Готові списки джерел за темами / Dietary balance

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Dietary balance"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 7 вересня 2022
Оновлено: 18 вересня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Dietary balance"

1

Gibney, Michael J. "Optimal macronutrient balance." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 2 (May 1999): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199000555.

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There is at present a justifiable debate as to the optimum level of total dietary fat which will reduce the risk of obesity without an elevation of plasma triacylglycerol or a depression of plasma HDL-cholesterol. Total plasma cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels are lowered and risk of fatal myocardial infarction is lowered when either saturated or trans-unsaturated fatty acids are replaced isoenergetically by either monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. The triacylglycerol-raising and HDL-lowering effects of low-fat high-carbohydrate diets can be over-come with low intakes of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and moderate exercise. Whilst a reduction in dietary fat is being attained in many countries, the reduction is uniform across all fatty acids, leaving dietary fat composition unchanged. The ability of low-fat diets to reduce cholesterol and cause a fall in body weight is not influenced by the carbohydrate ratio starch: sugars in the diet. However, weight-gain susceptibility to high intakes of dietary fat and the plasma cholesterol responsiveness to diet are considerably influenced by common genetic polymorphisms.
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2

Davie, Michael W. J., Ralph R. Abraham, Belinda Hewins, and Victor Wynn. "Changes in bone and muscle constituents during dieting for obesity." Clinical Science 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1986): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0700285.

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1. The effects of dietary carbohydrate (CHO) content and of tri-iodothyronine (T3) administration on calcium, zinc and phosphate balances and on urinary hydroxyproline output were examined in eight obese subjects undergoing therapy with low energy (2741–3301 kJ/day), high calcium (28.9–35.1 mmol/day) diets. 2. Calcium balances were generally positive at the high levels of intake used, but significantly more calcium was retained when dietary CHO intake (as proportion of total energy intake) was increased. 3. Zinc balances were more positive when the proportion of dietary CHO was high and correlated both with nitrogen balance and with daytime insulin concentration. 4. Urinary hydroxyproline output generally increased with dieting irrespective of dietary CHO content. 5. Administration of T3 (30–80 μg/day) markedly increased zinc loss without affecting calcium balance.
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3

Schutz, Yves. "Dietary fat, lipogenesis and energy balance." Physiology & Behavior 83, no. 4 (December 2004): 557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.09.015.

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4

McCrory, Megan A., Aoife Burke, and Susan B. Roberts. "Dietary (sensory) variety and energy balance." Physiology & Behavior 107, no. 4 (November 2012): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.06.012.

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5

Frape, D. L. "Calcium balance and dietary protein content." Equine Veterinary Journal 19, no. 4 (July 1987): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1987.tb01400.x.

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6

Santos, Júlia, Fernanda Leitão-Correia, Maria João Sousa, and Cecília Leão. "Dietary Restriction and Nutrient Balance in Aging." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4010357.

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Dietary regimens that favour reduced calorie intake delay aging and age-associated diseases. New evidences revealed that nutritional balance of dietary components without food restriction increases lifespan. Particular nutrients as several nitrogen sources, proteins, amino acid, and ammonium are implicated in life and healthspan regulation in different model organisms from yeast to mammals. Aging and dietary restriction interact through partially overlapping mechanisms in the activation of the conserved nutrient-signalling pathways, mainly the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IIS) and the Target Of Rapamycin (TOR). The specific nutrients of dietary regimens, their balance, and how they interact with different genes and pathways are currently being uncovered. Taking into account that dietary regimes can largely influence overall human health and changes in risk factors such as cholesterol level and blood pressure, these new findings are of great importance to fully comprehend the interplay between diet and humans health.
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7

FLATT, J. P. "Dietary Fat, Carbohydrate Balance, and Weight Maintenance." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 683, no. 1 Dietary Lipid (June 1993): 122–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb35699.x.

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8

Astrup, A., B. Buemann, N. J. Christensen, and S. Toubro. "Failure to increase lipid oxidation in response to increasing dietary fat content in formerly obese women." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 266, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): E592—E599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.4.e592.

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The effect of an increase in dietary fat content on fat and carbohydrate balances and energy expenditure (EE) was studied in nine formerly obese women with genetic predisposition to obesity (postobese) and a closely matched control group. Isocaloric low- (20% fat energy) and high-fat diets (50%) were consumed for 3 days preceding and during a 24-h respiratory chamber stay, whereas a medium-fat diet (30%) was consumed only on the day of measurement. After adjustment for 24-h energy intake to equal 24-h EE, 24-h fat balance was increased when the dietary fat content increased (P < 0.0002). No differences in macronutrient balances were found on the low-fat and medium-fat diets, but on the high-fat diet the postobese women failed to increase ratio of fat to carbohydrate oxidation appropriately (0.59 g/g, 95% confidence interval 0.47-0.67 vs. controls 1.02 g/g, 0.88–1.12; P = 0.002). This caused a positive adjusted fat balance (+11.0 g/day, 2.3–19.6 vs. controls -8.9 g/day, -17.5 to -0.2; P < 0.001) and a negative carbohydrate balance (-41.8 g/day, -69.5 to -14.0 vs. controls +23.2 g/day, -4.6 to +50.9; P < 0.001). Decreasing the dietary fat content increased 24-h EE in the postobese women (P = 0.02), whereas it was unaffected in the control group. Independent of energy balance, an increase in dietary fat content to 50% fat energy results in preferential fat storage, impaired suppression of carbohydrate oxidation, and reduction of 24-h EE in postobese women.
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9

Takagi, Hiroshi, and Elliot Block. "Effects of Manipulating Dietary Cation-Anion Balance on Macromineral Balance in Sheep." Journal of Dairy Science 74, no. 12 (December 1991): 4202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78616-5.

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10

Dersjant-Li, Y., J. W. Schrama, M. J. W. Heetkamp, J. A. J. Verreth, and M. W. A. Verstegen. "Effect of dietary electrolyte balance on metabolic rate and energy balance in pigs." Animal Science 74, no. 2 (April 2002): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800052462.

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AbstractThe effect of two dietary electrolyte balance (dEB, Na+ + K+ – Cl-) levels (–135 and 145 mEq/kg diet) on heat production, energy and nitrogen retention in piglets was assessed. The experiment consisted of a 13-day adaptation period and a 7-day balance period in two open-circuit climate respiration chambers. Nine groups of three (4 weeks old) crossbred barrows were assigned to one of two diets (five and four groups for –135 and 145 mEq/kg dEB diets respectively). During the balance period, diets were provided at 2·3 times the energy requirement for maintenance in two equal meals daily. Total heat production for each group was determined every 9 minutes from the exchange of CO2 and O2. Faeces and urine mixture was quantitatively collected during the balance period to measure energy and nitrogen balance. Total heat production and metabolizable energy costs for maintenance tended (P 0·10) to be higher in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group (681 and 443 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively) than in the –135 mEq/kg dEB group (660 and 412 kJ/kg0·75 per day respectively). Differences in total heat production between the two dEB groups mainly occurred in the daytime (light period), when significance level was P 0·01. The respiratory quotient and energy retention as fat were numerically (but not statistically significantly) lower in the 145 mEq/kg dEB group compared with –135 mEq/kg dEB. In conclusion, energy balances were similar for both treatments. However in the daytime (light period), piglets needed more energy for maintenance after ingesting a diet with a dEB level of 145 mEq/kg compared to a diet with a dEB level of –135 mEq/kg at a restricted feeding level.
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Дисертації з теми "Dietary balance"

1

James, Lewis J. "Fluid and electrolyte balance during dietary restriction." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10138.

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It is known that during fluid restriction, obligatory water losses continue and hypohydration develops and that restricted energy intake leads to a concomitant restriction of all other dietary components, as well as hypohydration, but the specific effects of periods of fluid and/ or energy restriction on fluid balance, electrolyte balance and exercise performance have not been systematically described in the scientific literature. There were two main aims of this thesis. Firstly, to describe the effects of periods of severe fluid and/ or energy restriction on fluid and electrolyte balance; secondly, to determine the effect of electrolyte supplementation during and after energy restriction on fluid and electrolyte balance as well as energy exercise performance. The severe restriction of fluid and/ or energy intake over a 24 h period all resulted in body mass loss (BML) and hypohydration, but whilst serum osmolality increases during fluid restriction (hypertonic hypohydration), serum osmolality does not change during energy restriction (isotonic hypohydration), despite similar reductions in plasma volume (Chapter 3). These differences in the tonicity of the hypohydration developed are most likely explainable by differences in electrolyte balance, with fluid restriction resulting in no change in electrolyte balance over 24 h (Chapter 3) and energy restriction (with or without fluid restriction) producing significant reductions in electrolyte balance by 24 h (Chapter 3; Chapter 4; Chapter 5; Chapter 6; Chapter 7). Twenty four hour combined fluid and energy restriction results in large negative balances of both sodium and potassium, and whilst the addition of sodium chloride to a rehydration solution ingested after fluid and energy restriction increases drink retention, the addition of potassium chloride to a rehydration solution does not (Chapter 4). Supplementation of sodium chloride and potassium chloride during periods of severe energy restriction reduces the BML observed during energy restriction and maintains plasma volume at pre-energy restriction levels (Chapter 5; Chapter 6; Chapter 7). iv These responses to electrolyte supplementation during energy restriction appear to be related to better maintenance of serum osmolality and electrolyte concentrations and a consequential reduction in urine output (Chapter 5; Chapter 6; Chapter 7). Additionally, 48 h energy restriction resulted in a reduction in exercise capacity in a hot environment and an increase in heart rate and core temperature during exercise, compared to a control trial providing adequate energy intake. Whilst electrolyte supplementation during the same 48 h period of energy restriction prevented these increases in heart rate and core temperature and exercise capacity was not different from the control trial Chapter 8). In conclusion, 24-48 h energy restriction results in large losses of sodium, potassium and chloride in urine and a large reduction in body mass and plasma volume and supplementation of these electrolytes during energy restriction reduces urine output, attenuates the reduction in body mass and maintains plasma volume and exercise capacity.
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2

Takagi, Hiroshi. "Effects of manipulating dietary cation-anion balance on calcium metabolism in sheep." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75683.

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Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of reducing dietary anion-cation balance (AC-balance), defined as meq $ sp circ$(Sodium + Potassium)-(Chloride + Sulfur) S, on calcium (Ca) metabolism. Reducing the dietary AC-balance from +314 to $-22$ (meq kg$ sp{-1}$ dry matter (DM)) did not affect plasma Ca level but reduced Ca retention mainly due to a 10-fold increase in urinary Ca excretion with similar rate of apparent absorption. It also decreased urine pH and titratable acidity. The response to induced hypocalcemia created by the infusion of 4.6% EDTA solution revealed that reducing dietary AC-balance from +354 to +37 (meq kg$ sp{-1}$DM) did not affect the volume of the compartment, within which there was rapid equilibration of free Ca but tended to increase the rate of Ca mobilization from it during the infusion. The Ca kinetic study with a four-compartment model indicated that reducing dietary AC-balance from +338 to $-127$ (meq kg$ sp{-1}$DM) during the eucalcemic period and from +429 to $-147$ (meq kg$ sp{-1}$DM) during an EGTA-infusion period (simulated lactational Ca loss) caused hypercalciuria and increased ionized form of plasma Ca. Increased true intestinal Ca absorption and reduced bone accretion were observed in the lowest AC-balance diet only during the EGTA-infusion period. There were no differences in the size of total exchangeable Ca pool but the amount of Ca movement between them tended to increase in reduced AC-balance diets during both periods. Results indicated that feeding reduced AC-balanced diet may have a beneficial role in preventing parturient paresis (milk fever) by increasing Ca flux through the exchangeable Ca pool and Ca mobilization capability.
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3

Warren, Lucie. "Keeping the balance : promoting physical activity and healthy dietary behaviour in pregnancy." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/61838/.

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Gaining large amounts of weight during pregnancy may contribute to development of obesity and is associated with poor outcomes. Therefore managing gestational weight gain is important to reduce the risk of complications. This thesis aims to explore clinical and personal management of gestational weight gain and to discover how pregnant women can be best supported to maintain physical activity and healthy dietary behaviours. This is achieved through a programme of research comprising three related studies. Study One explored the antenatal clinical management of weight and weight gain through one-to-one interviews with Antenatal Clinical Midwifery Managers across Wales (n=11). Findings showed wide variation in management of weight from unit to unit. Although midwives believed pregnancy to be a perfect opportunity to encourage healthier behaviours, many identified barriers preventing them discussing weight with women. In Study Two semi-structured interviews with pregnant women (n=15) investigated views on personal weight management during pregnancy. Again pregnancy was seen as an ideal time to improve health behaviours due to a perceived increase in motivation and many women identified specific goals. However, in the face of various barriers, it was apparent that the motivation which initially identified healthy lifestyle goals was unable to sustain this behaviour throughout the pregnancy. Finally Study Three looked at the feasibility and acceptability of a midwife-led intervention informed by the two preliminary studies. The ‘Eat Well Keep Active’ intervention programme designed to promote healthy eating and physical activity in pregnant women (n=20) was based upon the Self Determination Theory framework for enhancing and maintaining motivation and utilised motivational interviewing. Results indicated that the intervention was received well by participants who reported that it positively influenced their health behaviours. The ‘Eat Well Keep Active’ programme may be a suitable intervention to encourage and facilitate women to pursue a healthier lifestyle throughout their pregnancy.
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4

Smith, Adam. "The effect of dietary composition on the water balance of laying hens." Thesis, Open University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363967.

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5

Spooner, Holly Sue. "Calcium balance and bone density in immature horses fed a high protein diet." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4378.

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Studies in other species indicate high protein diets increase urinary calcium (Ca) excretion and may lead to negative calcium balance and reduced bone density. As overfeeding of protein is commonplace in the horse industry, this study was undertaken to determine the effects of excess dietary protein on growth, physiologic response, mineral balance, bone density, and bone geometry in immature horses. Sixteen 10-month-old American Quarter Horses were blocked by age and sex into two dietary treatments. The control diet was formulated to provide the NRC (1989) recommended concentration of crude protein, while the high protein diet provided 130% of NRC (1989) recommendations. All other nutrients were formulated at or slightly above NRC (1989) recommendations. Blood samples, feces, and urine were collected during the 116-day study to determine any diet effect on pH and mineral balance. Radiographs were made of the left third metacarpal (MCIII) to determine bone density via radiographic bone aluminum equivalence (RBAE), and bone geometry was determined metrically from the radiographs. Urine pH decreased over time (p < 0.001), but there were no diet effects on blood pH or urine pH. Conversely, when normalized to day 0 values, fecal pH was reduced by feeding the high protein treatment (p < 0.02). Density of dorsal and palmar cortices increased over time (p < 0.001), but no differences were observed between diets. But, normalized total medial-lateral (ML) width of the MCIII was higher in the control diet (p < 0.05). Fecal Ca loss was greater in horses fed the high protein diet (p < 0.005), while Ca absorption and retention were lower for horses on the high protein treatment (p < 0.02). Phosphorus (P) balance was not different between diets, although feeding the high protein diet resulted in higher P intake overall (p < 0.001). While excess dietary protein may decrease fecal pH, increase fecal Ca excretion, and decrease Ca absorption and retention, there was no consistent effect of the high protein diet on bone density over the course of this study. Further research is necessary to determine if feeding high-protein diets is detrimental to bone quality in the growing horse.
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6

Iwayama, Norihisa, Toru Shinzato, Shigeru Nakai, Shizue Ando, Yoshio Nagake, Hirofumi Makino, and Kenji Maeda. "Quantitative estimation of dietary energy deficiency and effects of Its supplementation on protein nutritional status of nondiabetic uremic patients undergoing protein restricted dietary regimens." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/5365.

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7

Brown, Gemma L. "Relationships between exercise, energy balance, appetite and dietary restraint in overweight and obese women." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3227/.

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Background: Exercise may acutely and chronically up-regulate appetite and energy intake in overweight and obese women preventing body mass reduction in the long term. Overweight and obese women may be most prone to compensatory responses to exercise but the possible mechanism for this is unclear. Appetite regulating hormones have been investigated as a possible mechanism but to date the evidence is somewhat mixed. Identifying compensatory energy intake responses in overweight and obese women is complicated by the high prevalence of dietary under-reporting in this group. The laboratory-based buffet meal method has frequently been used in research studies that have assessed food intake in these women, but this method has only undergone preliminary validation. Dietary restraint may also affect individual appetite responses to exercise; it has been theorised that restraint may be a behavioural adaptation to diminished energy requirements, and differences in physical activity levels could also contribute. Evidence thus far has produced mixed results, possibly because two distinct sub-groups of restrained eaters exist, those with flexible and rigid control of restraint. It is not known if there are differences in energy requirements between these two sub-groups. Participants and Methods: Participants in all studies were sedentary, healthy, pre-menopausal, overweight and obese, adult women. Study 1: Fourteen women completed four trials; two exercise and two control, following the same protocol as study 1. Energy intake at three buffet meals and subjective appetite ratings were measured, and the reproducibility of these values under control and exercise conditions was tested using intraclass correlation coefficient (ri). Study 2: Twenty-nine women completed two trials in a randomised, counterbalanced order; exercise and control. Each trial lasted 24 hours spanning 2 days; the afternoon of day 1 and morning of day 2. An exercise session to expend 1.65 MJ was completed on day 1 of exercise trials, and three buffet meals were served during each trial to measure energy intake. Appetite was assessed using a visual analogue scale and blood samples were taken to determine acylated ghrelin (n=15) and peptide YY (n=10) concentrations. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to investigate the effects of trial and time on appetite hormones, EI and appetite. Study 3: Fifteen women participated in a sixteen week exercise intervention to expend 8360 kJ week-1. Participants exercised unsupervised in the University gym, and compliance was measured via heart rate monitoring. Sub-maximal fitness and body composition assessments were carried out at baseline, and after 8 and 16 weeks of exercise. Energy expenditure, energy intake, appetite, and acylated ghrelin (n=14) and peptide YY concentrations (n=11) were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of exercise. Paired t tests were used to assess differences in time-averaged AUC for appetite, total and relative EI, metabolic rate, and exercise responses between trials. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess changes over time in body composition, appetite ratings, EI, acylated ghrelin, peptide YY, and cardiovascular fitness levels. Study 4: Forty-one sedentary women in a one week observational study. Participants were classed as restrained or unrestrained using the three factor eating questionnaire, and the former group were further classified as having flexible or rigid control of restraint. All participants completed a food frequency questionnaire, sub-maximal fitness test, body composition assessment and two fasted metabolic rate measurements. Average daily energy expenditure was calculated from a seven day physical activity diary combined with continuous heart rate data. Differences between restrained and unrestrained eaters, and restrained eaters with flexible and rigid control, were assessed using a paired t-test. Results Study 1: The ri for energy intake in control trials was significant but had large associated confidence intervals (ri 0.50 (95% CI 0.03, 0.80) p=0.0003). The ri was for energy intake in exercise trials was (ri 0.04 (95% CI -0.53, 0.55; p=0.45) and for the difference between control and exercise trials was (ri -0.05 (95% CI -0.54, 0.48; p=0.57) this was not significant. The ri values for satiety, fullness and desire to eat were significant in both control and exercise trials (p<0.05), but the associated confidence intervals were large. Study 2: There was no effect of exercise on subjectively rated appetite, acylated ghrelin, or peptide YY concentrations (all p>0.05). Total energy intakes were not significantly different between trials (exercise: 10.9 ± 0.5 MJ, control: 10.8 ± 0.5 MJ; mean ± SEM). Study 3: Total exercise energy expenditure during the intervention was 80.8 ± 7.7 MJ, which resulted in a significant reduction in total body mass (-1.9 ± 0.9 kg), fat mass (-1.7 ± 0.7 kg) and BMI (-0.7 ± 0.4 kg m-2). However individual changes in body and fat mass ranged from +2.8 to -9.9kg, and +1.78 to -6.55 kg respectively. There were no significant differences in appetite, energy intake, or expenditure after 8 weeks of exercise (p>0.05). Study 4: There were no differences in metabolic rate, daily energy expenditure or physical activity patterns between restrained and unrestrained eaters (p>0.05), or between restrained eaters with flexible and rigid control of restraint (p>0.05). Conclusions: Study 1: The laboratory-based buffet meal method of measuring energy intake does not provide reliable, reproducible values in overweight and obese, pre-menopausal women either under control or exercise conditions. Study 2: A walking-based exercise session which induces a moderate energy deficit of 1.65 MJ does not appear to affect subsequent twenty four hour energy intake, subjectively rated appetite, or plasma acylated ghrelin and peptide YY concentrations during the subsequent twenty four hours. Study 3: This study concluded that 16 weeks aerobic exercise in overweight and obese women produces a small, but significant, reduction in body and fat mass (-1.9 ± 0.9 kg); however the extent of these changes varies greatly between individuals (+2.8 to -9.9kg). No evidence of compensatory changes in energy intake or expenditure, subjective appetite ratings, or circulating levels of acylated ghrelin and peptide YY was apparent after 8 weeks of exercise. Study 4: This study concluded that there is no evidence of a difference in body composition or energy requirements between overweight and obese female restrained and unrestrained eaters, or between sub-groups of restrained eaters. Dietary restraint does not appear to be an adaptation to diminished energy requirements.
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8

Chian, Clarice. "Effect of dietary fat on food intake and energy balance in the marsupial Sminthopsis crassicaudata /." Title page and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbc5325.pdf.

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9

Gardner, Naomi Helen. "Effects of supplemental dietary fats and energy balance on reproductive performance in the dairy cow." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340026.

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10

Griffin, Tania Lindsay. "Sugar and energy balance in children : the effect of an educational intervention on knowledge and dietary intake." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2011. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=168274.

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Introduction: Non-milk extrinsic sugar {NMES} intake among children in Scotland fails to meet dietary recommendations, which is likely to contribute to dental decay and weight gain. Children's physical activity, which contributes to energy balance, also fails to meet recommended targets. Aim: To develop and evaluate a classroom based educational intervention to improve knowledge of NMES and energy balance in children aged 10-12 years. Methods: Following development of an intervention, consisting of two educational sessions, one on NMES and one on physical activity and energy balance, a cluster-randomised trial was conducted with 268 children in 15 primary schools {8 controls}. Children completed questionnaires to assess their knowledge of NMES and energy balance and levels of physical activity at baseline and 4, 10 and 34 weeks post intervention. Intake of NMES was assessed at baseline, and at weeks 10 and 34 using a food frequency questionnaire. After the intervention, focus groups were conducted to explore children's views and opinions of NMES and the educational sessions. Results: At baseline children had limited knowledge of NMES. Post intervention, the intervention group had a significantly higher knowledge than the control group, but this declined by 34 weeks. Knowledge of energy balance between the groups was not significantly different post intervention. No changes in NMES intake or physical activity were observed post intervention. Focus groups highlighted that children did not consider health to be a priority for dietary choice. They thought it was important to learn about NMES, but were disinclined to reduce their intakes. Conclusions: Despite improved knowledge of N MES and the health consequences of excess consumption, children are unlikely to change dietary behaviour when it requires over-riding their taste preferences. Education helps children to understand healthy lifestyle behaviours, but following this, environmental changes may be necessary to facilitate behaviour change.
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Книги з теми "Dietary balance"

1

Wu, Xiaoyan. Effects of dietary potassium depletion in salt-dependent hypertension: The kidney, electrolyte balance, and sympathetic nervous system in Dahl rats. Ottawa: National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997.

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2

Alabaster, Oliver. The BRAN PLAN DIET: Featuring the Bran Cocktail, the first completely balanced, make-at-home, Fiber supplement. Emmaus, Pa: Rodale Press, 1993.

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3

Colles, Susie. Art of Ayurvedic Nutrition: Ancient Wisdom for Health, Balance, and Dietary Freedom. Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2020.

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4

Colles, Susie. Art of Ayurvedic Nutrition: Ancient Wisdom for Health, Balance, and Dietary Freedom. Skyhorse Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2020.

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5

Menani, Jose Vanderlei, Alan Kim Johnson, and Laurival Antonio De Luca Jr. Neurobiology of Body Fluid Homeostasis: Transduction and Integration. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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6

Bender, David A. 3. Protein nutrition. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0003.

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About 14 per cent of the human body is protein, so a growing child, or pregnant woman must have protein intake to increase the total amount of protein in the body, or foetus, as it grows. But why does an adult, whose body weight does not change, require protein in the diet? ‘Protein nutrition’ explains that proteins contain the element nitrogen in their constituent amino acids. Nitrogen balance is the difference between the intake of nitrogen-containing compounds in the diet and the excretion of nitrogen-containing compounds from the body. There is a requirement for dietary protein as the continual breakdown of tissue proteins in the body needs replacement by newly synthesized protein.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Prebiotics and probiotics in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0027.

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Probiotics are live, non-pathogenic commensal microorganisms with beneficial effects on the host organism; they improve and/or maintain intestinal flora balance by suppressing and displacing harmful bacteria. Prebiotics are nondigestible food components that stimulate growth or activity of these beneficial intestinal bacteria. Such microorganisms form an integral part of the intestinal mucosal defence system and are important for the development and maturation of the infant#amp;#x2019;s gastrointestinal tract. Maternal ingestion of probiotics and prebiotics from dietary sources during pregnancy, or by the infant at weaning, may enhance the development and maturation of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic foods may also help control insulin resistance and the development of gestational diabetes.
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Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Nutritional assessment and requirements. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0001.

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Nutritional assessment 2Risk factors for undernutrition 3Nutritional intake 4Taking a feeding history 5Basic anthropometry: the assessment of body form 6Growth 7Patterns of growth 15Malnutrition 17Nutritional requirements 19Nutritional status reflects the balance between supply and demand and the consequences of any imbalance. Nutritional assessment is therefore the foundation of nutritional care for children. When judging the need for nutritional support an assessment must be made both of the underlying reasons for any feeding difficulties, and of current nutritional status. This process includes a detailed dietary history, physical examination, anthropometry (weight, length; head circumference in younger children) with reference to standard growth charts, and basic laboratory indices when possible. In addition, skin fold thickness and mid-upper arm circumference measurements provide a simple method for estimating body composition....
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Potassium in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0022.

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Potassium is an important electrolyte involved in transmission of electrical signals for muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and cardiac function. The fetus accumulates potassium throughout gestation, but little is known about maternal potassium balance during pregnancy. Conditions associated with pregnancy, such as severe vomiting or morning sickness, can cause potassium loss. Caffeine increases the renal excretion of potassium, and cases of hypokalaemia in pregnancy have been observed in women with heavy caffeine/cola consumption, resulting in extreme muscle fatigue. To date there is insufficient evidence to suggest that the potassium requirement is increased during pregnancy, although a small increase in intake is needed for lactation. Reduction of cardiovascular risk factors and bone loss may be assisted by increasing potassium intake and/or by dietary sodium reduction.
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Brêtas, Anilce de Araújo. Balanço eletrolítico estratégico na ração de suínos criados em clima quente. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-318-3.

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The effect of Dietary Electrolyte Balance (EB) in rations for growing and finished swine under high temperatures ambient was evaluated. Two hundred male castrated pigs with initial average 25,3±1.3 kg were allotted in completely randomized experimental design with five treatments T1 diet without supplemented electrolyte 191 mEq/kg; T2 (supl B) diet supplementd with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 250 mEq/kg; T3 (supl B+C) diet supplemented with (NaHCO3) and potassium chloride (KCl) 250 mEq/kg; T4 (supl B) diet supplemented with (NaHCO3) 300 mEq/kg; T5 (supl B+C) diet supplemented (NaHCO3) and (KCl) 300 mEq/kg and four replication and 10 pigs per experimental unit. The average weight of the animals was 68,8±3,4 kg. The performance parameters evaluated were the feed intake (FI), the daily gain (DG), finished weight (FW), nitrogen intake (NI), lysine intake (LI), efficiency of N utilization for weight gain (ENUWG), efficiency of L utilization for weight gain (ELUWG) and the gain:feed ration and physiologic parameters to respiratory frequency (RF) and rectal temperature (RT). Blood was colleted to measure serum concentration of Na, Cl and K. The average temperature was 29,65±1,80ºC with (RU) of 69,6±10,4%. The levels of EB decreased (P<0,05) the (FI) and improved (NI). The others performance parameters evaluated weren’t influenced by treatments (P>0,05). In the termination phase the supplementation with sodium bicarbonate and or potassium chloride with 250 or 300 mEq/kg can be used to correct electrolyte balance under heat stress.
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Частини книг з теми "Dietary balance"

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Cialfa, E., A. Turrini, and C. Lintas. "A National Food Survey. Food Balance Sheets and Other Methodologies: A Critical Overview." In Monitoring Dietary Intakes, 24–44. London: Springer London, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1828-2_4.

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Doyle, Suzanne L., Claire L. Donohoe, and John V. Reynolds. "The Role of Energy Balance in Cancer Prevention." In Critical Dietary Factors in Cancer Chemoprevention, 321–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21461-0_16.

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Fairman, Ciaran M., Alexander R. Lucas, Elizabeth Grainger, Steven K. Clinton, and Brian C. Focht. "The Integration of Exercise and Dietary Lifestyle Interventions into Prostate Cancer Care." In Energy Balance and Cancer, 143–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64940-5_8.

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Hursting, Stephen D., Sarah M. Smith, Leticia Nogueira, Rebecca DeAngel, Laura Lashinger, and Susan N. Perkins. "Dietary Energy Balance, Calorie Restriction, and Cancer Prevention." In Bioactive Compounds and Cancer, 147–64. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-627-6_7.

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Klampfer, Lidija, Barbara G. Heerdt, Anna Velcich, Erin Gaffney-Stomberg, Donghai Wang, Elaine Lin, and Leonard H. Augenlicht. "Dietary Modulation of Colon Cancer: Effects on Intermediary Metabolism, Mucosal Cell Differentiation, and Inflammation." In Energy Balance and Gastrointestinal Cancer, 47–64. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2367-6_3.

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Strasser, Barbara. "Nutrition and Aging: Nutrition Balance and Dietary Protein Needs." In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_130-1.

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Strasser, Barbara. "Nutrition and Aging: Nutrition Balance and Dietary Protein Needs." In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 3546–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9_130.

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Mu, Huiling, Ruoyong Wang, Shuang Bai, Longmei Fang, Ximeng Chen, Hongjiang Jing, Feng Li, Peng Liu, Lili Zhang, and Peng Du. "Evaluation of Dietary Quality of Aircrew by Military Diet Balance Index." In Man-Machine-Environment System Engineering, 359–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6978-4_43.

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Clandinin, M. T., M. Suh, and K. Hargreaves. "Impact of Dietary Fatty Acid Balance on Membrane Structure and Function of Neural Tissues." In Neurobiology of Essential Fatty Acids, 197–210. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3426-6_17.

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de Lorgeril, M., and P. Salen. "Dietary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Focus on Omega-6/Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid Balance." In World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, 57–73. Basel: KARGER, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000073792.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Dietary balance"

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Moore, Tricia, Steve Carbajal, Anna Jiang, Linda Beltran, Stephen Hursting, and John DiGiovanni. "Abstract 1604: Dietary energy balance modulates multistage epithelial carcinogenesis in mouse skin." In AACR Annual Meeting--Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2008-1604.

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Sauvant, D., and P. Nozière. "The rumen protein balance as a key trait to model ruminant responses to dietary proteins." In 6th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-891-9_142.

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Moore, Tricia, Linda Beltran, Stephen Hursting, and John DiGiovanni. "Abstract 815: Dietary energy balance modulates skin tumor promotion through altered IGF-1R and EGFR crosstalk." In Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-815.

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4

Moore, Tricia, Linda Beltran, Steve Carbajal, Guiyu Jiang, Tarlochan Bhatt, Stephen Hursting, and John DiGiovanni. "Abstract 966: Dietary energy balance modulates IGF-1R and EGFR signaling and crosstalk during tumor promotion." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-966.

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Kalaitzi, Christina. "PECULIAR NUTRITIONAL HABITS IN ROALD DAHL WORKS: A STORYTELLING INTERVENTION ON PROMOTING PRESCHOOLERS’ DIETARY SELF-REGULATION." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2022v1end113.

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"One of the recurring motifs in Roald Dahl works whether leading to the plot’s unfolding or not, is the peculiar nutritional habits and, by extension, everything connected with it, such as socio-emotional behaviors and concepts of the dietary rules’ infringement. Looking at The Twits’ distorted dietary hygiene, George’s Marvellous Medicine’s disorientated nutritional advices and The BFG’s disgusting essential goods, it can be observed that the food as an act and its processes, are cultural notions identifying current concepts of not only the excesses and the adult’s control upon children, but also the pedagogically proper nutrition. A reading of the interpretations carried by food’s humorous representations in Dahl’s aforementioned classics is ventured. The ways of how children’s literature depicts the characters’ nutritional attitudes and their possible implications on their behavior are analyzed. While proceeding, the design of a storytelling intervention on promoting dietary self-regulation is proposed for kindergarten. A series of narrative and creative writing activities of subverting and parodying Dahl’s works, which aim to familiarize preschoolers with notions such as nutritional balance, food hygiene and eating habits, is presented. Dahl’s humorous and extreme carnivalesque depiction of nourishment, followed by an exaggerated deviation of normal eating habits, is what could provoke and motivate preschoolers to shape a healthy nutritional attitude and a dietary self-regulation. The contribution of this particular study is to highlight children’s literature significant role as a means of influencing children’s thinking on fundamental issues related with their health, and to demonstrate storytelling’s dynamics as a teaching tool for shaping their attitudes towards life matters."
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Lin, Jie, Xiang Shu, Ashish Kamat, Ernest T. Hawk, Colin P. Dinney, and Xifeng Wu. "Abstract 675: Interplay between dietary trace metal, energy balance, genes in DNA repair pathway and bladder cancer risk." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-675.

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Checkley, Allyson, Tricia Moore, Okkyung Rho, and John DiGiovanni. "Abstract 1010: Effect of dietary energy balance modulation on the ability of metformin to inhibit skin tumor promotion." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-1010.

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Lashinger, Laura M., Lauren Malone, Elizabeth Daniels, Nicole C. Smith, Amy Pavone, Jennifer L. Colby, Susan M. Fischer, and Stephen D. Hursting. "Abstract 4188: Dietary energy balance impacts spontaneous pancreatic lesions in the K5.COX-2 transgenic model of pancreatic cancer." In AACR Annual Meeting--Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2008-4188.

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RUZAIĶE, Aija, Sandra MUIŽNIECE-BRASAVA, Zanda KRŪMA, and Kaspars KOVAĻENKO. "NUTRITIONAL VALUE DETERMINATION OF THERMALLY PROCESSED POTATO MAIN COURSE IN RETORT PACKAGING." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.078.

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Consumers are increasingly demanding choices of ready-made foods with excellent organoleptic and health-related properties. There are two main trends in Europe; firstly, consumers are increasingly choosing foods that are comfortable for use, secondly, the number of people who are overweight is increasing, with more consumers paying close attention to the ingredients and nutritional value of products in order to balance the amount of the food they consume per day. The aim of the research was to develop new potato main courses and to determine their nutritional value. The research was carried out at the Faculty of Food Technology of the Latvia University of Agriculture, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR" and Laboratory of Mineral Nutrition at the Institute of Biology of the University of Latvia. Four different potato main course types with amaranth, quinoa, bulgur and chicken were prepared for the study; plain potatoes were used as the control sample. The content of protein, carbohydrates, lipids, fibre and minerals (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B) was determined in all potato main course samples. The addition of amaranth, quinoa and bulgur significantly increased the content of dietary fibre, protein, carbohydrates and lipids (p&amp;amp;lt;0.05), whereas the addition of chicken fillet significantly increased protein and lipid content, but reduced the content of carbohydrates and dietary fibre. The content of various minerals, which are an indispensable part of the diet as they are necessary for the body's life processes and normal development, was significantly increased by the addition of chicken to the potato main course. The highest dietary fibre content was detected in potato main course with amaranth (3.0 g per 100 g product), drawing up to 9.0 g dietary fibre per one serving (300 g). Following the Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, potatoes with amaranth can be defined as the “source of fibre”.
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Barouh, Nathalie, Claire Berton-Carabin, Thierry Chardot, Jean-Francois Fabre, Sabine D'andrea, Yann Gohon, Eric Lacroux, et al. "Exploring Plant Biodiversity to Extract Oil Bodies for Sustainable Food Applications." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/wmkj8057.

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Oleoproteaginous and cereal seeds enclose a wide range of nutriments such as lipids, proteins, polysaccharides and various mineral and organic micronutrients. These nutrients are found under the form of natural assemblies such as oil or protein bodies or starch granules, that have interesting functionalities (micronic sizes, surface activity, high physicochemical stability, etc.). These assemblies are extracted by various processes using energy, organic solvents, steam, alone or in combination. Thus, their natural structures are often strongly damaged, and some of their functionalities disappear. Storming through natural assemblies’ biodiversity to address the societal demand for more natural and minimally-processed food, seems promising. Indeed, the soft extraction of such assemblies could be an alternative to traditional intensive fractionation methods of plant raw materials to isolate target ingredients (sucrose, starch, refined oils, etc.). This would allow energy savings and avoid solvent use, but must be balanced with potential challenges of this new green refinery scheme. The purpose of the present work is to highlight the physicochemical properties of various oil bodies from diverse plant origins. A green refinery protocol is proposed for their extraction from various matrices. Then their size distribution, surface activity, resistance to oxidation and fatty acids and liposoluble vitamins bioaccessibility is also presented. Omega-3 rich sources (linseed, chia, hemp…) are of special interest to correct the low dietary intake of US and European population as well as the ω6/ω3 balance. Oil bodies from these plant species can thus constitute new dietary carriers of ω3 and other bioactive molecules. Moreover, the combination of oil bodies with specific features (fatty acid profiles, stabilities, vitamin contents) can help meeting the requirements of specific nutritional targets (infants, children, elderly, athletes, etc.). Altogether, we are convinced that the valorization of these diverse oil bodies can be a strategic route in the development of sustainable food systems.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Dietary balance"

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Butler, Walter R., Uzi Moallem, Amichai Arieli, Robert O. Gilbert, and David Sklan. Peripartum dietary supplementation to enhance fertility in high yielding dairy cows. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7587723.bard.

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Objectives of the project: To evaluate the effects of a glucogenic supplement during the peripartum transition period on insulin, hepatic triglyceride accumulation, interval to first ovulation, and progesterone profile in dairy cows. To compare benefits of supplemental fats differing in fatty acid composition and fed prepartum on hepatic triglyceride accumulation, interval to first ovulation, progesterone profile, and uterine prostaglandin production in lactating dairy cows. To assess the differential and carry-over effects of glucogenic and fat supplements fed to peripartum dairy cows on steroidogenesis and fatty acids in ovarian follicles. To determine the carry-over effects of peripartum glucogenic or fat supplements on fertility in high producing dairy cows (modified in year 3 to Israel only). Added during year 3 of project: To assess the activity of genes related to hepatic lipid oxidation and gluconeogenesis following dietary supplementation (USA only). Background: High milk yields in dairy cattle are generally associated with poor reproductive performance. Low fertility results from negative energy balance (NEBAL) of early lactation that delays resumption of ovarian cycles and exerts other carryover effects. During NEBAL, ovulation of ovarian follicles is compromised by low availability of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), but fatty acid mobilization from body stores is augmented. Liver function during NEBAL is linked to the resumption of ovulation and fertility: 1) Accumulation of fatty acids by the liver and ketone production are associated with delayed first ovulation; 2) The liver is the main source of IGF-I. NEBAL will continue as a consequence of high milk yield, but dietary supplements are currently available to circumvent the effects on liver function. For this project, supplementation was begun prepartum prior to NEBAL in an effort to reduce detrimental effects on liver and ovarian function. Fats either high or low in unsaturated fatty acids were compared for their ability to reduce liver triglyceride accumulation. Secondarily, feeding specific fats during a period of high lipid turnover caused by NEBAL provides a novel approach for manipulating phospholipid pools in tissues including ovary and uterus. Increased insulin from propylene glycol (glucogenic) was anticipated to reduce lipolysis and increase IGF-I. The same supplements were utilized in both the USA and Israel, to compare effects across different diets and environments. Conclusions: High milk production and very good postpartum health was achieved by dietary supplementation. Peripartum PGLY supplementation had no significant effects on reproductive variables. Prepartum fat supplementation either did not improve metabolic profile and ovarian and uterine responses in early lactation (USA) or decreased intake when added to dry cow diets (Israel). Steroid production in ovarian follicles was greater in lactating dairy cows receiving supplemental fat (unsaturated), although in a field trail fertility to insemination was not improved.
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Pineda, Lane, Stacey Roberts, Brian Kerr, Rene Kwakkel, Martin Verstegen, and Kristjan Bregendahl. Maximum Dietary Content of Corn Dried Distiller’s Grains with Solubles in Diets for Laying Hens. Effects on Nitrogen Balance, Manure Excretion, Egg production, and Egg Quality. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-121.

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Landau, Sergei Yan, John W. Walker, Avi Perevolotsky, Eugene D. Ungar, Butch Taylor, and Daniel Waldron. Goats for maximal efficacy of brush control. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587731.bard.

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Background. Brush encroachment constitutes a serious problem in both Texas and Israel. We addressed the issue of efficacy of livestock herbivory - in the form of goat browsing - to change the ecological balance to the detriment of the shrub vegetation. Shrub consumption by goats is kept low by plant chemical defenses such as tannins and terpenes. Scientists at TAES and ARO have developed an innovative, cost-effective methodology using fecal Near Infrared Spectrometry to elucidate the dietary percentage of targeted, browse species (terpene-richredberry and blueberry juniper in the US, and tannin-rich Pistacialentiscus in Israel) for a large number of animals. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to clarify the relative preference of goat breeds and the individual variation of goats within breeds, when consuming targeted brush species; 2. to assess the heritability of browse intake and validate the concept of breeding goat lines that exhibit high preference for chemically defended brush, using juniper as a model; 3. to clarify the relative contributions of genetics and learning on the preference for target species; 4. to identify mechanisms that are associated with greater intake of brush from the two target species; 5. to establish when the target species are the most vulnerable to grazing. (Issue no.5 was addressed only partly.) Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Both the Israel and US scientists put significant efforts into improving and validating the technique of Fecal NIRS for predicting the botanical composition of goat diets. Israeli scientists validated the use of observational data for calibrating fecal NIRS, while US scientists established that calibrations could be used across animals differing in breed and age but that caution should be used in making comparisons between different sexes. These findings are important because the ability to select goat breeds or individuals within a breed for maximal efficiency of brush control is dependent upon accurate measurement of the botanical composition of the diet. In Israel it was found that Damascus goats consume diets more than twice richer in P. lentiscus than Mamber or Boer goats. In the US no differences were found between Angora and Boer cross goats but significant differences were found between individuals within breeds in juniper dietary percentage. In both countries, intervention strategies were found that further increased the consumption of the chemically defended plant. In Israel feeding polyethylene glycol (PEG, MW 4,000) that forms high-affinity complexes with tannins increased P. lentiscus dietary percentage an average of 7 percentage units. In the US feeding a protein supplement, which enhances rates of P450-catalyzed oxidations and therefore the rate of oxidation of monoterpenes, increased juniper consumption 5 percentage units. However, the effects of these interventions were not as large as breed or individual animal effects. Also, in a wide array of competitive tannin-binding assays in Israel with trypsin, salivary proteins did not bind more tannic acid or quebracho tannin than non-specific bovine serum albumin, parotid saliva did not bind more tannins than mixed saliva, no response of tannin-binding was found to levels of dietary tannins, and the breed effect was of minor importance, if any. These fundings strongly suggest that salivary proteins are not the first line of defense from tannin astringency in goats. In the US relatively low values for heritability and repeatability for juniper consumption were found (13% and 30%, respectively), possibly resulting from sampling error or non-genetic transfer of foraging behavior, i.e., social learning. Both alternatives seem to be true as significant variation between sequential observations were noted on the same animal and cross fostering studies conducted in Israel demonstrated that kids raised by Mamber goats showed lower propensity to consume P. lentiscus than counterparts raised by Damascus goats.
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