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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Divorce – Political aspects – Indonesia"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 19 лютого 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Divorce – Political aspects – Indonesia"

Mulyawan, Fitra, Kiki Yulinda, and Dora Tiara. "POLITIK HUKUM DALAM BIDANG HUKUM KELUARGA ISLAM DI INDONESIA." Ensiklopedia Sosial Review 3, no. 2 (June 13, 2021): 111–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33559/esr.v3i2.764.

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In Indonesia, religion and state are two different entities, and each has its own autonomy, where there is an area that is completely “belonging to” religion, the state cannot enter it and there is also an area that is fully the competence of the state, so religion is not can participate in it. So that the formation of laws will reflect the configuration of power and political interests. In the actualization of political power and interests, sometimes there is a clash between the interests of fragmatism and those that are permanent and in favor of the benefit of mankind. This means that the interests of ideological values that live and develop in society can be configured with the interests of political power fragmatism. Therefore, first, the legislative program for several aspects of the modernization of Islamic family law politics in Indonesia, namely starting with the history of legislation on marriage in Indonesia, one of which is the Dutch East Indies Government circulating the Draft Ordinance on Registered Marriage, which includes the principle of monogamy and the prohibition of imposing divorce out of court. Then from the point of view of the meaning of the ideal law, the presence of KHI is a series of historical national laws that can reveal the various meanings of the life of the Indonesian Muslim community. Second, before the birth of Law no. 1 of 1974 in Indonesia various marriage laws apply for various groups of citizens and various regions. in the Indieche Staats Regeling (ISR), namely the Indian constitutional regulations. After independence, the Indonesian government has established a number of Islamic marriage regulations. Among them are Law Number 22 Year 1946 concerning Registration of Marriage, Divorce and Reconciliation.

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Heaton, Tim, and Mark Cammack. "Explaining the Recent Upturn in Divorce in Indonesia: Developmental Idealism and the Effect of Political Change." Asian Journal of Social Science 39, no. 6 (2011): 776–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853111x619229.

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Abstract Divorce trends in Indonesia during the latter half of the 20th century provide an interesting contrast to Western societies. While the social forces associated with modernisation resulted in a dramatic rise in divorce in Western societies, the process of modernisation produced an equally dramatic decline in divorce in Indonesia. Recent evidence, however, suggests that the divorce trends have reversed direction in Indonesia, and the divorce rate has begun to rise. The purpose of this paper is to present both statistical evidence of a possible rise in divorce and qualitative evidence of possible changes in reasons for divorce. The statistical evidence is based on five rounds of the Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys conducted between 1987 and 2007. Qualitative evidence comes from interviews with marriage registrars, court officials, and other informed community members.

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van Huis, Stijn Cornelis. "Khul‘ over the longue durée: the decline of traditional fiqh-based divorce mechanisms in Indonesian legal practice." Islamic Law and Society 26, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2019): 58–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685195-00254a05.

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AbstractIn this essay, I describe the historical development of three traditional fiqh-based divorce mechanisms in Indonesia that commonly result in a khul‘ divorce: regular khul‘ (khuluk), conditional divorce (taklik talak), and marital discord (syiqaq). In the practice of present-day Islamic courts these traditional fiqh-based divorce mechanisms have lost almost all of their former prominence. Through a historical analysis of legal practices of female-initiated divorce, I will explain how this happened. Legal reforms under the 1974 Marriage Law, their adoption into the 1991 Compilation of Islamic Law, and case law of the Supreme Court broadened women’s divorce rights significantly. The same reforms made out-of-court divorce illegal. In contrast to fiqh-based divorce mechanisms, judicial divorce on the grounds of ‘continuous and irreconcilable marital discord’ does not require the consent of the husband or the payment of compensation and has therefore become an easier and cheaper option for Indonesian women.

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Hejazziey, Djawahir. "Political Aspects of Shari’a Banking Law in Indonesia." JURNAL INDO-ISLAMIKA 2, no. 1 (June 20, 2012): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/idi.v2i1.1659.

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This article discusses the history of the establishment of Islamic banking in Indonesia. The author examines the derivers of their establishment and argues that, aside other aspects, political aspects give contribution to the establishment of the Islamic banking. He describes a number of evidences of how politics play an important role in the success of their establishment; one of those proofs is the economic and political Islam interdependence which can be read in the idea of Indonesian Muslims on establishing Islamic banks, which is influenced by political content. At the beginning, the relationship between Muslims and the New Order was covered with suspicions and prejudices. The rulers of the New Order in the 1970's were still suspicious of the idea on the establishment of an Islamic state or the realization of the Jakarta Charter. Until recent days, the idea is still debated.

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Trigiyatno, Ali. "SUAMI DIPENJARA SEBAGAI ALASAN CERAI GUGAT; PERSPEKTIF FIKIH DAN LEGISLASI NEGERI MUSLIM." Arena Hukum 14, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 390–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.arenahukum.2021.01402.10.

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This paper aims to compare the provisions of fiqh with the legislation in terms of the husband being imprisoned as the reason for the wife to file for divorce in four Muslim countries. They are Indonesia as a representative of the country with the majority of the population following the Shafi'i school, Morocco representing the Maliki school, Jordan representing the Hanafi school, and Qatar representing the Hanbali school. Using a normative approach and a comparative method, this paper aims to look for aspects of similarities as well as differences from fiqh provisions compared to legislation in the four countries. The results shows that the legislation in the four countries basically takes the opinion of the Maliki and Hanbali schools which allow divorce because the husband is imprisoned. From the four countries, Indonesia has set the longest prison term, which is five years, while Morocco and Jordan are imprisoned for a minimum of three years and Qatar is two years. Indonesia and Jordan seem quite far from leaving the rules in the dominant fiqh school in their country by not following the school's fatwa adopted to prohibit divorce because the husband is imprisoned. Meanwhile, Morocco and Qatar are in accordance with the dominant schools of jurisprudence in their countries, with a few additions to more detailed and operational rules.

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Fučík, Petr. "Gender Aspects of Divorce: How the Study of Divorce Can Contribute to Theoretical Approaches to the Sociology of the Family." Czech Sociological Review 52, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 557–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/00380288.2016.52.4.272.

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Fiori, Katherine L., Amy J. Rauer, Kira S. Birditt, Christina M. Marini, Justin Jager, Edna Brown, and Terri L. Orbuch. "“I Love You, Not Your Friends”." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 35, no. 9 (May 3, 2017): 1230–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407517707061.

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Research on the merging of social networks among married couples tends to focus on the benefits of increased social capital, with the acknowledgment of potential stressors being limited primarily to in-law relationships. The purpose of the present study was to examine both positive (i.e., shared friend support) and negative (i.e., disapproval and interference of partner’s friends) aspects of friend ties on divorce across 16 years. Using a sample of 355 Black and White couples from the Early Years of Marriage project, we examined these associations with a Cox proportional hazard regression, controlling for a number of demographic and relational factors. Our findings indicate that (1) the negative aspects of couples’ friend ties are more powerful predictors of divorce than positive aspects; (2) at least early in marriage, husbands’ negative perceptions of wives’ friends are more predictive of divorce than are wives’ negative perceptions of husbands’ friends; (3) friendship disapproval may be less critical in the marital lives of Black husbands and wives than of White husbands and wives; and (4) the association between disapproval of wives’ friends at Year 1 and divorce may be partially explained by wives’ friends interfering in the marriage. Our findings are interpreted in light of possible mechanisms to explain the link between partner disapproval of friends and divorce, such as diminished interdependence, less network approval, and increased spousal conflict and jealousy.

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Pramudito, Anselmus Agung, and Wenty Marina Minza. "The Dynamics of Rebuilding Trust and Trustworthiness in Marital Relationship Post Infidelity Disclosure." Jurnal Psikologi 48, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.60974.

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Infidelity has been one of the biggest cause for divorce for couples in many countries, including Indonesia. For those couples deciding to stay in marriage, the experienced infidelity can affect some aspects of the marital relationship, trust and trustworthiness in particular. Rebuilding trust and trustworthiness after the incident of infidelity can be one of the most important factors in restoring marital relationship. This research used phenomenology qualitative method in order to explore the dynamics of rebuilding trust and trustworthiness in marital relationship post infidelity disclosure. The study found that the victim of infidelity rebuilt their trust toward the perpetrator of infidelity in five aspects, three of which are personal aspects (risk identification and prevention), predictability, and trust) and two of which are relational aspects (intimacy and reciprocity). On the other hand, the perpetrators of infidelity rebuilt the trust toward themselves by manifesting four aspects: commitment, benevolence, openness, and honesty, as well as religiosity.

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Hefner, Robert W., Chris Manning, and Peter van Diermen. "Indonesia in Transition: Social Aspects of Reformasi and Crisis." Contemporary Sociology 30, no. 4 (July 2001): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3089783.

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Kafumbe, Anthony Luyirika. "Women’s Rights to Property in Marriage, Divorce, and Widowhood in Uganda: The Problematic Aspects." Human Rights Review 11, no. 2 (January 13, 2009): 199–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12142-008-0112-0.

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Дисертації з теми "Divorce – Political aspects – Indonesia"

O'Shaughnessy, Kate Elizabeth. "Divorce, gender, and state and social power : an investigation of the impact of the 1974 Indonesian marriage law." University of Western Australia. School of Humanities, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0186.

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[Truncated abstract] The 1974 Indonesian Marriage Law required all divorces to be ratified by courts and vested household leadership with husbands. This thesis examines the impact of this law upon the negotiation of divorce, and its implications for the constitution of state and social power. I argue that the New Order state used this law to attempt to control gender relations and reinforce political legitimacy, but that women and men resisted this project in a variety of ways. Divorce may entail the contestation of state ideological prescriptions on gender. It also reveals gender relations operating independently of the state. As such, it is a particularly fruitful site for an analysis of the location and constitution of state and social power. In order to analyse the complex relationship between marriage, divorce, and power, I have adopted several original strategies. I expand the definition of property to encompass

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Ping, Jonathan H. "Middle power statecraft : Indonesia and Malaysia / Jonathan H. Ping." 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/22025.

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"October 2003"
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 364-412)
x, 412 leaves : ill., maps ; 30 cm.
Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library.
Establishes a unifying theory for the concept of middle power. Hybridisation theory is presented as a basis for analysis, policy development and prediction of middle power statecraft and perceived power.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of History and Politics, Discipline of Politics, 2004

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Floyd, J. M. "The political economy of fisheries development in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand." Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/10111.

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Kahn, Suzanne. "Divorce and the Politics of the American Social Welfare Regime, 1969-2001." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D81V5D4M.

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Divorce and the Politics of the American Social Welfare Regime, 1969-2001 asks how rising divorce rates shaped the laws governing the American social welfare regime between 1969, when California passed the nation’s first no-fault divorce law, and 2001. Scholars have shown that in the early 20th century the American social welfare regime developed to distribute economic resources, such as Social Security, to women through their husbands. Between 1967 and 1979, however, the United States’ divorce rate doubled. This dissertation investigates how this sudden challenge to the breadwinner-homemaker family structure affected the gendered welfare regime. Divorce and the Politics of the American Social Welfare Regime examines how women organized to gain access to lost economic resources after divorce and how policymakers responded to their demands. It reveals important and forgotten components of the histories of welfare state development, the feminist movement of the 1970s, and marriage law. It argues that, ironically, rising divorce rates led to a series of federal laws that actually strengthened the social welfare system’s use of marriage to determine eligiblity for benefits. These new laws specifically rewarded intact marriages by providing more robust benefits to women in longer marriages. In a political world increasingly concerned with the impermenance of marriage, Congress created a legal system that signaled that marriage was about length of commitment above all else.

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Книги з теми "Divorce – Political aspects – Indonesia"

Badudu, Yus. Cakrawala bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Gramedia, 1985.

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Harper, Martin. One nation, one people, one language: The story of Indonesia & Bahasa Indonesia. Macerata: Eum, 2013.

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Dahana, Radhar Panca. Ideologi politik dan teater modern Indonesia. Magelang, Indonesia: Yayasan Indonesiatera, 2001.

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Kongres, Bahasa Indonesia (7th 1998 Jakarta Indonesia). Bahasa Indonesia dalam era globalisasi: Pemantapan peran bahasa sebagai sarana pembangunan bangsa : risalah Kongres Bahasa Indonesia VII. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, 2000.

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St. Harum Pudjiarto R. S. Memahami politik hukum di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Penerbitan Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta, 1996.

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D, Moh Mahfud M. Politik hukum di Indonesia. Jakarta: LP3S, 1998.

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Olken, Benjamin A. Monitoring corruption: Evidence from a field experiment in Indonesia. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Anderson, Benedict R. O'G. Language and power: Exploring political cultures in Indonesia. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1990.

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Buchanan, Allen E. Secession: The morality of political divorce from Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec. Boulder: Westview Press, 1991.

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Tirtosudarmo, Riwanto. From colonization to nation-state: The political demography of Indonesia. Menteng, Jakarta: LIPI Press, 2013.

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Частини книг з теми "Divorce – Political aspects – Indonesia"

Fraser, Alastair I. "Social, Economic and Political Aspects of Forest Clearance and Land-Use Planning in Indonesia." In Human Activities and the Tropical Rainforest, 133–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1800-4_7.

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Romero, Adam P., and Abbie E. Goldberg. "Introduction." In LGBTQ Divorce and Relationship Dissolution, 1–6. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190635176.003.0001.

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This chapter provides an overview of the edited volume. It provides historical context for the current volume, highlighting how despite shifts in political discourse, changes in the legal landscape surrounding same-sex relationship dissolution, and a slowly growing research base on LGBTQ marriage equality, attention to LGBTQ relationship dissolution and divorce has lagged. In turn, the chapter briefly addresses the range of research, legal, and practice questions that the current volume addresses—including issues related to child custody and mediation—which are significant inasmuch as with marriage equality (may) come relationship dissolution and divorce. The chapter also names the unique aspects of the volume, including the interdisciplinary nature of the authors, the inclusion of personal narratives in the volume, and the integration of discussion questions and practical resources in each chapter. It also provides an outline of each major section of the book and the chapters within each section.

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Bartosh, Olena. "SOCIAL RISKS FOR THE YOUTH IN THE DYNAMICS OF UKRAINIAN SOCIETY." In CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE MODERN RISK SOCIETY: SOCIO-CULTURAL, ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS, 77–93. OKTAN PRINT s.r.o., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46489/caotm-21042609.

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Today’s adolescents and youth form a quarter of the world’s population. They are shaping social and economic development, challenging social norms and values, and building the foundation of the world’s future. The beginning of the XXI century is marked by the aggravation of youth problems in different countries, among which Ukraine is no exception. Nowadays, Ukrainian youth is affected by: political and economic crisis in the country; unemployment; unresolved housing conditions; poor health; social disorders; economic and psychological dependence on parents; marital and family problems (high divorce rate, family conflicts); low birth rate; loss of ideals, social perspective, and life optimism.

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Pennington, Madeleine. "Conclusion." In Quakers, Christ, and the Enlightenment, 208–14. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895271.003.0009.

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This book began by noting Barry Reay’s daunting challenge that ‘it is easier to chart the transformation of Quakerism … than it is to account for it’.¹ By charting this transformation in terms of the Quakers’ previously neglected theological and philosophical concerns, it has contributed to the effort to provide a fuller approach. Crucially, this account is not intended to divorce Quakerism from its socio-political context, or to deny the importance of socio-political concerns as a driving force behind the transformation of the movement. Nonetheless, it suggests that these concerns are disproportionately represented in existing historiography—and has therefore focused on the ways in which theological analysis can elucidate aspects of early Quaker development which are otherwise difficult to explain....

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Sayogo, Djoko Sigit, and Taewoo Nam. "Elucidating Online Structure for Democratic Legitimacy." In Digital Democracy, 1476–99. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1740-7.ch074.

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This study explores the impact of online communicative structures in local government Web disclosure on democratic legitimacy, after the implementation of e-government in Java, Indonesia, as a result of recent bureaucratic decentralization. Being at a very early stage in the e-government initiative, the analysis of 78 local government websites in Indonesia reveals that local government online structures present certain aspects of democratic and interactive appearance. However, the levels of democratized Internet mediated human interactions are restricted. These restrictions reflect the eradication of sensitive information, a low level of responses to citizens’ solicitations, and disclosure of selective information in local government websites. This chapter suggests that restriction on local government online structure is due to the government’s favor of more controlled media interaction influenced by the embedded authoritarian political culture due to many years of institutionalization. In a sense, websites merely function as a symbol of government legitimacy and power over citizens through media technology, which could suggest local government manipulation of democratization processes.

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Sayogo, Djoko Sigit, and Taewoo Nam. "Elucidating Online Structure for Democratic Legitimacy." In Active Citizen Participation in E-Government, 378–402. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0116-1.ch019.

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Parinsi, Mario Tulenan, and Keith Francis Ratumbuisang. "Indonesian Mobile Learning Information System Using Social Media Platforms." In Language Learning and Literacy, 549–73. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9618-9.ch029.

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As a developing country, Indonesia continues to improve its quality as a state, in which the attempt to optimize all of its potential both in terms of economic, political, social, cultural, technological, educational, health, etc. This modern era, all aspects of life are depending on technology. This makes the technology becomes one of necessary in people's life. The utilization of technology has been used by all people in all aspects of life. Specifically, this paper tries to offer an innovation that has never been designed before, namely a platform of M-Learning in form of social media related to the development of technology for learning. Nowadays, internet users and smartphone ownership in Indonesia increased dramatically, then writers took initiative to design an innovation related to this case. Social media technologies provide the opportunity for teachers to engage students in online classes, thereby supporting the development of skills and learners to achieve competency. In addition to students, the opportunity is also open to outside the community to get information that can add knowledge. This case study provides a platform for M-Learning based learning that facilitate student learning also helps society size to obtain information more easily. The design of this platform using models UML (Unified Modeling Language) to design a visual model of this platform.

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Smith, Nigel. "Milton and Radicalism." In Making Milton, 198–215. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821892.003.0015.

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In the half-century before the quatercentenary of Milton’s birth in 2008, the dominant attention to his poetry and prose was of a historical nature and focused on exploring in detail his career as an apologist for aspects of the English Revolution: versions of radical Puritanism; republicanism; and domestic reform in the shape of the divorce argument. Yet the recent resurgence of formalist approaches, with particular focus on the poetry, has obscured or banished the politics, and work on Milton and philosophical/scientific reform has produced a picture not of the seventeenth-century Voltaire or Jefferson but of a republican Newton. This chapter insists on Milton’s identity as a radical religious and political thinker, writer, and actor, over and against some recent contrary arguments, taking account of a more recent return to historical scholarship, where some of that work has been inspired by changing definitions of radicalism in our own time.

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Fealy, Greg. "Reformasi and the Decline of Liberal Islam." In Activists in Transition, 117–34. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501742477.003.0007.

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This chapter explains how liberal Muslim intellectuals and activists have drawn on religious teachings to popularize and validate political reform and human rights agendas from the late 1980s. This prepared the way for Indonesia's majority Islamic community to embrace democracy as an alternative to authoritarianism. The wealth of progressive Islamic thought and action that marked those decades, has, however, fallen victim to the illiberal aspects of reformasi. One of the paradoxes of democratization is that the progressive Islamic movement quickly became a casualty of the increasing dominance of conservative Islamic forces. The chapter concludes that while liberal Islam flourished in New Order Indonesia because it had the support of the regime, it was unable to leverage that success in the face of broader religiocultural and political changes from the early 2000s, which have been driven by, and favored, conservative Islamist forces.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Divorce – Political aspects – Indonesia"

Widiantari, Maria, Prahastiwi Utari, and Prof Pawito. "12. Divorce Pattern Shift in Indonesia." In 5th International Conference on Social and Political Sciences (IcoSaPS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icosaps-18.2018.12.

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Mualimin, Mualimin. "Pragmatic Aspects in Anne Hathaway’s Speech: A Speech Act Study." In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Indonesian Social and Political Enquiries, ICISPE 2020, 9-10 October 2020, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.9-10-2020.2304817.

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Pramusinto, Bambang, Endang Larasati, Hardi Warsono, and Sundarso Sundarso. "Aspects of Administration Service Integrated of Sub-District in Semarang City." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indonesian Social and Political Enquiries, ICISPE 2019, 21-22 October 2019, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-10-2019.2294354.

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Lekatompessy, Ransta, Sri Suwitri, Y. Warella, and Yuwanto Yuwanto. "The Aspects of Socio Culture in Recruitment of Civil Servants in the Merauke Regency." In Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Indonesian Social and Political Enquiries, ICISPE 2019, 21-22 October 2019, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.21-10-2019.2294420.

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Papamichail, Theodora, and Ana Peric. "Informal planning: a tool towards adaptive urban governance." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/mcur1568.

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Formal planning instruments and procedures have often been unpopular and ineffective for solving complex spatial issues, such as urban sprawl or transport congestion. As a result, such conflicts turn into complex planning tasks that usually exceed the provisioned time and funding, especially when faced with adversarial interests of actors from different organisations, sectors or social groups. Hence, informal planning, as a non-binding supplement to official planning instruments, is often considered highly effective. In its broadest sense, informal planning includes the principles of collaborative dialogue, diverse networks, trustful relationships and tailor-made processes among interested parties. Consequently, informal planning processes foster sound decision-making delivering a spectrum of problem-oriented solutions and increasing public consensus, while enacting experimentation, learning, change, and the creation of shared meanings among stakeholders. However, informal planning cannot be taken for granted – it is strongly interwoven with the planning culture influenced by the historical and political background, and the current socio-economic conditions. This paper revolves around several pillars. After an introductory section, a brief historical overview firstly identifies the place of informal planning in various planning models that have appeared since the 1960s. More specifically, informal planning is analysed against the theoretical concept of collaborative rationality. Finally, the paper focuses on a specific informal planning procedure called the ‘test planning method’, being analysed against the previously elaborated theoretical background. As this instrument links both formal and informal planning, its comparison and interrelation with the theoretical background of collaborative rationality contributes to elucidating the following attributes of adaptive (collaborative) urban governance: 1) flexible and agile institutional arrangements supportive to various kinds of urban planning mechanisms (not only official tools), 2) proactive and imaginative planners ready to accept solutions created outside the technical domain of instrumental rationality, and 3) inclusion of numerous stakeholders to exchange various information and different types of knowledge, i.e. expert and experiential knowledge. Observed through the example of the test planning method, the article finally highlights the successful aspects of informal planning, however, pointing also to its shortcomings, which could be expected in the societies with a lack of key democratic elements

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