, Australia. It was the first water authority in Australia to obtain HACCP accreditation for the supply of drinking water, in November 1999. This article presents an overview of the first two years' experience in developing and establishing a food safety management plan using Codex Alimentarius Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) to ensure the water reaching customers is safe, aesthetically pleasant and meets operating licence requirements. HACCP has improved the way in which our distribution and reticulation systems are managed, primarily through the refinement and optimisation of standard operating procedures. In addition, more consideration has been given to the development of contingency plans and the appropriate use of system redundancy to ensure quality of supply. Accreditation was only the beginning of a process. Once attained, there was an ongoing need to maintain and refine hazard measurement and reduction procedures. The major challenge for SEWL has been the integration of HACCP company-wide. Spreading of HACCP was directly achieved through the involvement of operators, key personnel and subcontractors in the assessment of hazards and evaluating the appropriateness of critical control points. This not only assisted with improvements to the existing system, and the identification of system strengths and weaknesses, but was also an integral component in awareness training for HACCP. It was through assessment workshops and training that operators were able to see HACCP as primarily a summary of current practices, but with the focus of improving or maintaining water quality. The net benefits of HACCP are difficult to quantify. Overall there is a greater understanding of water quality issues, more streamlined work procedures, and an improved response to customer enquires relating to water quality. This has been most clearly demonstrated by a net decrease in customer complaints over the two years since HACCP was implemented.
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Edwards, Louise, and Helen Crabb. "Water quality and management in the Australian pig industry." Animal Production Science 61, no. 7 (2021): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an20484.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Context Water is the first nutrient and an essential component of all agricultural production systems. Despite its importance there has been limited research on water, and in particular, the impact of its availability, management and quality on production systems. Aims This research sought to describe the management and quality of water used within the Australian pig industry. Specifically, the water sources utilised, how water was managed and to evaluate water quality at both the source and the point of delivery to the pig. Methods Fifty-seven commercial piggeries across Australia participated in this study by completing a written survey on water management. In addition, survey participants undertook physical farm parameter measurements including collecting water samples. Each water sample was tested for standard quality parameters including pH, hardness, heavy metals and microbiological status. Key results Responses were received from 57 farms, estimated to represent at least 22% of ‘large’ pig herds. Bore water was the most common water source being utilised within the farms surveyed. Management practices and infrastructure delivering water from the source to the point of consumption were found to differ across the farms surveyed. Furthermore, water was regularly used as a delivery mechanism for soluble additives such as antibiotics. The quality of water at the source and point of consumption was found to be highly variable with many parameters, particularly pH, hardness, salinity, iron, manganese and microbiological levels, exceeding the acceptable standard. Conclusions In general, water quality did not appear to be routinely monitored or managed. As a result, farm managers had poor visibility of the potential negative impacts that inferior water quality or management may be having on pig production and in turn the economics of their business. Indeed, inferior water quality may impact the delivery of antibiotics and in turn undermine the industry’s antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Implications The study findings suggest that water quality represents a significant challenge to the Australian pig industry. Access to drinking water of an acceptable quality is essential for optimal pig performance, health and welfare but also to ensure farm to fork supply chain integrity, traceability and food safety.
Дисертації з теми "Drinking water Standards Australia"
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Hassinger, Elaine, and Jack Watson. "Drinking Water Standards." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146411.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
4 pp.Gasses, minerals, bacteria, metals and chemicals suspended or dissolved in water can influence the quality of the water and hence affect our health. Therefore, EPA, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, has established limits on the concentration of certain drinking water contaminants allowed in public water supplies. This publication discusses drinking water standards and how these standards are set.
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Cory, Dennis C., and Lester D. Taylor. "On the Distributional Implications of Safe Drinking Water Standards." CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623433.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The provision of safe drinking water provides a dramatic example of the inherent complexity involved in incorporating environmental justice (EJ) considerations into the implementation and enforcement of new environmental standards. To promote substantive EJ, implementation policy must be concerned with the
net
risk reduction of new and revised regulations. The regulatory concern is that higher water bills for low-income customers of small public water systems may result in less disposable income for other health-related goods and services. In the net, this trade-off may be welfare decreasing, not increasing. Advocates of Health–Health Analysis have argued that the reduction in health-related spending creates a problem for traditional benefit-cost analysis since the long-run health implications of this reduction are not considered. The results of this investigation tend to support this contention. An evaluation of the internal structure of consumption expenditures reveals that low-expenditure households can be expected to react to an increase in the relative price of housing-related goods and services due to a water-rate hike by reducing both housing and health-related expenditures. That is, the representative low-expenditure household re-establishes equilibrium by not only decreasing housing-related spending, but also by decreasing spending on health-related expenditures in a modest but significant way. These results reflect the fact that expenditures on housing are a major proportion of overall household spending, and that accommodating drinking water surcharges exacerbates both health and food security concerns for low-expenditures households.
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Gurian, Patrick Lee. "Setting Drinking Water Standards: Historical Perspective and Simulation Modeling." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2001. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/662.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Setting drinking water standards involves both technical knowledge and an understanding of societal values and institutions. To provide perspective and tools for evaluating these issues a set of historical and current regulatory assessments are presented here. The first of these case studies considers the history of the 1914 Public Health Service drinking water standards and is based on information in archival materials and journal articles of the time period. A simulation model to estimate the costs and benefits of proposed drinking water regulations on U.S. community water systems is then developed. The model simulates current contaminant concentrations and existing treatment types based on fitted statistical models. For systems that exceed any of the drinking water standards included in the model, the costs and effectiveness of alternative compliance strategies are simulated, and the system is assumed to select the least costly strategy capable of achieving compliance with the standards. This modeling approach allows for quantitative estimates of the uncertainty in regulatory impacts, geographic and size class specificity, and the consideration of multiple standards simultaneously. The model is applied first to the case of a lower drinking water standard for arsenic. The marginal cost-effectiveness of different standards and the impacts of several alternative regulatory approaches are considered. Discrepancies in previous estimates of compliance costs are shown to result primarily from differences in the treatment process cost estimates used by the different studies. An evaluation of alternative regulatory approaches for arsenic indicates that point-of-use treatment has the potential to be a lowcost means of compliance for smaller water systems but would most likely provide less uniform water quality than centralized treatment, with costs and performance highly dependent on the frequency of monitoring and service. The simulation model is then applied to consider jointly standards for three contaminants: arsenic, nitrate, and uranium. The costs and benefits of imposing the three standards simultaneously are smaller than the sum of the costs and benefits of the individual standards. For these contaminants the difference between the sum of the individual analyses and the integrated analysis is fairly small, but the effects of joint regulation may be larger for contaminants with more highly correlated occurrence distributions.
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Heitz, Anna. "Malodorous dimethylpolysulfides in Perth drinking water." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, 2002. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=12576.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The formation of an objectionable "swampy" odour in drinking water distribution systems in Perth, Western Australia, was first described by Wajon and co-authors in the mid-1980s (Wajon et al., 1985; Wajon et al., 1986; Wajon et al, 1988). These authors established that the odour, variously described as "swampy", "sewage" or "cooked vegetable" was caused by dimethyltrisulfide (DMTS) which has an odour threshold concentration of 10 nanograms per litre (ng/L). Investigations described in the present Thesis extend the work of Wajon and co-workers in attempting to establish the origin and cause of DMTS formation in Perth drinking water distribution systems.The DMTS problem appeared to be confined to water originating from a particular type of groundwater, specifically groundwater sourced from shallow, unconfined aquifers, which contain relatively high concentrations of sulfide, dissolved natural organic matter (NOM) and dissolved iron. DMTS was not present in the groundwater, but only formed in the distribution system, after treatment of groundwater via alum coagulation-filtration and oxidation processes. One objective of the present work was to determine the reasons for the observed association between DMTS formation and this specific groundwater type. A primary focus was to investigate the chemistry and biochemistry of sulfur species and NOM which might act as precursors to DMTS. The work was driven by the view that increased understanding of the problem might lead to more effective and acceptable treatment solutions than those presently in use.The observation that DMTS forms in distributed water that originates from groundwater, but not in water from surface sources has led to the hypothesis that groundwater NOM may contain precursor(s) to DMTS For example, it was proposed that methyl esters and ethers within humic substances might be a source of methyl groups that ++could participate in DMTS formation in distributed water (Wajon and Heitz, 1995; Wajon and Wilmot, 1992). Further, comparison of levels of reduced sulfur with levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in groundwaters feeding Wanneroo GWTP revealed that a positive correlation between these two parameters existed. This observation provided further impetus to examine the nature of NOM in these groundwater systems. In the present study (discussed in Chapter 3), NOM from two Perth drinking water sources was isolated and characterised, with the aim of identifying major differences in structure and/or functional groups that might influence DMTS formation. NOM was isolated from water samples using ultrafiltration, and characterised using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and offline- thermochemolysis/methylation (TCM). Pyrolysis of groundwater NOM yielded a high proportion of organosulfur compounds, primarily methyl thiophenes and sulfur gases, but did not yield detectable amounts of methoxy-aromatic compounds. Analysis by TCM yielded sulfur compounds tentatively identified as the methyl esters of methylthiopropanoate and methylthiobutanoate, compounds that may arise as degradation products of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), an algal odmoregulator Compounds such as DMPS could potentially undergo reactions to form DMTS in distributed water.The task of investigating the formation of nanogram-per-litre concentrations of DMTS demanded the development of new analytical procedures that could be used to determine similarly low concentrations of DMTS precursors. Evidence existed to suggest that inorganic polysulfides could be plausible precursor compounds, and since no technique existed to analyse and quantify individual polysulfide homologues a new technique needed to be developed and verified. The technique, first used in a semiquantitative manner by ++
Wajon and Heitz (1995), utilizes methyl iodide to derivatise polysulfides in-situ. The technique was developed further and shown to be quantitative and specific for inorganic polysulfides. Further, a new procedure for the determination of d i methyl polysulfides (DMPSs; CH3SnCH3, where n = 2-5), based on purge and trap was developed. In this new procedure analytes were trapped on a "Grob" activated charcoal tube, which was integrated into a commercially available, automated purge and trap instrument. Perdeuterated analogues of the DMPS analytes were synthesized and used as internal standards. These modifications resulted in a more rapid and robust procedure than the previously used procedures, vii which were based on closed loop stripping analysis (CLSA). Validation of the precision, accuracy, linearity and robustness of the new procedures for both inorganic polysulfides and dimethylpolysulfides is described in Chapter 4.Previous authors (Wajon and Heitz, 1995; Wajon and Wilmot, 1992; Wilmot and Wajon, 1997) hypothesized that DMTS could arise in the distribution system from residual polysulfides or other reduced sulfur compounds originating from groundwater. The latter authors showed that a small proportion of sulfide in the groundwater was not completely oxidised to sulfate during the water treatment process and proposed that this residual reduced sulfur fraction, which they referred to as non-sulfide reduced sulfur (NSRS) could contain precursors to DMTS. In a review of the chemistry of sulfide oxidation (Chapter 2) it was shown that the most likely forms of sulfur comprising the NSRS that enters the Wanneroo distribution system are organosulfur compounds and elemental sulfur, probably associated with organic matter in the form of a sulfur sol.Analysis of inorganic polysulfides in treated water, using the newly described method in Chapter 4, revealed that small ++
amounts of these compounds (20-80 ng/L) were occasionally present in some samples. However, it was concluded that, since inorganic polysulfides could not survive water treatment processes, these compounds probably arose from traces of biofilm or pipe sediment that may have entered the water during sampling. It was proposed that the presence of biofilm particulates in water samples probably also accounted for observations that DMTS appeared to form in some water samples during storage of the sample. These studies are discussed in Chapter 5.The primary method of control of DMTS formation in the distribution system has been to maintain free chlorine residuals. However, the mechanisms by which this occurs have not been studied; the effectiveness of DMTS oxidation by chlorine, or how chlorine affects microbial processes that might form DMTS is not known. These issues are addressed in the final section of Chapter 5. Experiments to determine the effectiveness of oxidation of dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) and DIVITS (5 mu g/L) by free chlorine (0.2 to 0.6 mg/L) in distributed water showed that these substances are rapidly and completely oxidised in water containing a chlorine residual of more than 0.4 mg/L. However, slow regeneration of traces of DMDS and DIVITS after dissipation of free chlorine to non-detectable levels showed that these compounds were incompletely oxidised at the lower chlorine concentrations~ This provides some rationale for field observations that DIVITS occurs even where low, but measurable, chlorine residuals appear to exist (<0.2 mg/L).As was established in a review of the chemistry of reduced sulfur compounds Chapter 2), reducing conditions not present in the oxic bulk water are required for DMTS to form and to persist. It was therefore proposed that microbial reduction processes could generate anoxic microniches in the distribution system, within which ++
DMTS production could occur. This hypothesis was investigated in Chapter 6; the new methods for analysis of organic and inorganic polysulfides were applied to the study of biofilms and deposits of colloidal material found in distribution pipes and storage reservoirs. The study demonstrated that these materials contained concentrations of methylated and inorganic polysulfides four to six orders of magnitude higher than those ever found in the bulk water phase. The results indicated that reducing conditions most probably exist within the biofilms and pipewall deposits, where these polysulfides were formed. The iron-rich pipe slimes appeared to protect the sulfur compounds against the oxidative effects of chlorine and dissolved oxygen. It was concluded that the organic and inorganic polysulfides most probably arise through microbial sulfate reduction processes that occur in anoxic microenvironments within the slimes and deposits.Microbial processes that lead to the formation of polysulfides and dimethylpolysuifides under conditions approximately representative of those in distribution systems were investigated in work described in Chapter 7. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of biofilms in the formation of DMTS and to determine the nature of chemical precursors which might stimulate these processes. Biofilms, artificially generated on synthetic supports within chambers filled with water from Wanneroo GWTP, were exposed to compounds thought to be potential DMTS precursors. The response of the systems in terms of production of methylated sulfur compounds was monitored. Conclusions of the study were that, under the test conditions, production of DMDS and DMTS could occur via several mechanisms and that these dimethyloligosulfides could be formed even without the addition of compounds containing sulfur or methyl moieties. DMTS did not form in the absence of ++
biofilms and it was therefore concluded that minimisation of biofilm activity was a key in preventing DMTS formation. Outcomes of the work imply that environments within distribution systems are complex and dynamic, as perhaps manifested by the intermittent nature of the DMTS problem.Finally, in Chapter 8 the conclusions to the present studies are summarised. It is shown how they underpin the rationale for proposed new treatment solutions aimed at preventing DMTS problems in the Wanneroo zone, primarily by minimising microbial activity and biofilm formation within distribution systems.
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So, King-lung Benny, and 蘇景隆。. "A review of drinking water management in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254366.
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Ranmuthugala, Geethanjali Piyawadani. "Disinfection by-products in drinking water and genotoxic changes in urinary bladder epithelial cells." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20011207.110344/index.html.
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Ratikane, Mosepeli. "Quality of drinking water sources in the Bloemfontein area of the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/210.
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Thesis (M. Tech. (Environmental Health)) -- Central University of technology, Free State, 2013Introduction: Drinking water of poor quality can cause a variety of diseases and may even result in death. The impact of poor drinking water is a course for concern even in South Africa. Therefore, the physical, chemical and microbiological drinking water quality was investigated in the peri-urban area of Bainsvlei and the Woodlands Hills Estate in Bloemfontein, Free State. Materials and Methods: The water quality was assessed in 20 identified sampling sites for three series with ten weeks apart. These sites use treated municipal and untreated borehole water for drinking. The determinants analysed for were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, temperature, Ca, Mg, Na, F, Cl, N, SO₄,N, Free chlorine, Al, As, CN, Fe, Mn, Pb, Hg, total coliforms and E. coli. The water samples were collected and analysed on site and in the laboratory. Both the physical and chemical determinants were measured using standard methods whereas the microbiological determinants were measured using the Defined Substrate Technology (DST) method. The measurements were first compared to the SANS 241 (2011) for compliance. The ANOVA tests were used to investigate if any seasonal variations existed in the water quality as well as to compare the levels of the determinants between borehole and municipal water. In the assessment of the overall drinking water quality of different water sampling sites the water quality index (WQI) was used. Results and Discussions: Significant effects were believed to exist if the p-values of the ANOVA and Scheffe tests were at a significance level of 5% (p < 0.05). The study results revealed that of the four physical determinants that were measured turbidity exceeded the standard in many sampling sites in the three series. Of all the chemical determinants, nitrates exceeded the standard. In the same way coliforms exceeded the standard in a number of sampling sites while E. coli was found in a few sampling sites in the first series. ANOVA tests revealed that seasonal variations existed between pH, EC, temperature, cyanide and iron at a significant level of 5% (p < 0.05) while the Post-hoc Scheffe test further revealed the series in which the effect existed. Similarly, the ANOVA tests revealed that the levels of the determinants between municipal versus borehole varied in pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Na, F, Cl, N, and SO₄ at a significant level of 5% (p < 0.05). The WQI showed that in all the series when combining the good and excellent category season 2 had the highest percentage of 80%, followed by season 3 with 79% and season 1 with 70%. Only borehole sampling sites were found in the poor, very poor and unsuitable categories. Similarly all the highest WQI values were found in borehole sampling sites. Conclusion: This study revealed that the water quality is of good quality in the Bainsvlei and Woodlands Hills Estate of the Mangaung metropolitan municipality in Bloemfontein, in the Free State, South Africa. The presence of E. coli, though found in a few sampling sites and the high levels of turbidity, nitrates and coliforms are of concern to public health.
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Joyce, Sarah Julia. "Demographic, clinical and environmental risk factors for prelabour rupture of membranes in Western Australia." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0126.
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[Truncated abstract] This thesis explores the risk factors and perinatal outcomes associated with prelabour rupture of membranes, with a particular focus on the environmental context. Prelabour rupture of membranes is defined as the rupture of fetal membranes before the onset of labour. It is a relatively common obstetric endpoint, occurring in approximately 8-10% of pregnant women at term (PROM) and in up to 40% of all preterm deliveries (pPROM). Despite the high prevalence of the condition, the biological mechanisms and risk factors, and in particular the role of environmental predictors, behind the development of PROM and pPROM remain largely unclear. A record-based prevalence design was used to analyse a population of 16,229 nulliparous, Caucasian women residing in Perth, Western Australia who gave birth to a single newborn during 2002-2004. Maternal age, socioeconomic status and threatened preterm labour during pregnancy were identified as risk factors for prelabour rupture of membranes. Term PROM was significantly associated with fetal distress (OR 1.19; 95%CI 1.00-1.43) and post-partum haemorrhage (OR 1.99; 95%CI 1.60-2.48). A number of perinatal complications were observed to be associated with the presentation of preterm PROM, including prolapsed cord (OR 13.95; 95%CI 4.57-42.61), ante-partum haemorrhage (OR 3.29; 95%CI 2.20-4.91), post-partum haemorrhage (OR 2.12; 95%CI 1.54-2.91), low birth weight (OR 17.79; 95%CI 13.87-22.82), very low birth weight (OR 20.01; 95%CI 14.12-28.35) and stillbirth (OR 5.42; 95%CI 2.87-10.21). However, the outcomes were similar between pPROM patients and other preterm deliveries, indicating that the complications arose due to the timing of the delivery. In contrast though, the risk factors between the two outcomes varied which may suggest that a different aetiological pathway exists between preterm PROM and other preterm deliveries. The frequency of complications decreased with increasing gestational age at delivery until the pregnancy reached full-term, whereupon an increase in gestational age at delivery resulted in an increased risk of fetal distress and post-partum haemorrhage. This finding is novel and may have important implications for the management of prelabour rupture of membranes, specifically with regard to the relative risks and benefits of expectant management (that is, the patient is admitted to an obstetric facility or hospital and closely monitored) versus planned delivery. ... This study represents the first attempt to investigate the potential associations between environmental risk factors and prelabour rupture of membranes. The results of the thesis provide a substantial contribution to our knowledge on prelabour rupture of membranes, including findings of direct relevance to clinical practice as well as a potentially contributing environmental exposure pathway. These original findings suggest a possible preventative approach to reducing the occurrence and associated morbidity of prelabour rupture of membranes may be feasible, and should be pursued if future research confirms the preliminary findings of this thesis.
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Somasani, Swarna Latha. "Removal of Heavy Metals from Drinking Water by Adsorption onto Limestone with a Focus on Copper and Aluminum Applications." TopSCHOLAR®, 2012. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1204.
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Elevated levels of arsenic and other heavy metals like copper, aluminum, zinc, and selenium in drinking water are found to have deleterious effects on human health. Hence, finding methods for reducing their levels is critical. Iron-coated limestone is used as an adsorption material for the removal of heavy metals from drinking water. Removal of heavy metals by native or uncoated limestone was also observed and used for comparison to and evaluation of the improvement in removal efficiency from the ironcoated material. The removal efficiency with limestone was studied for different concentrations of heavy metals. Kinetic studies were done to determine the decrease in heavy metal concentration as a function of time using limestone. Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy was used for metal analysis. The effective removal rate of copper and aluminum was found to be four hours and one hour, respectively. This method of removal by using limestone is cost effective, eco-friendly, and hence, of great potential importance for heavy metal removal.
Iron-coated limestone is used as an adsorption material for the removal of heavy metals from drinking water. This project will investigate techniques to improve removal efficiency of heavy metals using limestone-based material through adsorption. This research will assist in the development of a granular adsorbent product that will remove metals and that can be manufactured and sold for use at the drinking water source, at point-of-use, or at point-of-entry. Limestone is readily available and its use for metals removal is relatively inexpensive. The technology can be adapted to small, rural water supply systems. Benefits of this research will include a low-cost treatment technology for source reduction that will reduce select metals to below drinking water standards.
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Li, Zijian. "Analysis of Worldwide Pesticide Regulatory Models and Standards for Controlling Human Health Risk." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1470137430.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Drinking water Standards Australia"
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Wajon, J. E. The occurrence and control of swampy odour in the water supply of Perth, Western Australia: A report. Bentley, W.A: Western Australian Institute of Technology, 1985.
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Vance, Mary A. Drinking water standards: A bibliography. Monticello, Ill., USA: Vance Bibliographies, 1989.
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Drinking Water Academy (U.S.). Drinking water resources: A collection of drinking water reference documents & materials. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Drinking Water Academy, 2002.
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New Zealand. Ministry of Health. Drinking-water standards for New Zealnd, 1995. [Wellington, N.Z.]: The Ministry, 1995.
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Great Britain. Drinking Water Inspectorate. Drinking water 2003: A report by the Chief Inspector, Drinking Water Inspectorate. London: TSO, 2004.
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Illinois. Division of Environmental Health. Radium in drinking water. Springfield, Ill: Illinois Dept. of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health, 1993.
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Inspectorate, Great Britain Drinking Water. Drinking water 1990: A report by the Chief Inspector, Drinking Water Inspectorate. London: H.M.S.O., 1991.
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Handbook of drinking water quality. 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997.
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Lappenbusch, William L. Contaminated drinking water and your health. Alexandria, Va. (6480 Overlook Dr., Alexandria 22312): Lappenbusch Environmental Health, 1986.
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Federal-Provincial Subcommittee on Drinking Water (Canada). Guidelines for Canadian drinking water quality. 5th ed. Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada, 1993.
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Popa, Maria, and Ioana Glevitzky. "Security Standards Applied to Drinking Water." In Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications, 371–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76008-3_16.
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Jackson, P. J. "European Standards for Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals." In Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment IV, 73–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61196-4_7.
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Alsharhan, Abdulrahman S., and Zeinelabidin E. Rizk. "Drinking Water: Sources, Standards and Quality Issues." In Water Resources and Integrated Management of the United Arab Emirates, 531–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31684-6_17.
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van Leeuwen, F. X. Rolaf. "Toxicological Approaches for Developing Drinking Water Standards." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 1–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68089-5_1.
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Medunić, Gordana, Željka Fiket, and Maja Ivanić. "Arsenic Contamination Status in Europe, Australia, and Other Parts of the World." In Arsenic in Drinking Water and Food, 183–233. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8587-2_6.
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Price, Paul S. "The Impact of Non-Drinking Water Exposures on Drinking Water Standards: A Problem of Acceptable Levels of Risk." In Risk Assessment in Setting National Priorities, 657–63. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5682-0_71.
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Brass, H. J. "Status of the Drinking Water Standards Program in the United States." In Environmental Challenges, 1–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4369-1_1.
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Eleuteri, Stefano, Arianna Caruso, and Ranjeev C. Pulle. "End of Life, Food, and Water: Ethical Standards of Care." In Perspectives in Nursing Management and Care for Older Adults, 261–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63892-4_21.
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AbstractEnd-of-life care constitutes an important situation of extreme nutritional vulnerability for older adults. Feeding decisions in late-stage dementia often provoke moral and ethical questions for family members regarding whether or not to continue hand-feeding or opt for tube-feeding placement. Despite the knowledge that starvation and dehydration do not contribute to patient suffering at the end of life and in fact may contribute to a comfortable passage from life, the ethics of not providing artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) continue to be hotly debated. However, in the past two decades, voluntary stopping of eating and drinking (VSED) has moved from a palliative option of last resort to being increasingly recognized as a valid means to intentionally hasten death for cognitively intact persons dealing with a serious illness. Across many settings globally, when oral intake is deemed unsafe, decisions to withhold oral feeding and to forgo artificial means of providing nutrition are deemed to be ethically and legally sanctioned when the decision is made by a capable patient or their legally recognized substitute decision-maker. Decision-making at the end of life involves knowledge of and consideration of the legal, ethical, cultural, religious, and personal values involved in the issue at hand. This chapter attempted to illustrate the unique complexities when considering nutrition therapy (by oral and artificial means) at the end of life.
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"Drinking Water Standards." In Applications of Environmental Chemistry. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420032963.axa.
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Binnie, Chris, Martin Kimber, and Hugh Thomas. "Comparison of drinking water quality standards." In Basic Water Treatment, 257–60. ICE Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/bwtse.63341.257.
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Macler, Bruce A., and Elizabeth R. Cantwell. "Risk Analysis for Setting Drinking Water Standards for Long-Term Space Missions." In International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/932094.
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Zhang, Yao, Zhenyu Yun, Qin Wang, and Shan Diao. "Research on the Present Situation of China’s Natural Drinking Water Industry Standards." In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Economic Management and Cultural Industry (ICEMCI 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.191217.004.
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"Development and use of a decision support tool for supporting the operation of Melbourne Water’s drinking water reservoirs, Victoria, Australia." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.i9.mills.
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Stillwell, Ashlynn S., Carey W. King, and Michael E. Webber. "Desalination and Long-Haul Water Transfer: A Case Study of the Energy-Water Nexus in Texas." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90237.
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Energy and water are interrelated. We use water for energy, for example to cool thermoelectric power generation and produce liquid fuels. Conversely, we use energy for the collection, treatment, disinfection, and distribution of water and wastewater. In the water sector, strain on existing water supplies, population growth, and the push toward stricter water and wastewater treatment standards potentially leads to more energy-intensive water. Treating water to more stringent potable standards requires additional energy beyond conventional treatment. Additionally, as existing water supplies become increasingly strained in some locations, water planners turn to alternative options to quench cities’ thirst. Among these options for inland cities is desalination of seawater followed by long-haul water transfer. Though many desalination technologies exist to treat seawater to potable standards, reverse osmosis membranes are the most common technology in use because of their cost-effectiveness and productivity as compared with more traditional techniques such as multi-effect distillation. [1] However, the high pressures required for reverse osmosis make desalination a very energy-intensive water supply option. The subsequent conveyance of desalinated water through long-haul pipelines also requires large amounts of energy. Even for local water production, 85% of the energy required for standard surface water treatment goes toward water distribution, and so adding in long-haul will only increase this requirement. [2] To examine desalination and long-haul transfer as a drinking water supply option, Texas was chosen as a test-bed with desalination near Houston and long-haul transfer to the rapidly-growing Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex. Various pipeline routes were modeled to simulate options for long-haul desalinated water transfer. Elevation change over the route of the long-haul transfer pipeline was determined using a digital elevation model of the state of Texas. These elevation data were then used to calculate energy requirements for water pumping with standard assumptions for pump performance, efficiency, and rating. Combining these energy requirements with the energy demands for desalination provides an estimate of this option as a water supply for Dallas-Fort Worth. Results suggest that desalination and long-haul transfer as a drinking water supply is 9 to 23 times more energy-intensive per unit of water than conventional treatment of local surface water sources, an increase of 230 to 630 megawatt-hours per day for 20 million gallons. Ensuring adequate water supplies for the future is important, as is developing these water supplies in a sustainable manner. The energy-intensity of desalination and long-haul transfer as a drinking water supply suggests this option is not a sustainable water or energy policy decision if other less energy-intensive options exist.
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Ulzetueva, Irina, Bair Gomboev, Daba Zhamyanov, Valentin Batomunkuev, and Natalia Gomboeva. "ASSESSMENT OF CARCINOGENIC RISK OF DRINKING SURFACE WATER CONSUMPTION OF THE TRANSBOUNDARY BASIN OF THE SELENGA RIVER IN THE TERRITORY OF MONGOLIA." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/45.
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The assessment of the carcinogenic risk of the impact of drinking surface waters on the population health of the transboundary basin of the Selenga river in Mongolia is described in the article. We carried out expeditionary studies of the quality of drinking surface waters on the territory of four aimags, which represent different degrees of economic development and are completely included in the Selenga river basin: Khuvsgul, Arkhangai, Bulgan and Selenge. In this work, we used the methodology used by the US Environmental Protection Agency to quantify the carcinogenic risk of exposure to chemical compounds present in surface waters using the example of these aimags in Mongolia. The application of this methodology for risk assessment gives a great advantage over traditional methods of regulation. It has been established that on the territory of the Selenge aimag, the risk of developing a carcinogenic effect from the impact of priority pollutants on public health associated with the quality of drinking water is high and in the territory of Bulgan, Khuvsgul and Arkhangai aimags are medium, which requires state regulation of the risk and the development of appropriate standards.
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TAVARES, JOSEINA MOUTINHO, Anderson Silva de Oliveira, Paulo Moutinho Andrade de Souza, and Walter da Silva Junior. "Quality assessment of drinking water in the communities of São Francisco do Conde, Baiacu, Santo Amaro and Cachoeira." In I South Florida Congress of Development. CONGRESS PROCEEDINGS I South Florida Congress of Development - 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47172/sfcdv2021-0012.
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This work aims to evaluate the quality of drinking water in the communities of Baiacu, Sao Francisco do Conde, Santo Amaro and Cachoeira. It was verified that in some places of Santo Amaro and Sao Francisco do Conde, from the microbiological point of view, it is not appropriate for consumption, because it was found that the presence of total coliforms in 50% of the samples and that the chlorine content is below the values indicated by the standards in 75% of the analyzed samples. Thus, the consumption of contaminated water can cause diseases, so it is recommended cleaning of residential reservoirs, maintenance in pipes periodically, as well as the need for continuous monitoring of water quality and the intense participation of public agencies in these actions. Through these actions and the active participation of the population, one can preserve the environment and the lives of all those who transit in the communities of the Bay of All Saints
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Waggit, Peter W., and Alan R. Hughes. "History of Groundwater Chemistry Changes (1979–2001) at the Nabarlek Uranium Mine, Australia." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4640.
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The Nabarlek uranium mine is located in the Alligator Rivers Region of the Northern Territory of Australia. The site lies in the wet/dry topics with an annual rainfall of about 1400mm, which falls between October and April. The site operated as a “no release” mine and mill between 1979 and 1988 after which time the facility was mothballed until decommissioning was required by the Supervising Authorities in 1994. The dismantling of the mill and rehabilitation earthworks were completed in time for the onset of the 1995–96 wet season. During the operational phase accumulation of excess water resulted in irrigation of waste water being allowed in areas of natural forest bushland. The practice resulted in adverse impacts being observed, including a high level of tree deaths in the forest and degradation of water quality in both ground and surface waters in the vicinity. A comprehensive environmental monitoring programme was in place throughout the operating and rehabilitation phases of the mine’s life, which continues, albeit at a reduced level. Revegetation of the site, including the former irrigation areas, is being observed to ascertain if the site can be handed back to the Aboriginal Traditional Owners. A comprehensive review of proximal water sampling points was undertaken in 2001 and the data used to provide a snapshot of water quality to assist with modelling the long term prognosis for the water resources in the area. While exhibiting detectable effects of mining activities, water in most of the monitoring bores now meets Australian drinking water guideline levels. The paper reviews the history of the site and examines the accumulated data on water quality for the site to show how the situation is changing with time. The paper also presents an assessment of the long term future of the site in respect of water quality.
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Moore, Steven. "New Processing Technology for Water as an Ingredient." In ASME 2005 Citrus Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cec2005-5103.
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There are several things in life that we take for granted. Water is very often one of them. Each of us uses this vital liquid, the most common substance on earth, everyday. And we rarely think twice about it. Governments and international legislative bodies worldwide are redefining what is “safe to drink.” The United States has led the way by passing into law an amended Safe Drinking Water Act. The European community is considering these standards and the World Health Organization (WHO) provides the impetus for issuing a minimum common standard for the European countries. American consumers are becoming more aware of water quality and consistency. The popularity and increased demand for bottled water continues to grow as people desire better quality and consistency, and are willing to pay for the product. This paper will address the issues of water safety and consistency for a citrus processing plant using water as an ingredient, in food contact, or is contemplating off-season bottled water production. Paper published with permission.
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Trisovic, Tomislav, Lidija Rafailovic, Wei Li, Branimir Grgur, and Zaga Trisovic. "SISTEM ZA PREČIŠĆAVANJE PIJAĆE VODE SA POVEĆANOM TVRDOĆOM I KONCENTRACIJOM AMONIJAKA, GVOŽĐA, MANGANA ." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.377t.
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Water is one of the most important universal solvents for gerat number of substances. Despite the fact that it is found in nature in huge quantities, there is almost no completely clean water in nature. The purest water in the nature is in glaciers, snow and possibly rainwater, although this water contains also a certain amount of impurities. Water in natural springs (underground and surface springs) is more or less loaded with minerals that can be non-toxic or very toxic. In order to use it as drinking water, it is necessary that such water (chemically and bacteriologically) be in accordance with the standards and Guidance which defines the maximum allowed concentrations of certain mineral compounds and bacteria in drinking water.
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Mosanu, Elena, Maria Sandu, Anatolie Tarita, and Marina Beiu. "Starea resurselor de apa din satul Pogânesti raionul Hâncesti (studiu de caz)." In Impactul antropic asupra calitatii mediului. Institute of Ecology and Geography, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53380/9789975330800.20.
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In the Republic of Moldova, 57,1% of the population are live in rural areas [23]. Wells and springs in rural areas serve as the main sources of drinking water. Thus, the study carried out in the Poganesti village (Hancesti district) has shown that the main pollution sources in the locality are, especially animal and domestic waste, that have great impact under the quality of drinking water. The study has showed that 55% of the wells, as well as the surface water (small river from the locality) are polluted with nitrogen compounds. Mineralization and total water hardness of the studied wells exceed 4 -7 times sanitary standards norms and, at the same time surface water corresponds to class V of quality after hardness and nitrate concentration index.
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Apps, John A., and Richard T. Wilkin. Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Carbonate Species and Solid Carbonate Phases of Selected Trace Elements pertinent to Drinking Water Standards of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1333576.
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