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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Discharges of pollutants"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Discharges of pollutants"

Di, Zhenzhen, Miao Chang, Peikun Guo, Yang Li, and Yin Chang. "Using Real-Time Data and Unsupervised Machine Learning Techniques to Study Large-Scale Spatio–Temporal Characteristics of Wastewater Discharges and their Influence on Surface Water Quality in the Yangtze River Basin." Water 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2019): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11061268.

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Most worldwide industrial wastewater, including in China, is still directly discharged to aquatic environments without adequate treatment. Because of a lack of data and few methods, the relationships between pollutants discharged in wastewater and those in surface water have not been fully revealed and unsupervised machine learning techniques, such as clustering algorithms, have been neglected in related research fields. In this study, real-time monitoring data for chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), pH, and dissolved oxygen in the wastewater discharged from 2213 factories and in the surface water at 18 monitoring sections (sites) in 7 administrative regions in the Yangtze River Basin from 2016 to 2017 were collected and analyzed by the partitioning around medoids (PAM) and expectation–maximization (EM) clustering algorithms, Welch t-test, Wilcoxon test, and Spearman correlation. The results showed that compared with the spatial cluster comprising unpolluted sites, the spatial cluster comprised heavily polluted sites where more wastewater was discharged had relatively high COD (>100 mg L−1) and NH3-N (>6 mg L−1) concentrations and relatively low pH (<6) from 15 industrial classes that respected the different discharge limits outlined in the pollutant discharge standards. The results also showed that the economic activities generating wastewater and the geographical distribution of the heavily polluted wastewater changed from 2016 to 2017, such that the concentration ranges of pollutants in discharges widened and the contributions from some emerging enterprises became more important. The correlations between the quality of the wastewater and the surface water strengthened as the whole-year data sets were reduced to the heavily polluted periods by the EM clustering and water quality evaluation. This study demonstrates how unsupervised machine learning algorithms play an objective and effective role in data mining real-time monitoring information and highlighting spatio–temporal relationships between pollutants in wastewater discharges and surface water to support scientific water resource management.

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Norrström, Hans A. "Reducing the Discharges to Water – Technical Objectives." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0003.

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The main technical objective in reducing the discharges to water is to implement technology to maintain a desired level of priority pollutants. Several investigations indicate that the priority pollutants may be found in the chlorinated material discharged from the bleach plant. Based on this assumption the state of art of production and abatement technology will be reviewed. Oxygen bleaching is in most cases the most efficient first step to reduce the discharge of chlorinated material. With appropriate process design and control the discharge of chlorinated material will be 3-4 kg/tonne (as TOC1). If lower discharge levels are aimed at, the chlorination stage can be modified by applying lower chlorine charge alone or in combination with chlorine dioxide addition. The present Swedish environmental requirements of about 2 kg TOC1/tonne necessitate such measures. Careful process optimization is necessary to avoid changes in product quality. Modified cooking can be one way to create the extra flexibility necessary to maintain top quality. To reduce the discharge levels further, new process technology has to be introduced. The Prenox process, membrane filtration of effluents, partial or complete recycle of bleach effluents, will be discussed and also external treatment methods.

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Roesner, Larry A., and Paul Traina. "Overview of Federal Law and USEPA Regulations for Urban Runoff." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0693.

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Within the last three years, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has taken two significant steps with respect to regulating the quality of storm water discharges from urban areas. The first of these is the development of Final Rules and Regulations for Storm Water Discharges from urban areas with separated waste water and storm drainage systems. Published in late 1990, the rule requires all municipalities with populations over 100,000 to apply for a permit to discharge storm water under the USEPA's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). The permit application must include, among other things, a plan to reduce the pollutants in urban runoff to the “Maximum Extent Practicable”. The second step is the publication in January, 1993, of a draft policy regulating discharges from combined sewer systems. These two initiatives for water quality control of wet weather discharges from urban drainage systems are significant steps forward in a national program to reduce pollution contributions to receiving waters in urban areas. This paper provides an overview of the requirements of these two wet weather water quality management programs.

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Barbosa, Ana Estela, and João Nuno Fernandes. "Review of tools for road runoff quality prediction and application to European roads." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 9 (September 28, 2021): 2228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.427.

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Abstract Pollutants discharged by roads may impact water bodies and soils. The best method to characterise road runoff is by monitoring, which is not always possible due to human or material constraints. Therefore, prediction tools can be a valuable method to manage road runoff discharges and protect the environment. The present work reviewed and evaluated international tools for road runoff quality prediction, in order to assess if an existing tool could be suitable for wide usage by stakeholders in Europe. Four tools from the USA and Europe were selected and tested at 22 road sites located in regions with annual precipitation values ranging from 500 to 1,000 mm, from seven European countries. The results for the site median concentration (SMC) of total suspended solids (TSS), Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd showed coefficients of determination (R2) from 0.0004 to 0.2890 for the different pollutants and tools. It was concluded that none of the tools could predict the road runoff pollutant concentrations, except for the country where it had been calibrated. The findings support practitioners and researchers all over the world, pointing out directions, and gaps to be filled, regarding the management of road runoff discharges and use of prediction tools.

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Lu, Chenyu, Xianglong Tang, Wei Liu, and Ping Huang. "Effects of Industrial Structure Adjustment on Pollutants Discharged to the Aquatic Environment in Northwest China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10 (May 18, 2022): 6146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106146.

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Northwest China is located along China’s Belt and Road Initiative routes and represents the frontier and core region for China’s construction and development of the Silk Road Economic Belt. In recent years, the conflict between economic development and environmental pollution has become increasingly intense in this region, with the latter mainly caused by disorderly industrialization brought about by rapid urbanization processes. Inappropriate industrial structure is the primary reason for environmental degradation in Northwest China, which has limited precipitation and available water. Due to its fragile aquatic environment and unsustainable use of water resources, the pollution and degradation of the aquatic environment has become a bottleneck that severely restricts the sustainable development of China’s northwest region. In the present study, five provinces or autonomous regions in Northwest China were selected as the study objects. Based on the vector autoregressive (VAR) model, quantitative research methods, such as impulse response function and variance decomposition analysis, were applied to quantify the dynamics between industrial structure adjustment and changes in industrial pollutant discharges to the aquatic environment, so that the impact of industrial structure adjustment on pollutants discharged to the aquatic environment could be quantified and characterized. Therefore, the present study has both theoretical and practical significance. The conclusions are as follows: (1) In general, industrial structure in most provinces in Northwest China imposes a positive effect over the discharge of pollutants to the aquatic environment. Adjusting industrial structure and reducing the proportion of secondary industry present can to some extent promote reductions in the discharge of pollutants to the aquatic environment. However, such beneficial effects may vary among different provinces. (2) Specifically, for Gansu, province industrial structure adjustment could help reduce the discharge of pollutants to the aquatic environment effectively during the early stages, but this positive effect gradually weakens and disappears during the later stages. In Qinghai province, industrial structure adjustment could not help reduce the discharge of pollutants to the aquatic environment effectively during the early stages, but a positive effect gradually increases and continues to function later. The performance in Shaanxi and Xinjiang provinces was quite similar, with industrial structure adjustment helping to effectively reduce the discharge of pollutants to the aquatic environment over a long period of time. This positive effect can play a more sustained and stable role. For Ningxia province, industrial structure adjustment can not only help significantly reduce the discharge of pollutants to the aquatic environment but also displays a significant positive effect. (3) Given the specific conditions and characteristics of the region under study, relevant policies for industrial structure adjustment should be formulated and implemented.

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Li, Bin, Ji Fu Yang, Yun Zhou, and Jun Min Chen. "Analysis of Discharge Characteristics of Typical Rural Domestic Wastewater along the Tuojiang River." Advanced Materials Research 1073-1076 (December 2014): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1073-1076.545.

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Environmental pollution caused by rural domestic wastewater has become increasingly serious. However, data on the current characteristics of rural domestic wastewater are scarce. In this study, we selected typical villages along the Tuojiang River as study objects. We analyzed the pollution status and discharge characteristics of rural domestic wastewater along the Tuojiang River through field research in winter and summer. Data analysis and collection, as well as water monitoring, were performed to determine the water quality and quantity characteristics of the rural domestic wastewater. The per capita daily discharges of rural domestic wastewater along the Tuojiang River are 11.26–50.37 L in winter and 18.39–303.57 L in summer. Both the maximum and average concentrations of pollutants in the rural domestic wastewater are higher than those in urban domestic wastewater, but the per capita daily discharge of pollutants is clearly lower in rural areas than in urban areas. The analysis of the typical discharges of rural domestic wastewater along the Tuojiang River provides a valuable reference for rural wastewater discharge treatment planning and process selection.

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David, L. M., and R. S. Matos. "Wet weather water quality modelling of a Portuguese urban catchment: difficulties and benefits." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 3 (February 1, 2002): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0071.

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This paper discusses the use of water quality deterministic modelling together with an integrated approach to assess the impact of urban stormwater discharges into ephemeral watercourses, based on the study of a Portuguese catchment. The description of the main aspects, difficulties and benefits found during data collection and model calibration and verification is presented, and the associated uncertainties and errors discussed. Experimental results showed a strong short- and long-term impact of sewer discharges on rivers, and confirmed deposition, resuspension and transport of pollutants as important processes for the water quality. However, the resuspension of riverbed sediment pollutants during storms was probably more significant than the direct impact of the urban discharges. The HydroWorks™ model was used since it allows for the calculation of pollutant build-up on catchment surfaces and in gully pots, their wash-off, and the deposition and erosion of sediments in sewers. However, it uses several constants, which could not be independently calibrated, increasing the uncertainty already associated with the data. River flows have quite different magnitude from the sewer system overflows, which, together with the difficulties in evaluating river flow rates, makes the integrated modelling approach rather complex and costly.

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Bansal, Neelam, and Shamsher S. Kanwar. "Peroxidase(s) in Environment Protection." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/714639.

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Industrial discharges of untreated effluents into water bodies and emissions into air have deteriorated the quality of water and air, respectively. The huge amount of pollutants derived from industrial activities represents a threat for the environment and ecologic equilibrium. Phenols and halogenated phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDC), pesticides, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), industrial dyes, and other xenobiotics are among the most important pollutants. Peroxidases are enzymes that are able to transform a variety of compounds following a free radical mechanism, thereby yielding oxidized or polymerized products. The peroxidase transformation of these pollutants is accompanied by a reduction in their toxicity, due to loss of biological activity, reduction in the bioavailability, or the removal from aqueous phase, especially when the pollutant is found in water. The review describes the sources of peroxidases, the reactions catalyzed by them, and their applications in the management of pollutants in the environment.

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Chachuła, Krystian, Tomasz Michał Słojewski, and Robert Nowak. "Multisensor Data Fusion for Localization of Pollution Sources in Wastewater Networks." Sensors 22, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010387.

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Illegal discharges of pollutants into sewage networks are a growing problem in large European cities. Such events often require restarting wastewater treatment plants, which cost up to a hundred thousand Euros. A system for localization and quantification of pollutants in utility networks could discourage such behavior and indicate a culprit if it happens. We propose an enhanced algorithm for multisensor data fusion for the detection, localization, and quantification of pollutants in wastewater networks. The algorithm processes data from multiple heterogeneous sensors in real-time, producing current estimates of network state and alarms if one or many sensors detect pollutants. Our algorithm models the network as a directed acyclic graph, uses adaptive peak detection, estimates the amount of specific compounds, and tracks the pollutant using a Kalman filter. We performed numerical experiments for several real and artificial sewage networks, and measured the quality of discharge event reconstruction. We report the correctness and performance of our system. We also propose a method to assess the importance of specific sensor locations. The experiments show that the algorithm’s success rate is equal to sensor coverage of the network. Moreover, the median distance between nodes pointed out by the fusion algorithm and nodes where the discharge was introduced equals zero when more than half of the network nodes contain sensors. The system can process around 5000 measurements per second, using 1 MiB of memory per 4600 measurements plus a constant of 97 MiB, and it can process 20 tracks per second, using 1.3 MiB of memory per 100 tracks.

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Schlütter, F., and O. Mark. "Dynamic modelling of pollutants from CSOs." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (February 1, 2003): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0242.

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In a number of industrialised countries there is an effort made to reduce pollutant discharges from combined sewer overflows. After establishing proper treatment plants the CSO discharges are contributing with a higher percentage of the total pollutant load on the receiving waters. The acknowledgement of this issue has made the authorities in some countries issue requirements for maximum allowed pollutant loads and water quality from individual CSOs. However, in order to make standards for CSO emissions knowledge about the current state is needed and subsequently others needs to be able to document that they are in compliance with the standard. The question is how to calculate the annual pollutant load from a given CSO? The purpose of this article is to present results from calculation of annual loads in different ways.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Discharges of pollutants"

Уберман, В. И., та Людмила Антоновна Васьковец. "Сверхнормативные сбросы загрязняющих веществ: методика судебной экспертизы причиненных убытков". Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2014. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/45255.

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Рассматриваются основные особенности и алгоритмы методики для проведения судебной экспертизы убытков, причиненных государству сбросами загрязняющих веществ с возвратной водой. Приводятся структура и примеры практического использования методики.
Basic aspects of the methodology and main algorithms for forensic examination of economic losses caused for state from excessive discharges of pollutants in sewage waters are considered. The structure of the methodology and some practical examples of usage the techniques are given.

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Yuan, Ye [Verfasser], W. Kirk [Gutachter] Junker, and Stephan [Gutachter] Hobe. "A Comparative Study: China’s Water Pollutants Discharge Permit System with Reference to the National Pollutants Discharge Elimination System of the United States of America / Ye Yuan. Gutachter: W. Kirk Junker ; Stephan Hobe." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1103134884/34.

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Yuan, Ye [Verfasser], W. Kirk Gutachter] Junker, and Stephan [Gutachter] [Hobe. "A Comparative Study: China’s Water Pollutants Discharge Permit System with Reference to the National Pollutants Discharge Elimination System of the United States of America / Ye Yuan. Gutachter: W. Kirk Junker ; Stephan Hobe." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-67123.

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Zabitytė, Jurgita. "Radioaktyviųjų teršalų paplitimo atmosferoje įvertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070816_165005-33201.

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Šio darbo pagrindinis tikslas − įvertinti radioaktyviųjų teršalų paplitimą atmosferoje ir nusėdimą, bei įvertinti teršalų žalą aplinkai ir žmonėms. Tam tikslui pasiekti, šiame darbe buvo: 1.išanalizuoti pagrindiniai radioaktyviųjų teršalų paplitimo būdai; 2.supažindinta su teisės aktais ribojančiais radionuklidų išmetimą į aplinką; 3.įvertinti labiausiai žmonių sveikatą įtakojančių radionuklidų ir sklidimą atmosferoje ir nusėdimą.
In Lithuania we have a very important object from the point of energetics. It’s atomic power − station of Ignalina. It is work safety aspects worry so the themes of the graduate work have been chosen for this clean reason. The base of the work is to evaluate the damage of the radiological nuclides and to the environment and people and their discharge amounts the atmosphere, if it doesn’t exceed allowable norms, witch are regulated by the laws of Lithuania Republic. Willing to introduce you to this theme the following objectives were defined: 1.The main ways of radiological pollutants discharge into the atmosphere have been analyzed; 2.Have been familiarized with the main norms of radiological safety and the limitation of the discharge of radio nuclides into the atmosphere from the objects of atomic energetics; 3.According to the push − button program of environment pollution “ Hysplit ” the distribution of the radiological nuclides in the atmosphere has been denoted; 4.According to the results having been done by the program “ Hysplit “, the diagram of the dependence of the nuclides and on time has been delineated. It is clear that the atmosphere doesn’t exceed allowable norms of the laws of Lithuania Republic. It’s even lower than allowable norms per day. In conclusion, having all the objectives of this work analyzed it becomes clear that the amounts of the nuclides and witch gets into the atmosphere doesn’t damage our organisms and environment.

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Kumar, Alok. "Optimum Allocation of Discharged Pollutant Loads from Nonpoint Sources in a Watershed using GIS." Kyoto University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148983.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第10257号
農博第1329号
新制||農||867(附属図書館)
学位論文||H15||N3778(農学部図書室)
UT51-2003-H678
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授河地利彦, 教授青山咸康, 教授高橋強
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Weiner, Ellen Rebecca. "Evaluation of Impacts Resulting from Home Heating Oil Tank Discharges." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84395.

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Diesel #2 is used to heat nearly 400,000 dwellings in Virginia. Home heating oil released from leaking underground tanks located adjacent to homes and residing in unsaturated soil adjacent to houses poses a potentially serious health risk. Specifically, the migration of hazardous vapors into buildings, known as vapor intrusion, can negatively impact indoor air quality in homes and public buildings (USEPA 2015). In this look-back study, we assessed the potential for petroleum vapor intrusion by sampling soil vapor at 25 previously remediated spill sites. Residual contaminants, in particular total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and naphthalene, were detected in approximately 1/3 of the samples. Concentration levels were correlated to site variables (building type, remediation time, physiographic region) including previous abatement measures. Spill category as assigned by the remediation contractor was investigated in conjunction with these three site variables. Remediation time was the most promising predictive site variable, with visible trends downward in DEQ Category 2 sites with increased remediation time. Higher contaminant concentrations were found near basement-style dwellings, which we hypothesize is due to the wall of the basement blocking horizontal migration of contaminants and the flow of oxygen to the release source zone. We found that many sites exceeded the sub-slab risk target threshold in naphthalene concentration, which has negative implications on previous abatement strategy efficacy.
Master of Science

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Mouele, Emile Salomon Massima. "Degradation of persistent organic pollutants (pharmaceuticals & dyes) by combined dielectric barrier electrohydraulic discharge system and photo catalysts." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6976.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
Water pollution problems have continued to increase not only in South Africa but worldwide due to human activities. The presence of organic toxins and bacteria in water sources is mostly due to population growth, industrial development and agricultural run-off. The accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in water and wastewater sources has raised various questions on the safety of potable water used for drinking, households and other activities. Traditional mechanical, biological, physical, and chemical methods such as flocculation, coagulation, reverse osmosis, filtration, ultrafiltration, adsorption and active sludge treatment methods have failed to remove these new xenobiotic from aquatic media. This is due to the fact that instead of degrading the toxins, the methods listed above often transform organic contaminants from one form another. Also, the post treatment of by-products resulting from these methods is costly. In addition, this new generation of contaminants, often referred to as compounds of emerging concern (CECs), exist in tiny concentrations (ng) and conventional techniques have not been designed for these low levels of pollutants which consequently pass through during treatment processes and end up in the treated effluents at minute concentrations (ug/L to ng/L). However, complete remediation of chemical toxins in wastewater treatment plants has not been achieved. A better option involves the direct oxidation of the pollutants in the effluent but so far their complete mineralisation has not been achieved. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged in recent years as adequate techniques for the complete removal of POPs. AOPs focus more on the production of non-selective hydroxyl radicals (OH.) which have been considered as the most powerful oxidants (2.8 V) that directly or indirectly mineralise the organic pollutant into dissolved CO2, H2O and harmless end-products. However, the use of excessive chemicals, corrosion of catalyst supports, wasted UV, ozone escapes and the cost associated with AOPs often limit their application for the removal of POPs from water and wastewater treatment facilities. The principal aim of this study was to optimise a double cylindrical barrier discharge (DBD) system for the removal of low concentration persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The efficiency of the DBD system was initially confirmed by quantification of three main reactive oxygen species including ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radicals (.OH) among others. These three active species were successfully detected and quantified using indigo, per titanyl sulphate and terephthallic acid (TA) spectroscopy methods, respectively. Thereafter, the DBD reactor was optimised by assessing the effect of electrophysico-chemical parameters on the removal efficiencies of two selected pollutants including orange II sodium salt dye (O.II) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a pharmaceutical, as model persistent organic pollutants.
2020-09-02

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Peacock, Steven. "Storm Water System Monitoring for the Small Municipality Under Phase II of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4298/.

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Storm water quality can have a significant impact on receiving water bodies. The chief recipients of these impacts are aquatic life in the receiving water body and downstream water users. Over the last few decades, legislation, regulations, institutions and facilities have evolved to recognize the impact of urban storm water on receiving streams. This increased emphasis has caused contaminants in storm water to be identified as a major concern. This developing concern has generated an increased interest in the water quality of our streams and lakes and emphasized the need for more monitoring efforts. With the passage of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Phase II requirements, small municipalities are responsible for storm water impacts on receiving waters within their jurisdiction. For the purposes of NPDES Phase II requirements, small municipalities are identified as these municipalities that are typically composed of 10,000 but less than 100,000 in population. The purpose of this dissertation is to develop a manual for use by the staff of small municipalities in meeting the requirements prescribed by changes initiated in the NPDES Phase II regulations. Attempts were made to comply with these requirements within a very limited manpower and budget framework and to develop procedures that would allow for permit compliance using testing equipment that was both reliable and robust. The users' manual provides valuable guidance in the establishment of a knowledge base for characterization of the watersheds selected for study. Chapter 3 of the dissertation contains a users' manual, designed for use by municipal staff members in their efforts to comply with the NPDES Phase II requirements. Using the techniques and equipment capabilities developed during the writing of the users' manual a characterization of three watersheds within Denton County, Texas was developed. Non-storm water samples were taken from each of the streams and a baseline analysis was established. The three watersheds represented agricultural, suburban and urban settings. Storm water samples were obtained from multiple storms within all three watersheds and data analysis used to determine the character and impact of urban runoff. Determination of the constituents for analysis was based on monitoring requirements of the NPDES Phase I and II requirements for owners and operators of municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4) and on the Texas Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (TPDES) Multi-Sector General Permit (MSGP). The three watersheds were determined to have multiple statistically significant differences for some parameters between their Base Flows and Storm Flows. The impact of urban runoff on the receiving waters of these three drainage systems was clearly demonstrated throughout the testing period.

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Guckian, Jacqueline. "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency: An Internship Report." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1196169547.

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Gosset, Antoine. "Evaluation de l’écotoxicité des rejets urbains par temps de pluie : Développement d’une batterie de bioessais et application à la conception de biocapteurs." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI027/document.

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Les Rejets Urbains par Temps de Pluie (RUTP) représentent une pollution très complexe et variable de par la diversité des évènements pluvieux et des bassins versants lessivés. Les RUTP sont, dans la majorité des cas, rejetés dans des milieux récepteurs aquatiques péri-urbains tels que les lacs, rivières ou eaux souterraines, sans traitement d’épuration. La pollution déversée, qui peut être très diluée, est le plus souvent liée à des évènements relativement courts et difficiles à prévoir. L’impact écotoxique des RUTP peut donc s’avérer difficile à évaluer, en particulier par des mesures directes in situ. Parmi les organismes utilisés en écotoxicologie, les microalgues sont extrêmement intéressantes. En effet, elles constituent la base des réseaux trophiques, sont sensibles à une large gamme de polluants et sont très sensibles à la présence de substances exogènes. C’est la raison pour laquelle nous avons développé dans un premier temps une batterie de biomarqueurs cellulaires sur microalgue (perturbation de la physiologie (comme la photosynthèse) de Chlorella vulgaris), afin de montrer leur intérêt pour détecter rapidement et sensiblement l’impact toxique d’échantillons de RUTP collectés sur la région Lyonnaise. La réponse de ces biomarqueurs a été comparée en laboratoire à une batterie de bioessais écotoxicologiques monospécifiques classiques sur microalgues et microcrustacés (e.g. essais de croissance, reproduction). Dans un second temps, nous avons travaillé à l’adaptation de ces biomarqueurs afin de créer des outils de détection in situ. Des biocapteurs à cellules entières, basés sur une mesure de la perturbation de la photosynthèse (fluorescence chlorophyllienne) de microalgues, ont été développés. Pour leur création, deux techniques de mise en contact bio-récepteur/transducteur ont été testées : (i) la double encapsulation des microalgues dans des hydrogels alginate/silice utilisant un procédé sol-gel, et (ii) l’inclusion des microalgues dans des puces microfluidiques fabriquées par xurographie. Une station portative autonome de terrain a été élaborée et testée avec efficacité pour effectuer des mesures in situ de la toxicité des RUTP, et des milieux aquatiques urbains contaminés. Ce travail de thèse présente de nombreuses perspectives concernant une meilleure connaissance de l’impact des RUTP sur les organismes aquatiques. Il apporte également des réponses à la problématique du développement des biocapteurs à cellules algales entières pour la surveillance environnementale
Urban Wet-Weather Discharges (UWWD) represent a very complex and variable pollution due to the diversity of the rainfall events and leached watersheds. In most cases, UWWD are released without, or after very low treatments only, in suburban aquatic environments such as lakes, rivers or groundwaters. Spilled pollution is often linked to relatively short and difficult to predict events, and can be very diluted. Thus, it may be complicated to assess the ecotoxic impact of UWWD, and particularly in situ. Among the organisms used in ecotoxicology, microalgae are particularly interesting because they are the basis of trophic networks, are sensitive to a wide range of pollutants found in UWWD and can react very quickly to their presence. It’s why, first, we developed and used a battery of microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) cellular biomarkers (e.g. photosynthesis disturbance) to demonstrate their utility in detecting the toxic impact of UWWD samples collected in the Lyon city area in a rapid and sensitive way, in comparison with a battery of monospecific bioassays on microalgae and microcrustaceans (e.g. growth or reproduction inhibition assays). In a second phase, we worked on the adaptation of these biomarkers for the creation of ecotoxicological field tools, biosensors. We developed two types of whole-cell biosensors based on the microalgal photosynthesis (chlorophyll fluorescence) disturbance. We particularly worked on the microalgal immobilization processes in the aim to design biosensors, using mainly two techniques: a double-encapsulation in alginate/silica hydrogels using a sol-gel process and an inclusion in microfluidic chips created by xurography. Finally, we were able to create an autonomous portative biosensor able to conduct in situ measurements of UWWDs toxicity and contaminated urban aquatic environments in general. This thesis project presents many perspectives concerning the deeper understanding of the UWWDs impact on aquatic organisms, and also on the development of whole-cell biosensors for the environmental monitoring

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Книги з теми "Discharges of pollutants"

Office, General Accounting. Pollution prevention: The Navy needs better plans for reducing ship waste discharges : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.

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Ecology, Washington (State) Dept of. National pollutant discharge elimination system and state waste discharge baseline general permit for storm water discharges associated with industrial activities. [Olympia, Wash: The Dept., 1992.

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Tsuzuki, Yoshiaki. Pollutant Discharge and Water Quality in Urbanisation. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04756-0.

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Program, Pennsylvania Dept of Environmental Protection Water Management. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES): Application for NPDES permit, new and existing sewage dischargers ; long form. [Harrisburg, Pa.]: Pennsylvania Dept. of Environmental Protection, 1996.

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Arnold, Forest D. Analysis of pollutant discharges from West Coast point sources. Rockville, Md: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Strategic Assessment Branch, 1988.

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Rohmann, Steven O. Pollutant discharges to coastal areas: Improving upstream source estimates. Rockville, MD: Stragegic Assessment Branch, Ocean Assessments Division, Office of Oceanography and Marine Assessment, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1989.

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Marshall Islands. Environmental Protection Authority. Marshall Islands pollutant discharge elimination system (MIPDES) regulations: Draft. [Majuro?]: The Authority, 1995.

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(Ontario), Municipal Industrial Strategy for Abatement Program. Monitoring costs and their implications for direct dischargers in the Ontario mineral industry: Group "B" : industrial minerals sector. Toronto, Ont: Ministry of the Environment, 1989.

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Humble, Joyce L. A step in the right direction: The national pollutant discharge elimination system. Bellingham, Wash: Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, 1986.

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Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology. National pollutant discharge elimination system baseline general permit for storm water associated with industrial activities. Olympia, Wash: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 1992.

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Частини книг з теми "Discharges of pollutants"

Hall, E. A. H., M. Preuss, J. J. Gooding, and M. Hämmerle. "Exploring Sensors to Monitor Some Environmental Discharges." In Biosensors for Direct Monitoring of Environmental Pollutants in Field, 227–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8973-4_22.

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Davies, P. B., S. A. Johnson, P. M. Martineau, and R. J. Stickland. "Diode Laser Spectroscopy of Transient Species in Electric Discharges." In Monitoring of Gaseous Pollutants by Tunable Diode Lasers, 225–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0989-2_22.

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Tsuzuki, Yoshiaki. "Pollutant Load and Water Quality." In Pollutant Discharge and Water Quality in Urbanisation, 9–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04756-0_2.

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Tsuzuki, Yoshiaki. "Pollutant Discharge Control of Municipal Wastewater." In Pollutant Discharge and Water Quality in Urbanisation, 45–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04756-0_5.

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Tsuzuki, Yoshiaki. "Water Quality in the Rivers and Coastal Areas." In Pollutant Discharge and Water Quality in Urbanisation, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04756-0_1.

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Tsuzuki, Yoshiaki. "Soft Measures in Households." In Pollutant Discharge and Water Quality in Urbanisation, 25–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04756-0_3.

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Tsuzuki, Yoshiaki. "Relationship Between Economic Development and Pollutant Discharge per Capita (PDC)." In Pollutant Discharge and Water Quality in Urbanisation, 37–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04756-0_4.

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Tsuzuki, Yoshiaki. "Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries." In Pollutant Discharge and Water Quality in Urbanisation, 69–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04756-0_6.

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Odic, E., M. Paradisi, M. Rea, L. Parissi, A. Goldman, and M. Goldman. "Treatment of Organic Pollutants by Corona Discharge Plasma." In The Modern Problems of Electrostatics with Applications in Environment Protection, 143–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4447-6_13.

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Dwivedi, Anand Prakash, and Sounak Kumar Choudhury. "A Preliminary Study of the Air Pollutants Discharge During the Electric Discharge Machining Process." In Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering, 467–75. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1202-1_40.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Discharges of pollutants"

Dirlau, Iuliana-Delicia, Oana Beniuga, Burlica Radu, and Dragos Astanei. "Influence of Surface Gliding Discharges on Organic Pollutants from Aqueous Solutions." In 2018 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical And Power Engineering (EPE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icepe.2018.8559820.

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Epifanov, A. V., and Yu D. Sarbaeva. "CALCULATION OF STANDARDS FOR PERMISSIBLE DISCHARGES OF POLLUTANTS INTO WATER BODIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF JSC "SEGEZHA PULP AND PAPER MILL”." In MODELING AND SITUATIONAL MANAGEMENT THE QUALITY OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS. Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/978-5-8088-1558-2-2021-2-131-133.

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The main technological processes of Segezha pulp and paper mill JSC are described, the hydrological regimes unfavorable for production are justified, and the standards for permissible discharges of pollutants through the dispersing water outlet to lake Vygozero are calculated.

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Alexandrova, Anna Alexandrovna, and Alexander Arkadevich Sidorov. "ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITION OF LAND AND WAYS TO IMPROVE IT IN THE VOLZHSKY MUNICIPAL DISTRICT OF THE SAMARA REGION." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-1-608/612.

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The article provides information about the structure and condition of the lands of the Volzhsky municipal district of the Samara region. Gross and specific parameters of pollutants, waste water, and waste generation are shown (2014-2018). To improve the condition of land, projects are proposed to reduce emissions, waste, discharges, reduce the area of waterlogged land, audit abandoned hydraulic structures and put them on balance; organization of relief, Bank protection, anti-landslide and ravine protection works; reduction of areas of deflation-dangerous and washed away land; restoration and increase of forest cover of the territory.

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Sun, Bao-Ming, and Shui-E. Yin. "The Characteristics of NO Reduction in the Reactor With Dielectric Barrier Discharge." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90010.

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The conventional techniques, which are being used to clean the flue gases such as catalytic reduction method for NO removal, wet and dry scrubbers for SO2 removal and ESP for particulate removal, are becoming more expensive and less suitable for small plants and mobile emission sources. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) techniques utilizing electrical discharges give an innovative approach for economical solution of gas cleaning. The studies present recent work on applying the electrical discharge plasma technology for treating gaseous pollutants, in general, and nitric oxide, in particular, as this is one of the major contributors to air pollution. The present works focuses attention on dielectric barrier discharge technique for nitric oxide removal from simulated gas compositions and investigate the effect of various operating parameters on the NO removal efficiencies at room temperature. The effects of various parameters, viz. discharge power, gas velocity, initial NO concentration (ppm), gas mixture composition, etc., on NO removal efficiency are discussed. Studies are divided into two parts: in the nitrogen atmosphere and argon atmosphere respectively, in order to investigate the effect of various operating parameters on the NO removal efficiencies at room temperature. The results in nitrogen atmosphere indicate that the influence of the discharge power, oxygen content and different initial concentration on NO removal efficiency are also studied. Conclusion that increasing discharge power is in favor of the NO removal. Adding oxygen reduce the NO removal efficiency significantly, and changing the NO initial concentration effected on NO removal efficiency but nor as good as the factors of discharge power, oxygen content. In the argon atmosphere, the dielectric barrier discharge require lower voltage level. The effect of the discharge power, gas velocity and oxygen content on NO removal efficiencies are studied and some conclusions be obtained, increasing discharge power and lowing flue gas velocity would conducive to removal, adding oxygen would hinder the removal of NO. Further result and comparative study of various cases be presented in this paper.

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Finley, Patrick J. "A Review of National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Discharge-Permit Requirements for EPA Region 6." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/ee-29167.

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During oil and gas extraction in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), water and pollutants are produced from wells. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has mandated a permit system to help control the discharge of these waters into the GOM. The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) contains both requirements and standards for discharge in offshore Texas and Louisiana federal waters. This review summarizes permit (GMG290000) requirements, effluent limitations, standard conditions, and monitoring requirements for NPDES general permits in EPA Region 6.

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MOSIEJ, Józef, and Teresa SUCHECKA. "THE ROLE OF IRRIGATION IN RIVER VALLEYS TO DEVELOP WATER QUALITY, PRODUCTION OF BIOMASS AND SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT - CASE STUDY." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.076.

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Ner river and its valley for over 170 years has been receiver for sewages from the city of Łódź. The natural system of this region (on the border of the watershed location, limitations of water supplies sources, lack of bigger natural rivers) in connection to city growth, lead to forming of specific system involving an agglomeration and water supplies system as well as wastewaters utilization system. The Ner river valley has the great potential to be effective in production biomass for energy purposes. Irrigation with polluted Ner river water cover fast growing plants high water and nutritional requirements. This would also work for the improvement of Ner river water quality. The achievement of good quality of water is not possible without irrigation of agricultural land in river valley. An amount of sewage discharged to Ner (193,017 m³ per day) several times higher then its natural flow in river. This is a result of strategy of water supply that is supported by transfer of water from Pilica river and underground water uptake for agglomeration. Relatively high runoff coefficient in years 1952 – 2011 was equal to 0.325 for Ner, in comparison to 0.17 for other rivers in Warta watershed. Despite the low natural flow Ner river discharges annually relatively high contaminants’ load to Warta river. In the analysed period (1995-2003) the annual average flow of Ner river amounted 10 % of annual average Warta river flow below its estuary. The share of analysed indicators of contaminants’ load approximated 27 % for total nitrogen, 37 % for phosphorus, 39 % for BOD5 and 28% for suspended solids. In the period 2004-2011 the annual average flow of Ner river amounted 13.8 % of annual average Warta river flow. The share of investigated pollutants loads consists 27.9 % for total nitrogen, 42.6 % for phosphorus, 19.8 % for BOD5 and 19.6 % for suspended solids.

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Vilms, Monica, and Viktoria Voronova. "Waste Collection in Low-density Areas and Air Pollutants Formed in the Process." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.058.

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The particular problems waste collection in low-density areas include the long travel distances required together with the small amount of waste that can be collected during a long journey. The current research investigates the amount of air pollutants (CO2, CO, HC, NOx and PM) formed in low-density areas when the current waste collection system is applied, and it proposes options for the minimisation of pollutant emissions. The calculation of air pollutants was carried out according to the amount of burnt fuel. There are no requirements for waste truck emission levels in low-density areas. Emissions could be reduced if there were requirements to use at least EURO III trucks or trucks that comply with higher standards. The optimisation of discharge frequency needs to be dealt with. Emptying containers should be carried out at the same time and in the same collecting area. If different waste types are collected according to the door-to-door system, trucks that can collect different waste types simultaneously should be used. The quantity of emissions could be reduced by replacing the door-to-door system by a waste collection point in a village or a waste station in a municipality centre.

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Oboirien, Bilainu O., P. E. Molokwane, and Evans M. N. Chirwa. "Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants in a Radioactive Wastewater." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7014.

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Bioremediation holds the promise as a cost effective treatment technology for a wide variety of hazardous pollutants. In this study, the biodegradation of organic compounds discharged together with radioactive wastes is investigated. Nuclear process wastewater was simulated by a mixture of phenol and strontium, which is a major radionuclide found in radioactive wastewater. Phenol was used in the study as a model compound due to its simplicity of molecular structure. Moreover, the biodegradation pathway of phenol is well known. Biodegradation studies were conducted using pure cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas putida. The rate of phenol degradation by both species was found to be higher in the test without strontium. This suggests some degree of inhibition in the degradation of phenol by strontium. There was no phenol degradation in the sterile controls. The results indicate the feasibility of the biodegradation of organic pollutants discharged in radioactive effluents by specialised microbial cultures.

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Sharon T. Arteaga. "National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Compliance Challenges." In 2001 Sacramento, CA July 29-August 1,2001. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.3508.

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White, Erik D., Robin A. Semer, David C. Scharre, and Neil B. Childress. "De Minimis Approach for Meeting Anti-Degradation to Address Water Quality Issues With Respect to NPDES Discharges From New GTCC Plants." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0109.

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States are required to develop and adopt anti-degradation policies and implementation procedures pursuant to federal regulations [1] to protect existing in stream water quality and water uses. States are requiring National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) dischargers from new sources, which could result in lowering of existing water quality, to perform an anti-degradation demonstration as part of the NPDES permit application process. These evaluations are appropriate where a proposed discharge may have a significant adverse impact on water quality. However, they are an unnecessary burden on both the permit applicant and the reviewing agency where the proposed discharge is minor relative to existing water quality. Therefore, de minimis evaluations provide a technical approach that States can use to avoid the need for, or limit the scope of, anti-degradation demonstrations where the impact at the proposed discharge is minor. This paper provides a de minimis evaluation approach for addressing anti-degradation as part of an NPDES permit application process. The approach, which ascertains what conditions would or would not constitute a “de minimis lowering of water quality,” was recently used in support of a new combined-cycle power plant in one of the central states.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Discharges of pollutants"

Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.

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Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.

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Deal, Kathie Jennette. Updated Stormwater Management Program Plan: For coverage under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System Permit for stormwater discharges within the Middle Rio Grande Watershed (v.3). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1527315.

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Brunckhorst, K. Submission of Notice of Termination of Coverage Under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System General Permit No. CAS000002 for WDID No. 201C349114, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Ignition Facility Construction Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/952427.

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Bedford, Philip, Alexis Long, Thomas Long, Erin Milliken, Lauren Thomas, and Alexis Yelvington. Legal Mechanisms for Mitigating Flood Impacts in Texas Coastal Communities. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.mitigatingfloodimpactstx.

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Flooding is a major source of concern for Texas’ coastal communities. It affects the quality of infrastructure, the lives of citizens, and the ecological systems upon which coastal communities in Texas rely. To plan for and mitigate the impacts of flooding, Texas coastal communities may implement land use tools such as zoning, drainage utility systems, eminent domain, exactions, and easements. Additionally, these communities can benefit from understanding how flooding affects water quality and the tools available to restore water bodies to healthy water quality levels. Finally, implementing additional programs for education and ecotourism will help citizens develop knowledge of the impacts of flooding and ways to plan and mitigate for coastal flooding. Land use tools can help communities plan for and mitigate flooding. Section III addresses zoning, a land use tool that most municipalities already utilize to organize development. Zoning can help mitigate flooding, drainage, and water quality issues, which, Texas coastal communities continually battle. Section IV discusses municipal drainage utility systems, which are a mechanism available to municipalities to generate dedicated funds that can help offset costs associated with providing stormwater management. Section V addresses land use and revenue-building tools such as easements, eminent domain, and exactions, which are vital for maintaining existing and new developments in Texas coastal communities. Additionally, Section VI addresses conservation easements, which are a flexible tool that can enhance community resilience through increasing purchase power, establishing protected legal rights, and minimizing hazardous flood impacts. Maintaining good water quality is important for sustaining the diverse ecosystems located within and around Texas coastal communities. Water quality is regulated at the federal level through the Clean Water Act. As discussed in Section VII, the state of Texas is authorized to implement and enforce these regulations by implementing point source and nonpoint source pollutants programs, issuing permits, implementing stormwater discharge programs, collecting water quality data, and setting water quality standards. The state of Texas also assists local communities with implementing restorative programs, such as Watershed Protection Programs, to help local stakeholders restore impaired water bodies. Section VIII addresses ecotourism and how these distinct economic initiatives can help highlight the importance of ecosystem services to local communities. Section VIX discusses the role of education in improving awareness within the community and among visitors, and how making conscious decisions can allow coastal communities to protect their ecosystem and protect against flooding.

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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, and Yona Chen. Interactions of engineered nanoparticles with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and organic contaminants in water. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699863.bard.

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Background: Engineered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are expected to be increasingly released into the environment with the rapid increase in their production and use. The discharged CNTs may interact with coexisting contaminants and subsequently change environmental behaviors and ecological effects of both the CNTs themselves and the contaminants. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a critical role in the transport of CNTs in the aquatic environment, affecting both CNT's surface properties through adsorption, and its colloidal stability in solution. Therefore, CNT-bound DOM complexes may interact with coexisting contaminants, thus affecting their environmental fate. With increasing production and use of CNTs, there is an increasing risk that humans could be exposed to CNTs mainly through ingestion and inhalation. Since CNTs can be carriers of contaminants due to their high adsorption affinity and capacity, the distribution of these nanoparticles in the environment holds a potential environmental and health risk. Project objectives: The overall goal of this project was to gain a better understanding of the environmental behavior of engineered nanoparticles with DOM and organic pollutant in aqueous systems. The scope of this study includes: characterizing various types of engineered nanoparticles and their interaction with DOM; binding studies of organic contaminants by nanoparticles and DOM-nanoparticle complexes; and examining interactions in DOM-nanoparticles-contaminant systems. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: DOM has a pronounced effect on colloidal stability of CNTs in solution and on their surface chemistry and reactivity toward associated contaminants. The structure and chemical makeup of both CNTs and DOM determine their interactions and nature of formed complexes. CNTs, contaminants and DOM can co-occur in the aquatic environment. The occurrence of co-contaminants, as well as of co-introduction of DOM, was found to suppress the adsorption of organic contaminants to CNTs through both competition over adsorption sites and direct interactions in solution. Furthermore, the release of residual contaminants from CNTs could be enhanced by biomolecules found in the digestive as well as the respiratory tracts, thus increasing the bioaccessibility of adsorbed contaminants and possibly the overall toxicity of contaminant-associated CNTs. Contaminant desorption could be promoted by both solubilization and sorptive competition by biological surfactants. Scientific and agricultural implications: The information gained in the current project may assist in predicting the transport and fate of both CNTs and associated contaminants in the natural environment. Furthermore, the results imply a serious health risk from contaminant-associated CNTs.

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Nonpoint-source pollutant discharges of the three major tributaries to Reelfoot Lake, west Tennessee, October 1987-September 1989. US Geological Survey, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri914031.

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Technical specification for transferring National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System water data to the Oak Ridge Environmental Information System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/419127.

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