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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Decline in birth rate"

1

Aldhous, Peter. "Birth rate shows signs of decline." Nature 352, no. 6336 (August 1991): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/352557b0.

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2

Dufek, J. "The development of the marriage rate, the divorce rate, the birth rate and the death rate." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 1 (January 7, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/853-agricecon.

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The article aims to analyze the development of the basic characteristics of the demographic dynamics in the CR in urban areas divided according to size in 1993−2004 and to express the changes in the development of the natural increase. Urban areas in the CR were divided into 3 groups according to their size (size-related groups): urban areas of up to 2 000 inhabitants − a country type, urban areas with 2 000 to 10 000 inhabitants − a transition type, urban areas with more than 10 000 inhabitants − towns. In 2004, there were 26% of inhabitants living in the country group, 20% in the transition group and 54% in towns. There was a decline in marriage rate in all the groups; in the country, with its higher level, the decline was more moderate. The divorce rate shows a moderate increase except 1999, when it dramatically fell thanks to the legislation. The divorce rate was the highest in towns and the lowest in the country. The birth rate continued its sharp decline in urban areas of all sizes during the first four years of the researched period, then it levelled off, and it has even been slightly rising in the last years. It was considerably lower in bigger towns than in the other two groups, which had practically an identical development. There was a kind of balance at the end of the period. The death rate was generally going down; it was the highest in the country areas, however, it was approximating the values in the other two groups. The dramatic fall of the natural increase levelled off and it also showed a moderate rise. Trends are expressed with polynomial functions. The article presents the characteristics development in graphs and the reasons for changes are being commented upon.
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3

Guyer, Bernard, Donna M. Strobino, Stephanie J. Ventura, and Gopal K. Singh. "Annual Summary of Vital Statistics-1994." Pediatrics 96, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 1029–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.96.6.1029.

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Recent trends in the vital statistics of the United States continued in 1994, including decreases in the number of births, the birth rate, the age-adjusted death rate, and the infant mortality rate. Life expectancy increased slightly to 75.7 years. Only marriages reversed the recent trend with a slight increase in 1994. An estimated 3 979 000 infants were born during 1994, a decline of <1% from 1993. The birth rate was 15.3 live births per 1000 population, a 1% decline. These decreasing rates reflect a decline in the fertility rate to 67.1 live births per 1000 women aged 15 to 44 years. Final figures for 1993 indicate that fertility rates declined for all racial groups, by 1% for white women (to 65.4) and 3% for black women (to 80.5). The fertility rate for Hispanic women (106.9) was 84% higher than that for non-Hispanic white women and 31% higher than for non-Hispanic black women. Between 1991 and 1993, birth rates for teenage mothers remained virtually unchanged, and abortion rates have steadily declined, suggesting that teenage pregnancy rates are levelling off. The number and proportion of births to women over age 30, however, continued to rise. The rate of births to all unmarried women (45.3 per 1000 in 1993) has been stable for 3 years. Prenatal care utilization improved in 1993; 79% of women initiated care in the first trimester and <5% had delayed care or no care. Improvements occurred among nearly all racial and ethnic groups. Reported smoking during pregnancy declined to 15.8% in 1993 from 16.9% in 1992. The proportion of babies delivered by cesarean section was 21.8% in 1993, a 2% decrease from 1992. Between 1992 and 1993, the rate of low birth weight (LBW) rose slightly to 7.2%, while very low birth weight (VLBW) remained stable at 1.3%. Most of the increase in LBW occurred among white infants and reflected, primarily, an increase in the proportion of multiple births. The black/white ratio in LBW continued to increase to more than two-fold with the largest difference recorded among term and postterm infants. Age-adjusted death rates in 1994 were lower for heart disease, malignant neoplasm, pulmonary diseases, other accidents, and homicides. The age-adjusted death rate for human immunodeficiency virus disease Continued to rise to 15.1 in 1994. The infant mortality rate declined 4% in 1994, to 7.9 per 1000, the lowest rate ever recorded in the United States. The decline was primarily in neonatal mortality. Among the states, Massachusetts (5.4) and Washington (5.7) had the lowest rates. The overall national trend appears to be related to declines in respiratory distress and sudden infant death syndrome deaths. Over the next 25 years, the number of children in the United States is expected to rise by only 10 million, and the composition of the child population will become more ethnically and radally diverse.
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4

Robey, Bryant. "The Birth Rate Decline in Developing Countries." Outlook on Agriculture 22, no. 4 (December 1993): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709302200403.

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Birth rates are falling in much of the developing world. In the mid-1960s women in Asia, Africa and Latin America gave birth to an average of six children. Today, the average is about four—a drop of one-third. In some regions and countries the average is substantially lower, approaching levels in the developed world. This remarkable decline in birth rates is no cause for complacency about rapid population growth, however, as the Look at it this way article in this issue, by Catley-Carlson, rightly observes. Average family size is still well above the 2.1 ‘replacement level ’—the number of children per couple that over the long run leads to zero population growth because each couple has only enough children to replace itself in the population. Thus world population, already about 5.5 billion, continues to grow. Even as the average number of children born per woman falls, population will continue to grow rapidly for many years because the number of women of childbearing age is rising as a result of previous high birth rates—a phenomenon that demographers call ‘population momentum ’. That the world's population is growing larger in a hurry is not news. But it is something of a surprise to learn that birth rates have declined so rapidly in so many countries, including some that experts considered too poor and traditional for this to occur. In fact, birth rates have fallen much faster than experts expected. The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and similar family planning surveys conducted in more than 40 developing countries since 1985 tell the story of this striking decline.
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Casterline, John B., and Laila O. El-Zeini. "Multiple Perspectives on Recent Trends in Unwanted Fertility in Low- and Middle-Income Countries." Demography 59, no. 1 (December 14, 2021): 371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9644472.

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Abstract The last four decades have witnessed large declines in fertility globally. This study uses data from 78 low- and middle-income countries to examine concurrent trends in unwanted fertility. Three measures of unwanted fertility are contrasted: the conventional unwanted total fertility rate, a proposed conditional unwanted fertility rate, and the percentage of births unwanted. Incidence of unwanted births and prevalence of exposure to unwanted births are both derived from answers to questions on prospective fertility preference, recognized as the most valid and reliable survey measure of preferences. Country-level trends are modeled both historically and with the decline in total fertility, with a focus on regional differentials. Results show that unwanted fertility rates—especially the conditional unwanted fertility rate—have declined substantially in recent decades. By contrast, the percentage of births unwanted has declined less, remaining stable or even increasing: from a birth cohort perspective, declines in unwanted fertility have been far more modest than the increased parental success in avoiding unwanted births. The regional patterns suggest that sub-Saharan Africa has several similarities with other major regions but also some peculiar features, including a recent stall in the decline of unwanted fertility that persists after controlling for the stage of fertility transition.
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6

Wegman, Myron E. "Annual Summary of Vital Statistics—1992." Pediatrics 92, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 743–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.92.6.743.

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A new low in the infant mortality rate was reached in 1992, at 848.7 deaths per 100 000 live births, a decline of 5% from 894.4 in 1991. Birth, death, and marriage rates were also lower, but the divorce rate inched up to 4.8 per 1000 population, the same level as in 1988. The age-adjusted death rate was 504.9 per 100 000 population, the lowest in US history. Natural increase in the population, excess of births over deaths, decreased from 1 941 389 to 1 907 000, from 7.7 to 7.5 per 1000 population. Births outside hospital were fewer, both in numbers and in proportion to all births. Birth rates increased at both ends of the age range but declined in the principal childbearing years. Births to unmarried mothers increased again, comprising more than one fifth of white births and two thirds of black births. A higher proportion of newborns weighed less than 2500 g than in 1989. Life expectancy at birth increased again, to 75.7 years overall, paralleled in both sexes and white and black races. The age-adjusted death rate for cardiovascular diseases declined, but malignancies of the respiratory system increased again, to almost six times what it was in 1940. Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, despite slight improvement since 1991, caused death more than eight times as often as in 1940. Black and white infant mortality rates both showed a decline, greater in the white neonatal component; the black/white discrepancy widened slightly. Infant mortality in those of Hispanic origin was slightly higher than non-Hispanic whites, but the National Center for Health Statistics warns that Hispanic rates may be understated. There was little change in causes of infant mortality, or in black to white ratios for the several causes. On the world scene, most industrialized countries showed declines in infant mortality matching the US. In 1991, 21 countries, 15 in Europe, 3 in Asia, 2 in Oceania, and 1 in North America, had infant mortality rates less than the US. The decline in most other countries has been more rapid than in the US.
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7

Wen, Qi, Giulia M. Muraca, Joseph Ting, Sarah Coad, Kenneth I. Lim, and Sarka Lisonkova. "Temporal trends in severe maternal and neonatal trauma during childbirth: a population-based observational study." BMJ Open 8, no. 3 (March 2018): e020578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020578.

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ObjectiveInstrumental vaginal delivery is associated with birth trauma to infant and obstetric trauma to mother. As caesarean delivery rates increased during the past decades, the rate of instrumental vaginal delivery declined. We examined concomitant temporal changes in the rates of severe birth trauma and maternal obstetric trauma.DesignA retrospective observational study.Settings and participantsAll hospital singleton live births in Washington State, USA, 2004–2013, excluding breech delivery. Severe birth trauma (brain, nerve injury, fractures and other severe birth trauma) and obstetric trauma (third/fourth degree perineal lacerations, cervical/high vaginal lacerations) were identified from hospitalisation data. Pregnancy and delivery characteristics were obtained from birth certificates. Temporal trends were assessed by the Cochran-Armitage test. Logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted ORs (AORs) and 95% CI.ResultsOverall, 732 818 live births were included. The rate of severe birth trauma declined from 5.3 in 2004 to 4.5 per 1000 live births in 2013 (P<0.001). The decline was observed only in spontaneous vaginal delivery, the rates of fractures and other severe birth trauma declined by 5% and 4% per year, respectively (AOR: 0.95, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.97 and AOR: 0.96, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.99; respectively). The rate of third/fourth degree lacerations declined in spontaneous vaginal delivery from 3.5% to 2.3% (AOR: 0.95; 95% CI 0.94 to 0.95) and in vacuum delivery from 17.3% to 14.5% (AOR: 0.97, 95% CI 0.96 to 0.98). Among women with forceps delivery, these rates declined from 29.8% to 23.4% (AOR: 0.98, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.00).ConclusionWhile the rates of fractures and other birth trauma declined among infants delivered by spontaneous vaginal delivery, the rate of birth trauma remained unchanged in instrumental vaginal delivery and caesarean delivery. Among mothers, the rates of severe perineal lacerations declined, except for women with forceps delivery.
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Antsaklis, Aris. "Maternal and Perinatal Mortality in the 21st Century." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 2 (2016): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1457.

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ABSTRACT The maternal mortality ratio measures how safe it is to become pregnant and give birth in a geographic area or a population. The total number of maternal deaths observed annually fell from 526,000 in 1980 to 358,000 in 2008, a 34% decline over this period. Similarly, the global MMR declined from 422 in 1980 to 320 in 1990 and was 250 per 100,000 live births in 2008, a decline of 34% over the entire period and an average annual decline of 2.3%. More specifically, in 1990 around 58% of maternal deaths worldwide occurred in Asia and 36% in sub-Saharan Africa. In contrast, in 2008, 57% of global maternal deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa and 39% in Asia. In Europe, the main causes of death from any known direct obstetric complication remains bleeding (13%), thromboembolic events (10.1%), complicationassociated birth, hypertensive disease of pregnancy (9.2%), and amniotic fluid embolism (10.6%). Preterm birth is the most common cause of perinatal mortality (PNM) causing almost 30% of neonatal deaths, while birth defects cause about 21% of neonatal deaths. The PNM rate refers to the number of perinatal deaths per 1,000 total births. Perinatal mortality rate may be below 10 for certain developed countries and more than 10 times higher in developing countries. Perinatal health in Europe has improved dramatically in recent decades. In 1975, neonatal mortality ranged from 7 to 27 per 1,000 live births in the countries that now make up the EU. By 2005, it had declined to 8 per 1,000 live births. We need to bring together data from civil registration, medical birth registers, hospital discharge systems in order to have European Surveys which present exciting research possibilities. How to cite this article Antsaklis A. Maternal and Perinatal Mortality in the 21st Century. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(2):143-146.
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9

Kearney, Melissa S., Phillip B. Levine, and Luke Pardue. "The Puzzle of Falling US Birth Rates since the Great Recession." Journal of Economic Perspectives 36, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 151–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.36.1.151.

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This paper documents a set of facts about the dramatic decline in birth rates in the United States between 2007 and 2020 and explores possible explanations. The overall reduction in the birth rate reflects declines across many groups of women, including teens, Hispanic women, and college-educated white women. The Great Recession contributed to the decline in the early part of this period, but we are unable to identify any other economic, policy, or social factor that has changed since 2007 that is responsible for much of the decline beyond that. Mechanically, the falling birth rate can be attributed to changes in birth patterns across recent cohorts of women moving through childbearing age. We conjecture that the “shifting priorities” of more recent cohorts, reflecting changes in preferences for having children, aspirations for life, and parenting norms, may be responsible. We conclude with a brief discussion about the societal consequences for a declining birth rate and what the United States might do about it.
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Yan, J. S., and C. S. Yin. "No decline in preterm birth rate over three decades." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 34, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(91)90530-i.

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Дисертації з теми "Decline in birth rate"

1

Gotlieb, Jennifer Joy. "The violent crime rate decline: Towards an explanation." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6225.

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Academics and policy makers have taken note of what appears to be a decline in violent crime in the early 1990's in North America. In Canada, by 1999, the violent crime rate had decreased for the seventh consecutive year. Research has failed, to date, to fully account for this decline. In fact, there are many competing explanations found in the literature. With the exception of research by Kennedy & Veitch, (1997) Carrington, (2001) and Ouimet (2002), most of the research examining the decreasing levels of violent crime has been undertaken using American data. The purpose of this study is to answer the following research question: Which proposed explanations for the decline in rates of violent crime decline are most plausible? This paper examines four possible explanations for the recent decline in the violent crime including changes in the unemployment rate, demographic patterns, police staffing levels and reporting rates. This thesis concludes that the best explanations for the violent crime rate decline between 1993 and 1999 are the changes in the unemployment rate and the changes in demographic patterns as well as changes in the police workforce. Reporting rates have remained stable and thus cannot account for the violent crime rate decline. However, even these explanations fail to account for variation in crime rates over a larger period. Clearly, more sophisticated research is needed.
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2

Conlan, Andrew James Kerr. "Modelling measles epidemics in high birth rate countries." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612714.

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3

Hemmy, Laura Sue. "Educational attainment and rate of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1189.

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4

Lehmann, MB, PJ Funston, CR Owen, and R. Slotow. "Reproductive biology of a pride of lions on Karongwe Game Reserve, South Africa." African Zoology, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000674.

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The reproductive biology of a pride of lions (Panthera leo) was studied on the 8500 ha Karongwe Game Reserve from 1999 to 2005. Over this period, the pride consisted of between four and 11 lions with a paired coalition of adult males during the first three years and a single adult male for the next three years.We recorded shorter than normal interbirth intervals, high birth rates of 1.3 cubs/lioness/year, very high cub survival rates, and subadults leaving the pride at young ages. This translated into substantially faster growth rates than are typical in large lion populations in ecologically similar circumstances such as Kruger National Park, but are similar to those of lions in Serengeti National Park. These demographic characteristics were probably induced initially by a lack of intense intraspecific competition and high prey availability, but population stability was maintained through the removal of young subadults by management. Interestingly, variability in conception rates between lionesses resulted in lower growth rates than have been found in other similar reintroduced lion populations. These demographic traits characterize many of the small reintroduced lion populations, and call for appropriate management to avoid the consequences of high predator densities.
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Sundelin, Svendsen Hans Christian, and Oscar Sundqvist. "The Need for Children : How economic conditions affects birth rate." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-2523.

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Den åldrande befolkningen sägs föra med sig problemet att allt färre får ta hand om allt fler, diskussionen handlar ofta om pensionsfrågor. Samtidigt har man glömt bort den andra dimen­sionen i form av barnafödande och fertilitet. En del faktorer kan inverka på hushållen mer än andra när de väljer att skaffa barn, förstår vi hushållens val på aggregerad nivå så förstår vi även samhällets val när det kommer till barnafödandet.

Genom en regressionsanalys, innehållande tre modeller, undersöks hur och om de makro­ekonomiska variablerna disponibel inkomst, arbetslöshet, sparkvot, utbildningskostnader och om inkomstskillnader mellan män och kvinnor samt föräldraförsäkringen påverkar barna­födandet i Sverige. Variablerna är valda med utgångspunkt i Gary Beckers teori om efter­frågan på barn. Sekundärdata är hämtad från Statistiska Centralbyrån.

Resultatet visar att disponibel inkomst har ett positivt samband med barnafödandet. Utbild­ningskostnader och föräldraförsäkringen visar dock ett negativt samband med barnafödandet. Variabeln arbetslöshet visar varierande signifikans beroende på om vi inkluderar en föräldra­försäkring eller inte. Variablerna sparkvot och könsrelaterade inkomstskillnader visar ingen signifikans.

 

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Moultrie, T. A. "Apartheid's children : social institutions and birth intervals during the South African fertility decline, 1960-1998." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2001. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1386838/.

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Previous research on the demography of South Africa has not resolved whether the South African fertility decline should be viewed as rapid given the institutional forces ranged against the everyday lives of African South Africans, or as slow, given the country’s level of socio-economic development and the vigour with which successive governments implemented family planning programmes. The thesis presents a detailed demographic analysis of the South African fertility decline. By 1996, fertility among African women had fallen to 3.5 children per woman, not even half the level estimated for 1960. However, projected median birth intervals increased from around 30 months in 1970 to greater than 60 months by the late 1990s. Using official and historical sources, many of which are in Afrikaans, the thesis argues that the institutional context that prevailed under apartheid is responsible for the slow decline in African fertility and the increase in birth intervals. Birth intervals increased because African women used contraception for neither fertility limitation nor birth spacing as they are conventionally understood. This secular trend towards longer birth intervals is neither parity- nor cohort-specific. African women used modern contraception to postpone childbearing sine die as a result of the impositions of apartheid. Hence a third, new, pattern of contraceptive use is identified. The continued increase in birth intervals after the end of apartheid is not associated with changes in marriage patterns, or social instability caused by internal unrest. Birth intervals have increased most for educated, wealthier and urban women. Using the South African fertility decline as an example, the thesis argues that the institutional context in which a fertility decline occurs plays an important role in determining the pace of that decline.
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Zhu, Fangming. "The effects of family planning policy and socioeconomic development on fertility decline in China : 1945-1985." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 1990. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?1342902.

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Akhtar, Muhammad A. "Peri-implantation heparin improves implantation and the clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate in subfertile women." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/73311/.

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The clinical success of assisted reproductive technology (ART) is measured by the clinical pregnancies (implantation success) and the live births rates. Following ART live birth rates vary from 20-40% and are dependent upon a variety of factors. Various adjunct therapies are being used with ART to improve implantation and pregnancy outcomes. The effectiveness of these adjuvant therapies remains unclear and requires further evaluation. One group of medical adjuvant therapies widely used in clinical practice are thromboprophylactic agents, including heparin. Heparin can potentially modulate many of the mechanisms of implantation including successful apposition, adhesion and penetration of the developing embryo into the endometrium. This is independent of its anticoagulant function for which it is used routinely in clinical practice. Following completion of a literature review, it became evident that heparin could potentially improve decidualisation and implantation. It improves function of various growth factors and cytokines in the endometrium promoting and facilitating implantation in laboratory models. From this initial research, we postulated that heparin used as adjunct to ART should improve the clinical pregnancy and the live birth rates via these mechanisms described. Bleeding is a known side effect of systemic heparin due to its effect on the coagulation cascade. A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol was devised and peer-reviewed to assess the published data. The aim of this was to establish whether using the currently available evidence, peri-implantation heparin improves pregnancy outcomes in women undergoing ART. A secondary aim was to determine if there were any significant side effects. The meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the protocol. This demonstrated that peri-implantation systematic heparin does improve clinical pregnancy rates and live birth rates in these women. Nevertheless, there were only three randomised control trials (RCTs) included in the review that met the inclusion criteria and there was significant heterogeneity amongst the participants in the included studies. Systemic side effects of heparin including bleeding and bruising were also identified in this review. As the proposed mechanism of improving implantation by heparin is improvement of endometrial cytokines and growth factors. It was hypothesised that direct endometrial administration of heparin should improve decidualisation thus improving implantation. To confirm or refute this hypothesis, initially a phase 1 study is required to be undertaken for direct endometrial administration of heparin as currently it is only licenced as a systemic injectable formulation. We developed a protocol to assess the feasibility of intrauterine flushing for direct endometrial administration of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) with a prospective randomised placebo controlled pilot study. This novel study was approved by National Research Ethics Service (NRES), Medicine & Healthcare products Regulatory Authority (MHRA), UK. Sponsorship was obtained from the University of Warwick and local Research & Development (R&D) approval was obtained. The study was undertaken at University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust (UHCW). It demonstrated the acceptability of intrauterine flushing of heparin to women. The concept of the trial was popular with patients making recruitment unproblematic. Minimal side effects were reported, no serious adverse events occurred. Most women recruited underwent ART following the study, with many achieving a clinical pregnancy and live birth. Our hypothesis for primary outcome measure, uterine natural killer (uNK) cell density, as a marker of decidualisation was refuted.
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9

Guo, Shenyang. "Shanghai pioneer of fertility decline in People's Republic of China : trends and determinants of fertility transition, 1950-1984 /." online access from Digital dissertation consortium, 1990. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?9023557.

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10

Inlow, James Daniel. "Birth Underregistration In The Mid-20th Century and the Infant Mortality Rate." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1531865089356033.

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Книги з теми "Decline in birth rate"

1

Oulton, Nicholas. Must the growth rate decline?: Baumol's unbalanced growth rate. London: Bank of England, 2000.

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2

Ermisch, John. Econometric analysis of birth rate dynamics. London: National Institute of Economic and SocialResearch, 1987.

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3

McNicoll, Geoffrey. Fertility decline in Indonesia. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1986.

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4

Kirkham, Jack. Large sample Hawaii birth abnormality rate determination. Honolulu, Hawaii: Research and Statistics Office, Hawaii State Dept. of Health, 1988.

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5

Rao, N. Baskara. Determinants of fertility decline: A study of rural Karnataka. New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, 1986.

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6

Oulton, Nicholas. Must the growth rate decline?: Baumol's unbalanced growth revisited. London: Bank of England, 2000.

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7

1961-, Foster Andrew D., ed. Fertility decline in Africa: Assessment and prospects. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1990.

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8

Archambault, Richard. Decline in the youth participation rate since 1990: Structural or cyclical? [Hull, Quebec]: Human Resources Development Canada, Applied Research Branch, 1999.

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9

Gust, Christopher J. Trade integration, competition, and the decline in exchange-rate pass-through. Washington, D.C: Federal Reserve Board, 2006.

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Fertility decline in a traditional society: The case of Bali. [Canberra, ACT]: Dept. of Demography, Australian National University, 1986.

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Частини книг з теми "Decline in birth rate"

1

Bongaarts, John, and Dennis Hodgson. "Fertility Trends in the Developing World, 1950–2020." In Fertility Transition in the Developing World, 1–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11840-1_1.

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AbstractIn 1950 the world’s “less developed regions,” containing 1.72 billion people (68% of the world’s population), had a total fertility rate of 6 births per woman. This chapter focuses on tracing how by 2020 that population grew into 6.5 billion people (84% of the world’s population), with a total fertility rate of just 2.6 births per woman. The mid-century political and economic situations of the developing world are briefly described. Using UN fertility data, the movement of the developing world through three phases of its fertility transition is traced, and the distinctive patterns of the populations of Asia, Latin America, and Africa are discussed. An analytical framework to understand the fertility transition is described, and its theoretical basis is summarized. Three major drivers of fertility decline are identified: socio-economic development, voluntary family planning programs, and coercive antinatalist policies. The paths by which these drivers affect desired family size as well as demand for and use of birth control are outlined.
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2

Klausen, Susanne M. "Fears of National Decline and the Politics of Birth Control." In Race, Maternity, and the Politics of Birth Control in South Africa, 1910–39, 12–39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230511255_2.

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Nakagawa, Masayuki. "The Efficiency of the Titling System: Perspectives of Economics." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 21–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_3.

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AbstractThe problem of land with unknown ownership is becoming increasingly evident with Japan’s declining population, low birth rate and aging population. This paper examines the need for the titling system using perspectives from economics and considers what sorts of titling system works for which types of society and looks at ways to deal with the problem of land with unknown ownership. A series of previous researches such as Miceli et al. (Eur J Law Econ 6:305–323, 1998; J Urban Econ 47:370–389, 2000) categorize the titling systems used in many advanced countries as either registration systems or recording systems. In terms of broad categorization Japan’s titling system is categorized as a recording system. However, since the details of registered information are confirmed through various registration procedures, the system also has aspects that resemble a registration system. This can be interpreted as having selected the titling system’s strength that considerably lowers the level of litigation risk. In that case, transaction costs become very high. This could be the cause of the excessively small current level of Japanese real estate transactions. Furthermore, the result of selecting the recording system in Japan, which is a system with a very high strength, could explain why nobody takes insurance to cover the risk of title litigation. In Japan, it is highly likely that the full-fledged population decline, low birth rate and aging population will lower the profitability of land. In that case, a titling system with low strength is likely to be the best for society as indicated in the analysis above.
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Kaša, Rita, and Inta Mieriņa. "Introduction." In IMISCOE Research Series, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12092-4_1.

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Abstract This volume contributes to research on migration from Latvia, a country in Central Eastern Europe (CEE), following the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1991. The experience of independent Latvia with borders opening up to the world and more specifically to the West has turned out to be both a rewarding and wounding experience for communities in the country. On the rewarding side, individuals have gained liberty – an ability to travel the world freely, to see and live in the countries which were beyond the closed doors of the Soviet Union just some decades ago. This freedom, however, has also brought the sense of cost to the society – people are going abroad as if dissolving into other worlds, away from their small homeland. The context of decreasing birth rates and ageing in the country seems to amplify a feeling of loss which is supported by hard evidence. Research shows a worrying 17% decline in Latvia’s population between 2000 and 2013. One third of this is due to declining birth rates and two-thirds is caused by emigration (Hazans 2016). This situation has turned out to be hurtful experience for communities in Latvia causing a heightened sense of grief especially during the Great Recession which shook the country at the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century. By 2013 the feeling of crises even larger than the economic downturn came to a head in Latvian society, pushing the government for the first time in the history of independent Latvia to recognise the migration of the country’s nationals and to acknowledge diaspora politics as an important item on the national policy agenda.
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Saichev, Alexander, Yannick Malevergne, and Didier Sornette. "Non-stationary Mean Birth Rate." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 123–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02946-2_8.

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Bongaarts, John, and Dennis Hodgson. "The Impact of Voluntary Family Planning Programs on Contraceptive Use, Fertility, and Population." In Fertility Transition in the Developing World, 97–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11840-1_7.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the long-standing debate about the effects of family planning programs on contraceptive behavior and fertility. We begin with a brief overview of the main rationale for family planning, namely the removal of obstacles to practicing contraception by women who want to space or limit their births. The central sections of the chapter then discuss the evidence on the effects of family planning programs. Three sources of evidence are examined: (1) controlled experiments; (2) natural experiments; and (3) statistical studies. These sources provide broadly comparable estimates of the effects of a high-quality family planning program: an increase of 25–35% in contraceptive prevalence and a decline of about 1.5 births per woman in the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) compared to a population without family planning support. The statistical analyses examine the roles of family planning programs in changing contraceptive demand and its satisfaction and the pattern of wanted and unwanted fertility. Demand refers to the proportion of women who do not want to get pregnant and its satisfaction refers to the proportion of women with a demand that practice contraception. As expected, family planning programs raise the satisfaction of demand for contraception and reduce unwanted fertility. Contrary to common conclusions made in economic theories of fertility, family planning programs have a substantial impact on demand for contraception and on wanted fertility. We conclude with a discussion of the criticisms of family planning programs and the claims that these programs have at best a small impact and are not cost-effective.
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Williams, Geoffrey Lee, and Alan Lee Williams. "The Birth of the SDP." In Labour’s Decline and the Social Democrats’ Fall, 107–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19948-8_9.

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Kossovsky, Alex Ely. "Rate of Fall is Independent of Body’s Mass." In The Birth of Science, 103–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51744-1_21.

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Read, Bryony. "Fetal heart rate monitoring in labour." In The Midwife's Labour and Birth Handbook, 61–74. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119235064.ch3.

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Ike, Shuichirou. "Decline of the Number of Children." In High Dimensional Space to Formulate Marriage and Birth Functions, 18–65. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429060182-3.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Decline in birth rate"

1

Miceski, Trajko, and Natasha Stojovska. "Comparative Analysis of Birth Rate and Life Expectancy in Macedonia, Turkey and the European Union." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01036.

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The comparative analysis of birth rate and life expectancy will provide information about the position of Macedonia in relation to Turkey and the EU and also about the factors that have the greatest impact on the population’s movement and vitality. This information should help the policy creators in the process of defining and implementing measures for increasing the birth rate and life expectancy of the population, which is aim of every country. In this paper will be put out some theoretical aspects about the economic, social, psychological, technological, cultural and political factors that have impact on the birth rate and life expectancy of the population. Also, the tabular and graphical displays will show the movement of these two demographic features in the period from 1980 to 2011. Changes in birth rate and life expectancy in Macedonia, Turkey and the European Union have been leading to demographic aging of the population in the last three decades. The birth rate in these countries shows a trend of continuous decline, despite the gradual increase in life expectancy of the population. Although the declined birth rate and increased life expectancy of the population have been a common features of these countries in the last decades, the percentage of this changes is different for each country.
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2

"Settlement Aspects of Fertility in the Republic of Bashkortostan." In XII Ural Demographic Forum “Paradigms and models of demographic development”. Institute of Economics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/udf-2021-2-8.

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The importance of the rural component in the demographic potential of the Republic is difficult to overestimate. It is known that the demographic behaviour of rural and urban residents differs due to objective reasons; this article focuses on the settlement aspects of fertility. Birth rate trends in the Republic and the role of the settlement factor were demonstrated based on statistics and sociological data. In particular, it was found that the slowdown in the birth rate in the last five years occurred at the expense of both urban and rural areas. The difference between the urban and rural indicators decreases: for example, there is a convergence of reproductive attitudes and the spread of an orientation to a two-child family. However, the calculated data show that this decline is temporary and, so far, it does not affect the final birth rates.
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3

Gritsko, M. A. "DEMOGRAPHIC POTENTIAL OF THE KHABAROVSK TERRITORY: ASSESSMENT OF LONG-TERM TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS." In SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN EAST: NEW CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIC GUIDELINES. Khabarovsk: KSUEL Editorial and Publishing Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0746-2-2021-128-132.

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The article provides an assessment of long-term trends in the demographic dynamics of the Khabarovsk Territory. The main indicators of the natural movement of the population of the region over the past three decades are analyzed. The decline in the birth rate and the persistence of increased mortality rates against the background of a consistently negative migration balance indicate that unfavorable demographic trends will continue to persist.
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4

Blednova, Natalia, and Anna Bagirova. "Factor Modeling Of Russian Women’s Perceptions Of Combining Family And Career." In 35th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2021-0069.

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Sociologists and demographers explain late childbearing by the transformation of the life values of modern women. This is considered as one of the reasons for the decline in the birth rate. Our study aims to reveal perceptions of the relationship between career and family in the life strategies of working Russian women by using factor analysis. We collected data in a sociological survey of working women living in the Ural region. We asked respondents to rate 10 statements about work, family and children. We constructed 3-factors model of Russian women’s perceptions of combining family and career. Then we used correlationanalysis to assess the relationship between these factors and the social and demographic parameters of the respondents. We concluded that the use of factor analysis made it possible to model a wide range of Russian women’s perceptions of combining family and career. Considering the results obtained may contribute to improving the regulation of interaction of two important societal spheres of professional and parental activities and create conditions for increasing the birth rate in Russia.
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Shubat, Oksana, and Mark Shubat. "Demographic And Statistical Modelling Of Grandfatherhood In Russia." In 35th ECMS International Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2021-0057.

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In recent years, negative demographic trends have been developing in Russia. The most important is a decline in the birth rate. Researchers are actively looking for new determinants of this process, on the basis of which measures of population policy can be developed. One of these determinants may be active grandparenting, which means the active participation of grandparents in the processes of caring for grandchildren. The aim of this study is to create a demographic and statistical model of a typical Russian grandfather, actively involved in childcare. We used the following methods: parametric and nonparametric independent samples tests (t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, median test), regression analysis, indirect method of calculations. As a result, two models were presented – statistical demographic model of the age when Russian men enter grandparenthood and demographic model of a typical Russian grandfather actively involved in childcare. Our study is a preliminary stage for a large-scale survey of grandparenting practices in Russia. The number of older people is growing fast, which makes this socio-economic group increasingly important for addressing the problems of demographic decline in Russia. Therefore, large-scale research of grandparenthood is crucial for more efficient policy-making in this sphere.
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Negreponti-Delivanis, Maria, and Ioana Panagoreţ. "Dangerous Demographic Change Reinforces Europe’s Declining Image." In G.I.D.T.P. 2019 - Globalization, Innovation and Development, Trends and Prospects 2019. LUMEN Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gidtp2022/14.

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Currently, one of the main factors that shows us a picture of Europe's decline is that of demographic change. This process of decline of the West is marked by more than five decades of several indicators and evolutions that show us that although the time of Western civilization is beginning to run out, a new one appears, namely that of the East. This process of decline in which there is an extreme and unprecedented form of capitalism appears more pronounced in Europe compared to the United States and is characterized by: corruption, alienation of peoples from their roots, religion, history, low birth rates, massive flows of migrants and refugees, the totalitarian tendency of governments. Although the signs of decline are numerous, in this paper we will analyze certain demographic developments observed mainly in Europe and which we consider from several points of view dangerous. In addition to these developments, which we consider quite dangerous, globalization is the most important. The paper is structured in four parts, in the first part being presented the basic trends and variations from the population's perspective. In the second and third part are presented the main causes and effects of these variations of the populations and in the fourth part the conclusions of this study. Most of the interpretive analysis of this unwanted stagnation process is based on demographic erosion, population aging, low middle class rates, the invasion of migrants and refugees that change the cultures of the host nations.
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Cojuhari, Victor. "Number and territorial distribution of the Ukrainians of Moldova in the beginning of the XXI century." In Patrimoniul cultural: cercetare, valorificare, promovare. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975351379.30.

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The article presents a general description of the demographic situation in the Republic of Moldova at the beginning of the XXI century (negative population growth), a comparative analysis with the previous period is carried out, the main factors contributing to the deterioration of demographic indicators are analyzed: a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality rates – causes and effects, migration outflow of the population of working and reproductive age, negative tendencies in nuptiality (reduction in the number of marriages, postponement of marriages to a later date, a sharp increase in the number of divorces), deterioration in the health of the population, reduction in life expectancy. In general, the deterioration of demographic indicators is a consequence of political instability, a high level of corruption, a severe economic crisis, resulting in the decline of living standards, increase of unemployment, degradation of social security systems, education, culture, science, etc. All these negative processes were reflected in the Ukrainians of Moldova. The most compact Ukrainians live in the northern regions and on the left bank of the Dniester, which is due to historical factors.
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Larchenko, O. "ВЫЯВЛЕНИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ РАЗВИТИЯ ПРИГРАНИЧНЫХ МУНИЦИПАЛЬНЫХ ОБРАЗОВАНИЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАРЕЛИЯ И СОПРЕДЕЛЬНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ ФИНЛЯНДИИ". У Perspektivy social`no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiia prigranichnyh regionov 2019. Институт экономики - обособленное подразделение Федерального исследовательского центра "Карельский научный центр Российской академии наук", 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36867/br.2019.41.36.031.

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Приграничное сотрудничество Российской Федерации и Финляндии является одним из важных направлений международных отношений. В статье рассматривается современное состояние приграничных муниципальных образований Республики Карелия и приграничных городов Финляндии. Проведен сравнительный анализ демографической ситуации в городах Костомукша, Лахденпохья, Питкяранта, Сортавала, Вяртсиля, Кухмо (Кайнуу Kainuu), Йоэнсуу (Северная Карелия Pohjois Karjala), Тохмаярви (Северная Карелия Pohjois Karjala), Лиекса (Северная Карелия Pohjois Karjala), Париккала (Южная Карелия). Указаны общие проблемы приграничных территорий: уменьшение численности населения снижение уровня рождаемости, высокий уровень безработицы. Crossborder cooperation between the Russian Federation and Finland is one of the important areas of international relations. The article discusses the current state of the border municipalities of the Republic of Karelia and the border cities of Finland. A comparative analysis of the demographic situation in the cities of Kostomuksha, Lakhdenpokhya, Pitkranta, Sortavala, Vyartsilya, Kuhmo (Kainuu), Joensuu (North Karelia), Tohmayarvi (North Karelia), and Parikkala (South Karelia). The general problems of the border areas are indicated: population decline reduced birth rates, high unemployment.
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Tricarico, Giuseppe. "Le fortificazioni litoranee di Terra d’Otranto: una panoramica sulle torri costiere della provincia di Lecce." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11471.

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The coastal fortifications of Terra d’Otranto: a panoramic view of the coastal towers in the province of LecceDuring the Modern Age we witnessed the birth, consolidation and decline of great powers that dragged numerous political and religious conflicts with them. The Mediterranean Sea, as area of contact between the most distant Empires, experienced an era of intense naval activity in the form of piracy, race wars and armed deterrence, spreading along its shores with coastal watch towers. The organization of the defensive coastal system took place in intimate relationship with the territory, strongly characterizing the coasts which for centuries have seen them as the unique anthropical presence. Their exclusively military character has, however, inhibited their reuse over time, arousing until a few decades ago the disinterest of the community and their disavowal of architectures worthy of protection. The knowledge of the historical events and the morphotypological characteristics of the Apulian system of coastal towers thus becomes the starting point for their acknowledgment as fundamental identifying characters of the territory, finalizing their study to the re-appropriation of these assets by the community as strategical vehicles for the transmission of the local history and its intrinsic values. The classification of the towers in the province of Lecce has made them the object of spatial and typological analyses produced with the help of the opensource software “Quantum GIS” and geo-referenced on the official cartographic bases.
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Nguyen Phung, Hang Thu, and Nahashon Nzioka Nthenya. "Women’s Education and Empowerment: Evidence from a Reform in Kenya." In 13th Women's Leadership and Empowerment Conference. Tomorrow People Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/wlec.2022.005.

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ABSTRACT This article examines the causal effects of education on women empowerment, focusing on women born between 1950 and 1980 in six waves of Kenya Demographic Health Survey (KDHS) data, who were likely exposed to 1985 education policy change in Kenya. The study employs this new structuring educational system as an instrument and reported the results using reduced-form due to high repetition rate and late enrolment at that time. The findings indicate that being exposed to the new education system yields positive impact on women empowerment. Specifically, being exposed to the 8-4-4 regime, women delayed their age at first birth by approximately 0.564 years, the female genital mutilation (FGM) practice on their eldest daughters declined by 3.51%, sexual domestic violence reduced by 6.47% and their decision-making index was enhanced by 0.067 point. We also conduct some robustness checks and placebo test, and the findings are robust. We provide some potential mechanisms that experiencing the new 8-4-4 system empowers women:1) exposure to information, 2) husbands/partners’ characteristics, and 3) labour market outcome. KEYWORDS: KDHS, education, women empowerment, Kenya, gende
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Звіти організацій з теми "Decline in birth rate"

1

Martin, Joyce, and Michelle Osterman. Exploring the Decline in the Singleton Preterm Birth Rate in the United States, 2019–2020. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:112969.

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This report is limited to singleton births and describes trends in preterm birth rates from 2014 through 2020 and changes in rates between 2019 and 2020 by maternal race and Hispanic origin, age, and state of residence.
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2

Hamilton, Brady E., Michelle Osterman, and Joyce Martin. Declines in Births by Month: United States, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:106116.

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3

Visaria, Leela, and Pravin Visaria. Prospective population growth and policy options for India, 1991–2101. Population Council, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1996.1023.

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India, the second most populous country in the world, experienced an accelerated decline in fertility during the 1980s. As a result, India’s total fertility rate (TFR) in 1993, 3.5 births per woman, is below the level presumed in the population projections of the United Nations and the World Bank. This favorable development has occurred as India is attempting to reorient its family planning program to focus on the reproductive health of women and the health and welfare of children. The method-specific targets for contraceptive acceptors assigned to every grassroots health worker were abandoned in April 1996. Against this backdrop, this paper seeks to analyze the components of future population growth in India based on a series of hypothetical projections using alternative assumptions about the future decline in fertility. Only one assumption is made about the pace of mortality decline. The likely consequences of the prospective population growth and the policy options for accelerating fertility decline are also discussed.
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4

Kearney, Melissa Schettini, and Phillip Levine. Explaining Recent Trends in the U.S. Teen Birth Rate. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17964.

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5

Johnson, Kenneth. New Data Show U.S. Birth Rate Hits Record Low. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.299.

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Zamorano, Natalia, and Cristian Herrera. Can community-based intervention packages reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/170115.

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In the last three decades, rates of neonatal mortality in low-income countries have declined much more slowly than the rates of infant and maternal mortality. A significant proportion of these deaths could potentially be addressed by community-based intervention packages, which are defined as delivering more than one intervention via different sets of strategies that include additional training of outreach workers, building community-support, community mobilization, antenatal and postnatal home visitation, training of traditional birth attendants, antenatal and delivery home visitation, and home-based neonatal care and treatment; usually supplemented by strengthening linkages with local health systems.
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Mattingly, Marybeth, Andrew Schaefer, and Jessica Carson. 2016 Child Poverty Rate Sees Largest Decline Since Before Great Recession. University of New Hampshire Libraries, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.34051/p/2020.304.

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Parker, Jonathan. Spendthrift in America? On Two Decades of Decline in the U.S. Saving Rate. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7238.

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9

Ilzetzki, Ethan, Carmen Reinhart, and Kenneth Rogoff. Will the Secular Decline In Exchange Rate and Inflation Volatility Survive COVID-19? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w28108.

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Hellstrand, Julia, Jessica Nisén, and Mikko Myrskylä. Less partnering, less children, or both? Analysis of the drivers of first-birth decline in Finland since 2010? Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2021-008.

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