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Статті в журналах з теми "Distribution of total power consumption"
1
Wang, Guan, Chao Qin, Yan Li Huang, and Zhong Fu Tan. "Coal Transportation Network Optimization Model Based on Power Source Distribution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 740 (March 2015): 918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.740.918.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coal is the important fuel and industrial raw materials in my country, and it accounts for 70% of total energy production and consumption in our country, and power plants’ coal consumption accounts for more than half of national total coal consumption. The research of electric-coal supply chain related to coal production place, coal transit place and consumption place (power plant). Due to there are many nodes like these three kinds coal transportation in the market, so the project that integrates every nodes into unified transportation optimization network has the function of reducing coal consumption and saving transportation costs. The paper constructs coal transportation analysis model, electric-coal supply and transportation path dynamic optimization model based on electric-coal transportation network analysis, and make effective analysis for choosing electric-coal transportation path. The paper also puts forward electric-coal supply chain optimization measures from electric-coal supply chain integration and ports building.
2
Duan, Li Qiang, Xiang Pan, Ke Xin Huang, and Yong Ping Yang. "Energy Consumption Distribution Research of a 600MW Supercritical Power Plant under Various Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1761–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1761.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To identify the potential of energy conversation in power units, the energy consumption distribution model of supercritical power generation unit under various conditions are established based on a 600MW supercritical power generation system. Methods of unit energy consumption are applied and the total additional energy consumption is calculated under various loads, which varies from 30% TMCR load to full TMCR load. The energy consumption distribution of every heater in the boiler, cylinders of the turbine and the whole plant unit are analyzed. And the distribution rules of energy consumption of various conditions are revealed. The effects of key parameters on unit energy consumption are also investigated.
3
TAWFIK, SHERIF A., and VOLKAN KURSUN. "CLOCK DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS WITH GRADUAL SIGNAL TRANSITION TIME RELAXATION FOR REDUCED POWER CONSUMPTION." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 17, no. 06 (December 2008): 1173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126608004824.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Clock distribution network consumes a significant portion of the total chip power since the clock signal has the highest activity factor and drives the largest capacitive load in a synchronous integrated circuit. A new methodology is proposed in this paper for buffer insertion and sizing in an H-tree clock distribution network. The objective of the algorithm is to minimize the total power consumption while satisfying the maximum acceptable clock transition time constraints at the leaves of the clock distribution network for maintaining high performance. The new methodology employs nonuniform buffer insertion and progressive relaxation of the transition time requirements from the leaves to the root of the clock distribution network. The proposed algorithm provides up to 30% savings in the total power consumption without sacrificing clock skew as compared to a standard algorithm with uniform buffer insertion aimed at maintaining uniform transition time constraints at all the nodes of a clock tree in a 180 nm CMOS technology.
4
CHAO, KAI-YUAN, and D. F. WONG. "FLOORPLAN DESIGN WITH LOW POWER CONSIDERATIONS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 07, no. 02 (June 1996): 305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s012915649600013x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper, a floorplanner for low power design is presented. Our objective is to optimize total power consumption and area during the selection and placement of various implementations for circuit modules. Furthermore, the proposed method considers performance requirements, power line noises, and distribution of power consumption in order to generate lower and evenly distributed power dissipation over the resulting circuit floorplan with a specified performance. For a set of benchmark circuits we tested, on the average, our floorplanner can achieve decreases of total power consumption, wire-length, and power/ground network size by 18.3%, 4.6%, and 24%, respectively, at the cost of an area increase of 8.8% when compared with an existing area/wire-length driven floorplanner.
5
Wang, Di, Guo Zhong Sun, and Xu Guang Jia. "Dynamic Change and Sector Distribution of Export-Derived Energy Consumption in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 4193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.4193.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dynamic change and pattern of export derived energy consumption during 2002-2010 in China was calculated and analyzed. The proportion of export derived energy consumption to total energy consumption of China showed a converted V pattern. The direct energy consumption from metallurgical and chemical industries accounts for a large proportion in the total direct energy consumption of china's export. Although the proportion of direct energy consumption from equipment industry is relatively small, its proportion of embodied energy consumption is high due to its long industry chain and high input of energy-intensive intermediate. In order to reduce the direct and embodied energy consumption from the export of equipment industry, modern technologies and effective management methods should be adopted to upgrade and enhance the total industry. Additionally, measures should be taken to reduce the energy consumption of its related up-stream's industries such as metallurgy and power industry. Keywords. Embodied energy, export, dynamic change, sector distribution, China
6
Devarapalli, Hari Prasad, V. S. S. Siva Sarma Dhanikonda, and Sitarama Brahmam Gunturi. "Non-Intrusive Identification of Load Patterns in Smart Homes Using Percentage Total Harmonic Distortion." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 6, 2020): 4628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184628.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Demand Response (DR) plays a vital role in a smart grid, helping consumers plan their usage patterns and optimize electricity consumption and also reduce harmonic pollution in a distribution grid without compromising on their needs. The first step of DR is the disaggregation of loads and identifying them individually. The literature suggests that this is accomplished through electric features. Present-day households are using modern power electronic-based nonlinear loads such as LED (Light Emitting Diode) lamps, electronic regulators and digital controllers to reduce the electricity consumption. Furthermore, usage of SMPS (Switched-Mode Power Supply) for computing and mobile phone chargers is increasing in every home. These nonlinear loads, while reducing electricity consumption, also introduce harmonic pollution into the distribution grid. This article presents a deterministic approach to the non-intrusive identification of load patterns using percentage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) for DR management from a Power Quality perspective. The percentage THD of various combinations of loads is estimated by enhanced dual-spectrum line interpolated FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) with a four-term minimal side-lobe window using a LabVIEW-based hardware setup in real time. The results demonstrate that percentage THD identifies a different combination of loads effectively and advocates alternate load combinations for recommending to the consumer to reduce harmonic pollution in the distribution grid.
7
Cardot, Hervé, Anne De Moliner, and Camelia Goga. "Conditional Bias Robust Estimation of the Total of Curve Data by Sampling in a Finite Population: An Illustration on Electricity Load Curves." Journal of Survey Statistics and Methodology 8, no. 3 (May 9, 2019): 453–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jssam/smz009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract For marketing or power grid management purposes, many studies based on the analysis of total electricity consumption curves of groups of customers are now carried out by electricity companies. Aggregated totals or mean load curves are estimated using individual curves measured at fine time grid and collected according to some sampling design. Due to the skewness of the distribution of electricity consumptions, these samples often contain outlying curves which may have an important impact on the usual estimation procedures. We introduce several robust estimators of the total consumption curve which are not sensitive to such outlying curves. These estimators are based on the conditional bias approach and robust functional methods. We also derive mean square error estimators of these robust estimators, and finally, we evaluate and compare the performance of the suggested estimators on Irish electricity data.
8
JUNG, INHWA, MOO-YOUNG KIM, and CHULWOO KIM. "SPTPL: A NEW PULSED LATCH TYPE FLIP-FLOP IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE SYSTEM-ON-A-CHIP (SoC)." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 16, no. 02 (April 2007): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126607003472.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In many VLSI chips, the power dissipation of the clocking system that includes clock distribution network and flip-flops is often the largest portion of total chip power consumption. In the near future, this portion is likely to dominate total chip power consumption due to higher clock frequency and deeper pipeline design trend. Traditionally, two approaches have been used: (1) to reduce power consumption in the clock tree, several low-swing clock flip-flops and double-edge flip-flops have been introduced; (2) to reduce power consumption in flip-flops, conditional capture, clock-on-demand, data-transition look-ahead techniques have been developed. Recently, pulsed latch type flip-flops are introduced in several high-performance microprocessors to reduce E × D. In this paper, these flip-flops are described with their pros and cons. Then, a new circuit technique is described along with simulation results. The proposed pulsed latch reduces E × D by 82.6% to 95.4% compared to conventional flip-flops.
9
Pamungkas, Mikael Abimanyu Putra, Dwi Priharto, and Hari Putranto. "Study of Technical and Non-technical Factors in Energy Consumption on 20 kV Distribution Networks." Frontier Energy System and Power Engineering 1, no. 2 (July 26, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um049v1i2p1-6.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research aimed to find the technical and non-technical losses that occurred on the 20 kV Tawangrejo Feeder network by calculating the electricity losses after measurement and the calculated losses, made an application to calculate the losses, and determined the improvement alternative from the suitable electricity losses. Based on the data analysis, the conclusions were: Tawangrejo Feeder used mesh configuration with a three-phase four-wire construction model. The values of power and energy losses in total, technical, and non-technical were fluctuating, depended on the current value that was sent from the primary substation to the load. This power loss calculation application had a high accuracy because the error occurred at a maximum of 0.0021%. The most effective power loss improvement was replacing the conductor duct that reduces 56% of power and energy losses.
10
Jin, Cheng, Yili Zhang, Xuchao Yang, Naizhuo Zhao, Zutao Ouyang, and Wenze Yue. "Mapping China’s Electronic Power Consumption Using Points of Interest and Remote Sensing Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Producing gridded electric power consumption (EPC) maps at a fine geographic scale is critical for rational deployment and effective utilization of electric power resources. Brightness of nighttime light (NTL) has been extensively adopted to evaluate the spatial patterns of EPC at multiple geographical scales. However, the blooming effect and saturation issue of NTL imagery limit its ability to accurately map EPC. Moreover, limited sectoral separation in applying NTL leads to the inaccurate spatial distribution of EPC, particularly in the case of industrial EPC, which is often a dominant portion of the total EPC in China. This study pioneers the separate estimation of spatial patterns of industrial and nonindustrial EPC over mainland China by jointly using points of interest (POIs) and multiple remotely sensed data in a random forests (RF) model. The POIs provided fine and detailed information about the different socioeconomic activities and played a significant role in determining industrial and nonindustrial EPC distribution. Based on the RF model, we produced industrial, non-industrial, and overall EPC maps at a 1 km resolution in mainland China for 2011. Compared against statistical data at the county level, our results showed a high accuracy (R2 = 0.958 for nonindustrial EPC estimation, 0.848 for industrial EPC estimation, and 0.913 for total EPC). This study indicated that the proposed RF-based method, integrating POIs and multiple remote sensing data, can markedly improve the accuracy for estimating EPC. This study also revealed the great potential of POIs in mapping the distribution of socioeconomic parameters.
Дисертації з теми "Distribution of total power consumption"
1
Порядіна, Дар`я Сергіївна. "Підвищення рівня енергоефективності гімназії біотехнологій № 177 за рахунок використання сонячних колекторів". Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2019. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/32076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Магістерська дисертація «Підвищення енергетичної ефективності гімназії новітніх біотехнологій №177» складається з 123 сторінок, 15 рисунків,
57 таблиць, а також містить 20 джерел в переліку посилань.
Метою роботи є визначення доцільності проведення термомодернізації та моделювання геліосистеми для гарячого водопостачання у програмному середовищі.
Завдання дослідження – розрахунок теплових та електричних навантажень, аналіз енергоспоживання, визначення економічного ефекту впровадження заходів з енергозбереження.
Предмет дослідження – вивчення конструктивних і енергетичних характеристик об’єкту при розробці різних сценарних варіативних моделей та географічного розташування.
Наукова новизна магістерської дисертації полягає у оцінюванні фінансових показників проекту термомодернізації будівлі двома шляхами: розрахунок ефективності окремо кожного заходу та моделювання геліосистеми у програмному середовищі Tsol.
Результати досліджень були апробовані та викладені на 2-й науково-технічній конференції магістрантів ІЕЕ 21 – 22 листопада 2019.Master's thesis «Improving the energy efficiency of the high school of the latest biotechnology №177» consists of 123 pages, 15 figures, 57 tables, and also contains 20 sources in the list of references. The purpose of the work is to determine the expediency of thermo-modernization and modeling of the solar system for hot water supply in the software environment. Task of the research - calculation of thermal and electrical loads, analysis of energy consumption, determination of the economic effect of the implementation of energy conservation measures, to study the solar energy potential of Ukraine, determining the feasibility of using the solar system for hot water needs. The subject of the study is the study of the constructive and energy characteristics of the object in the development of various scenario variational models and geographic location. Actuality is the effective use of solar energy in solar systems in climates Ukraine for energy purposes. The object of study- a preschool institution №712. The scientific novelty of the master's thesis consists in evaluating the financial indicators of the project of thermo-modernization of a residential building in two ways: the calculation of the efficiency of each measure separately and modeling the solar system in the Tsol software environment.
2
Cugnet, Pierre. "Confidence Interval Estimation for Distribution Systems Power Consumption by Using the Bootstrap Method." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36841.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this thesis is to estimate, for a
distribution network, confidence intervals containing the
values of nodal hourly power consumption and nodal maximum
power consumption per customer where they are not measured.
The values of nodal hourly power consumption are needed in
operational as well as in planning stages to carry out load
flow studies. As for the values of nodal maximum power
consumption per customer, they are used to solve planning
problems such as transformer sizing. Confidence interval
estimation was preferred to point estimation because it
takes into consideration the large variability of the
consumption values. A computationally intensive statistical
technique, namely the bootstrap method, is utilized to
estimate these intervals. It allows us to replace idealized
model assumptions for the load distributions by model free
analyses.
Two studies have been executed. The first one is based on
the original nonparametric bootstrap method to calculate a
95% confidence interval for nodal hourly power consumption.
This estimation is carried out for a given node and a given
hour of the year. The second one makes use of the parametric
bootstrap method in order to infer a 95% confidence interval
for nodal maximum power consumption per customer. This
estimation is realized for a given node and a given month.
Simulation results carried out on a real data set are
presented and discussed.
Master of Science
3
Okafor, Chukwuemeka. "Electricity generation, transmission and distribution policy: a comparative study of Nigeria (1960-2011) and South Africa (1960-2011)." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007049.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The electric power policies in Nigeria and South Africa are considered the governments’ intention to provide quality and affordable electricity to the people. A comparative study on the electric power policies focuses on the similarities and differences in the policy approaches, the policy issues that affect electrification, and the impact of the policy issues in achieving the goal of universal access to quality and affordable electricity power in both countries. The methodological approach allows for an in depth textual study on the electric power policy documents in both countries. In Nigeria, the government intends to address the massive demand-supply imbalance and achieve the goal of electrification through reforms that focus on private sector-led growth in the sub-sector. In South Africa, the identification of electrification as a public problem by the post apartheid government leads to an integrated policy framework that focuses on balancing economic concerns with social and environmental considerations. The study identifies electricity provision as a social welfare responsibility of the governments in both countries and examines the policy issues in the context of public welfare. In Nigeria, the policy issues are found to be self serving and not in line with sustainable public interest, given the socio-economic challenges. As a result they, exert less impact on achieving the goal of universal access to quality and affordable electricity in the country. In South Africa, good governance in the sub-sector has enabled the identification of policy issues in line with sustainable public interests of social equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability; and government using public administration agencies to play a key role in service delivery. Recommendations of the study mainly derive from the South African experience on electrification, and are intended to offer some policy-lessons to Nigeria in the sub-sector. The study contributes to new knowledge in the discipline of public administration by opening up new vistas for a comparative analysis of electric power policy issues in both countries in the context of public welfare. Besides, a comparative study on electrification in Nigeria and South Africa from a policy angle contributes to the existing knowledge base in the discipline.
4
Venter, Petrus Johannes. "Feasibility of CMOS optical clock distribution networks." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26440.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
CMOS is well known for its ability to scale. This fact is reflected in the aggressive scaling on a continual basis from the invention of CMOS up to date. As devices are scaled, device performance improves due to shorter channel lengths and more densely packed functions for the same amount of area. In recent years, however, the performance gain obtained through scaling has begun to suffer under the degradation of the associate interconnect performance. As devices become smaller, interconnects need to follow. Unlike transistors, the scaling of interconnects results in higher capacitances and resistances, thereby limiting overall system performance. Trying to alleviate the delay effects results in increased power consumption, especially in global structures such as clock distribution networks. A possible solution to this problem is the use of optical interconnects, which are fast and much less lossy than the electrical equivalents. This dissertation describes an investigation on what future technology nodes will entail in terms of power consumption of clock networks, and what is required for an optical alternative to become feasible. A common clock configuration is used as a basis for comparison, where both electrical and optical networks are designed to component level. Optimisation is done on both to ensure a reasonable comparison, and the results of the respective power consumption components are then compared in order to find the criteria for a feasible optical clock distribution scheme. CopyrightDissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
unrestricted
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Alvarez-Dalama, Alina 1960. "CALCIUM-SULFITE HEMIHYDRATE CRYSTALLIZATION IN LIQUORS WITH HIGH TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (GROWTH, SIZE DISTRIBUTION, NUCLEATION, HABIT)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275528.
Повний текст джерела
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Zumr, Zdenek. "Last Mile Asset Monitoring: Low Cost Rapid Deployment Asset Monitoring." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1967.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Installation and utilization of residential distribution transformers has not changed substantially over a long period of time. Utilities typically size their transformers based on a formula that takes into account broadly what types and how many dwellings will be connected.
Most new residential dwellings feature 200 Amp service per household with an anticipated energy demand of under 20,000 kWh per year. Average electrical energy consumption varies from state to state but averages to 11,280 kWh per year. Energy demand is expected to fall into a typical residential load curve that shows increased demand early in the morning, then decreasing during the day and another peak early to late evening. Distribution transformers are sized at the limit of the combined evening peak with the assumption that the transformer has enough thermal mass to absorb short overloads that may occur when concurrent loading situations among multiple dwellings arise. The assumption that concurrent loading is of short duration and the transformer can cool off during the night time has been validated over the years and has become standard practice. This has worked well when dwelling loads follow an averaging scheme and low level of coincidence.
With the arrival of electric vehicles (EV's) this assumption has to be reevaluated. The acquisition of an electric vehicle in a household can drive up energy demand by over 4000 kWh per year. Potentially problematic is the increased capacity of battery packs and the resulting proliferation of Level 2 chargers. The additional load of a single Level 2 charger concurring with the combined evening peak load will push even conservatively sized distribution transformers over their nameplate rating for a substantial amount of time. Additionally, unlike common household appliances of similar power requirements such as ovens or water heaters, a Level 2 battery charger will run at peak power consumption for several hours, and the current drawn by the EVs has very high levels of harmonic distortion. The excessive loading and harmonic profile can potentially result in damaging heat build-up resulting in asset degradation.
In this thesis I present a device and method that monitors pole mounted distribution transformers for overheating, collect and wirelessly upload data and initiate commands to chargers to change output levels from Level 2 to Level 1 or shut down EV charging altogether until the transformer returns into safe operational range.
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Nicholson, Emma Leah. "Essays on restructured electricity markets." Connect to Electronic Thesis (ProQuest) Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/436443232/viewonline.
Повний текст джерела
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Silva, Jesús, Naveda Alexa Senior, Palma Hugo Hernández, Núẽz William Niebles, and Núẽz Leonardo Niebles. "Temporary Variables for Predicting Electricity Consumption Through Data Mining." Institute of Physics Publishing, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/652132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the new global and local scenario, the advent of intelligent distribution networks or Smart Grids allows real-time collection of data on the operating status of the electricity grid. Based on this availability of data, it is feasible and convenient to predict consumption in the short term, from a few hours to a week. The hypothesis of the study is that the method used to present time variables to a prediction system of electricity consumption affects the results.
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Manning, James. "A reliability model of a power distribution network with reference to petrochemical and gas-to-liquid plants." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40819.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The interruption cost for one hour of a petrochemical plant is 33 times higher than that of
the average interruption cost for industrial plants across all industries. In addition to the
high cost of loss of production, interruptions to the operations of petrochemical and gas-toliquid
plants pose safety and environmental hazards. Thus it is necessary to better
understand the reliability requirements of petrochemical and gas-to-liquid plants.
This study investigated the reliability of electrical distribution networks used in
petrochemical and gas-to-liquid plants compared to those used in other industrial plants. A
model was developed that can be used to establish the adequacy of the reliability of a
distribution network in terms of the components and network topologies used. This model
was validated against data that had been collected by the IEEE and applied to an actual
petrochemical plant.
Over 19 years’ worth of data regarding the trips that have occurred on the distribution
network of an existing petrochemical plant was collected and manipulated in order to
calculate the reliability indices associated with the equipment used to make up thisRecommended Practice for the Design of Reliable Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems.
The cost of loss of production and the capital costs associated with increased reliability
were calculated for a section of the existing petrochemical plant. The reliability associated
with different network topologies that could possibly be used to supply power to this
section of the plant were modelled using an appropriate software package. The resulting
total cost of ownership over the life of the plant associated with each topology was then
calculated in order to establish which network topology is the most appropriate for
petrochemical and gas-to-liquid plants.
It was concluded the components that affect the reliability of an industrial distribution
network are different to those that affect a utility distribution network. These components
were listed and compared. It was found that the reliability indices that were calculated for
the components that affect the reliability of a petrochemical plant were similar to those
provided by the IEEE. 17 out of 20 of the indices that were calculated were within the
required factor of deviation. Generally the failure rates of components used in
petrochemical plants were very similar to those given in the IEEE Gold Book, while the
MTTR’s for the components used in petrochemical plants were found to be slightly better
than those given in the IEEE Gold Book. The effect of network topology was found to be significant, with small changes in the
topology of a network resulting in large variations in the reliability of the network. It was
also found that the most appropriate type of network topology to use in the design of the
electrical distribution network of a petrochemical plant is the dual radial network. This is
the most conservative of the commonly used network topologies and is the one that is
currently used in the existing plant that was studied.
Due to the high cost of loss of production in petrochemical plants it was established that
any incremental improvement in the reliability of the dual radial network would be
beneficial to the total cost of ownership of such a plant. Such incremental improvement of
the reliability of the distribution network could be cost effectively achieved by adopting a
conservative maintenance strategy and the establishment of a conservative spares
inventory. Before this study was undertaken, there was no literature around the reliability of electrical
distribution networks that focused specifically on petrochemical and gas-to-liquid plants.
This study produced a set of reliability indices and a model that electrical engineers can
use in the reliability analysis of petrochemical and gas-to-liquid plants. Furthermore it
shows that, because the cost of loss of production in petrochemical plants is so high, the
most conservative distribution network design and maintenance philosophies should
always be used.
distribution network. These reliability indices were compared to those given by the IEEEDissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
unrestricted
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Петровський, Михайло Васильович, Михаил Васильевич Петровский, Mykhailo Vasylovych Petrovskyi та М. О. Сокольнікова. "Формування моделі для розрахунку втрат електроенергії на базі програмного комплексу АСКОЕ". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/67907.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Останнім часом через ряд причин як технічних, так і економічних, втрати електроенергії в розподільчих мережах є досить істотними і це незважаючи на загальну тенденцію до зниження електроспоживання. Виходячи з цього, з’явилася нагальна потреба в формуванні моделі для розрахунку втрат електроенергії саме в розподільчих мережах.
Книги з теми "Distribution of total power consumption"
1
Randolph, John. Virginia energy patterns and trends: Production, distribution, marketing, consumption. Richmond, Va. (2201 West Broad Street, Richmond 23220): The Department, 1987.
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2
Nakhooda, Smita. Empowering people: A governance analysis of electricity. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2007.
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3
Empowering people: A governance analysis of electricity. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2007.
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4
Prévost, Pierre. Atlas énergétique du Québec. [Québec: Direction des communications du Ministère de l'énergie et des ressources du Québec, 1989.
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Prévost, Pierre. Québec energy atlas. Québec: [Direction des communications, Ministère de l'énergie et des ressources], 1989.
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Rainery, Richard. Alaska's public energy resources: Distribution of benefits of thermal energy and electric power energy resource consumption. [Juneau?]: Rural Research Agency, Alaska State Senate, 1985.
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Council of Power Utilities (New Delhi, India), ed. Regulatory intervention for AMR technology & regulatory issues for generating companies. New Delhi: Council of Power Utilities, 2010.
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Association pour l'histoire de l'électricité en France. Colloque. Réseaux électriques et installateurs: Actes du 8e colloque de l'AHEF, 14-16 octobre 1992, Paris, Espace Electra. Paris: Association pour l'histoire de l'électricité en France, 1995.
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Brazil. Grupo Coordenador do Planejamento dos Sistemas Elétricos. Plano decenal de expansão, 1997-2006. RJ [i.e. Rio de Janeiro]: Eletrobrás, 1996.
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Ryder, Gráinne. Powering 21st century Cambodia with decentralized generation: A primer for rethinking Cambodia's electricity future. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: NGO Forum on Cambodia, 2009.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Distribution of total power consumption"
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Forsell, Martti. "Reducing Power Consumption in Mobile Terminals—Video Computing Perspective." In Greening Video Distribution Networks, 101–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71718-0_5.
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Guardabrazo, T. A., and P. de Gonzalez Santos. "Mass Distribution Influence on Power Consumption in Walking Robots." In Climbing and Walking Robots, 511–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-29461-9_50.
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Jelić, Miloš, and Ivana Atanasovska. "The New Approach for Calculation of Total Mesh Stiffness and Nonlinear Load Distribution for Helical Gears." In Power Transmissions, 645–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6558-0_52.
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Do, Minh Q., Per Larsson-Edefors, and Lars Bengtsson. "Table-Based Total Power Consumption Estimation of Memory Arrays for Architects." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 869–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30205-6_89.
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Kamal, Mehdi, Somayyeh Koohi, and Shaahin Hessabi. "A Novel Partitioned Encoding Scheme for Reducing Total Power Consumption of Parallel Bus." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 90–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89985-3_11.
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Siozios, Kostas, and Dimitrios Soudris. "An Efficient Approach for Managing Power Consumption Hotspots Distribution on 3D FPGAs." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 439–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-95948-9_44.
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Pepe, Kevin M., and Branimir R. Vojcic. "Cellular Multihop Networks and the Impact of Routing on the SNIR and Total Power Consumption." In Multiaccess, Mobility and Teletraffic for Wireless Communications, volume 6, 115–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5918-1_8.
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Sethuramalingam, Ramamoorthy, and Abhishek Asthana. "Design Improvement of Water-Cooled Data Centres Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 105–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractData centres are complex energy demanding environments. The number of data centres and thereby their energy consumption around the world is growing at a rapid rate. Cooling the servers in the form of air conditioning forms a major part of the total energy consumption in data centres and thus there is an urgent need to develop alternative energy efficient cooling technologies. Liquid cooling systems are one such solution which are in their early developmental stage. In this article, the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to further improve the design of liquid-cooled systems is discussed by predicting temperature distribution and heat exchanger performance. A typical 40 kW rack cabinet with rear door fans and an intermediate air–liquid heat exchanger is used in the CFD simulations. Steady state Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes modelling approach with the RNG K-epsilon turbulence model and the Radiator boundary conditions were used in the simulations. Results predict that heat exchanger effectiveness and uniform airflow across the cabinet are key factors to achieve efficient cooling and to avoid hot spots. The fundamental advantages and limitations of CFD modelling in liquid-cooled data centre racks were also discussed. In additional, emerging technologies for data centre cooling have also been discussed.
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Groß, Thomas. "Statistical Reliability of 10 Years of Cyber Security User Studies." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 171–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79318-0_10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractBackground. In recent years, cyber security user studies have been appraised in meta-research, mostly focusing on the completeness of their statistical inferences and the fidelity of their statistical reporting. However, estimates of the field’s distribution of statistical power and its publication bias have not received much attention.Aim. In this study, we aim to estimate the effect sizes and their standard errors present as well as the implications on statistical power and publication bias.Method. We built upon a published systematic literature review of 146 user studies in cyber security (2006–2016). We took into account 431 statistical inferences including t-, $$\chi ^2$$ χ 2 -, r-, one-way F-tests, and Z-tests. In addition, we coded the corresponding total sample sizes, group sizes and test families. Given these data, we established the observed effect sizes and evaluated the overall publication bias. We further computed the statistical power vis-à-vis of parametrized population thresholds to gain unbiased estimates of the power distribution.Results. We obtained a distribution of effect sizes and their conversion into comparable log odds ratios together with their standard errors. We, further, gained funnel-plot estimates of the publication bias present in the sample as well as insights into the power distribution and its consequences.Conclusions. Through the lenses of power and publication bias, we shed light on the statistical reliability of the studies in the field. The upshot of this introspection is practical recommendations on conducting and evaluating studies to advance the field.
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"Consumption and distribution." In Race and Power, 111–36. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315010922-6.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Distribution of total power consumption"
1
Meldrum, James R., Jordan E. Macknick, Garvin A. Heath, and Syndi L. Nettles-Anderson. "Life Cycle Water Use for Electricity Generation: Implications of the Distribution of Collected Estimates." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98229.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Water requirements throughout the electricity generation life cycle have important implications for the electricity sector. Thermoelectric power plant operations are estimated as responsible for around 36% [1] to 41% [2] of total freshwater withdrawals in the United States and 3% of total freshwater consumption [1,3]. However, the life cycle of electricity generation consists of many stages besides power plant operation, including component manufacturing, fuel acquisition, processing, and transport, and power plant decommissioning. The water requirements associated with choices along this life cycle, such as the selection of fuel type or cooling technology, are not well understood.
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Alexandrescu, Aurora C., Simona Adina O. Alexandrescu, and Constantin Adrian O. Alexandrescu. "Contributions Concerning the Power Optimization of the Pumping Stations." In ASME 2008 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the Heat Transfer, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2008-55007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Profitability of water distribution activity depends largely on the relationships between operational capability and service costs, related to supplier’s performance, volume of distributed water and effective operating costs. The main variables that influence the total selling price are required investment value, specific consumption of electrical energy for pumping power, unit price of the electrical energy and total volume of monthly consumed water billed. The selection of rehabilitation and modernization measures must rely on market studies results that appropriately establish the quantities of water that may be distributed and billed. Present and future water requirements will be determined based on the analysis of actual operation data and on estimation of future trends in water consumption on national and international levels. The optimization calculation will use two target functions: total maximum efficiency and total electric power consumption required for transport of each cubic meter of supplied water, and cubic meter of sewage water, respectively. The mathematical methods may be improved by taking into account all active consumers in the network with simultaneous water requirements, at each moment of the day. Using several original mathematical algorithms, authors developed a computer program that calculates the functional parameters of the ensemble pumping station – hydrophore – pipe distribution network, as well as the available consumer parameters. This may be accomplished at each moment in time, depending on the number of active consumers simultaneously connected to the supply network, in the hypothesis of a minimum price of cubic meter of pumped water. This paper proposes a solution of the problem of reducing production costs for supplied domestic water, which directly affects the reduction of the electric power consumption.
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Mohiuddin, A. K. M., Altab Hossain, Ataur Rahman, and Yulfian Aminanda. "Tractive Efficiency Analysis for an Intelligent Air-Cushion Tracked Vehicle." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37516.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study presents the tractive efficiency of an intelligent air-cushion tracked vehicle (IACTV) working on swamp terrain. Based on the total power consumption and optimum load distribution for IACTV, two main issues are studied in this paper. First, a theoretical model is developed for optimizing total power consumption of the vehicle and tractive efficiency has been investigated with the effects of load distribution on the vehicle performance. Secondly, the vehicle has the ability to response for the changeable cushion pressure based on the cushion height from the ground. The system is effective to control the intelligent air–cushion system by measuring the vehicle tractive efficiency (TE), volume flow rate (Q), cushion height (CH) and cushion pressure (CP). Experiment and simulation results showed that the optimal power consumption can be obtained and maintained by using the designed fuzzy logic system (FLS) with the load distribution ratio of 0.2 and tractive efficiency of 62%. The mean relative error of actual and predicted values from the FLS model on tractive efficiency is found as 9.2%, which is less than the acceptable limit of 10%. The goodness of fit of the prediction value from FLS is found as 0.96.
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Gully, Benjamin H., Michael E. Webber, Carolyn C. Seepersad, and Richard C. Thompson. "Integrating Renewable Energy Technologies to Reduce Large Ship Fuel Consumption." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90294.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fuel costs, which are the single most important driver of marginal costs for marine transportation, account for almost 50% of total voyage costs for typical configurations and operational modes. Hence, there has developed a desire among operators and manufacturers of all classes of ships to embrace innovative ways to reduce the demand for fuels. The luxury yacht segment presents an attractive market for investigating and assessing the impacts of fuel-saving technologies because the large ships benefit from the fuel savings, have more flexible performance requirements and have owners who are more likely to embrace the required premiums for experimental technologies. This report analyzes the effects of fitting such a yacht with a sail system, a solar panel system, and an energy storage system (ESS). Integrating a sail system to reduce propulsion loads provides significant benefit with respect to fuel economy. In contrast, the total amount of power provided by the solar panel system provides very little benefit, even when extensive deck paneling is used and panels are fit to rigid wing sails. Utilizing an ESS in the same manner as with a terrestrial hybrid vehicle to manipulate load distribution provides insignificant benefit for fuel consumption reduction, but seems to present opportunities for emissions reduction, which has played an increasingly important role in marine environmental concerns.
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Chen, Hui, Mukil Kesavan, Karsten Schwan, Ada Gavrilovska, Pramod Kumar, and Yogendra Joshi. "Spatially-Aware Optimization of Energy Consumption in Consolidated Data Center Systems." In ASME 2011 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2011-52080.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Energy efficiency in data center operation depends on many factors, including power distribution, thermal load and consequent cooling costs, and IT management in terms of how and where IT load is placed and moved under changing request loads. Current methods provided by vendors consolidate IT loads onto the smallest number of machines needed to meet application requirements. This paper’s goal is to gain further improvements in energy efficiency by also making such methods ‘spatially aware’, so that load is placed onto machines in ways that respect the efficiency of both cooling and power usage, across and within racks. To help implement spatially aware load placement, we propose a model-based reinforcement learning method to learn and then predict the thermal distribution of different placements for incoming workloads. The method is trained with actual data captured in a fully instrumented data center facility. Experimental results showing notable differences in total power consumption for representative application loads indicate the utility of a two-level spatially-aware workload management (SpAWM) technique in which (i) load is distributed across racks in ways that recognize differences in cooling efficiencies and (ii) within racks, load is distributed so as to take into account cooling effectiveness due to local air flow. The technique is being implemented using online methods that continuously monitor current power and resource usage within and across racks, sense BladeCenter-level inlet temperatures, understand and manage IT load according to an environment’s thermal map. Specifically, at data center level, monitoring informs SpAWM about power usage and thermal distribution across racks. At rack-level, SpAWM workload distribution is based on power caps provided by maximum inlet temperatures determined by CRAC speeds and supply air temperature. SpAWM can be realized as a set of management methods running in VMWare’s ESXServer virtualization infrastructure. Its use has the potential of attaining up to 32% improvements on the CRAC supply temperature requirement compared to non-spatially aware techniques, which can lower the inlet temperature 2∼3°C, that is to say we can increase the CRAC supply temperature 2∼3°C to save nearly 13% −18% cooling energy.
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Bandopadhyay, Tuhin, and Chetan S. Mistry. "Effects of Total Pressure Distribution on Performance of Small Size Counter-Rotating Axial-Flow Fan Stage for Electrical Propulsion." In ASME 2019 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2019-2521.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Counter-rotating fan stage provides significant benefits over the conventional fan in terms of overall performance and size. For electric propulsion application, counter-rotating fan provides compactness and reduction in weight to achieve higher pressure rise with less power consumption as compared to the unducted propeller. Past literature suggests counter-rotating fans, designed with higher loading in front rotor has a flat performance map and a wider range of stable operation. This, in particular, benefits the electrical vehicle to have higher maneuver capability during operation. The paper discusses the design methodology of counter-rotating fans for application in roadable electric aircraft ‘Airavat’ and the effect of different loading (total pressure) distributions in front and rear rotor on its overall performance. The fan is required to provide 10 N thrust and hence is designed for total pressure rise of 1000 Pa. The dimension of the fan is decided according to the design constraints of the vehicle. Rotors are designed for the rotational speed of 7500 rpm (Counter-clockwise and clockwise respectively) and flow coefficient of 1.25 at the mid. There are 8 blades in the front and 7 blades in the rear rotor. Fans are designed for four different total pressure rise and hence loading distributions namely, 1) 50%-50%, 2) 55%-45%, 3) 60%-40% and 4) 65%-35% in front and rear rotor. Other design parameters are kept the same for all the four cases. The performance of the fans with different loading distributions is evaluated through computational study in Ansys CFX using mixing plane approach. It is observed that, as the loading increases in the front rotor, blade camber increases. The blade becomes more prone towards flow separation near the trailing edge under an adverse pressure gradient. Wake coming out from the front rotor grows thicker with higher loading, leading to flow acceleration (thus total pressure loss) in the axial gap between these rotors. As a consequence, flow incidents on the rear rotor other than the design incidence and thus the rear rotor operates under off-design condition. For the equal loading distribution case, the rear rotor does not provide the designed total pressure rise even though the front rotor performs well. With 55%-45% loading distribution, both the rotors give desired total pressure rise and maximum stable operating range. The detailed flow field study is discussed to bring important outcomes for achieving the desired total pressure rise.
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Nakajo, Yusuke, Jayati Athavale, Minami Yoda, Yogendra Joshi, and Hiroaki Nishi. "Improving Energy Efficiency in Data Centers by Controlling Task Distribution and Cooling." In ASME 2018 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2018-8305.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The rapid growth in cloud computing, the Internet of Things (IoT), and data processing via Machine Learning (ML), have greatly increased our need for computing resources. Given this rapid growth, it is expected that data centers will consume more and more of our global energy supply. Improving their energy efficiency is therefore crucial. One of the biggest sources of energy consumption is the energy required to cool the data centers, and ensure that the servers stay within their intended operating temperature range. Indeed, about 40% of a data center’s total power consumption is for air conditioning[1]. Here, we study how the server air inlet and outlet, as well as the CPU, temperatures depend upon server loads typical of real Internet Protocol (IP) traces. The trace data used here are from Google clusters and include the times, job and task ID, as well as the number and usage of CPU cores. The resulting IT loads are distributed using standard load-balancing methods such as Round Robin (RR) and the CPU utilization method. Experiments are conducted in the Data Center Laboratory (DCL) at the Georgia Institute of Technology to monitor the server outlet air temperature, as well as real-time CPU temperatures for servers at different heights within the rack. Server temperatures were measured by on-line temperature monitoring with Xbee, Raspberry PI, Arduino, and hot-wire anemometers. Given that the temperature response varies with server position, in part due to spatial variations in the cooling airflow over the rack inlet and the server fan speeds, a new load-balancing approach that accounts for spatially varying temperature response within a rack is tested and validated in this paper.
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Sharma, Ratnesh, Rocky Shih, Alan McReynolds, Cullen Bash, Chandrakant Patel, and Tom Christian. "Water Utilization in Data Center Infrastructure." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40819.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fresh water is one of the few resources which is scarce and has no replacement; it is also closely coupled to energy consumption. Fresh water usage for power generation and other cooling applications is well known and accounts for 40% of total freshwater withdrawal in the U. S[1]. A significant amount of energy is embedded in the consumption of water for conveyance, treatment and distribution of water. Waste water treatment plants also consume a significant amount of energy. For example, water distribution systems and water treatment plants consume 1.3MWh and 0.5MWh[2], respectively, for every million gallons of water processed. Water consumption in data centers is often overlooked due to low cost impact compared to energy and other consumables. With the current trend towards local onsite generation[3], the role of water in data centers is more crucial than ever. Apart from actual water consumption, the impact of embedded energy in water is only beginning to be considered in water end-use analyses conducted by major utilities[4]. From a data center end-use perspective, water usage can be characterized as direct, for cooling tower operation, and indirect, for power generation to operate the IT equipment and cooling infrastructure[5]. In the past, authors have proposed and implemented metrics to evaluate direct and indirect water usage using an energy-based metric. These metrics allow assessment of water consumption at various power consumption levels in the IT infrastructure and enable comparison with other energy efficiency metrics within a data center or among several data centers[6]. Water consumption in data centers is a function of power demand, outside air temperature and water quality. While power demand affects both direct and indirect water consumption, water quality and outside air conditions affect direct water consumption. Water from data center infrastructure is directly discharged in various forms such as water vapor and effluent from cooling towers. Classification of direct water consumption is one of the first steps towards optimization of water usage. Subsequently, data center processes can be managed to reduce water intake and discharge. In this paper, we analyze water consumption from data center cooling towers and propose techniques to reuse and reduce water in the data center.
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Tschirner, Thomas, Michael Pfitzner, and Ru¨diger Merz. "Aerodynamic Optimisation of an Aeroengine Bypass Duct OGV-Pylon Configuration." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30493.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a core-mounted high-bypass aero engine the fairing around the mount arm carrying the engine weight through the bypass duct has to be designed such that the aerodynamic losses induced by this thick structure are minimized to avoid an increase of specific fuel consumption. On the other hand, the overall engine length and weight needs to be kept to a minimum so that there is no negative impact on airplane payload. This paper describes the development of an automated 2-D CFD analysis procedure for fast investigation of aerodynamic losses generated in the fan outlet guide vanes (OGV’s) and the bypass duct by the introduction of a core mount arm. Design rules for the positioning and aerodynamic form of the mount arm fairing are presented. Different configurations are compared with respect to the pressure loss induced in the bypass duct and the additional contribution to fan back pressure. A combination of well adapted aerodynamic mount arm fairing and re-staggering of the struts is presented, which only marginally increases the overall total pressure loss in the bypass duct and has negligible effect on the fan backpressure distribution.
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Chandrasekaran, Sriram, and Sushil Bhavnani. "Flow Distribution and Nucleation Suppression in a Small Form Factor Liquid Immersion Cooled Server Model." In ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2017-74025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The rapid growth of the global network infrastructure has resulted in a sharp increase in the number and size of data center facilities. Total data center power consumption now represents a significant fraction of global electricity production. To conserve natural resources, and to satisfy the cooling demands of compact, powerful electronics, thermal management strategies with high heat transfer coefficients must be employed. Two-phase liquid immersion cooling is one such strategy that has been gaining momentum in commercial cooling applications over recent years. The work discussed in this paper provides information on two different flow boiling investigations performed on vertically oriented surfaces in a small form factor server model. Two different types of surfaces — bare silicon, and silicon surfaces attached with microfinned heat sinks were tested in this study. Novec 649 dielectric fluid was used as the primary working fluid. The first investigation compares the thermal performance of parallel and impinging flow distribution systems, for different subcooling and flow rate conditions. The second investigation is on nucleation suppression in flow boiling for the parallel and impinging flow distribution systems. In this study, flow rates ranging from 0 ml/min to 1650 ml/min were tested and high-speed imaging was performed to capture the change in bubble characteristics. The resulting observations, including highest heat flux values supported without nucleation activity, are reported and discussed.
Звіти організацій з теми "Distribution of total power consumption"
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Kartha, Sivan, Eric Kemp-Benedict, Emily Ghosh, Anna Nazareth, and Tim Gore. The Carbon Inequality Era: An assessment of the global distribution of consumption emissions among individuals from 1990 to 2015 and beyond. Oxfam, Stockholm Environment Institute, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6492.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the 25 years from 1990 to 2015, annual global carbon emissions grew by 60%, approximately doubling total global cumulative emissions. This has brought the world perilously close to exceeding 2°C of warming, and it is now on the verge of exceeding 1.5°C. This paper examines the starkly different contributions of different income groups to carbon emissions in this period. It draws on new data that provides much improved insight into global and national income inequality, combined with national consumption emissions over this 25-year period, to provide an analysis relating emissions to income levels for the populations of 117 countries. Future scenarios of carbon inequality are also presented based on different possible trajectories of economic growth and carbon emissions, highlighting the challenge of ensuring a more equitable distribution of the remaining and rapidly diminishing global carbon budget.
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Ruiz de Gauna, Itziar, Anil Markandya, Laura Onofri, Francisco (Patxi) Greño, Javier Warman, Norma Arce, Alejandra Navarrete, et al. Economic Valuation of the Ecosystem Services of the Mesoamerican Reef, and the Allocation and Distribution of these Values. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003289.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coral reefs are one of the most diverse and valuable ecosystems on Earth. The Mesoamerican Reef contains the largest barrier reef in the Western Hemisphere. However, its health is threatened, so there is a need for a management and sustainable conservation. Key to this is knowing the economic value of the ecosystem. “Mainstreaming the value of natural capital into policy decision-making is vital” The value of environmental and natural resources reflects what society is willing to pay for a good or service or to conserve natural resources. Conventional economic approaches tended to view value only in terms of the willingness to pay for raw materials and physical products generated for human production and consumption (e.g. fish, mining materials, pharmaceutical products, etc.). As recognition of the potential negative impacts of human activity on the environment became more widespread, economists began to understand that people might also be willing to pay for other reasons beyond the own current use of the service (e.g. to protect coral reefs from degradation or to know that coral reefs will remain intact in the future). As a result of this debate, Total Economic Value (TEV) became the most widely used and commonly accepted framework for classifying economic benefits of ecosystems and for trying to integrate them into decision-making. This report estimates the economic value of the following goods and services provided by the MAR's coral reefs: Tourism & Recreation, Fisheries, Shoreline protection. To our knowledge, the inclusion of non-use values in the economic valuation of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System is novel, which makes the study more comprehensive.
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Barreix, Alberto Daniel, Martín Bes, Oscar Fonseca, María Fonteñez, Dalmiro Morán, Emilio Pineda, and Jerónimo Roca. Revisiting Personalized VAT: A Tool for Fiscal Consolidation with Equity. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004147.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As the COVID-19 pandemic ends, the large fiscal imbalances will require Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) governments to pursue fiscal consolidation policies by increasing revenues and/or reducing expenditures. VAT represents 40 percent of total revenues in the region but has a regressive impact that can be mitigated through two alternatives. The first, so called the “universal” strategy, provides relief by identifying those goods and services that account for a large share of consumption among lower-income households and, exempting or taxing them at a reduced rate. Its main weakness stems from the fact that it implies forgoing revenue which could be used to finance public social spending. Additionally, untargeted tax relief confers greater benefits, in absolute terms, to those who consume the most, usually individuals in the upper deciles of the income distribution, and also, multiple rates and exemptions introduce complexity into the management of the tax. The alternative, Personalized VAT (P VAT) strategy presented in this study for four LAC countries overcomes VATs regressivity without puncturing the tax base as the “universal” solution does. P Vat consists of three elements: (i) broadening the tax base, (ii) moving towards a single VAT rate, and (iii) implementing a tax refund for intended beneficiaries, based on the incidence of VAT on consumption among the poorest deciles. Currently, five LAC countries and one Brazilian state are implementing this mechanism.
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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.
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Backstrom, Robert, and David Dini. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Systems Summary. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/kylj9621.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems is well known, PV systems present unique safety considerations. A very limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exists to understand the risks to the extent that the fire service has been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV installations. This data provides the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. A functioning PV array was constructed at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL to serve as a test fixture. The main test array consisted of 26 PV framed modules rated 230 W each (5980 W total rated power). Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of power isolation techniques and the potential hazard from contact of typical firefighter tools with live electrical PV components. Existing fire test fixtures located at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center were modified to construct full scale representations of roof mounted PV systems. PV arrays were mounted above Class A roofs supported by wood trusses. Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series represented a room of content fire, extending into the attic space, breaching the roof and resulting in structural collapse. Three PV technologies were subjected to this fire condition – rack mounted metal framed, glass on polymer modules, building integrated PV shingles, and a flexible laminate attached to a standing metal seam roof. A second series of experiments was conducted on the metal frame technology. These experiments represented two fire scenarios, a room of content fire venting from a window and the ignition of debris accumulation under the array. The results of these experiments provide a technical basis for the fire service to examine their equipment, tactics, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of potential electrical shock hazard from PV installations during and after a fire event.
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Backstrom, Robert, and David Backstrom. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Installations Research Project. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, November 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/viyv4379.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ventilation and overhaul have been complicated, leaving firefighters vulnerable to potentially unrecognized exposure. Though the electrical and fire hazards associated with electrical generation and distribution systems is well known, PV systems present unique safety considerations. A very limited body of knowledge and insufficient data exists to understand the risks to the extent that the fire service has been unable to develop safety solutions and respond in a safe manner. This fire research project developed the empirical data that is needed to quantify the hazards associated with PV installations. This data provides the foundation to modify current or develop new firefighting practices to reduce firefighter death and injury. A functioning PV array was constructed at Underwriters Laboratories in Northbrook, IL to serve as a test fixture. The main test array consisted of 26 PV framed modules rated 230 W each (5980 W total rated power). Multiple experiments were conducted to investigate the efficacy of power isolation techniques and the potential hazard from contact of typical firefighter tools with live electrical PV components. Existing fire test fixtures located at the Delaware County Emergency Services Training Center were modified to construct full scale representations of roof mounted PV systems. PV arrays were mounted above Class A roofs supported by wood trusses. Two series of experiments were conducted. The first series represented a room of content fire, extending into the attic space, breaching the roof and resulting in structural collapse. Three PV technologies were subjected to this fire condition – rack mounted metal framed, glass on polymer modules, building integrated PV shingles, and a flexible laminate attached to a standing metal seam roof. A second series of experiments was conducted on the metal frame technology. These experiments represented two fire scenarios, a room of content fire venting from a window and the ignition of debris accumulation under the array. The results of these experiments provide a technical basis for the fire service to examine their equipment, tactics, standard operating procedures and training content. Several tactical considerations were developed utilizing the data from the experiments to provide specific examples of potential electrical shock hazard from PV installations during and after a fire event.
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Some complex approaches to training micro-cycles formation among cadetsweightlifters taking into account biotypes. Ilyas N. Ibragimov, Zinaida M. Kuznetsova, Ilsiyar Sh. Mutaeva, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14526/2070-4798-2021-16-1-39-46.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Training cadets-weightlifters at all stages has a multipurpose orientation, that is why it is important to define and plan a rational combination of the training means use. Distribution of such micro structures in the cycle of training, as the days, months of training, provides effective volume, intensity and other values of physical load distribution. The structure of training cadets-weightlifters is based on taking into account the regularities and principles of sports training as the condition for physical readiness and working capacity increase. Any power oriented sports demands components characteristics in the structure of micro cycles. We consider the methodology of the training lessons organization by the example of the micro cycle of training taking into account bioenergetic profile of cadets-weightlifters. We revealed the necessity to distribute the macro cycle to structural components as the condition for the effectiveness of different variants of the training effects distribution. Materials and methods. We analyzed the range of training lessons among cadets-weightlifters in order to create the variants of gradual training problems solution according to the kinds of training. We analyzed training programs of cadets taking into consideration the level of readiness and their bioenergetic profiles. We created the content of the training work in the micro cycle of the preparatory period for cadets-weightlifters with different bioenergetic profiles. The main material of the research includes the ratio of the training effects volume in one micro cycle taking into account cadets’ bioenergetic profile. Cadets-weightlifters from Tyumen Higher Military-Engineering Command College (military Institute) took part in the research (Tyumen, Russia). Results. We created the content of the training work by the example of one micro cycle for cadets-weightlifters taking into account bioenergetic profile. The created variant of the training loads structure includes the main means of training taking into account the kind of training. Realization orientation in five regimens of work fulfillment with the effectiveness estimation of a total load within one lesson and a week in general is estimated according to a point system. Conclusion. The created variant of a micro cycle considers kinds of training realization taking into account the percentage of the ratio. Taking into account bioenergetic profiles helps to discuss strong and weak sides of muscle activity energy supply mechanisms. We consider the ability to fulfill a long-term aerobic load among the representatives of the 1st and the 2nd bioenergetic profiles. The representatives of the 3rd and the 4th biotype are inclined to fulfill the mixed load. The representatives of the 5th biotype are characterized by higher degree of anaerobic abilities demonstration. The technology of planning the means taking into account the regimens of work realization with point system helps to increase physical working capacity and rehabilitation processes in cadets’ organisms.