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Готові списки джерел за темами / Diversity Factor

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Diversity Factor"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Diversity Factor":

1

González-Prieto, S. J., and T. Carballas. "N biochemical diversity as a factor of soil diversity." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27, no. 2 (February 1995): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)00159-x.

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2

Mergaert, Peter, Marc Van Montagu, and Marcelle Holsters. "Molecular mechanisms of Nod factor diversity." Molecular Microbiology 25, no. 5 (September 1997): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1997.mmi526.x.

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3

Pacheco, Teresa R., Anita Q. Gomes, Nuno L. Barbosa-Morais, Vladimir Benes, Wilhelm Ansorge, Matthew Wollerton, Christopher W. Smith, Juan Valcárcel, and Maria Carmo-Fonseca. "Diversity of Vertebrate Splicing Factor U2AF35." Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, no. 26 (April 19, 2004): 27039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m402136200.

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4

Strah, Lidia. "Diversitatea lingvistică – factor esențial al educației plurilingve." Revistă de Ştiinţe Socio-Umane = Journal of Social and Human Sciences 43, no. 3 (December 2019): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/jshs.2019.v43.i3.p23-27.

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This article is designed to explain, emphasizing, the notion of university language education, as well as the importance of university education in the life of university education, in the life of the intellectual society, which is always in the process of development. This analysis is based on several sources. One, and the most important point, is the concept of „linguistic variety” – an essential and fundamental factor, in fact, in plurilingual education. Thus, the central role of the student is investigated, as well as the major role of the teacher in the plurilingual education, which is based on the linguistic variety.

5

Göttgens, Berthold. "Creating cellular diversity through transcription factor competition." EMBO Journal 34, no. 6 (February 13, 2015): 691–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15252/embj.201591017.

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6

Hotyat, Micheline, and Marc Galochet. "L'homme, facteur de diversité en milieu forestier (Man, factor of diversity in forest environment)." Bulletin de l'Association de géographes français 78, no. 2 (2001): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/bagf.2001.2214.

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7

Pechersky, Alexander. "Diversity in Board of Directors: Review of Diversity as a Factor to Enhance Board Performance." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 9, no. 33 (June 1, 2016): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stcb-2016-0009.

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Abstract In light of growing corporate influence in the business world and thus increasing further need to improve framework of corporate governance for shareholders’ protection, diversity is examined as a necessary factor to enhance monitoring and leadership functions of board of directors. This article analyses empirical studies with samples on various countries in order to examine effect of board composition and diversity on primary responsibilities of Board of Directors. Author is providing theoretical overview of diversity benefits and practical perspective of gender, qualifications, and background diversity in board performance. Our results show an added value of gender diversity to company performance in social and healthcare industries. Furthermore, author shows a rather negative effect of gender quotas. This study sheds a light on empirical researches and a need to include additional cultural factors called country readiness factors.

8

Gunderman, Richard B. "Should diversity be a factor in medical admissions?" Journal of the American College of Radiology 1, no. 3 (March 2004): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2003.12.005.

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9

María, Hilda, Judith Soledad, and Jaime Agustín. "Art Teaching: Inclusive Factor and Attention to Diversity." European Journal of Educational Research 13, no. 2 (April 15, 2024): 779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.13.2.779.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">The current research aims to analyze art teaching as an inclusive factor and pays attention to diversity in excluded populations to meet the needs of students in the pandemic context. In regard to methodology, we used the naturalistic paradigm, a qualitative approach, and an inductive method with a phenomenological and hermeneutical design. The data collection techniques we used were semi-structured interviews with teachers of the Regular Basic Education in Peru. The findings show that through the mediation of diverse artistic languages and the implementation of different didactic strategies, it is possible to achieve an interaction free from exclusion barriers, driven by good teaching practices that enable the inclusion and attention to the diversity of students, providing them with opportunities to develop capacities and skills to establish better coexistence. We concluded that art education comprises a lasting learning process that guarantees a healthy environment for peaceful coexistence, which today, inclusive teachers, parents, and students should keep in mind.</p>

10

Nazeef, S., and U. M. Abubakar. "Diversity and Condition Factor of Fish Species of Dadin Kowa Dam, Gombe State, Nigeria." Greener Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 10 (December 13, 2013): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15580/gjbs.2013.10.102313920.

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Дисертації з теми "Diversity Factor":

1

Rajpar, Ibtesam Mohamed Husein. "Tendon Regeneration: Roles of Growth Factors and Phenotypic Diversity in Tendon Stem Cells." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88070.

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Tendon injuries significantly impact quality of life and are often career ending. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is known to augment intrinsic tendon healing, however, little is known of the stem cells endogenous to tendon, the microenvironmental cues that induce tendon differentiation, and whether individual cells in an inflammatory milieu respond differently to these cues. To address these questions, a three-dimensional tenogenesis assay was developed as an efficient and reproducible metric of cellular capacity to differentiate toward tendon. In contrast to more complex assays of tenogenesis, this design incorporates a simple apparatus using commercially available plasticware for the application of uniaxial static strain in in a type I collagen cell-seeded hydrogel construct. Tendon-related gene expression, glycosaminoglycan levels, elongated cell morphologies and parallel cell alignments are enhanced with BMP-12 induction over ten days of culture. This dissertation provides novel insight to the roles of growth factors in MSC tenogenesis. Tendon healing in vivo is dependent on endogenous tendon stem cells (TSC) that mediate the inflammatory response to injury and promote synthesis of collagen and matrix remodeling, among other extracellular processes. Recent evidence suggests that these cells exist on a spectrum of differentiation potencies, and may be differently committed to the tendon fate. Individual stem cells were isolated from the tendon, and their capacities for proliferation, tri-lineage differentiation and tenogenesis were evaluated. Three distinct TSC phenotypes were revealed, and significant, positive correlations were found in quadra-differentiation potency (toward four lineages) and the expression of a strong, composite tendon phenotype. These studies have important implications in the current standard-of-care in regenerative therapies for tendon. Our benchtop tenogenesis assay can be used to determine the therapeutic potential of allogeneic MSC lines and MSCs from novel sources for 'off-the-shelf' treatments. Our study of TSCs lends valuable insight to the diversity of cell phenotypes found in tendon, and the potential contributions of each phenotype to tendon healing and homeostasis. These results further strengthen the status of tendon as a superior source of stem cells for tendon repair.
Ph. D.
Tendons are fibrous, elastic bands of collagen that connect muscles to bones and are essential to movement and proper functioning of the skeletal system. Weight-bearing tendons like the Achilles in humans and superficial digital flexor tendons in horses are particularly prone to damage and degeneration with overuse and/or aging. Bone marrow-derived stem cell treatments have shown promise in the reduction of pain and inflammation, and restoration of native tendon structure and function in cases of severe tendon injuries. However, the roles of stem cells in tendon healing, particularly their ability to transition to cell types native to tendon and integrate with an environment distinct from their own is unknown. Culturing of stem cells in three dimensional (3D) environments has enabled us to identify and understand the biochemical and mechanical signals that trigger stem cell transitions to tendon cells in tendons, but currently available 3D culture systems are complex and inefficient. In this dissertation we have developed a cost-effective and high throughput 3D culture system to assay the potential of stem cells to form tendon cells and composite tendon-like tissues. Toward this, we have also optimized the effects of known tendon proteins on the tendon fate in 3D culture of stem cells. Like most adult tissues, the tendon encompasses an in-house repository of stem cells. Tendon stem cells (TSCs) are primarily responsible for the inflammatory and reparative responses to tendon injury. Recent evidence suggests that TSCs are diverse in character, and differ from each other in their ability to form cells and tissues of fat, bone and cartilage. In this work, we provide evidence that TSCs are also differently committed to forming tendon tissue, and moreover that significant inter-relationships among gene expression patterns in these cells directly contribute to cultural diversity. In sum, our results provide novel insight to the roles of stem cells in tendon healing, particularly their response to subtle changes in their biochemical environment, and the contributions of individual cells in a milieu to a holistic reparative response.

2

Theriault, Francesca M. "Regulation of neuronal diversity in the mammalian nervous system." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103300.

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To acquire its characteristic structural and functional complexity, the mammalian nervous system must undergo several critical developmental processes. One such process requires factors that regulate the decision of dividing progenitors to leave the cell cycle and activate the neuronal differentiation program. It is shown in this thesis that the murine runt-related gene Runx1 is expressed in proliferating cells on the basal side of the murine olfactory epithelium. Disruption of Runx1 function in vivo does not result in a change in the quantity of progenitors but leads to a decrease in precursor number and an increase in differentiated ORNs. These effects result in premature and ectopic ORN differentiation. Further, exogenous Runx1 expression in cultured olfactory neural progenitors causes an expansion of the mitotic cell population. In agreement with these findings, exogenous Runx1 expression also promotes cortical neural progenitor cell proliferation without inhibiting neuronal differentiation. These effects appear to involve transcriptional repression mechanisms. Consistent with this possibility, Runx1 represses transcription driven by the promoter of the cell cycle inhibitor p21Cip1 in cortical progenitors. Taken together, these findings suggest a previously unrecognized role for Runx1 in coordinating the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of selected populations of neural progenitors/precursors.
Another significant step in the development of the mammalian nervous system is the acquisition of distinctive neuronal traits. This thesis also shows that Runx1 is expressed in selected populations of postmitotic neurons of the murine embryonic central and peripheral nervous systems. In embryos lacking Runx1 activity, hindbrain branchiovisceral motor neuron precursors of the cholinergie lineage are correctly specified but then fail to enter successive stages of differentiation and undergo increased cell death resulting in neuronal loss in the mantle layer. Runx1 inactivation also leads to a loss of selected sensory neurons in trigeminal and vestibulocochlear ganglia. These findings uncover previously unrecognized roles for Runx1 in the regulation of neuronal subtype specification.
This thesis thus presents a novel factor which functions at several steps in the development of the mammalian nervous system and adds to the growing body of work on the processes involved in elaborating such a complex and vital structure.

3

Ono, Sho. "Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Controlling Flower Color and Pattern Diversity in Dahlia." Kyoto University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215224.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(農学)
乙第13017号
論農博第2827号
新制||農||1042(附属図書館)
学位論文||H28||N4964(農学部図書室)
32945
京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻
(主査)教授土井元章, 教授裏出令子, 教授奥本裕
学位規則第4条第2項該当

4

Sterrett, John, W. Andrew Clark, and Michelle Chandley. "Microbiome Diversity and Differential Abundances Associated with BMI, Immune Markers, and Fecal Short Chain Fatty Acids Before and After Synbiotic Supplementation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/536.

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The gut microbiota and its metabolites – namely short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) – interact with the digestive, immune, and nervous systems. Microbiota with disrupted composition are highly associated with obesity, gastrointestinal symptoms, and chronic inflammation. Levels of SCFAs in the feces can represent dynamics of the microbiota, and they represent one mechanism by which the microbiota interacts with its host. This study aimed to further our understanding of associations between microbiota bacterial diversity and SCFAs, immune markers, BMI, and GI symptoms and to identify bacteria that are differentially abundant in different BMI groups and with synbiotic supplementation. Data (SCFAs, immunoglobulins, body mass index, fecal fiber, fecal protein, measures of GI symptoms, and 16s RNA sequences, n=11) was extracted from a randomized control trial investigating the effects of synbiotic supplementation in non-celiac gluten-sensitive participants. QIIME2 was used to process 16s RNA data, analyze quantitative, qualitative, phylogenetic quantitative, and phylogenetic qualitative measures of alpha and beta diversity and to perform an analysis of composition of microbiomes (ANCOM) for identification of differential abundances. Multiple metrics of alpha diversity were found to significantly correlate with IgG4, IgM, IL-2, acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate, caproate, heartburn, urgent need to defecate, and feelings of incomplete evacuation. Multiple metrics of beta diversity were significantly different between normal and overweight, normal and obese, and overweight and obese BMI classification groups. Beta diversity was also found to significantly correlate with IgG1, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IL-6, IL-8, fecal fiber, propionate, butyrate, heartburn, acid regurgitation, nausea and vomiting, bloating, abdominal distension, increased gas, and eructation. The synbiotic intervention did not significantly alter alpha or beta diversity. An ANCOM identified bacterial taxa differentially abundant with BMI shifts and synbiotic supplementation, though these taxa were not those included in the synbiotic. Findings demonstrate alpha and beta diversity associations with various SCFAs, GI symptoms, immune markers, and BMI, and the results of the placebo-controlled intervention suggest careful consideration of placebo contents moving forward. This research supports plans to apply analysis to larger sample sizes to elucidate changes microbial profiles that are associated with clinically relevant biomarkers and symptoms.

5

Coussens, Anna Kathleen. "Molecular regulation of calvarial suture morphogenesis and human craniofacial diversity." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16481/1/Anna_Coussens_Thesis.pdf.

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This body of work is concerned with the genetics of craniofacial morphology and specifically with that of the cranial sutures which form fibrous articulations between the calvarial bones. The premature fusion of these sutures, known as craniosynostosis, is a common developmental abnormality and has been extensively utilised here as a tool through which to study the genetics of suture morphogenesis and craniofacial diversity. Investigations began with a search for polymorphisms associated with normal variation in human craniofacial characteristics. Denaturing High-Performance Liquid chromatography was used to identify polymorphisms in two genes causative for craniosynostosis by analysing DNA from a large cohort of individuals from four ethnogeographic populations. A single nucleotide polymorphism in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 was identified as being associated with variation in the cephalic index, a common measure of cranial shape. To further, and specifically, investigate the molecular processes of suture morphogenesis gene expression was compared between unfused and prematurely fusing/fused suture tissues isolated from patients with craniosynostosis. Two approaches, both utilising Affymetrix gene expression microarrays, were used to identify genes differentially expressed during premature suture fusion. The first was a novel method which utilised the observation that explant cells from both fused and unfused suture tissue, cultured in minimal medium, produce a gene expression profile characteristic of minimally differentiated osteoblastic cells. Consequently, gene expression was compared between prematurely fused suture tissues and their corresponding in vitro de-differentiated cells. In addition to those genes known to be involved in suture morphogenesis, a large number of novel genes were identified which were up-regulated in the differentiated in vivo state and are thus implicated in premature suture fusion and in vivo osteoblast differentiation. The second microarray study involved an extensive analysis of 16 suture tissues and compared gene expression between unfused (n=9) and fusing/fused sutures (n=7). Again, both known genes and a substantially large number of novel genes were identified as being differentially expressed. Some of these novel genes included retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), glypican 3 (GPC3), C1q tumour necrosis factor 3 (C1QTNF3), and WNT inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1). The known functions of these genes are suggestive of potential roles in suture morphogenesis. Realtime quantitative RT PCR (QRT-PCR) was used to verify the differential expression patterns observed for 11 genes and Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy was used to investigate the protein expression for 3 genes of interest. RBP4 was found to be localised on the ectocranial surface of unfused sutures and in cells lining the osteogenic fronts while GPC3 was localised to suture mesenchyme of unfused sutures. A comparison between each unfused suture (coronal, sagittal, metopic, and lambdoid) demonstrated that gene expression profiles are suture-specific which, based on the identification of differentially expressed genes, suggests possible molecular bases for the differential timing of normal fusion and the response of each suture to different craniosynostosis mutations. One observation of particular interest was the presence of cartilage in unfused lambdoid sutures, suggesting a role for chondrogenesis in posterior skull sutures which have generally been thought to develop by intramembranous ossification without a cartilage precursor. Finally, the effects of common media supplements used in in vitro experiments to stimulate differentiation of calvarial suture-derived cells were investigated with respect to their ability to induce in vivo-like gene expression. The response to standard differentiation medium (ascorbic acid + β-glycerophosphate) with and without dexamethasone was measured by both mineralisation and matrix formation assays and QRT-PCR of genes identified in the above described microarray studies. Both media induced collagen matrix and bone nodule formation indicative of differentiating osteoblasts. However, the genes expression profiles induced by both media differed and neither recapitulated the levels and profiles of gene expression observed in vivo for cells isolated from both fused and unfused suture tissues. This study has implications for translating results from in vitro work to the in vivo situation. Significantly, the dedifferentiation microarray study identified differentially expressed genes whose products may be considered candidates as more appropriate osteogenic supplements that may be used during in vitro experiments to better induce in vivo-like osteoblast differentiation. This study has made a substantial contribution to the identification of novel genes and pathways involved in controlling human suture morphogenesis and craniofacial diversity. The results from this research will stimulate new areas of inquiry which will one day aid in the development of better diagnostics and therapeutics for craniosynostosis, and other craniofacial and more general skeletal abnormalities.

6

Coussens, Anna Kathleen. "Molecular regulation of calvarial suture morphogenesis and human craniofacial diversity." Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16481/.

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This body of work is concerned with the genetics of craniofacial morphology and specifically with that of the cranial sutures which form fibrous articulations between the calvarial bones. The premature fusion of these sutures, known as craniosynostosis, is a common developmental abnormality and has been extensively utilised here as a tool through which to study the genetics of suture morphogenesis and craniofacial diversity. Investigations began with a search for polymorphisms associated with normal variation in human craniofacial characteristics. Denaturing High-Performance Liquid chromatography was used to identify polymorphisms in two genes causative for craniosynostosis by analysing DNA from a large cohort of individuals from four ethnogeographic populations. A single nucleotide polymorphism in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 was identified as being associated with variation in the cephalic index, a common measure of cranial shape. To further, and specifically, investigate the molecular processes of suture morphogenesis gene expression was compared between unfused and prematurely fusing/fused suture tissues isolated from patients with craniosynostosis. Two approaches, both utilising Affymetrix gene expression microarrays, were used to identify genes differentially expressed during premature suture fusion. The first was a novel method which utilised the observation that explant cells from both fused and unfused suture tissue, cultured in minimal medium, produce a gene expression profile characteristic of minimally differentiated osteoblastic cells. Consequently, gene expression was compared between prematurely fused suture tissues and their corresponding in vitro de-differentiated cells. In addition to those genes known to be involved in suture morphogenesis, a large number of novel genes were identified which were up-regulated in the differentiated in vivo state and are thus implicated in premature suture fusion and in vivo osteoblast differentiation. The second microarray study involved an extensive analysis of 16 suture tissues and compared gene expression between unfused (n=9) and fusing/fused sutures (n=7). Again, both known genes and a substantially large number of novel genes were identified as being differentially expressed. Some of these novel genes included retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), glypican 3 (GPC3), C1q tumour necrosis factor 3 (C1QTNF3), and WNT inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1). The known functions of these genes are suggestive of potential roles in suture morphogenesis. Realtime quantitative RT PCR (QRT-PCR) was used to verify the differential expression patterns observed for 11 genes and Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy was used to investigate the protein expression for 3 genes of interest. RBP4 was found to be localised on the ectocranial surface of unfused sutures and in cells lining the osteogenic fronts while GPC3 was localised to suture mesenchyme of unfused sutures. A comparison between each unfused suture (coronal, sagittal, metopic, and lambdoid) demonstrated that gene expression profiles are suture-specific which, based on the identification of differentially expressed genes, suggests possible molecular bases for the differential timing of normal fusion and the response of each suture to different craniosynostosis mutations. One observation of particular interest was the presence of cartilage in unfused lambdoid sutures, suggesting a role for chondrogenesis in posterior skull sutures which have generally been thought to develop by intramembranous ossification without a cartilage precursor. Finally, the effects of common media supplements used in in vitro experiments to stimulate differentiation of calvarial suture-derived cells were investigated with respect to their ability to induce in vivo-like gene expression. The response to standard differentiation medium (ascorbic acid + β-glycerophosphate) with and without dexamethasone was measured by both mineralisation and matrix formation assays and QRT-PCR of genes identified in the above described microarray studies. Both media induced collagen matrix and bone nodule formation indicative of differentiating osteoblasts. However, the genes expression profiles induced by both media differed and neither recapitulated the levels and profiles of gene expression observed in vivo for cells isolated from both fused and unfused suture tissues. This study has implications for translating results from in vitro work to the in vivo situation. Significantly, the dedifferentiation microarray study identified differentially expressed genes whose products may be considered candidates as more appropriate osteogenic supplements that may be used during in vitro experiments to better induce in vivo-like osteoblast differentiation. This study has made a substantial contribution to the identification of novel genes and pathways involved in controlling human suture morphogenesis and craniofacial diversity. The results from this research will stimulate new areas of inquiry which will one day aid in the development of better diagnostics and therapeutics for craniosynostosis, and other craniofacial and more general skeletal abnormalities.

7

Hohol, Kateryna Vyacheslavivna, and Катерина В’ячеславівна Гоголь. "Islam as a civilizational factor of Europe`s future." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/51641.

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1.Культурно-цивілізаційний простір Європи і Україна: особливості становлення та сучасні тенденції розвитку: колективна монографія / керівник авторського колективу і науковий редактор − А. І. Кудряченко // Інститут європейських досліджень НАН України. − К. : Університет «Україна», 2010. − 405 с. − [Електронний ресурс]. − Режим доступу: http://elibrary.ivinas.gov.ua/67/1/ cultprostir.pdf 2. Тойнбі А. Дж. Дослідження історії / А. Дж. Тойнбі. – К.: Основи, 2004. – 615 с. 3. Huntington S. The Clash of Civilizations And the remaking of World Order –[Електронний ресурс]. − Режим доступу: https://www.stetson.edu/artsci/politicalscience/media/clash.pdf 4. Taylor Ch. Religion and European Integration. Religion in the New Europe / еd. by Krzysztof Michalski. Central European University Press, ‒ 2013. ‒ P. 1–22. 5. The future of the global Muslim population. Europe. Pew Research Center. – January 27, 2011. – [Електронний ресурс]. − Режим доступу: http://www.pewforum. org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslimpopulationregional-europe
Islam is the fastest-growing religion in Europe, primarily due to immigration and higher fertility rates among Muslims. For most European countries, in terms of socio-economic and demographic calculations, the need for an influx of immigrants was due to the trends of aging nations and the needs of the European labor market. Migration processes are becoming an important factor in socio-religious transformation in Europe and require finding ways to integrate Muslim communities into European societies, one of the goals of which is to preserve the national identity of European countries. The purpose of the scientific work is to identify and substantiate the impact of Islamic factor in the European cultural-civilization space. The civilization is a system whose constituent elements are peoples, nations, states, integrated into a certain integrity, the system-forming factor of which is the value-world unity, accumulated primarily in religious experience and spiritual practice. Of course, different civilizations have common features of an objective nature, such as language, history, religion, customs, institutions.
Іслам є найбільш швидкозростаючою релігією в Європі, в першу чергу завдяки імміграції та підвищенню рівня народжуваності серед мусульман. Для більшості європейських країн, з точки зору соціально-економічних та демографічних розрахунків, необхідність припливу іммігрантів зумовлена тенденціями старіння націй та потребами європейського ринку праці. Міграційні процеси стають важливим фактором соціально-релігійної трансформації в Європі і вимагають пошуку шляхів інтеграції мусульманських спільнот до європейських суспільств, однією з цілей яких є збереження національної ідентичності європейських країн. Метою наукової роботи є виявлення та обґрунтування впливу ісламського чинника на європейський культурно-цивілізаційний простір. Цивілізація - це система, складовими елементами якої є народи, нації, держави, інтегровані в певну цілісність, системоутворюючим фактором якої є цілісність-світова єдність, накопичена насамперед у релігійному досвіді та духовній практиці. Звичайно, різні цивілізації мають спільні риси об’єктивного характеру, такі як мова, історія, релігія, звичаї, установи.

8

Baleshan, Tharunie. "Analysis of distributed beamforming in cooperative communications network with phase shifter based smart antenna nodes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/84539/1/Tharunie_Baleshan_Thesis.pdf.

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This research study investigates the application of phase shifter-based smart antenna system in distributed beamforming. It examines the way to optimise the transmit power by jointly maximising the directivity of the array antennas and the weight vector for distributed beamforming. This research study concludes that maximising directivity can lead to better transmit power minimisation compared to maximising field intensity. This study also concludes that signal to noise power ratio maximisation subject to a power constraint and power minimisation subject to a signal to noise power ratio constraint yield the same results.

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Seabra, Fernando Miguel da Silva. "A proximidade cultural como factor de decisão do investimento: o caso do investimento português no Brasil." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/581.

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Mestrado em Economia Internacional
Desde 1996 que as empresas portuguesas têm vindo a escolher o Brasil como mercado de eleição para a localização dos seus investimentos. Este país passou a ser um factor crucial na definição das estratégias de internacionalização das empresas portuguesas. As teorias que argumentam que o processo de internacionalização é um processo de decisões incrementais no sentido de um envolvimento crescente das empresas em operações internacionais, sugerem que quando a experiência das empresas acerca do desenvolvimento destas operações é reduzida, estas optarão de início por investir em países psicologicamente/culturalmente mais próximos do país de origem. O presente trabalho parte do pressuposto de que a proximidade cultural entre Portugal e o Brasil foi um factor influente no processo de decisão conducente ao investimento das empresas portuguesas neste país. São estudados cinco casos de empresas portuguesas que investiram no Brasil, no sentido de confirmar ou não este pressuposto. As questões relacionadas com a gestão dos recursos humanos e o recurso das empresas aos gestores expatriados, são igualmente analisadas por se entender que é a este nível que a gestão da diversidade cultural coloca mais problemas.
Since 1996 portuguese companies have chosen Brazil as a preference market for the location of its investments. This country thus became a crucial element in the definition of the internationalization strategies in the portuguese companies. The theories that consider the internationalization as an incremental process, in which the companies will become gradually more involved in international operations, argue that these companies, because of their scarce experience about these operations will choose, in an initial stage, to locate its investments in psychology/culturally countries close to their home market. This work starts with the argument that cultural proximity between Portugal and Brazil was an influent factor in the decision process that has lead the companies to invest in Brazil. Five cases of portuguese companies that have invested in Brazil, are studied, with the goal of confirming, or not, this argument. Issues concerning human resource management, as well the use of international managers as a resource are also analysed, because of the assumption that it is on this level that management of cultural diversity faces more problems.

10

Gustavsson, Gina. "Treacherous Liberties : Isaiah Berlin's Theory of Positive and Negative Freedom in Contemporary Political Culture." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-158848.

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Contemporary attitudes in affluent Western societies are characterised by a growing emphasis on individual freedom. What, then, does this commitment to liberty entail for our openness to diversity; and ultimately for liberal democracy? Previous research on popular attitudes, for example by Ronald Inglehart, tends to assume that valuing freedom entails an encouragement of a plurality of life-styles. This thesis, by contrast, argues that there are several ideals of freedom in public opinion; ideals that may have opposing consequences for our permissiveness towards ways of life that differ from our own. The introductory essay in this book suggests that Isaiah Berlin’s theory of positive and negative freedom provides a fruitful analytical framework, which helps theorise and empirically nuance our picture of popular ideals of freedom. Essay I goes on to present a novel, psychological, interpretation of Berlin’s Two Concepts of Liberty. This essay also suggests that Berlin was critical not only of enlightened ideals of positive liberty, but also of romantic ones, which might be even more widespread today. Essay II then applies Berlin’s framework to contemporary survey data. Through confirmatory factor and regression analyses, this essay demonstrates that Berlin’s negative-positive distinction does in fact hold also in popular opinion; and that the two dimensions have rather different effects on moral and legal permissiveness. Essay III, finally, revisits a recent example of disrespect in the name of liberty: the Danish cartoon controversy. This essay develops the concept of ‘romantic liberalism’, thereby deepening our knowledge of romantic ideals of positive liberty, and their particularly disrespectful tendencies. Drawing on Isaiah Berlin, and his critique of positive liberty, the essays in this thesis together suggest that it is crucial for liberal democracy to recognise the existence of treacherous liberties: ideals that lead their supporters to ridicule, condemn, or even prohibit ways of life that differ from their own – all in the name of liberty.
The Impact of Religion

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Книги з теми "Diversity Factor":

1

Driedger, Leo. The ethnic factor: Identity in diversity. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1989.

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Y, Cross Elsie, and White Margaret Blackburn, eds. The diversity factor: Capturing the competitive advantage of a changing workforce. Chicago: Irwin Professional Pub., 1996.

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Koen, Steemers, and Steane Mary Ann, eds. Environmental diversity and architecture. London: Spon Press, 2004.

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Dore, Ronald. British factory, Japanese factory: The origins of national diversity in industrial relations. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

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Dore, Ronald. British factory - Japanese factory: The origins of national diversity in industrial relations. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

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Dore, Ronald Philip. British factory, Japanese factory: The origins of national diversity in industrial relations. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

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7

Hubbard, Edward E. Measuring diversity results. Petaluma, CA: Global Insights Pub., 1997.

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8

Steemers, Koen. Environmental Diversity in Architecture. London: Taylor & Francis Inc, 2004.

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9

Steemers, Koen. Environmental Diversity in Architecture. London: Taylor & Francis Group Plc, 2004.

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10

1951-, Peters Robert L., and Lovejoy Thomas E, eds. Global warming and biological diversity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

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Частини книг з теми "Diversity Factor":

1

Weik, Martin H. "diversity factor." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 449. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5454.

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Seidler, Norbert W. "GAPDH, as a Virulence Factor." In GAPDH: Biological Properties and Diversity, 149–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4716-6_5.

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3

Tuncel, Tülay. "Multilingualism as an economic factor." In Diversity and Inclusion across languages, 213–15. Berlin: Frank & Timme GmbH, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57088/978-3-7329-9098-6_14.

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Kaasa, Anneli. "Culture as a Possible Factor of Innovation: Evidence from the European Union and Neighboring Countries." In Re-thinking Diversity, 83–107. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-11502-9_5.

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Kumar, Raj, and Donald J. Hanahan. "Diversity of the Biochemical and Biological Behavior of Platelet-Activating Factor." In Platelet-Activating Factor and Related Lipid Mediators, 239–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5284-6_10.

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Becci, Irene. "European Research on Religious Diversity as a Factor in the Rehabilitation of Prisoners: An Introduction." In Religious Diversity in European Prisons, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16778-7_1.

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7

Shevtsova, N. L., and L. I. Yablonskay. "Species Diversity as a Factor of Radiostability of Algal Cenosis." In Equidosimetry — Ecological Standardization and Equidosimetry for Radioecology and Environmental Ecology, 93–97. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3650-7_12.

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Kissi, Ernest, Clinton Aigbavboa, Eugène Danquah Smith, and Titus Ebenezer Kwofie. "Diversity and Inclusion in the Construction Industry: The Vulnerability Factor." In Emerging Debates in the Construction Industry, 3–27. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003340348-2.

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9

Roberts, Charles T., William L. Lowe, and Derek LeRoith. "Transcriptional Diversity in Rat Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Gene Expression." In Molecular and Cellular Biology of Insulin-like Growth Factors and Their Receptors, 107–16. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5685-1_9.

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Berry, Gillian. "Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion and the Default Factor: An Indigenous Perspective." In Stepped Care 2.0: The Power of Conundrums, 161–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45206-2_10.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Diversity Factor":

1

Byron, James, and Wayne Iba. "Population Diversity as a Selection Factor." In GECCO '16: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2908961.2931653.

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Alan, Hasan Faik, and Jasleen Kaur. "Client Diversity Factor in HTTPS Webpage Fingerprinting." In CODASPY '19: Ninth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3292006.3300045.

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3

Dolgolapteva, Kristina. "Historical Myths in Online Media Publications as a Factor of the Belarusian National Identity Construction." In Slavic World: Commonality and Diversity. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0869.2022.1.05.

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4

Babosha, Ivan A. "Polish Emigration of 1830–1860s as a Factor in the Development of Third Section’s Undercover Practices." In Slavic World: Commonality and Diversity. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0869.2021.1.12.

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5

Rafiqul, Islam Md, M. Laith Altajjar, Mohammad Shawkat Habib, Khaizuran Abdullah, M. Mahfujur Rashid, and K. Lubaba Bashar. "Frequency diversity improvement factor for rain fade mitigation in Malaysia." In 2015 IEEE International WIE Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (WIECON-ECE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wiecon-ece.2015.7443886.

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6

Budiarti, Yati, Kama Abdul Hakam, and Ace Suryadi. "The Factor Contributing Most to Midwife’s Professional Character." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Educational Psychology and Pedagogy - "Diversity in Education" (ICEPP 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200130.125.

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Chodkaveekityada, Peeramed. "Direction Dependence Factor in Site Diversity Design for Kanto Area, Japan." In 35th AIAA International Communications Satellite Systems Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2017-5422.

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Wang, Wenyu, Nanpeng Yu, Jie Shi, and Nery Navarro. "Diversity Factor Prediction for Distribution Feeders with Interpretable Machine Learning Algorithms." In 2020 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm41954.2020.9281832.

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9

Cheng, Jixiang, and Gexiang Zhang. "Improved Differential Evolutions Using a Dynamic Differential Factor and Population Diversity." In 2009 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computational Intelligence. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aici.2009.151.

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10

Chukwu, Uwakwe C., Okezie A. Nworgu, and Damian O. Dike. "Impact of V2G penetration on distribution system components using diversity factor." In SOUTHEASTCON 2014. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/secon.2014.7487892.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Diversity Factor":

1

Álvarez, Isabel, and Yury Castillo. Gender Diversity, Innovation, and Open Innovation in the Caribbean Region. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004853.

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The Caribbean economies are well-ranked in terms of womens participation in the labor market, but less so in terms of innovation, suggesting the relevance of an analysis of gender diversitys impact on innovation. This paper examines how gender diversity in Caribbean firm affects the formation of external partnerships and agreements for innovation, and also how the effects of that diversity on innovative outcomes are influenced by the presence of women in diverse positions within a firm. Using information for 13 Caribbean countries from the Innovation, Firm Productivity and Gender (IFPG) database, this study confirms gender diversity as a factor which both improves the likelihood of innovation, as well as spurring the decision to collaborate with other firms and organizations. However, impacts will depend on the areas within a firm in which women are present. Gender diversity in the total workforce and in production and non-production activities is more effective than when women are present in areas solely related to management. These findings prompt a reflection on policy implications around the definition or improvement of measures oriented to the closing of innovation-related gender gaps.

2

Fluhr, Robert, and Volker Brendel. Harnessing the genetic diversity engendered by alternative gene splicing. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696517.bard.

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Our original objectives were to assess the unexplored dimension of alternative splicing as a source of genetic variation. In particular, we sought to initially establish an alternative splicing database for Arabidopsis, the only plant for which a near-complete genome has been assembled. Our goal was to then use the database, in part, to advance plant gene prediction programs that are currently a limiting factor in annotating genomic sequence data and thus will facilitate the exploitation of the ever increasing quantity of raw genomic data accumulating for plants. Additionally, the database was to be used to generate probes for establishing high-throughput alternative transcriptome analysis in the form of a splicing-specific oligonucleotide microarray. We achieved the first goal and established a database and web site termed Alternative Splicing In Plants (ASIP, http://www.plantgdb.org/ASIP/). We also thoroughly reviewed the extent of alternative splicing in plants (Arabidopsis and rice) and proposed mechanisms for transcript processing. We noted that the repertoire of plant alternative splicing differs from that encountered in animals. For example, intron retention turned out to be the major type. This surprising development was proven by direct RNA isolation techniques. We further analyzed EST databases available from many plants and developed a process to assess their alternative splicing rate. Our results show that the lager genome-sized plant species have enhanced rates of alternative splicing. We did advance gene prediction accuracy in plants by incorporating scoring for non-canonical introns. Our data and programs are now being used in the continuing annotation of plant genomes of agronomic importance, including corn, soybean, and tomato. Based on the gene annotation data developed in the early part of the project, it turned out that specific probes for different exons could not be scaled up to a large array because no uniform hybridization conditions could be found. Therefore, we modified our original objective to design and produce an oligonucleotide microarray for probing alternative splicing and realized that it may be reasonable to investigate the extent of alternative splicing using novel commercial whole genome arrays. This possibility was directly examined by establishing algorithms for the analysis of such arrays. The predictive value of the algorithms was then shown by isolation and verification of alternative splicing predictions from the published whole genome array databases. The BARD-funded work provides a significant advance in understanding the extent and possible roles of alternative splicing in plants as well as a foundation for advances in computational gene prediction.

3

Fridman, Eyal, Jianming Yu, and Rivka Elbaum. Combining diversity within Sorghum bicolor for genomic and fine mapping of intra-allelic interactions underlying heterosis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597925.bard.

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Heterosis, the enigmatic phenomenon in which whole genome heterozygous hybrids demonstrate superior fitness compared to their homozygous parents, is the main cornerstone of modern crop plant breeding. One explanation for this non-additive inheritance of hybrids is interaction of alleles within the same locus. This proposal aims at screening, identifying and investigating heterosis trait loci (HTL) for different yield traits by implementing a novel integrated mapping approach in Sorghum bicolor as a model for other crop plants. Originally, the general goal of this research was to perform a genetic dissection of heterosis in a diallel built from a set of Sorghum bicolor inbred lines. This was conducted by implementing a novel computational algorithm which aims at associating between specific heterozygosity found among hybrids with heterotic variation for different agronomic traits. The initial goals of the research are: (i) Perform genotype by sequencing (GBS) of the founder lines (ii) To evaluate the heterotic variation found in the diallel by performing field trails and measurements in the field (iii) To perform QTL analysis for identifying heterotic trait loci (HTL) (iv) to validate candidate HTL by testing the quantitative mode of inheritance in F2 populations, and (v) To identify candidate HTL in NAM founder lines and fine map these loci by test-cross selected RIL derived from these founders. The genetic mapping was initially achieved with app. 100 SSR markers, and later the founder lines were genotyped by sequencing. In addition to the original proposed research we have added two additional populations that were utilized to further develop the HTL mapping approach; (1) A diallel of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that was tested for heterosis of doubling time, and (2) a recombinant inbred line population of Sorghum bicolor that allowed testing in the field and in more depth the contribution of heterosis to plant height, as well as to achieve novel simulation for predicting dominant and additive effects in tightly linked loci on pseudooverdominance. There are several conclusions relevant to crop plants in general and to sorghum breeding and biology in particular: (i) heterosis for reproductive (1), vegetative (2) and metabolic phenotypes is predominantly achieved via dominance complementation. (ii) most loci that seems to be inherited as overdominant are in fact achieving superior phenotype of the heterozygous due to linkage in repulsion, namely by pseudooverdominant mechanism. Our computer simulations show that such repulsion linkage could influence QTL detection and estimation of effect in segregating populations. (iii) A new height QTL (qHT7.1) was identified near the genomic region harboring the known auxin transporter Dw3 in sorghum, and its genetic dissection in RIL population demonstrated that it affects both the upper and lower parts of the plant, whereas Dw3 affects only the part below the flag leaf. (iv) HTL mapping for grain nitrogen content in sorghum grains has identified several candidate genes that regulate this trait, including several putative nitrate transporters and a transcription factor belonging to the no-apical meristem (NAC)-like large gene family. This activity was combined with another BARD-funded project in which several de-novo mutants in this gene were identified for functional analysis.

4

Knotek-Smith, Heather, and Catherine Thomas. Microbial dynamics of a fluidized bed bioreactor treating perchlorate in groundwater. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45403.

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Optimization of operation and performance of the groundwater treatment system regarding perchlorate removal at Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant (LHAAP) is dependent on specific conditions within the reactor and the larger groundwater treatment process. This study evaluated the microbial community compositions within the plant during periods of adequate perchlorate degradation, sub-adequate perchlorate degradation, and non-operating conditions. Factors affecting the performance of the LHAAP ground water treatment system (GWTS) perchlorate de-grading fluidized bed reactor (FBR) are identified and discussed. Isolation of the FBR from naturally occurring microbial populations in the groundwater was the most significant factor reducing system effectiveness. The microbial population within the FBR is highly susceptible to system upsets, which leads to declining diversity within the reactor. As designed, the system operates for extended periods without the desired perchlorate removal without intervention such as a seed inoculant. A range of modifications and the operation of the system are identified to increase the effectiveness of perchlorate removal at LHAAP.

5

Droby, S., J. L. Norelli, M. E. Wisniewski, S. Freilich, A. Faigenboim, and C. Dardick. Microbial networks on harvested apples and the design of antagonistic consortia to control postharvest pathogens. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134164.bard.

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We have demonstrated, at a global level, the existence of spatial variation in the fungal and bacterial composition of different fruit tissues. The composition, diversity and abundance varied in fruit harvested in different geographical locations and suggests a potential link between location and the type and rate of postharvest diseases that develop in each country. The global core microbiome of apple fruit was determined and found to be represented by several beneficial microbial taxa and accounted for a large fraction of the fruit microbial community. To further characterize apple fruit the microbiome after harvest, a detailed study was performed to evaluate effects of postharvest practices on the composition of the fruit peel. Microbiota. Results of this work conformed our findings that tissue-type is the main factor driving fungal and bacterial diversity and community composition on apple fruit. Both postharvest treatments and low temperature storage had a great impact on the fungal and bacterial diversity and community composition of these tissue types. Distinct spatial and temporal changes in the composition and diversity of the microbiota were observed in response to various postharvest management practices. Our results clearly indicated that apple fruit has a unique core microbiome that is universal. Analysis of the microbiome across Malus species indicates that the microbiome of domesticated apple has a higher diversity and abundance and is an admixture of the microbiome present in its wild progenitors, with clear evidence for introgression. These findings support the existence of co-evolution between Malus species and their microbiome during domestication. A network analysis of the metagenomics data was used to further elucidate functional differences between the microbiome of organic vs. conventional fruit. Our analysis predicted a link between Capnodiales and the degradation of aromatic compounds. Alternaria, a genus in the Capnodiales genus, is one of the main pathogens of stored apple fruit and was also abundant in our samples. The potential role of Alternaria in the degradation of aromatic compounds is in agreement with previous studies indicating a link between Alternaria and the metabolism of the aromatic compound, alphafarnesene38, a key volatile secreted by the fruit during maturation. A greater number of metabolic pathways related to plant defense substances (e.g. terpenoids and alkaloids) were identified in the microbiome of organic fruit samples, while more antibiotic-related metabolic pathways for compounds such as Erythromycin, Avermectin, Ansamycin, and Penicillin were present in the microbiome of apple fruit samples grown using conventional management practices.

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Busby, Ryan, Thomas Douglas, Joshua LeMonte, David Ringelberg, and Karl Indest. Metal accumulation capacity in indigenous Alaska vegetation growing on military training lands. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41443.

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Permafrost thawing could increase soil contaminant mobilization in the environment. Our objective was to quantify metal accumulation capacities for plant species and functional groups common to Alaskan military training ranges where elevated soil metal concentrations were likely to occur. Plant species across multiple military training range sites were collected. Metal content in shoots and roots was compared to soil metal concentrations to calculate bioconcentration and translocation factors. On average, grasses accumulated greater concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn relative to forbs or shrubs, and bioconcentrated greater concentrations of Ni and Pb. Shrubs bioconcentrated greater concentrations of Sb. Translocation to shoots was greatest among the forbs. Three native plants were identified as candidate species for use in metal phytostabilization applications. Elymus macrourus, a grass, bioconcentrated substantial concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn in roots with low translocation to shoots. Elaeagnus commutata, a shrub, bioconcentrated the greatest amounts of Sb, Ni, and Cr, with a low translocation factor. Solidago decumbens bio-concentrated the greatest amount of Sb among the forbs and translocated the least amount of metals. A combination of forb, shrub, and grass will likely enhance phytostabilization of heavy metals in interior Alaska soils through increased functional group diversity.

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Paran, Ilan, and Allen Van Deynze. Regulation of pepper fruit color, chloroplasts development and their importance in fruit quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598173.bard.

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Pepper exhibits large natural variation in chlorophyll content in the immature fruit. To dissect the genetic and molecular basis of this variation, we conducted QTL mapping for chlorophyll content in a cross between light and dark green-fruited parents, PI 152225 and 1154. Two major QTLs, pc1 and pc10, that control chlorophyll content by modulation of chloroplast compartment size in a fruit-specific manner were detected in chromosomes 1 and 10, respectively. The pepper homolog of GOLDEN2- LIKE transcription factor (CaGLK2) was found as underlying pc10, similar to its effect on tomato fruit chloroplast development. A candidate gene for pc1was found as controlling chlorophyll content in pepper by the modulation of chloroplast size and number. Fine mapping of pc1 aided by bulked DNA and RNA-seq analyses enabled the identification of a zinc finger transcription factor LOL1 (LSD-One-Like 1) as a candidate gene underlying pc1. LOL1 is a positive regulator of oxidative stress- induced cell death in Arabidopsis. However, over expression of the rice ortholog resulted in an increase of chlorophyll content. Interestingly, CaAPRR2 that is linked to the QTL and was found to affect immature pepper fruit color in a previous study, did not have a significant effect on chlorophyll content in the present study. Verification of the candidate's function was done by generating CRISPR/Cas9 knockout mutants of the orthologues tomato gene, while its knockout experiment in pepper by genome editing is under progress. Phenotypic similarity as a consequence of disrupting the transcription factor in both pepper and tomato indicated its functional conservation in controlling chlorophyll content in the Solanaceae. A limited sequence diversity study indicated that null mutations in CaLOL1 and its putative interactorCaMIP1 are present in C. chinensebut not in C. annuum. Combinations of mutations in CaLOL1, CaMIP1, CaGLK2 and CaAPRR2 are required for the creation of the extreme variation in chlorophyll content in Capsicum.

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Grumet, R., J. Burger, Y. Tadmor, A. Gur, C. Barry, A. Schäffer, and M. Petreikov. Cucumis fruit surface biology: Genetic analysis of fruit exocarp features in melon (C. melo) and cucumber (C. sativus). Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134155.bard.

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The fruit surface (exocarp) is a unique tissue with multiple roles influencing fruit growth and development, disease susceptibility, crop yield, post-harvest treatments, shipping and storage quality, and food safety. Furthermore, highly visible exocarp traits are the consumer's first exposure to the fruit, serving to identify fruit type, variety, attractiveness, and market value. Cucurbit fruit, including the closely related Cucumis species, melon (C. melo) and cucumber (C. sativus), exhibit tremendous diversity for fruit surface properties that are not present in model species. In this project, we identified genetic factors influencing Cucumis fruit surface morphology with respect to important quality determinants such as exocarp and flesh color, cuticle deposition, and surface netting. We employed a combination of approaches including: genome-wide association studies (GWAS) utilizing an extensive melon population and the U.S. Plant Introduction (PI) collection for cucumber to identify genomic regions associated with natural variation in fruit surface traits; bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR-seq) analysis of bi-parental F2:3 or RIL (recombinant inbred line) populations to genomic regions and candidate genes segregating for fruit surface traits; and comparison of syntenic genomic regions and identification of homologous candidate genes. Candidate genes were examined for sequence and/or expression differences during fruit development that correspond with phenotypic differences. Primary outcomes of the work included identification of candidate genes influencing cuticle deposition, epidermal cell structure, surface netting, and intensity of rind and flesh color. Parallel studies identified mutations within the cucumber and melon homologs of the transcription factor WIN1 (WAX INDUCER1) as a significant factor influencing these surface properties. Additional QTL (quantitative trait loci) were identified in both species, and candidate genes in melon include a novel beta-glucosidase involved in lignin production and an integral membrane protein potentially involved in cuticle metabolism. Genetic resources and biochemical approaches have been developed to study cuticle and wax deposition in both species: segregating populations of melon were developed and sequenced for bulked segregant analysis and samples collected for metabolic analysis; an isolation procedure was developed for lipid droplets from cucumber peel and metabolomic analyses have been initiated. Genetic studies in melon identified mutations in a candidate gene (APRR2), associated with light immature rind, and further indicated that this gene is also associated with color intensity of both mature rinds and flesh, making it a good target for breeding. GWAS studies utilizing the cucumber core diversity population are being performed to identify additional sources of variation for fruit surface properties, map QTL, and examine for synteny with melon. Collectively these studies identified genetic regions associated with important quality traits and contributed to our understanding of underlying biological processes associated with fruit surface development. Knowledge of genetic control of these characteristics can facilitate more efficient breeding for important fruit surface traits.

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Ludena, Carlos, Thomas Hertel, Paul Preckel, Kenneth Foster, and Alejandro Nin-Pratt. Productivity Growth and Convergence in Crop, Ruminant and Non-Ruminant Production: Measurement and Forecasts. GTAP Working Paper, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp35.

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There is considerable interest in projections of future productivity growth in agriculture. Whether one is interested in the outlook for global commodity markets, future patterns of international trade, or the interactions between land use, deforestation and ecological diversity, the rate of productivity growth in agriculture is an essential input. Yet solid projections for this variable have proven elusive – particularly on a global basis. This is due, in no small part, to the difficulty in measuring historical productivity growth. The purpose of this paper is to report the latest time series evidence on total factor productivity growth for crops, ruminants and non-ruminant livestock, on a global basis. We then follow with tests for convergence amongst regions, providing forecasts for farm productivity growth to the year 2040. The results suggest that most regions in the sample are likely to experience larger productivity gains in livestock than in crops. Within livestock, the non-ruminant sector is expected to continue to be more dynamic than the ruminant sector. Given the rapid rates of productivity growth observed recently, non-ruminant and crop productivity in developing countries may be converging to the productivity levels of developed countries. For ruminants, the results show that productivity levels may be diverging between developed and developing countries.

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Rose, Jonathan, Pablo Alonso, Anna Risi Vianna Crespo, María del Mar Carpanelli, Johanan Rivera, Megan O'Donnell, and Maya Jansson. Evaluation of the Bank's Support for Gender and Diversity. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010687.

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The objective of the evaluation is to assess how well and to what extent the IDB’s activities to date have promoted gender equality, women’s empowerment, and development with identity. The evaluation focuses on three key aspects: (i) the relevance of the Bank’s approach (its policy framework and the implementation of that framework) to promoting gender equality, women’s empowerment, and development with identity; (ii) the extent of its activities to support gender and diversity; and (iii) the institutional factors that influence these activities. Findings seek to identify factors that affect the success of various types of operations in different contexts, and to provide recommendations on how the Bank can enhance its support for gender and diversity.