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Статті в журналах з теми "Domestic Law. International Law"

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Lee, Jae Gon. "International Environmental Law and Domestic Law." Korea International Law Review, no. 57 (October 30, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25197/kilr.2020.57.1.

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Benatar, Marco. "INTERNATIONAL LAW, DOMESTIC LENSES." Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law 3, no. 2 (2014): 357–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7574/cjicl.03.02.213.

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Connah, Leoni. "International Law vs. Domestic Law in Kashmir." Peace Review 33, no. 4 (October 2, 2021): 488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2021.2043008.

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Lowe, A. V., Colin Warbrick, and Colin Warbrick. "International Law and Domestic Law: Ministerial Powers." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 38, no. 4 (October 1989): 965–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/38.4.965.

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Pereira, Ana Cristina, Eraldo Júnior, and Brenda Araújo. "DOMESTIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN BRAZIL." Panorama of Brazilian Law 4, no. 5-6 (May 15, 2017): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.a4.n5-6.p197.

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Pereira, Ana Cristina Paulo, and Eraldo Silva Júnior. "DOMESTIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN BRAZIL." PANORAMA OF BRAZILIAN LAW 4, no. 5-6 (May 26, 2018): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.v4i5-6.34433.

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Анотація:
International law, which main sources are agreements and international conventions, is increasingly present in internal affairs in such way that it is difficult to imagine an area of national law which has not been affected in some way by standards imposed by agreements. But how and to what extent international law will be applied internally will depend on the way in which States comply with their international obligations. Therefore, it is essential to know how States bestow domestic legal effect to their agreements. The theoretical question about the relationship between domestic law and international law is usually presented on the basis of dualistic (or pluralistic) and monistic theories, that can not, however, comprehensively cover all aspects of this relationship. The Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil recognizes, yet indirectly, international agreements as part of domestic law, but left important aspects related to its application without answers. Thus, the Brazilian judiciary has faced critical issues relating to the impact of agreements in domestic law, particularly regarding its duration, effects and hierarchical position. Despite the Brazilian judicial performance, legal uncertainties regarding the matter persist, which will be exposed in this article.
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Pereira, Ana Cristina Paulo, and Eraldo Silva Júnior. "DOMESTIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN BRAZIL." PANORAMA OF BRAZILIAN LAW 4, no. 5-6 (May 26, 2018): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.v4i5-6.p197-222.

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Анотація:
International law, which main sources are agreements and international conventions, is increasingly present in internal affairs in such way that it is difficult to imagine an area of national law which has not been affected in some way by standards imposed by agreements. But how and to what extent international law will be applied internally will depend on the way in which States comply with their international obligations. Therefore, it is essential to know how States bestow domestic legal effect to their agreements. The theoretical question about the relationship between domestic law and international law is usually presented on the basis of dualistic (or pluralistic) and monistic theories, that can not, however, comprehensively cover all aspects of this relationship. The Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil recognizes, yet indirectly, international agreements as part of domestic law, but left important aspects related to its application without answers. Thus, the Brazilian judiciary has faced critical issues relating to the impact of agreements in domestic law, particularly regarding its duration, effects and hierarchical position. Despite the Brazilian judicial performance, legal uncertainties regarding the matter persist, which will be exposed in this article.
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8

Pereira, Ana Cristina Paulo, and Eraldo Silva Júnior. "DOMESTIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN BRAZIL." PANORAMA OF BRAZILIAN LAW 4, no. 5-6 (May 31, 2017): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.y4.n5-6.p197-222.

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Анотація:
International law, which main sources are agreements and international conventions, is increasingly present in internal affairs in such way that it is difficult to imagine an area of national law which has not been affected in some way by standards imposed by agreements. But how and to what extent international law will be applied internally will depend on the way in which States comply with their international obligations. Therefore, it is essential to know how States bestow domestic legal effect to their agreements. The theoretical question about the relationship between domestic law and international law is usually presented on the basis of dualistic (or pluralistic) and monistic theories, that can not, however, comprehensively cover all aspects of this relationship. The Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil recognizes, yet indirectly, international agreements as part of domestic law, but left important aspects related to its application without answers. Thus, the Brazilian judiciary has faced critical issues relating to the impact of agreements in domestic law, particularly regarding its duration, effects and hierarchical position. Despite the Brazilian judicial performance, legal uncertainties regarding the matter persist, which will be exposed in this article.
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9

Pereira, Ana Cristina Paulo, and Eraldo Silva Júnior. "DOMESTIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW IN BRAZIL." PANORAMA OF BRAZILIAN LAW 4, no. 5-6 (May 26, 2018): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.17768/pbl.y4n5-6.p197-222.

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Анотація:
International law, which main sources are agreements and international conventions, is increasingly present in internal affairs in such way that it is difficult to imagine an area of national law which has not been affected in some way by standards imposed by agreements. But how and to what extent international law will be applied internally will depend on the way in which States comply with their international obligations. Therefore, it is essential to know how States bestow domestic legal effect to their agreements. The theoretical question about the relationship between domestic law and international law is usually presented on the basis of dualistic (or pluralistic) and monistic theories, that can not, however, comprehensively cover all aspects of this relationship. The Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil recognizes, yet indirectly, international agreements as part of domestic law, but left important aspects related to its application without answers. Thus, the Brazilian judiciary has faced critical issues relating to the impact of agreements in domestic law, particularly regarding its duration, effects and hierarchical position. Despite the Brazilian judicial performance, legal uncertainties regarding the matter persist, which will be exposed in this article.
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10

Wang, Tianci. "The Impact of Domestic Law on International Law." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/3/2022579.

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Анотація:
The birth of international law falls behind domestic law, therefore as a developing legal system, international law is naturally influenced by the more mature domestic law system, both in terms of domestic public law and domestic private law. Modern international law is essentially international law with a sense of domestic private law, but the increasingly frequent and complex international interactions required the establishment of a hierarchical and centralized structure shown in domestic public law. The development of international law by drawing on domestic public law faces certain obstacles and poses risks that should be given due attention. This study starts with the theoretical foundation of domestic law influencing international law, in both private and public sense, followed by analyses of real-world practice, and concluded with the major issues such as the different interpretations of equality in domestic and international laws. This article concludes that international law was first developed based on domestic private law with a focus on equality, and then shifted towards domestic public law by emphasizing hierarchy and centralization. International constitutionalism is also discussed in this study using some judgements made by the International Court of Justice.
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Дисертації з теми "Domestic Law. International Law"

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Las, Heras Horacio Raúl. "International Labor Law Standards and Argentine Domestic Law." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117309.

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The following article attempts to address the problem, from the point of view of the labour law, which arises on the interpretation of standards on the basis of an analysis of sources, both internal sources such as international. Whereupon, the author advocates maintain the essence of the protective principle of labour law which will lead to combining rules from different sources to protect both the worker as the structure institutional and legal of the domestic law of each country.
El presente artículo intenta abordar la problemática, desde el punto de vista del derecho laboral, que se presenta en torno a la interpretación de normas laborales partiendo de un análisis de fuentes, ya sea tanto fuente interna como internacional. Con lo cual, el autor aboga por mantener la esencia del principio protector del derecho laboral lo cual llevará a conjugar normas de las diferentes fuentes para proteger tanto al trabajador como a la estructura institucional y legal del derecho interno de cada país.
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Bjorgvinsson, David Thor. "Theoretical and practical intersection of international law and domestic law." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAA032.

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Cette étude fait valoir, par l’incorporation du droit international et son application dans le système national islandais, illustré par les jugements de la Cour suprême d’Islande, que les limites posées par l’approche dualiste traditionnelle, tels que présentés communément dans la littérature académique islandaise, ont été poussées à leur extrême. On affirme que le principe de dualité des juridictions, tel qu’il est défini dans la littérature juridique, ne décrit pas de façon adéquate le lien réel et important entre le droit international et la loi nationale comme cela apparaît dans les « techniques d’incorporation interprétatives » effectivement utilisées par les cours islandaises. Notre étude fait valoir que l’impact substantif et normatif du droit international non incorporé comporte des éléments de l’approche moniste, se révèle plus complexe et excède de loin la simple description générale du principe dualiste
This study argues that, by the incorporation of international law into the Icelandic national system and its application on the domestic level, in particular as it appears in the judgments of the Supreme Court of Iceland, the limits set by the traditional dualist approach, as commonly presented in Icelandic academic literature, have been stretched to its outer limits. It is argued that the dualist principle, as defined and described in the legal literature, does not adequately describe the real and substantive relationship between international law and national law as it appears in the „interpretive incorporation techniques“ actually used by the Icelandic courts. It is argued that the real substantive and normative impact of unincorporated international law bears clear elements of the monist approach and is more complicated and far exceeds what is implied in the general description of and reference to the dualist principle
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Foresi, Chiara <1993&gt. "Domestic and international sale in Chinese law." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12258.

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The contract of sale is the backbone of both national and international trade in all countries, regardless their legal tradition or their level of economic development. Despite this kind of agreement is the simpliest type between the existing ones, being a contractual form present since the origins of economic relations, is still today one of the most used instruments in trade. In this dissertation, the analysis of the contract of sale will have both an internal view inside the People’s Republic of China - now become the world’s largest economy - through the study of the related Contract Law of 1999, and an external international view of the trade through a comparison with the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (known as the Vienna convention of 1980, CISG). As for a structural point of view, the first part is focused on the Chinese contract of sale itself, on its definition and features, on the obligations of the two parties involved, the seller and buyer, and on the other concerned contractual clauses, also with a comparative approach with our Italian Civil Code. The second part is instead centred on a more broad and cross border prospective of the international law with the focus on the CISG, and on its apllication, requirement and structure. The third and last part is reserved to the relation between the international Convention and the national Chinese contract law through a comparative approach.
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Eick, Christophe N. "Enforcing international human rights law in domestic courts." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63973.

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Ketcheson, Jonathan William Gilbert. "The application of domestic law by international tribunals." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283943.

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Fisher, S. A. "The uneasy convergence of international law and domestic interpretation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1458534/.

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The Abduction Convention is in trouble and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties may be able to rescue it. The Abduction Convention is classified by the Hague Conference on Private International Law as a child welfare treaty, adopted as part of its mandate to facilitate the progressive unification of private international law. In 1980 it was hailed by the Conference as a blow struck for social justice. The Interpretive provisions of the VCLT (Articles 31-33) incorporate the principles of international treaty interpretation developed though international practice, which note and accommodate the unique differences and goals of treaty-based law, and prescribe the method for its interpretation. The Abduction Convention has failed to deliver on its promise of social justice because it has been neither progressive nor unified in its application. This paper postulates that application of the VCLT Interpretive rules can ‘correct’ Abduction Convention jurisprudence by identifying appropriate ‘evidence’ for interpretation and suggesting a process by which a progressive application can include developing legal concepts on children’s and family rights as well as emerging information on social and family dynamics. This paper undertakes to use the VCLT Interpretive Rules in their entirety to discover the object and purpose of the Abduction Convention in light of which its disputed terms may be interpreted, and in so doing provides a template for interpretation of other treaties, and the process and evidence for further interpretation of the Abduction Convention itself. It concludes that harmonization of interpretation through the uniform use of the international rules and principles can lead to a progressive application of the Abduction Convention that may allow it to recover its former potential.
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Hagelüken, Alexandra. "The impact of EC law and WTO law on domestic law : a critical analysis of the case law of the European Court of Justice." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21683.

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The relationship between, on the one hand, European Community Law and World Trade Organization Law and, on the other hand, domestic law lies at the heart of this thesis The European Treaty and the World Trade Organization Agreements have far reaching impacts not only on their Member States, but also on individuals. It is of crucial importance for the protection of individual rights and for the effective enforcement of these treaties whether individuals can invoke them before their national courts. After giving an overview of the general theories, which exist in international law with respect to the impact of international treaties on domestic law, this thesis analyzes the case law of the European Court of Justice regarding the impact of EC Law on domestic law and the impact of GATT 1947/WTO Law on the European Community. A review of this case law will demonstrate that the European Court has effectively promoted European integration by the doctrines of direct applicability, direct effect and supremacy. In contrast, the European Court has so far denied that individuals or Member States can challenge the validity of EC Law by invoking provisions of the GATT 1947. It is not clear whether the Court will change its attitude with respect to the WTO Agreements. This thesis will demonstrate that the general denial of direct effect to GATT/WTO Law is not based on legal reasons. With respect to the European Community, individuals must be allowed to rely at least on some of the provisions.
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Amit, Roni. "Judges without borders : international human rights law in domestic courts /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10732.

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Macarchuk, Ashley. "The Effect of International NGOs on Influencing Domestic Policy and Law." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1866.

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This thesis attempts to understand the impact of international human rights and environmental NGOs on affecting domestic policy and law. In particular, it looks at how State-NGO relations, civil society, and accountability affect the success of international NGOs in enacting change in domestic policy. The focus is on four countries with some of the largest human rights and environmental abuses: Argentina, China, India, and Russia. Through these countries, this thesis shows that NGOs have the most influence when State-NGO relations are strong, civil society is active, and NGOs are accountable to both the State and citizens. A key component to the success of international NGOs is the State’s willingness to change. When a NGOs interests align with the State, NGOs are able to push for and achieve the largest results. The contrast between the success of human rights and environmental NGOs highlights this as many times States will not recognize their human rights abuses, but are willing to improve their environmental degradation. As a result, NGOs have been met with more success in advocating for change in environmental policy than human rights.
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Ocheje, Paul D. "The domestic dimension of the right to development in international law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0005/NQ43445.pdf.

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Книги з теми "Domestic Law. International Law"

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D, Walt Steven, ed. Sales law: Domestic and international. New York: Foundation Press, 2002.

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Domestic violence and international law. Oxford: Hart, 2010.

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D, Walt Steven, ed. Sales law: Domestic and international. 2nd ed. New York: Foundation Press, 2009.

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Gillette, Clayton P. Sales law: Domestic and international. New York: Foundation Press, 1999.

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American space law: International and domestic. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1988.

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Goldman, Nathan C. American space law: International and domestic. 2nd ed. San Diego: Univelt, 1996.

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American space law: International and domestic. 2nd ed. San Diego, Calif: Univelt, 1996.

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8

International family law deskbook. Chicago: American Bar Association, 2016.

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9

Malhotra, Anil. International Indians & the law. New Delhi, India: Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., 2015.

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Andrew, Bainham, and International Society on Family Law., eds. The International survey of family law. 2nd ed. Bristol: Family Law, 2003.

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Частини книг з теми "Domestic Law. International Law"

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Scharaw, Bajar. "Domestic Investment Law." In European Yearbook of International Economic Law, 143–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66089-9_3.

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Hamzah, Dawood Adesola. "Interaction of international law and domestic law." In International Law and Muslim States, 27–59. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003133384-2.

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Shelton, Dinah. "International Law in Domestic Systems." In General Reports of the XVIIIth Congress of the International Academy of Comparative Law/Rapports Généraux du XVIIIème Congrès de l’Académie Internationale de Droit Comparé, 509–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2354-2_21.

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Naik, Yeshwant. "International Law and Domestic Violence." In Domestic Violence Against Male Same-Sex Partners in the EU with Special Reference to Refugee and Migrant Gay Men in Germany, 29–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86807-9_3.

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Kanetake, Machiko. "Reception in international law." In The UN Security Council and Domestic Actors, 72–93. New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Routledge research in international law: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315717876-5.

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Kanetake, Machiko. "Reception in international law." In The UN Security Council and Domestic Actors, 94–132. New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Routledge research in international law: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315717876-6.

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Rosas, Allan. "European Union Law and National Law: A Common Legal System?" In International Actors and the Formation of Laws, 11–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98351-2_2.

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Анотація:
AbstractEU law and the national laws of the EU Member States are closely interwoven. From a historical point of view, they form two different legal orders, but they may today be viewed as forming part of the same legal system. The chapter explains the relationship between EU law and national law by looking first at the status of EU law in national law and then at the relevance of national law to EU law. The status and impact of EU law in domestic legal systems have already received a great deal of attention in the legal doctrine, and the chapter therefore particularly focuses on the second aspect, which has to date received far less attention. The role domestic laws play at the EU level is examined here by looking at the different functions that Member State national laws have in an EU law context by examining the relevance of national material (substantive) and procedural and institutional laws at the EU level. This chapter concludes that the relationship between EU law and domestic laws is fundamentally different from the traditional dichotomy between public international law and domestic law. Member State national laws have directly impacted, and continue to impact, the substance of EU law. Furthermore, the way in which EU law instrumentalises domestic laws—in particular domestic institutional law—for its own purposes and harnesses national administrative bodies to the same end suggests that EU law and national law are best understood as forming a single complex system of multi-level governance.
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Zimmermann, Andreas, and John Schabedoth. "Domestic and international criminal justice." In Domesticating International Criminal Law, 65–89. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003320951-10.

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Goel, Sudershan, Barbara A. Sims, and Ravi Sodhi. "International Human Rights Law." In Domestic Violence Laws in the United States and India, 58–63. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137387073_5.

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Werle, Gerhard. "G. Domestic Implementation." In Principles of International Criminal Law, 116–35. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-559-9_7.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Domestic Law. International Law"

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Pietkiewicz, Michal. "DOMESTIC SPACE LAW � UKRAINE EXAMPLE." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018h/11/s02.019.

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Pietkiewicz, Michal. "DOMESTIC SPACE LAW � POLISH PROPOSALS." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018h/11/s02.018.

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Kunda, N. T. "Multimodal transportation of cargo: international and domestic practice law regulation." In FEATURES OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY: THE COMPARATIVE EXPERIENCE OF UKRAINE AND THE EUROPEAN UNION. Baltija Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-230-2-20.

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Putul, Sharmin Jahan, and Md Tuhin Mia. "Exploitation of Migrant Workers in Malaysia and Protection under Domestic Laws." In International Law Conference 2018. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010054801250131.

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Na’#aim, Mohd Safri Mohammed. "Domestic Violence Against Women: Legal Protection Under The Domestic Violence Act 1994." In ICLES 2018 - International Conference on Law, Environment and Society. Cognitive-Crcs, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2019.10.8.

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Kenneth M., Weidaw. "Commercial Spaceport Development: The Role of Domestic and International Space Law and Regulations." In 57th International Astronautical Congress. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-06-e6.1.09.

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Serebryakov, Sergey V. "Problems of consolidation of the principles of law in international and domestic legislation." In Актуальные проблемы национального и международного права. Санкт-Петербург: Санкт-Петербургский институт (филиал) ВГУЮ (РПА Минюста России), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47645/9785604917404_68.

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"On the Domestic Violence from the Perspective of Criminal Law." In 2020 International Conference on Social Sciences and Social Phenomena. Scholar Publishing Group, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38007/proceedings.0001078.

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Kumala, Ria, Bimo S. Thathit, Ahmad Yudianto, and Sudjari Solichin. "Clinical Forensic Aspect of Burn Injury in Domestic Violence: A Case Report." In International Conference on Law, Economics and Health (ICLEH 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200513.037.

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Zakaria, Taufan, Riswadi Riswadi, and Rineke Sara. "Law Enforcement of Criminal Acts of Domestic Violence in Semarang District Court." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, ICLSSEE 2023, 6 May 2023, Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.6-5-2023.2333427.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Domestic Law. International Law"

1

Hicks, Jacqueline. Drivers of Compliance with International Human Rights Treaties. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.130.

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Анотація:
Are international human rights treaties associated with better rights performance? The appetite for a conclusive answer has driven a number of large scale quantitative studies that have broadly shown little or no effect, and sometimes even a backsliding. However, the headline conclusions belie much more complicated findings, and the research methods used are controversial. These issues undermine confidence in the findings. Comparative and individual case studies allow for more detailed information about how domestic human rights activists use international human rights laws in practice. They tend to be more positive about the effect of treaties, but they are not as systematic as the quantitative work. Some indirect measures of treaty effect show that the norms contained within them filter down into domestic constitutions, and that the process of human rights reporting at the UN may be useful if dialogue can be considered an a priori good. It is likely that states are driven to comply with human rights obligations through a combination of dynamic influences. Drivers of compliance with international law is a major, unresolved question in the research that is heavily influenced by the worldview of researchers. The two strongest findings are: Domestic context drives compliance. In particular: (1) The strength of domestic non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and links with international NGOs (INGOs), and (2) in partial and transitioning democracies where locals have a reason to use the treaties as tools to press their claims. External enforcement may help drive compliance when: (1) other states link human rights obligations in the treaties to preferential trade agreements, and (2) INGOs ‘name and shame’ human rights violations, possibly reducing inward investment flows from companies worried about their reputation. Scholars also identify intermediate effects of continued dialogue and norm socialisation from the UN’s human rights reporting processes. Interviews with diplomats involved in UN reporting say that the process is more effective when NGOs and individual governments are involved.
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2

ROCHEVA, OLGA, RIMMA ZARIPOVA та IRINA MOROZOVA. СОВРЕМЕННОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ СЕВЕРНОГО МОРСКОГО ПУТИ И ЕГО ЗНАЧИМОСТЬ ДЛЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ РОССИИ. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2020-4-4-208-214.

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Анотація:
Foreign transport structures are currently interested in transit and fuel transportation in the North. However this direction doesn’t get the development due to imperfection of the normative-legal base regulating this process and insufficient state support of the mainline work. Another important obstacle is the lack of consistency of domestic norms with the standards of international maritime law and low level of shipping safety, typical of our country.
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Michel, Bob, and Tatiana Falcão. Taxing Profits from International Maritime Shipping in Africa: Past, Present and Future of UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.023.

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Анотація:
International maritime shipping is an essential part of global business. Since the establishment of the current international tax regime in the 1920s, there has been a consensus that profits generated by this business are taxable only in the residence state –the state where the shipowners are located. Source states – the port states where business physically takes place – are generally expected to exempt income from international shipping. This standard is currently reflected in Article 8 of the OECD Model and Article 8 (Alternative A) of the UN Model, and is incorporated in the vast majority of bilateral tax treaties currently in force. Exclusive residence state taxation of shipping profits is problematic when the size of mercantile fleets and shipping flows between two states are of unequal size. This is often the case in relations between a developed and developing country. The latter often lack a substantial domestic mercantile fleet, but serve as an important revenue-generating port state for the fleet of the developed country. To come to a more balanced allocation of taxing rights in such a case, a source taxation alternative has been inserted in UN Model Article 8 (Alternative B). From its inception, Article 8B has been labelled impractical due to the lack of guidance on core issues, like sourcing rules and profit allocation. This gap is said to explain the low adoption rate of Article 8B in global tax treaty practice. In reality, tax treaty practice regarding Article 8B is heavily concentrated and flourishing in a handful of countries in South/South-East Asia – Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. All these countries subject non-resident shipping income to tax in their domestic income tax laws. Except for India, all countries are able to exercise these domestic tax law rules in relation to shipping enterprises located in the biggest shipowner states, either because they have a treaty in place that provides for source taxation or because there is no treaty at all and thus no restriction of domestic law. None of the relevant tax treaties contain a provision that incorporates the exact wording of Article 8B of the UN Model. If other countries, like coastal countries in sub-Saharan Africa, are looking to implement source taxation of maritime shipping income in the future, they are advised to draw on the South/South-East Asian experience. Best practice can be distilled regarding sourcing rule, source tax limitation, profit attribution and method of taxation (on gross or net basis). In addition to technical guidance on tax, the South/South-East Asian experience also provides important general policy considerations countries should take into account when determining whether source taxation of maritime shipping profits is an appropriate target for their future tax treaty negotiations.
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Loveland, Olivia. International Refugee Law. Portland State University Library, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.280.

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Lewis, Dustin, Naz Modirzadeh, and Gabriella Blum. War-Algorithm Accountability. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/fltl8789.

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Анотація:
In War-Algorithm Accountability (August 2016), we introduce a new concept—war algorithms—that elevates algorithmically-derived “choices” and “decisions” to a, and perhaps the, central concern regarding technical autonomy in war. We thereby aim to shed light on and recast the discussion regarding “autonomous weapon systems” (AWS). We define “war algorithm” as any algorithm that is expressed in computer code, that is effectuated through a constructed system, and that is capable of operating in relation to armed conflict. In introducing this concept, our foundational technological concern is the capability of a constructed system, without further human intervention, to help make and effectuate a “decision” or “choice” of a war algorithm. Distilled, the two core ingredients are an algorithm expressed in computer code and a suitably capable constructed system. Through that lens, we link international law and related accountability architectures to relevant technologies. We sketch a three-part (non-exhaustive) approach that highlights traditional and unconventional accountability avenues. We focus largely on international law because it is the only normative regime that purports—in key respects but with important caveats—to be both universal and uniform. In this way, international law is different from the myriad domestic legal systems, administrative rules, or industry codes that govern the development and use of technology in all other spheres. By not limiting our inquiry only to weapon systems, we take an expansive view, showing how the broad concept of war algorithms might be susceptible to regulation—and how those algorithms might already fit within the existing regulatory system established by international law.
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Brickel, Katherine, and Emma Greengrass. Investigating Domestic Violence Law in Cambodia. Institute of Development Studies and The Impact Initiative, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii340.

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Gupta, Sourabh. Trump’s tariff overreach jeopardises international law. East Asia Forum, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.59425/eabc.1531778428.

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Dzhangarov, A. I., and H. A. Akhmetova. TRENDS IN MODERN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP AND INTERNATIONAL LAW. Ljournal, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1414-2368-7894-78951.

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Merutka, Craig E. Use of the Armed Forces for Domestic Law Enforcement. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada589451.

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Ruse – Khan, Henning Grosse. Sustainable Development In International Intellectual Property Law. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/ip_ip_20101011.

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