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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Descriptions of fuels"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Descriptions of fuels"

Wzorek, Małgorzata. "Optimization of fuels from waste composition with application of genetic algorithm." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 32, no. 5 (April 9, 2014): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x14529618.

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The objective of this article is to elaborate a method to optimize the composition of the fuels from sewage sludge (PBS fuel – fuel based on sewage sludge and coal slime, PBM fuel – fuel based on sewage sludge and meat and bone meal, PBT fuel – fuel based on sewage sludge and sawdust). As a tool for an optimization procedure, the use of a genetic algorithm is proposed. The optimization task involves the maximization of mass fraction of sewage sludge in a fuel developed on the basis of quality-based criteria for the use as an alternative fuel used by the cement industry. The selection criteria of fuels composition concerned such parameters as: calorific value, content of chlorine, sulphur and heavy metals. Mathematical descriptions of fuel compositions and general forms of the genetic algorithm, as well as the obtained optimization results are presented. The results of this study indicate that the proposed genetic algorithm offers an optimization tool, which could be useful in the determination of the composition of fuels that are produced from waste.

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Riccardi, Cynthia L., Susan J. Prichard, David V. Sandberg, and Roger D. Ottmar. "Quantifying physical characteristics of wildland fuels using the Fuel Characteristic Classification SystemThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Forum on the Fuel Characteristic Classification System." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 12 (December 2007): 2413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-175.

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Wildland fuel characteristics are used in many applications of operational fire predictions and to understand fire effects and behaviour. Even so, there is a shortage of information on basic fuel properties and the physical characteristics of wildland fuels. The Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) builds and catalogues fuelbed descriptions based on realistic physical properties derived from direct or indirect observation, inventories, expert knowledge, inference, or simulated fuel characteristics. The FCCS summarizes and calculates wildland fuel characteristics, including fuel depth, loading, and surface area. Users may modify fuelbeds and thereby capture changing fuel conditions over time and (or) under different management prescriptions. Fuel loadings from four sample fuelbed pairs (i.e., pre- and post-prescribed fire) were calculated and compared by using FCCS to demonstrate the versatility of the system and how individual fuel components, such as shrubs, nonwoody fuels, woody fuels, and litter, can be calculated and summarized. The ability of FCCS to catalogue and summarize complex fuelbeds and reflect dynamic fuel conditions allows calculated results to be used in a variety of applications including surface and crown fire predictions, carbon assessments, and wildlife habitat management.

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Volkova, Liubov, Andrew L. Sullivan, Stephen H. Roxburgh, and Christopher J. Weston. "Visual assessments of fuel loads are poorly related to destructively sampled fuel loads in eucalypt forests." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 11 (2016): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf15223.

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Fire managers around the world commonly use visual assessment of forest fuels to aid prediction of fire behaviour and plan for hazard reduction burning. In Australia, fuel hazard assessment guides also allow conversion of visual assessments to indicative fuel loads, which is essential for some rate of spread models and calculation of fireline intensity or emissions. The strength of correlation between fuel hazard and destructively sampled (directly measured) fuel load was tested using a comprehensive dataset of >500 points from across a range of eucalypt forests in Australia. Overall, there was poor correlation between the assigned fuel hazard rating and measured biomass for surface, near-surface and elevated fuel components, with a clear tendency for these systems to under-predict fuel load at low hazard ratings, and over-predict it at high hazard ratings. Visual assessment of surface fuels was not statistically different from a random allocation of hazard level. The considerable overlap in fuel load between hazard ratings at higher ranges suggests the need to reduce the number of hazard classes to provide clearer differentiation of fuel hazard. To accurately assess forest fuel condition, improvements in fuel hazard descriptions and calibration of visual assessment with destructively measured fuels is essential.

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Fry, Danny L., and Scott L. Stephens. "Stand-level spatial dependence in an old-growth Jeffrey pine – mixed conifer forest, Sierra San Pedro Mártir, Mexico." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 9 (September 2010): 1803–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x10-122.

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Descriptions of spatial patterns are important components of forest ecosystems, providing insights into functions and processes, yet basic spatial relationships between forest structures and fuels remain largely unexplored. We used standardized omnidirectional semivariance modeling to examine the spatial pattern of fuels and forest structure measured in a systematic nested plot grid covering 144 ha. Forest structure variables were spatially dependent at scales ranging from 62 to 572 m. Cross-variograms of fuels and forest structure showed both positive and negative correlations, ranging from 0.04 to 0.67. Notably, fine fuels were correlated positively and negatively with forest structure variables of white fir ( Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr.) and Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi Balf.), respectively. Old-growth Jeffrey pine – mixed conifer forest within the study area exhibited both identifiable spatial correlations and high stand-level spatial heterogeneity, as demonstrated by the influence of outliers on the underlying spatial pattern. The spatial dependency of fuels with species-specific variables suggests that less common species may have a large influence in the characterization of forest attributes and that fuel classifications may be improved by accounting for the spatial distributions of overstory species. Spatial correlations have many applications to forest management, including the classification and mapping of forest structure, establishing guidelines for fuel treatments, and restoration of old-growth forest ecosystems.

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Sandberg, David V., Roger D. Ottmar, and Geoffrey H. Cushon. "Characterizing fuels in the 21st Century." International Journal of Wildland Fire 10, no. 4 (2001): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf01036.

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This paper was presented at the conference ‘Integrating spatial technologies and ecological principles for a new age in fire management’, Boise, Idaho, USA, June 1999 The ongoing development of sophisticated fire behavior and effects models has demonstrated the need for a comprehensive system of fuel classification that more accurately captures the structural complexity and geographic diversity of fuelbeds. The Fire and Environmental Research Applications Team (FERA) of the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, is developing a national system of fuel characteristic classification (FCC). The system is designed to accommodate researchers and managers operating at a variety of scales, and who have access to a variety of kinds of input data. Users can generate fuel characteristics by accessing existing fuelbed descriptions (fuelbed prototypes) using generic information such as cover type or vegetation form. Fuelbed prototypes will provide the best available predictions of the kind, quality and abundance of fuels. Users can accept these default settings or modify some or all of them using more detailed information about vegetation structure and fuel biomass. When the user has completed editing the fuelbed data, the FCC system calculates or infers quantitative fuel characteristics (physical, chemical, and structural properties) and probable fire parameters specific to that fuelbed. Each user-described fuelbed is also assigned to one of approximately 192 stylized fuel characteristic classes.

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Pettinari, M. Lucrecia, Roger D. Ottmar, Susan J. Prichard, Anne G. Andreu, and Emilio Chuvieco. "Development and mapping of fuel characteristics and associated fire potentials for South America." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 5 (2014): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf12137.

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The characteristics and spatial distribution of fuels are critical for assessing fire hazard, fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and other fire effects. However, fuel maps are difficult to generate and update, because many regions of the world lack fuel descriptions or adequate mapped vegetation attributes to assign these fuelbeds spatially across the landscape. This paper presents a process to generate fuel maps for large areas using remotely sensed information and ancillary fuel characteristic data. The Fuel Characteristic Classification System was used to build fuelbeds for South America and predict potential fire hazard using a set of default environmental variables. A land-cover map was combined with a biome map to define 98 fuelbeds, and their parameters were assigned based on information from global datasets and existing Fuel Characteristic Classification System fuelbeds or photo series. The indices of potential surface fire behaviour ranged from 1.32 to 9, whereas indices of potential crown fire and available fuel for combustion had low to medium values (0–6). This paper presents a geospatial fuels map for South America. This map could be used to assess fire hazard, predict fire behaviour under defined environmental conditions or calculate fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. It could also be easily updated as new remotely sensed information on vegetation becomes available.

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Govindaraju, Pavan B., and Matthias Ihme. "Formulation of optimal surrogate descriptions of fuels considering sensitivities to experimental uncertainties." Combustion and Flame 188 (February 2018): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2017.09.044.

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Hill, Malcolm R. "Energy, Environment and Technology in The Former Ussr: The Case of Fossil-Fuelled Power Stations and Acid Rain Emissions." Energy & Environment 8, no. 4 (December 1997): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9700800401.

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This paper provides perspectives on atmospheric pollution in the former USSR, and the technological factors which influence the levels of these emissions. The first part of the paper provides an estimate of the scale of atmospheric pollution in the former USSR, with particular reference to acid rain emissions in general and from the power generation industry in particular; followed by a discussion of recent and future fuel preferences in the former Soviet region. This discussion is then followed by descriptions of the combustion processes used in the power generation industry in the former USSR, with attention being drawn to the levels of SOx and NOx emissions from these various fuels and processes. These emissions are compared with those from advanced combustion processes used in Western countries, and the paper is then concluded with a list of those technologies which are the most likely candidates for transfer to the former USSR for the reduction of acid rain emissions.

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simeti, mary taylor. "At the Prince's Table: Food in The Leopard." Gastronomica 7, no. 2 (2007): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2007.7.2.64.

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The food so lovingly described by Tomasi di Lampedusa in his novel The Leopard is as rich in gastronomic history as it is in fragrance and flavor. The famous timbale gathers strands from all stages of Sicilian history, while the author also makes liberal use of other traditions such as that of pastries made by nuns. Each dish functions primarily as metaphor, most often for a decaying society and approaching death, but Lampedusa's own passionate love for good food fuels his sensuous descriptions, and his own tastes are revealed obliquely through the preferences of his protagonist.

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Nelson, Ralph M. "Re-analysis of wind and slope effects on flame characteristics of Mediterranean shrub fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 7 (2015): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14155.

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During the past 20 years, study of wind–slope-aided wildland fire behaviour with experimental burns and physical modelling methods has increased. As part of their continuing study of fires in Mediterranean shrub, F. Morandini and X. Silvani reported experimental temperatures, heat fluxes, flame characteristics and other fire behaviour variables measured on five wind–slope-aided fires. Calculating convection numbers and several convective Froude numbers, the authors concluded that these dimensionless variables for their two wind-dominated fires did not satisfy criteria identified in previous studies for determining mechanisms of heat transfer during fuel preheating. The present paper describes a re-analysis of the data based on a triangular flame model and alternative definitions of flame tilt angle and height. This new analysis has shown that the influence of slope on the fire behaviour was not accounted for; thus, the conclusion of Morandini and Silvani is questionable. Of the five dimensionless variables studied using criteria in the literature, the squared flame height convective Froude number best describes modes of heat transfer to unburned fuels during the experimental fires. Though these results come indirectly from field measurements, they confirm the need to include slope effects in descriptions of wind–slope-aided fire behaviour.

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Дисертації з теми "Descriptions of fuels"

Сукачов, Іван Іванович. "Поліпшення паливної економічності форсованих дизелів шляхом узгодження характеристик вприскування палива та форми камери згоряння". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2005. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/3555.

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Дисертація присвячена вивченню особливостей процесів сумішоутворення і згоряння у форсованих дизелях та вибору раціональних параметрів характеристик вприскування палива і форми камери згоряння. Об'єктом дослідження є процеси сумішоутворення та згоряння в судових і тепловозних дизелях типу ЧН25/27, ЧН25/34, ЧН26/34, ЧН26/27 і ЧН32/32. Розглянуті специфіка і особливості процесів сумішоутворення і згоряння у форсованих дизелях. Виявлені основні причини зниження швидкостей випаровування і згоряння збільшених циклових порцій палива і визначені методи і способи узгодження характеристик вприскування палива і форми камери згоряння. Розроблені математична модель циклу дизеля, комплекс програмного забезпечення для розрахунку робочого процесу, в тому числі, характеристик вприскування палива, розподілу палива в струмені та камері згоряння, характеристик сумішоутворення і згоряння. Виконані розрахунково-експериментальні дослідження для погодження характеристик вприскування палива і камер згоряння, які дозволили обгрунтовано вибрати раціональні параметри паливної апаратури, характеристик вприскування палива і форми камери згоряння, що забезпечили зниження експлуатаційної витрати палива в досліджених дизелях на 1,5-3%.
Dissertation is devoted to the study of features of processes formations of working mixture and combustion in the forced diesels and choice of rational parameters of descriptions of injection of fuel and form of combustion chamber. It is a research object judicial Ships and diesel engines diesels of dimension: 25/27, 25/34, 26/34, 26/27 and 32/32. A specific and features of processes of formations of working mixture and combustion is considered in the forced diesels. The found out the principal reasons of decline of speeds of evaporation and combustion of megascopic cyclic portions is fuels and certain methods and methods of concordance of descriptions of injection of fuel and form of combustion chamber. Developed mathematical model of cycle of diesel, complex of software for the calculation of working process, in that number, descriptions of injection of fuel, division of fuel in a stream and combustion, descriptions of formations of working mixture and combustion chamber. Executed calculation-experimental researches for the concordance of descriptions of injection of fuel and chambers combustions, which allowed grounded to choose the rational parameters of fuel apparatus, descriptions of injection of fuel and form of combustion chamber, which provided the decline of operating cost of fuel in the explored diesels on 1,5-3%.

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Dell, Twyla J. "Flame, Furnace, Fuel: Creating Kansas City in the Nineteenth Century." [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2009. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1241120988.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Antioch University New England, 2009.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 9, 2009). Advisor: Alesia Maltz, Ph. D. "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England, 2009"--The title page. Includes bibliographical references (p. 466-487).

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Grundmann, Ulrich, Ulrich Rohde, Siegfried Mittag, and Sören Kliem. "DYN3D version 3.2 - code for calculation of transients in light water reactors (LWR) with hexagonal or quadratic fuel elements - description of models and methods -." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-28604.

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DYN3D is an best estimate advanced code for the three-dimensional simulation of steady-states and transients in light water reactor cores with quadratic and hexagonal fuel assemblies. Burnup and poison-dynamic calculations can be performed. For the investigation of wide range transients, DYN3D is coupled with system codes as ATHLET and RELAP5. The neutron kinetic model is based on the solution of the three-dimensional two-group neutron diffusion equation by nodal expansion methods. The thermal-hydraulics comprises a one- or two-phase coolant flow model on the basis of four differential balance equations for mass, energy and momentum of the two-phase mixture and the mass balance for the vapour phase. Various cross section libraries are linked with DYN3D. Systematic code validation is performed by FZR and independent organizations.

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Grundmann, Ulrich, Ulrich Rohde, Siegfried Mittag, and Sören Kliem. "DYN3D version 3.2 - code for calculation of transients in light water reactors (LWR) with hexagonal or quadratic fuel elements - description of models and methods -." Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, 2005. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21687.

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Rohde, Ulrich, and Ulrich Grundmann. "The Code DYN3D/M2 for the Calculation of Reactivity Initiated Transients in Light Water Reactors with Hexagonal Fuel Elements -Code Manual and Input Data Description-." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-32789.

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The code DYN3D/M2 is used for investigations of reactivity transients in cores of thermal power reactors with hexagonal fuel elements. The 3-dimensional neutron kinetics model HEXDYN3D of the code is based on a nodal expansion method for solving the two-group neutron diffusion equation. The thermo-hydraulic part FLOCAL consists of a two-phase flow model describing coolant behaviour and a fuel rod model. The fuel elements are simulated by separate coolant channels. Additional, some hot channels with power peaking factors belonging to chosen fuel elements can be considered. Several safety parameters as temperatures, DNBR and fuel enthalpy are evaluated. Macroscopic cross sections depending from the thermo-hydraulic parameters and boron concentration are input data of the code. The stationary state and transient behaviour can be analyzed. The arrangement of input data are descibed for using the different option of the code.

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Grundmann, U., and U. Rohde. "The Code DYN3D/M2 for the Calculation of Rectivity Initiated Transients in Light Water Reactors with Hexagonal Fuel Elements - Code Manual and Input Data Description." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-30338.

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Grundmann, U., and U. Rohde. "The Code DYN3D/M2 for the Calculation of Rectivity Initiated Transients in Light Water Reactors with Hexagonal Fuel Elements - Code Manual and Input Data Description." Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, 1992. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21860.

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Rohde, Ulrich, and Ulrich Grundmann. "The Code DYN3D/M2 for the Calculation of Reactivity Initiated Transients in Light Water Reactors with Hexagonal Fuel Elements -Code Manual and Input Data Description-." Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, 1993. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A22105.

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Boissy, Clément. "Transport de matière au sein du film passif : Développement d’une méthodologie sélective corrélant les Point Defect Model et les modèles descriptifs." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0136.

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Le développement de la plaque bipolaire - PB -métallique nécessite une amélioration des propriétés du matériau qui la constitue. L'utilisation de l'acier implique une meilleure compréhension du film passif - FP. En effet, le cahier des charges de la PB demande une bonne conduction électronique ainsi qu'une longue durée de vie. L'amélioration de ces paramètres passe par une meilleure corrélation et compréhension entre les propriétés semi-conductrices et la résistance à la corrosion. La difficulté liée à l'étude de la passivation réside dans les nombreux phénomènes modifiant le comportement du film passif. De nombreux modèles présentés dans la littérature peuvent être utilisés pour caractériser la passivation. L'un des principaux, le Modèle de Défauts Ponctuels de D. D. Macdonald (Point Defect Model - PDM), décrit le FP à partir d'une série de réactions électrochimiques se déroulant à l'interface métal/oxyde et à l'interface oxyde/électrolyte. La réactivité est limitée par le transport de matière à travers l'oxyde. Après une étude bibliographique, ce phénomène semble être un paramètre discriminant dans le choix des modèles. Une méthode de sélection permettant une utilisation de chacun de ces modèles en fonction de leurs spécificités est proposée. Ainsi, cette méthode est basée sur la corrélation entre la mesure du transport de matière à partir des équations du PDM et l'analyse des Spectres d'Impédance Electrochimique (SIE). Le PDM caractérisant le transport de matière indépendamment de la SIE, il devient possible de déterminer le bien-fondé de la prise en compte de celui-ci dans les mesures de spectroscopie d'impédance électrochimique. L'évolution de la densité du porteur de charge majoritaire avec le potentiel de formation de l'oxyde permet d'accéder au coefficient de transport à partir des équations du PDM. Connaissant l'épaisseur de l'oxyde par des mesures XPS, la constante de temps et la fréquence caractéristique peuvent être déterminées. Sur la base de ces deux valeurs, un modèle descriptif d'analyse des spectres est sélectionné en évitant le sur-paramétrage. Cette méthode est appliquée d’abord à un matériau modèle, le chrome pur exposé à un milieu acide (pH 2), à différentes températures (30°C et 80°C). Elle valide la nécessité de la prise en compte du transport de matière à 80°C ainsi que la présence d'une surface composée d'une couche d'oxyde interne et d'une couche d'hydroxyde externe. Dans un second temps, cette méthode est utilisée sur un matériau industriel, un acier de type AISI 316L, à différents pH (1,2 et 3) et à différentes températures (30°C et 80°C). Elle a permis de décrire l'oxyde en surface comme une jonction p-n prenant en compte une couche riche en chrome interne avec un gradient de concentration de fer. Cette méthode a permis de caractériser de manière approfondie l'acier de type AISI 316L. Bien que ne concernant que le substrat, cette étape est déterminante dans l'amélioration des performances des PB métalliques
Developments in metallic bipolar plate, to apply more widely fuel cells, require an improved of the constitutive material. The use of stainless steel calls for a good understanding of the passive film. The required specifications are for good electrical conductivity and a long life-time. Those two parameters correspond to a correlation between the semiconductive properties and the good corrosion behavior. Nevertheless, the main problems of the passivity lie on the multiplicity of the phenomena that alter the passive film behavior. Numerous models described in the literature can be used to characterize the passivation. The Point Defect Model (PDM) describes the passivation through electrochemical reactions at the metal / oxide and at the oxide / electrolyte interfaces. The reactivity is limited by mass transport through the oxide. From the literature, those phenomena seems to be a discriminating parameter in the choice of a model. The selective method proposed allows us to use each model taking into account their specifics. This methodology is based on the correlation between the mass transport characterization, thanks to the PDM, and the analysis of the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The PDM determines the transport coefficient apart from EIS measurements, so to validate the consideration of the mass transport during the analysis of the electrochemical impedance spectra. The evolution of the main charge carrier density as a function of the oxide formation potential allows us to calculate the transport coefficient from PDM equations. Thanks to the thickness of the oxide (determined by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), the time constant of the mass transport is determined. Based on this value, a descriptive model is used to analyze the EIS data, avoiding overparametrization. This method is applied first on a model material, pure chromium exposed to acidic solution (pH 2) at several temperatures (30°C and 80°C). It shows that the mass transport has to be taken into account at 80°C and the EIS model considers an inner chromium oxide layer and an outer chromium hydroxide. Secondly, the method is used to characterize an industrial material, AISI 316L stainless steel, at several pH (1, 2 and 3) and at several temperatures (30°C and 80°C). In this case, the oxide is describe as a p-n semiconductor junction with an chromium rich inner layer and an outer iron rich layer. The present methodology permits to deeply characterize the AISI 316L stainless steel. Even if this study concerns the substrate, this step is decisive to improve the performances of the metallic bipolar plates

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Kozeny, Pavel, Jiri Hrdlicka, and Unwerth Thomas von. "Real-time mathematical description of a fuel cell system with a passive hydrogen recirculation." 2019. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36244.

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A passive recirculation of hydrogen using ejectors is effective and efficient only in a limited operating window, which kept ejectors until recently from being integrated into automotive fuel cell systems, where a more dynamic operation is expected. Strategies like parallel setup or a PWM-drive employed to expand the operating window demand reliable control algorithms. Such algorithms can greatly benefit from the predictive power a mathematical model. In a fuel cell system, the anode and cathode side cannot be separated, and a mathematical description should encompass all components to a reasonable degree, to allow the model to run on a low power automotive-grade platform in real time. This contribution demonstrates an approach to reduce the computation expense of the mathematical model.

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Книги з теми "Descriptions of fuels"

Saab, Victoria A. Birds and burns of the interior West: Descriptions, habitats, and management in western forests. Portland, OR: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2007.

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Deborah, Ross. Puget Sound fuel blind integrated resource planning project report #1: Description of Working Group Members : identification of system interaction. Olympia, WA (925 Plum St. S.E., Bldg 4, P.O. Box 43165, Olympia 98504-3165): Washington State Energy Office, 1993.

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Curran, Clifford L. I saw Russia. New York: Vantage Press, 1988.

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Azärbaycan dilinin üslubiyyatı: (därs väsaiti). Bakı: Elm, 2010.

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Calvert, Jack, Abdelwahid Mellouki, John Orlando, Michael Pilling, and Timothy Wallington. Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Oxygenates. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199767076.001.0001.

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Prepared by an international team of eminent atmospheric scientists, Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Oxygenates is an authoritative source of information on the role of oxygenates in the chemistry of the atmosphere. The oxygenates, including the many different alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters, and nitrogen-atom containing oxygenates, are of special interest today due to their increased use as alternative fuels and fuel additives. This book describes the physical properties of oxygenates, as well as the chemical and photochemical parameters that determine their reaction pathways in the atmosphere. Quantitative descriptions of the pathways of the oxygenates from release or formation in the atmosphere to final products are provided, as is a comprehensive review and evaluation of the extensive kinetic literature on the atmospheric chemistry of the different oxygenates and their many halogen-atom substituted analogues. This book will be of interest to modelers of atmospheric chemistry, environmental scientists and engineers, and air quality planning agencies as a useful input for development of realistic modules designed to simulate the atmospheric chemistry of the oxygenates, their major oxidation products, and their influence on ozone and other trace gases within the troposhere.

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Wolf, E. L. Physics and Technology of Sustainable Energy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769804.001.0001.

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This is a physics textbook describing, at a college level, the physics and technology needed to provide sustainable long-term energy, past the era of fossil fuels. A summary is given of global power generation and consumption, with estimates of times until conventional fuels will deplete. Sustainable power sources, largely those coming from the Sun directly or indirectly, are described. As sustainable energy must preserve the Earth’s atmosphere and climate, key elements of these topics are included. Key energy technologies in this book include photovoltaics, wind turbines and the electric power grid, for which the underlying physics is developed. Nuclear fusion is described in the context of the Sun’s energy generation, in a brief description of tokamak fusion reactors, and also to introduce ideas of quantum physics needed for adequate treatment of photovoltaic devices. Energy flow in and out of the Earth’s atmosphere is discussed, including the role of greenhouse gas impurities arising from fossil fuel burning as trapping heat and raising the Earth’s temperature. Discussion is included of the Earth’s climatic history and future. Exercises are included for each chapter.

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Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, ed. Industrial combustion emissions model (version 6.0): Software description : project summary. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1988.

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Is That Thing Diesel. Allen & Unwin Australia, 2011.

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United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Taxation, ed. Description of the chairman's mark regarding the extension of highway trust fund provisions and the "Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit Act of 2003": Scheduled for markup by the Senate Committee on Finance on September 17, 2003. [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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M, Tayal, and International Conference on CANDU Fuel (3rd : 1992 : Pembroke, Ont.), eds. Assessing the mechanical performance of a fuel bundle: BEAM code description. Mississauga, Ont: AECL CANDU, 1992.

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Частини книг з теми "Descriptions of fuels"

Cupo, Francesco. "Detailed Description of Real Fuels." In Wissenschaftliche Reihe Fahrzeugtechnik Universität Stuttgart, 37–54. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-31628-0_4.

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Sit, Patrick H. L., Agostino Migliore, Michael L. Klein, and Nicola Marzari. "Quantitative Description of Electron Transfer Reactions." In Fuel Cell Science, 457–87. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470630693.ch15.

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Castro Rego, Francisco, Penelope Morgan, Paulo Fernandes, and Chad Hoffman. "Fuel and Fire Behavior Description." In Fire Science, 101–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69815-7_6.

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Feroldi, Diego, and Marta Basualdo. "Description of PEM Fuel Cells System." In PEM Fuel Cells with Bio-Ethanol Processor Systems, 49–72. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-184-4_2.

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Agarwal, Bijan, and Scott C. Key. "Reservoir Characterization of the Ekofisk Field: A Giant, Fractured Chalk Reservoir in the Norwegian North Sea-Phase 1, Reservoir Description." In Geology of Fossil Fuels - Oil and Gas, 191–204. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429087837-19.

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Bebernes, J. W. "A description of blow-up for the solid fuel ignition model." In Equadiff 6, 193–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0076068.

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Liu, Kailong, Yujie Wang, and Xin Lai. "Introduction to Battery Full-Lifespan Management." In Data Science-Based Full-Lifespan Management of Lithium-Ion Battery, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01340-9_1.

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AbstractAs one of the most promising alternatives to effectively bypass fossil fuels and promote net-zero carbon emission target around the world, rechargeable lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have become a mainstream energy storage technology in numerous important applications such as electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and smart grid. However, Li-ion batteries present inevitable ageing and performance degradation with time. To ensure efficiency, safety, and avoid potential failures for Li-ion batteries, reliable battery management during its full-lifespan is of significant importance. This chapter first introduces the background and motivation of Li-ion battery, followed by the description of Li-ion battery fundamentals and the demands of battery management. After that, the basic information and benefits of using data science technologies to achieve effective battery full-lifespan management are presented.

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Hélie, Jérôme, and Arnaud Trouvé. "A Model Description of the Effects of Variable Fuel-Air Mixture Composition on Turbulent Flame Propagation." In IUTAM Symposium on Turbulent Mixing and Combustion, 169–79. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1998-8_14.

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Maire, Juliette, Peter Alexander, Peter Anthoni, Chris Huntingford, Thomas A. M. Pugh, Sam Rabin, Mark Rounsevell, and Almut Arneth. "A New Modelling Approach to Adaptation-Mitigation in the Land System." In Springer Climate, 133–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86211-4_16.

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AbstractClimate change, growing populations and economic shocks are adding pressure on the global agricultural system’s ability to feed the world. In addition to curbing the emissions from fossil fuel use, land-based actions are seen as essential in the effort to mitigate climate change, but these tend to reduce areas available for food production, thereby further increasing this pressure. The actors of the food system have the capacity to respond and adapt to changes in climate, and thereby reduce the negative consequences, while potentially creating additional challenges, including further greenhouse gas emissions. The food system actors may respond autonomously based on economic drivers and other factors to adapt to climate change, whereas policy measures are usually needed for mitigation actions to be implemented. Much research and policy focus has been given to land-based climate change mitigation, but far less emphasis has to date been given to the understanding of adaptation, or the interaction between adaptation and mitigation in the land use and food system. Here, we present an approach to better understand and plan these interactions through modelling. Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies and the impacts on the global food system and socio-economic development can be simulated over long-term predictions, thanks to the new combination of multiple models into the Land System Modular Model (LandSyMM). LandSyMM takes into account the impacts in changes in climate (i.e. temperature, precipitation, atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations) and land management on crop yields with its implications for land allocation, food security and trade. This new coupled model integrates, over fine spatial scale, the interactions between commodities consumption, land use management, vegetation and climate into a worldwide dynamic economic system. This study offers an outline description of the LandSyMM as well as the perspectives of uses for climate adaptation assessment.

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Vadén, Tere. "What Does Fossil Energy Tell Us about Technology?" In Sustainability Beyond Technology, 161–81. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864929.003.0007.

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Fossil power gave an advantage to capitalists over workers, forming fossil capitalism, while the specific properties of fossil fuels, especially unprecedented net energy gains, framed the experience of modernity. The sheer quantity of energy provided by fossil fuels has created blindness towards their materiality. This blindness takes many forms, one of which is evident in climate change. It also extends to descriptions of the nature and role of technology. Rapid economic and technological change has produced a kind of hubris, where the material origin of economic and technological prowess has been overlooked. By concentrating on the role of fossil fuels, we also gain a more realistic assessment of the role of technology and the ways in which technology can both advance and hinder efforts towards regaining sustainability.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Descriptions of fuels"

Dörr, Sabine, Wilhelm Bollingerfehr, Wolfgang Filbert, and Marion Tholen. "Quantity and Management of Spent Fuel From Prototype and Research Reactors in Germany." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96040.

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Within the scope of an R&D project (project identification number FKZ 02 S 8679) sponsored by BMBF (Federal Ministry of Education and Research), the current state of storage and management of fuel elements from prototype and research reactors was established, and an approach for their future storage/management was developed. The spent fuels from prototype and research reactors in Germany that require disposal were specified and were described in regard to their repository-relevant characteristics. As there are currently no casks licensed for disposal in Germany, descriptions of casks that were considered to be suitable were provided. Based on the information provided on the spent fuel from prototype and research reactors and the potential casks, a technical disposal concept was developed. In this context, concepts to integrate the spent fuel from prototype and research reactors into existing disposal concepts for spent fuel from German nuclear power plants and for waste from reprocessing were developed for salt and clay formations.

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Izzo, John R., Abhijit S. Joshi, Kyle N. Grew, and Wilson K. S. Chiu. "Understanding Transport and Reaction Processes in the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode at Sub-50 nm Resolution." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-68422.

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The Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) holds great promise for a variety of portable power based applications because of the fuel flexibility and gravimetric power densities that it can maintain. These advantages are a product of the SOFC’s ability to directly use a wide variety of hydrocarbon based fuels that maintain high energy densities and are relatively easy to store. Models can be developed to describe the operation of SOFCs, where the pore structure is described with idealized structures or quantified with parameters. However, there are discrepancies in fundamental descriptions within these models resulting from a lack of a fundamental understanding of the physics of the associated pore scale processes. To continue development efforts, an improved understanding of the role of the anode microstructure at the pore scale and below is required. This paper will review our effort to develop such an understanding through anode structure reconstruction and characterization using non-destructive high resolution x-ray computed tomography (XCT).

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Chopra, Omesh, Dwight Diercks, David Ma, Vikram Shah, Shiu-Wing Tam, Ralph Fabian, Yung Liu, and Mark Nutt. "Managing Aging Effects on Used Fuel Dry Cask for Very Long-Term Storage." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59067.

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The cancellation of the Yucca Mountain repository program in the Unites States raises the prospect of very long-term storage (i.e., >120 years) and deferred transportation of used fuel at the nuclear power plant sites. While long-term storage of used nuclear fuel in dry cask storage systems (DCSSs) at Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installations (ISFSIs) is already a standard practice among U.S. utilities, recent rule-making activities of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) indicated additional flexibility for the NRC licensees of ISFSIs and certificate holders of the DCSSs to request initial and renewal terms for up to 40 years. The proposed rule also adds a requirement that renewal applicants must provide descriptions of aging management programs (AMPs) and time-limited aging analyses (TLAAs) to ensure that the structures, systems, and components (SSCs) that are important to safety in the DCSSs will perform as designed under the extended license terms. This paper examines issues related to managing aging effects on DCSSs for very long-term storage (VLTS) of used fuels, capitalizing on the extensive knowledge and experience accumulated from the work on aging research and life cycle management at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) over the last 30 years. The technical basis for acceptable AMPs and TLAAs is described, as are generic AMPs and TLAAs that are being developed by Argonne under the support of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Used Fuel Disposition Campaign for R&D on extended long-term storage and transportation.

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Miyamoto, Noboru, Hideyuki Ogawa, Masahiko Shibuya, and Tohru Suda. "Description of Diesel Emissions by Individual Fuel Properties." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/922221.

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Burns, Vaughn R., Jack D. Benson, Albert M. Hochhauser, Williarn J. Koehi, Waiter M. Kreucher, and Robert M. Reuter. "Description of Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/912320.

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Malcher, Simon, Michael Bargende, Michael Grill, Ulrich Baretzky, Hartmut Diel, Sebastian Wohlgemuth, and Gordon Röttger. "Investigation of Flame Propagation Description in Quasi-Dimensional Spark Ignition Engine Modeling." In International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1655.

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Etienne, B., J. Hacohen, R. Thurley, D. J. Buckingham, A. Hotchkiss, and M. R. Belmont. "A Simultaneous Multi-Variate Data Description of Early Combustion with Applications to Cyclic Variability." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/922238.

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Zuo, Chengji, and Minggao Yang. "Operating Characteristics and Description of a Dual Fuel Engine for Diesel-Natural Gas Heavy-Duty Operation." In International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/1999-01-3523.

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Pati, Andrea, Sandro Gierth, Philip Haspel, Christian Hasse, and Jerome Munier. "Strategies to Define Surrogate Fuels for the Description of the Multicomponent Evaporation Behavior of Hydrocarbon Fuels." In International Powertrains, Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1692.

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Schmitz, Oliver, Hermann Klingels, and Petra Kufner. "Aero Engine Concepts Beyond 2030: Part 1 — The Steam Injecting and Recovering Aero Engine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15391.

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Abstract Recognizing the attention currently devoted to the environmental impact of aviation, this three-part publication series introduces two new aircraft propulsion concepts for the timeframe beyond 2030. This first part focuses on the steam injecting and recovering aero engine concept. In the second part, the free-piston Composite cycle engine concept is presented. A third publication, building upon those two concepts, presents the project which aims for demonstrating the proof of concept with numerical simulation and test-bench experiments up to a technology readiness level of three. In the steam injecting and recovering aero engine concept, exhaust heat generated steam is injected into the combustion chamber. The humidified mass flow contains significantly more extractable energy than air. Furthermore, the pumping of liquid water up to the necessary pressure requires a magnitude less power than the compression of air, which reduces the internal power demand. Both lead to a noticeable increase in specific power compared to a conventional gas turbine and, foremost, to a significant increase in thermodynamic efficiency. By use of a condenser, installed behind the steam generator, the water is recovered from the exhaust gas-steam mixture. The proposed concept is expected to reduce fuel burn and CO2 emissions by about 15 % and NOx formation can be almost completely avoided compared to state-of-the-art engines of the same technology level. Moreover, the described concept has the potential to drastically reduce or even avoid the formation of condensation trails. Thus, the steam injecting and recovering aero engine concept operated with sustainable aviation fuels offers the potential for climate-neutral aviation. Based on consistent thermodynamic descriptions, preliminary designs and initial performance studies, the potentials of the concepts are analyzed. Complementarily, a detailed discussion on concrete engineering solutions considers the implementation into aircraft. Finally, the impact on emissions is outlined.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Descriptions of fuels"

M.A. LaFountain. Fuel Handling Facility Description Document. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/850435.

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JOHNSON, D. M. Shippingport Spent Fuel Canister System Description. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/807143.

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Jon Carmack and Kemal O. Pasamehmetoglu. Transmutation Fuel Campaign Description and Status. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/926342.

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JOHNSON, D. M. Shippingport Spent Fuel Canister System Description. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/801889.

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Duncan, D. R. ,. Westinghouse Hanford. Spent nuclear fuel project operational description. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/659211.

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Hubbard, Lance R., Christina L. Arendt, Daniel F. Dye, Christopher K. Clayton, Megan E. Lerchen, Nicholas J. Lombardo, Curt A. Lavender, and Alan H. Zacher. U-10Mo Baseline Fuel Fabrication Process Description. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1400351.

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Trellue, Holly R., and Jack D. Galloway. Description of Axial Detail for ROK Fuel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1039310.

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Vinson, D. INVENTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF COMMERCIAL REACTOR FUELS WITHIN THE UNITED STATES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1030422.

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SEXTON, R. A. Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) Process Validation Activity Description. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/805396.

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Willis, W. L. Hanford Site existing irradiated fuel storage facilities description. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10114256.

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